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Moreira Gobis MDL, Goulart de Souza-Silva T, de Almeida Paula HA. The impact of a western diet on gut microbiota and circadian rhythm: A comprehensive systematic review of in vivo preclinical evidence. Life Sci 2024; 349:122741. [PMID: 38788974 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Here, we present a systematic review that compiles in vivo experimental data regarding the effect of the WD on the gut microbiota and its impact on the circadian rhythm. Additionally, we reviewed studies evaluating the combined effects of WD and circadian cycle disruption on gut microbiota and circadian cycle markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The original studies indexed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were screened according to the PRISMA strategy. KEY FINDINGS Preclinical studies revealed that WD triggers circadian rhythmicity disruption, reduces the alpha-diversity of the microbiota and favors the growth of bacterial groups that are detrimental to intestinal homeostasis, such as Clostridaceae, Enterococcus, Parasutterella and Proteobacteria. When the WD is combined with circadian clock disruption, gut dysbiosis become more pronounced. Reduced cycling of Per3, Rev-erb and CLOCK in the intestine, which are related to dysregulation of lipid metabolism and potential metabolic disease, was observed. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, current evidence supports the potential of WD to trigger microbiota dysregulation, disrupt the biological clock, and increase susceptibility to metabolic disorders and potentially chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaiany Goulart de Souza-Silva
- Institute of Biological Science, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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2
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Brown RE. Measuring the replicability of our own research. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 406:110111. [PMID: 38521128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
In the study of transgenic mouse models of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, we use batteries of tests to measure deficits in behaviour and from the results of these tests, we make inferences about the mental states of the mice that we interpret as deficits in "learning", "memory", "anxiety", "depression", etc. This paper discusses the problems of determining whether a particular transgenic mouse is a valid mouse model of disease X, the problem of background strains, and the question of whether our behavioural tests are measuring what we say they are. The problem of the reliability of results is then discussed: are they replicable between labs and can we replicate our results in our own lab? This involves the study of intra- and inter- experimenter reliability. The variables that influence replicability and the importance of conducting a complete behavioural phenotype: sensory, motor, cognitive and social emotional behaviour are discussed. Then the thorny question of failure to replicate is examined: Is it a curse or a blessing? Finally, the role of failure in research and what it tells us about our research paradigms is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Brown
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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3
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Šterk M, Zhang Y, Pohorec V, Leitgeb EP, Dolenšek J, Benninger RKP, Stožer A, Kravets V, Gosak M. Network representation of multicellular activity in pancreatic islets: Technical considerations for functional connectivity analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012130. [PMID: 38739680 PMCID: PMC11115366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the islets of Langerhans, beta cells orchestrate synchronized insulin secretion, a pivotal aspect of metabolic homeostasis. Despite the inherent heterogeneity and multimodal activity of individual cells, intercellular coupling acts as a homogenizing force, enabling coordinated responses through the propagation of intercellular waves. Disruptions in this coordination are implicated in irregular insulin secretion, a hallmark of diabetes. Recently, innovative approaches, such as integrating multicellular calcium imaging with network analysis, have emerged for a quantitative assessment of the cellular activity in islets. However, different groups use distinct experimental preparations, microscopic techniques, apply different methods to process the measured signals and use various methods to derive functional connectivity patterns. This makes comparisons between findings and their integration into a bigger picture difficult and has led to disputes in functional connectivity interpretations. To address these issues, we present here a systematic analysis of how different approaches influence the network representation of islet activity. Our findings show that the choice of methods used to construct networks is not crucial, although care is needed when combining data from different islets. Conversely, the conclusions drawn from network analysis can be heavily affected by the pre-processing of the time series, the type of the oscillatory component in the signals, and by the experimental preparation. Our tutorial-like investigation aims to resolve interpretational issues, reconcile conflicting views, advance functional implications, and encourage researchers to adopt connectivity analysis. As we conclude, we outline challenges for future research, emphasizing the broader applicability of our conclusions to other tissues exhibiting complex multicellular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Šterk
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Viljem Pohorec
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | - Jurij Dolenšek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Richard K. P. Benninger
- Department of Bioengineering, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Andraž Stožer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Vira Kravets
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marko Gosak
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Alma Mater Europaea, Maribor
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4
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Brown B, Chen I, Miliano C, Murdaugh LB, Dong Y, Eddinger KA, Yaksh TL, Burton MD, Buczynski MW, Gregus AM. 12/15-Lipoxygenases mediate neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity in female mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588153. [PMID: 38644994 PMCID: PMC11030227 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
It is estimated that chronic neuropathic pain conditions exhibit up to 10% prevalence in the general population, with increased incidence in females. However, nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are ineffective, and currently indicated prescription treatments such as opioids, anticonvulsants, and antidepressants provide only limited therapeutic benefit. In the current work, we extended previous studies in male rats utilizing a paradigm of central Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent, NSAID-unresponsive neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity to male and female C57BL/6N mice, uncovering an unexpected hyperalgesic phenotype in female mice following intrathecal (IT) LPS. In contrast to previous reports in female C57BL/6J mice, female C57BL/6N mice displayed tactile and cold allodynia, grip force deficits, and locomotor hyperactivity in response to IT LPS. Congruent with our previous observations in male rats, systemic inhibition of 12/15-Lipoxygenases (12/15-LOX) in female B6N mice with selective inhibitors - ML355 (targeting 12-LOX-p) and ML351 (targeting 15-LOX-1) - completely reversed allodynia and grip force deficits. We demonstrate here that 12/15-LOX enzymes also are expressed in mouse spinal cord and that 12/15-LOX metabolites produce tactile allodynia when administered spinally (IT) or peripherally (intraplantar in the paw, IPLT) in a hyperalgesic priming model, similar to others observations with the cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolite Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ). Surprisingly, we did not detect hyperalgesic priming following IT administration of LPS, indicating that this phenomenon likely requires peripheral activation of nociceptors. Collectively, these data suggest that 12/15-LOX enzymes contribute to neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity in rodents, with potential translatability as druggable targets across sexes and species using multiple reflexive and non-reflexive outcome measures.
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Jaric I, Voelkl B, Amrein I, Wolfer DP, Novak J, Detotto C, Weber-Stadlbauer U, Meyer U, Manuella F, Mansuy IM, Würbel H. Using mice from different breeding sites fails to improve replicability of results from single-laboratory studies. Lab Anim (NY) 2024; 53:18-22. [PMID: 38151528 PMCID: PMC10766513 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-023-01307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical and empirical evidence indicates that low external validity due to rigorous standardization of study populations is a cause of poor replicability in animal research. Here we report a multi-laboratory study aimed at investigating whether heterogenization of study populations by using animals from different breeding sites increases the replicability of results from single-laboratory studies. We used male C57BL/6J mice from six different breeding sites to test a standardized against a heterogenized (HET) study design in six independent replicate test laboratories. For the standardized design, each laboratory ordered mice from a single breeding site (each laboratory from a different one), while for the HET design, each laboratory ordered proportionate numbers of mice from the five remaining breeding sites. To test our hypothesis, we assessed 14 outcome variables, including body weight, behavioral measures obtained from a single session on an elevated plus maze, and clinical blood parameters. Both breeding site and test laboratory affected variation in outcome variables, but the effect of test laboratory was more pronounced for most outcome variables. Moreover, heterogenization of study populations by breeding site (HET) did not reduce variation in outcome variables between test laboratories, which was most likely due to the fact that breeding site had only little effect on variation in outcome variables, thereby limiting the scope for HET to reduce between-lab variation. We conclude that heterogenization of study populations by breeding site has limited capacity for improving the replicability of results from single-laboratory animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jaric
- Animal Welfare Division, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Bernhard Voelkl
- Animal Welfare Division, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irmgard Amrein
- Institute of Anatomy, Division of Functional Neuroanatomy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David P Wolfer
- Institute of Anatomy, Division of Functional Neuroanatomy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Janja Novak
- Animal Welfare Division, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Detotto
- Central Animal Facilities, Experimental Animal Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Weber-Stadlbauer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Center of Neuroscience Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Center of Neuroscience Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Manuella
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Research Institute, Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience Zürich, University Zürich and ETHZ, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle M Mansuy
- Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics, Brain Research Institute, Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroscience Zürich, University Zürich and ETHZ, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanno Würbel
- Animal Welfare Division, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Delprete C, Rimondini Giorgini R, Lucarini E, Bastiaanssen T, Scicchitano D, Interino N, Formaggio F, Uhlig F, Ghelardini C, Hyland N, Cryan J, Liguori R, Candela M, Fiori J, Turroni S, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Caprini M. Disruption of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is a defining characteristic of the α-Gal A (-/0) mouse model of Fabry disease. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2256045. [PMID: 37712629 PMCID: PMC10506438 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2256045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked metabolic disease caused by a deficiency in α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) activity. This causes accumulation of glycosphingolipids, especially globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in different cells and organs. Neuropathic pain and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, and early satiety, are the most frequent symptoms reported by FD patients and severely affect their quality of life. It is generally accepted that Gb3 and lyso-Gb3 are involved in the symptoms; nevertheless, the origin of these symptoms is complex and multifactorial, and the exact mechanisms of pathogenesis are still poorly understood. Here, we used a murine model of FD, the male α-Gal A (-/0) mouse, to characterize functionality, behavior, and microbiota in an attempt to elucidate the microbiota-gut-brain axis at three different ages. We provided evidence of a diarrhea-like phenotype and visceral hypersensitivity in our FD model together with reduced locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior. We also showed for the first time that symptomology was associated with early compositional and functional dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, paralleled by alterations in fecal short-chain fatty acid levels, which partly persisted with advancing age. Interestingly, most of the dysbiotic features suggested a disruption of gut homeostasis, possibly contributing to accelerated intestinal transit, visceral hypersensitivity, and impaired communication along the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Delprete
- Laboratory of Human and General Physiology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - R. Rimondini Giorgini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and ToxicoKGMI_A_2256045logy Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - T.F.S. Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - D. Scicchitano
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - N. Interino
- Complex Operational Unit Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Formaggio
- Laboratory of Human and General Physiology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Uhlig
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - C. Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and ToxicoKGMI_A_2256045logy Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - N.P. Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J.F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Liguori
- Complex Operational Unit Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, ltaly
| | - M. Candela
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - J. Fiori
- Complex Operational Unit Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S. Turroni
- Unit of Microbiome Science and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - L. Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and ToxicoKGMI_A_2256045logy Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M. Caprini
- Laboratory of Human and General Physiology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Çalışkan G, Demiray YE, Stork O. Comparison of three common inbred mouse strains reveals substantial differences in hippocampal GABAergic interneuron populations and in vitro network oscillations. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3383-3401. [PMID: 37550182 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in neuroscience is to pinpoint neurobiological correlates of specific cognitive and neuropsychiatric traits. At the mesoscopic level, promising candidates for establishing such connections are brain oscillations that can be robustly recorded as local field potentials with varying frequencies in the hippocampus in vivo and in vitro. Inbred mouse strains show natural variation in hippocampal synaptic plasticity (e.g. long-term potentiation), a cellular correlate of learning and memory. However, their diversity in expression of different types of hippocampal network oscillations has not been fully explored. Here, we investigated hippocampal network oscillations in three widely used inbred mouse strains: C57BL/6J (B6J), C57BL/6NCrl (B6N) and 129S2/SvPasCrl (129) with the aim to identify common oscillatory characteristics in inbred mouse strains that show aberrant emotional/cognitive behaviour (B6N and 129) and compare them to "control" B6J strain. First, we detected higher gamma oscillation power in the hippocampal CA3 of both B6N and 129 strains. Second, higher incidence of hippocampal sharp wave-ripple (SPW-R) transients was evident in these strains. Third, we observed prominent differences in the densities of distinct interneuron types and CA3 associative network activity, which are indispensable for sustainment of mesoscopic network oscillations. Together, these results add further evidence to profound physiological differences among inbred mouse strains commonly used in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürsel Çalışkan
- Research Group "Synapto-Oscillopathies", Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yunus E Demiray
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Stork
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying MentalHealth (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Site Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
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8
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Yagihashi S. Contribution of animal models to diabetes research: Its history, significance, and translation to humans. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:1015-1037. [PMID: 37401013 PMCID: PMC10445217 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is still expanding globally and is epidemic in developing countries. The combat of this plague has caused enormous economic and social burdens related to a lowered quality of life in people with diabetes. Despite recent significant improvements of life expectancy in patients with diabetes, there is still a need for efforts to elucidate the complexities and mechanisms of the disease processes to overcome this difficult disorder. To this end, the use of appropriate animal models in diabetes studies is invaluable for translation to humans and for the development of effective treatment. In this review, a variety of animal models of diabetes with spontaneous onset in particular will be introduced and discussed for their implication in diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Exploratory Medicine for Nature, Life and HumansToho University School of MedicineChibaJapan
- Department of PathologyHirosaki University Graduate School of MedicineHirosakiJapan
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9
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Kageyama A, Tsuchiya M, Terakawa J, Ito J, Kashiwazaki N. A combined treatment with progesterone, anti-inhibin serum, and equine chorionic gonadotropin improves number of ovulated oocytes in young C57BL/6J mice. J Reprod Dev 2023; 69:223-226. [PMID: 37331813 PMCID: PMC10435527 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2023-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Superovulation procedures are routinely and widely used in mouse reproductive technology. Previous studies have shown that a large number of oocytes can be obtained from adult mice (> 10 weeks old) using a combined treatment with progesterone (P4) and anti-inhibin serum (AIS). However, these effects have not been fully investigated in young (4 weeks) C57BL/6J mice. Here, we found that a modified superovulation protocol (combined treatment with P4, AIS, eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin), and hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin); P4D2-Ae-h) improved the number of oocytes compared to the control (eCG and hCG) (39.7 vs. 21.3 oocytes/mouse). After in vitro fertilization, pronuclear formation rates were 69.3% (P4D2-Ae-h group) and 66.2% (control group). After embryo transfer, 46.4% (116/250) of the embryos in the P4D2-Ae-h group successfully developed to term, which was comparable to the control group (42.9%; 123/287 embryos). In conclusion, our protocol (P4D2-Ae-h) was effective for superovulation in young C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Kageyama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Mizuho Tsuchiya
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Jumpei Terakawa
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Junya Ito
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
- Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Naomi Kashiwazaki
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
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10
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Sil A, Souza Matos M, Delibegovic M, Platt B. How stra(i)nge are your controls? A comparative analysis of metabolic phenotypes in commonly used C57BL/6 substrains. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289472. [PMID: 37531359 PMCID: PMC10395817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, insufficiently characterised controls have been a contributing factor to irreproducibility in biomedical research including neuroscience and metabolism. There is now a growing awareness of phenotypic differences between the C57BL/6 substrains which are commonly used as control animals. We here investigated baseline metabolic characteristics such as glucose regulation, fasted serum insulin levels and hepatic insulin signalling in five different C57BL/6 substrains (N, J, JOla, JRcc) of both sexes, obtained from two commercial vendors, Charles River Laboratories (Crl) and Envigo (Env). Our results indicate systematic and tissue-specific differences between substrains, affected by both vendor and sex, in all parameters investigated, and not necessarily mediated by the presence of the NntC57BL/6J mutation. Not only were there differences between 6J and 6N as expected, all three 6J substrains exhibited different profiles, even from the same breeder. Two distinct metabolic profiles were identified, one in which low insulin levels resulted in impaired glucose clearance (6JCrl; both sexes) and the other, where sustained elevations in fasted basal insulin levels led to glucose intolerance (male 6JRccEnv). Further, 6JRccEnv displayed sex differences in both glucose clearance and hepatic insulin signalling markers. In comparison, the two 6N substrains of either sex, irrespective of vendor, did not exhibit considerable differences, with 6NCrl animals presenting a good choice as a healthy baseline 'control' for many types of experiments. Overall, our data emphasise the importance of selecting and characterising control subjects regarding background, sex, and supplier to ensure proper experimental outcomes in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annesha Sil
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Souza Matos
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mirela Delibegovic
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bettina Platt
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
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11
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Grupe K, Scherneck S. Mouse Models of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Its Subtypes: Recent Insights and Pitfalls. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065982. [PMID: 36983056 PMCID: PMC10058162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is currently the most common complication of pregnancy and is defined as a glucose intolerance disorder with recognition during pregnancy. GDM is considered a uniform group of patients in conventional guidelines. In recent years, evidence of the disease's heterogeneity has led to a growing understanding of the value of dividing patients into different subpopulations. Furthermore, in view of the increasing incidence of hyperglycemia outside pregnancy, it is likely that many cases diagnosed as GDM are in fact patients with undiagnosed pre-pregnancy impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Experimental models contribute significantly to the understanding of the pathogenesis of GDM and numerous animal models have been described in the literature. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the existing mouse models of GDM, in particular those that have been obtained by genetic manipulation. However, these commonly used models have certain limitations in the study of the pathogenesis of GDM and cannot fully describe the heterogeneous spectrum of this polygenic disease. The polygenic New Zealand obese (NZO) mouse is introduced as a recently emerged model of a subpopulation of GDM. Although this strain lacks conventional GDM, it exhibits prediabetes and an IGT both preconceptionally and during gestation. In addition, it should be emphasized that the choice of an appropriate control strain is of great importance in metabolic studies. The commonly used control strain C57BL/6N, which exhibits IGT during gestation, is discussed in this review as a potential model of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Grupe
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Scherneck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase in the Heart as an Initiating Event in the Development of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030756. [PMID: 36979003 PMCID: PMC10045649 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity affects a growing fraction of the population and is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Even in the absence of hypertension and coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes can result in a heart disease termed diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diminished glucose oxidation, increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation for energy production, and oxidative stress are believed to play causal roles. However, the progression of metabolic changes and mechanisms by which these changes impact the heart have not been established. Cardiac pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the central regulatory site for glucose oxidation, is rapidly inhibited in mice fed high dietary fat, a model of obesity and diabetes. Increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation for energy production, in turn, enhances mitochondrial pro-oxidant production. Inhibition of PDH may therefore initiate metabolic inflexibility and oxidative stress and precipitate diabetic cardiomyopathy. We discuss evidence from the literature that supports a role for PDH inhibition in loss in energy homeostasis and diastolic function in obese and diabetic humans and in rodent models. Finally, seemingly contradictory findings highlight the complexity of the disease and the need to delineate progressive changes in cardiac metabolism, the impact on myocardial structure and function, and the ability to intercede.
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13
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Wang NQ, Jia WH, Yin L, Li N, Liang MD, Shang JM, Hou BY, Zhang L, Qiang GF, Du GH, Yang XY. Sex difference on fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) expression in skin and wound of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1981-1991. [PMID: 36536184 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are key factors affecting diabetic wound healing. However, the FGF family's expression patterns in skin and wounds influenced by both diabetes and sex are still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, normal and Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic C57BL/6J male and female mice were used to study the FGF family's expression in non-wound skin and wounds. We found that the expression patterns of Fgfs were affected by sex in both normal and diabetic animals during wound healing. In normal control mice, sex difference had a limited effect on basal skin Fgf expressions. However, it significantly influenced Fgf expressions in wounds. Type 1 diabetes reduced basal and wound-induced skin Fgf expressions. Female mice had far lower wound-induced skin Fgf expressions in diabetic mice. In addition, sex differently influenced Fibroblast growth factors receptor (Fgfr) expression patterns of non-wound skin and wounds in both normal and diabetic mice. Moreover, female mice had a lower relative level of Fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein 2 (FLRT2) - a FGFR activation marker gene - in wound and blood plasma. Correspondingly, the wound areas of female animals were larger than that of male animals in the early stage of wound healing (less than 3-day injury). CONCLUSION Our research shows that the FGF family have different expression patterns in normal and diabetic wound healing in mice of different sex. Additionally, we also provide the signatures of individual FGFs in diabetic wound healing, which deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Jia 2nd, Nanwei Road, Xicheng district, 100050, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Jia 2nd, Nanwei Road, Xicheng district, 100050, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Jia 2nd, Nanwei Road, Xicheng district, 100050, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Jia 2nd, Nanwei Road, Xicheng district, 100050, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Dai Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Jia 2nd, Nanwei Road, Xicheng district, 100050, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Min Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Jia 2nd, Nanwei Road, Xicheng district, 100050, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Yu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Jia 2nd, Nanwei Road, Xicheng district, 100050, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Jia 2nd, Nanwei Road, Xicheng district, 100050, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Fen Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Jia 2nd, Nanwei Road, Xicheng district, 100050, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Jia 2nd, Nanwei Road, Xicheng district, 100050, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Xiu-Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica of Peking Union Medical College, Jia 2nd, Nanwei Road, Xicheng district, 100050, Beijing, P.R. China.
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14
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Baghdadi M, Nespital T, Mesaros A, Buschbaum S, Withers DJ, Grönke S, Partridge L. Reduced insulin signaling in neurons induces sex-specific health benefits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade8137. [PMID: 36812323 PMCID: PMC9946356 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reduced activity of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) extends health and life span in mammals. Loss of the insulin receptor substrate 1 (Irs1) gene increases survival in mice and causes tissue-specific changes in gene expression. However, the tissues underlying IIS-mediated longevity are currently unknown. Here, we measured survival and health span in mice lacking IRS1 specifically in liver, muscle, fat, and brain. Tissue-specific loss of IRS1 did not increase survival, suggesting that lack of IRS1 in more than one tissue is required for life-span extension. Loss of IRS1 in liver, muscle, and fat did not improve health. In contrast, loss of neuronal IRS1 increased energy expenditure, locomotion, and insulin sensitivity, specifically in old males. Neuronal loss of IRS1 also caused male-specific mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of Atf4, and metabolic adaptations consistent with an activated integrated stress response at old age. Thus, we identified a male-specific brain signature of aging in response to reduced IIS associated with improved health at old age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Nespital
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Mesaros
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Dominic J. Withers
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
| | | | - Linda Partridge
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
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15
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Munezero E, Behan NA, Diaz SG, Neumann EM, MacFarlane AJ. Poor Reporting Quality in Basic Nutrition Research: A Case Study Based on a Scoping Review of Recent Folate Research in Mouse Models (2009-2021). Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2666-2678. [PMID: 35820042 PMCID: PMC9776625 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transparent reporting of nutrition research promotes rigor, reproducibility, and relevance to human nutrition. We performed a scoping review of recent articles reporting dietary folate interventions in mice as a case study to determine the reporting frequency of generic study design items (i.e., sex, strain, and age) and nutrition-specific items (i.e., base diet composition, intervention doses, duration, and exposure verification) in basic nutrition research. We identified 798 original research articles in the EMBASE, Medline, Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA), Global Health, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) databases published between January 2009 and July 2021 in which a dietary folic acid (FA) intervention was used in mice. We identified 312 original peer-reviewed articles including 191 studies in nonpregnant and 126 in pregnant mice. Most studies reported sex (99%), strain (99%), and age (83%). The majority of studies used C57BL/6 (53%) or BALB/c (11%) mice aged 3-9 wk. Nonpregnancy studies were more likely to use only male mice (57%). Dietary FA interventions varied considerably and overlapped: deficiency (0-3 mg/kg), control (0-16 mg/kg), and supplemented (0-50 mg/kg). Only 63% of studies used an open-formula base diet with a declared FA content and 60% of studies verified FA exposure using folate status biomarkers. The duration of intervention ranged from 1 to 104 wk for nonpregnancy studies. The duration of intervention for pregnancy studies was 1-19 wk, occurring variably before pregnancy and/or during pregnancy and/or lactation. Overall, 17% of studies did not report ≥1 generic study design item(s) and 40% did not report ≥1 nutrition-specific study design item(s). The variability and frequent lack of reporting of important generic and nutrition-specific study design details in nutrition studies limit their generalizability, reproducibility, and interpretation. The use of reporting checklists for animal research would enhance reporting quality of key study design and conduct factors in animal-based nutrition research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amanda J MacFarlane
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.,Nutrition Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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16
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Nemoto S, Kubota T, Ohno H. Metabolic differences and differentially expressed genes between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice substrains. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271651. [PMID: 36548271 PMCID: PMC9778930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6J (B6J) and C57BL/6N (B6N) mice are the most frequently used substrains in C57BL/6 (B6) inbred mice, serving as physiological models for in vivo studies and as background strains to build transgenic mice. However, the differences in metabolic phenotypes between B6J and B6N mice are not coherent, and genotypic differences in metabolically important tissues have not been well studied. The phenotypic differences between B6J and B6N substrains have often been attributed to the role of the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene, whereby B6J has a spontaneous missense mutation of Nnt. Nevertheless, phenotypic differences between the two cannot be explained by Nnt mutations alone, especially in metabolic traits. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the genetic cause of the phenotypic differences between B6J and B6N mice. Determining consistent genetic differences across multiple tissues involved in metabolic traits such as subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissues, brown adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, liver, hypothalamus, and hippocampus, may help explain phenotypic differences in metabolism between the two substrains. We report candidate genes along with comparative data on body weight, tissue weight, blood components involved in metabolism, and energy balance of B6J and B6N mice. Insulin degrading enzyme, adenylosuccinate synthase 2, and ectonucleotide triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4 were highly expressed in B6J mice compared with those in B6N mice, and Nnt, WD repeat and FYVE domain containing 1, and dynein light chain Tctex-type 1 were less expressed in B6J mice compared with those in B6N mice in all seven tissues. Considering the extremely wide use of both substrains and their critical importance in generating transgenic and knock-out models, these findings guide future research across several interrelated fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Nemoto
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tetsuya Kubota
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, The Institute of Medical Science, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory for Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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17
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Yan R, Choi VWW, Hartono T, Tse IMY, Tse MCL, Zhou Y, Xu J, Sit WH, Wan JMF, Li ETS, Chan CB, Louie JCY. Effect of lifelong sucrose consumption at human-relevant levels on food intake and body composition of C57BL/6N mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1076073. [PMID: 36590231 PMCID: PMC9798237 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1076073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Controversies surround the issue if chronic consumption of a high-sugar diet is detrimental to health or not. This study investigates whether lifelong consumption of a higher sucrose diet will induce overeating, and obesity, and cause metabolic dysfunctions such as hyperglycemia and dyslipidaemia in C57BL/6N mice, compared to a lower sucrose diet. Methods Male C57BL/6N mice at 3 weeks of age were randomized into consuming a diet with 25 or 10% kcal from sucrose for the rest of their lives. Body weight, food and water intake, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels were measured at regular intervals. At the end of the study, organs and tissues were collected and gene expression was measured. Results There was no discernible difference in the impact on food intake, body composition, glucose and lipid homeostasis, liver triglyceride content, life expectancy, as well as gene expression related to intermediary metabolism between mice fed a diet with 10 vs. 25% kcal as sucrose over their lifespan. We also showed that switching from a 25% kcal diet to a 10% kcal diet at different life stages, or vice versa, did not appear to affect these outcomes of interest. Discussion The results from our study suggest that lifelong consumption of a higher sugar diet generally did not induce overeating and obesity, disrupt carbohydrate metabolism and lipid homeostasis, and reduce life expectancy compared with a lower sugar diet. Our unorthodox findings disagreed with the popular belief that higher sugar consumption is detrimental to health, which should be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Yan
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vivian Wai Wan Choi
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tania Hartono
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Iris Mei Ying Tse
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Margaret Chui Ling Tse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhou
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jinfeng Xu
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Hung Sit
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jennifer Man Fan Wan
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Edmund Tsz Shing Li
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Bun Chan
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jimmy Chun Yu Louie
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China,*Correspondence: Jimmy Chun Yu Louie,
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18
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Bishop CR, Caten FT, Nakaya HI, Suhrbier A. Chikungunya patient transcriptional signatures faithfully recapitulated in a C57BL/6J mouse model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1092370. [PMID: 36578476 PMCID: PMC9791225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1092370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An adult wild-type C57BL/6J mouse model of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection and disease has been extensively used to study the alphaviral arthritic immunopathology and to evaluate new interventions. How well mouse models recapitulate the gene expression profiles seen in humans remains controversial. Methods Herein we perform a comparative transcriptomics analysis using RNA-Seq datasets from the C57BL/6J CHIKV mouse model with datasets obtained from adults and children acutely infected with CHIKV. Results Despite sampling quite different tissues, peripheral blood from humans and feet from mice, gene expression profiles were quite similar, with an overlap of up to ≈50% for up-regulated single copy orthologue differentially expressed genes. Furthermore, high levels of significant concordance between mouse and human were seen for immune pathways and signatures, which were dominated by interferons, T cells and monocyte/macrophages. Importantly, predicted responses to a series of anti-inflammatory drug and biologic treatments also showed cogent similarities between species. Discussion Comparative transcriptomics and subsequent pathway analysis provides a detailed picture of how a given model recapitulates human gene expression. Using this method, we show that the C57BL/6J CHIKV mouse model provides a reliable and representative system in which to study CHIKV immunopathology and evaluate new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R. Bishop
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Felipe Ten Caten
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Helder I. Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Helder I. Nakaya, ; Andreas Suhrbier,
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Global Virus Network (GVN) Center of Excellence, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,*Correspondence: Helder I. Nakaya, ; Andreas Suhrbier,
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19
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Gallage S, Avila JEB, Ramadori P, Focaccia E, Rahbari M, Ali A, Malek NP, Anstee QM, Heikenwalder M. A researcher's guide to preclinical mouse NASH models. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1632-1649. [PMID: 36539621 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its inflammatory form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have quickly risen to become the most prevalent chronic liver disease in the Western world and are risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is not only one of the most common cancers but is also highly lethal. Nevertheless, there are currently no clinically approved drugs for NAFLD, and NASH-induced HCC poses a unique metabolic microenvironment that may influence responsiveness to certain treatments. Therefore, there is an urgent need to better understand the pathogenesis of this rampant disease to devise new therapies. In this line, preclinical mouse models are crucial tools to investigate mechanisms as well as novel treatment modalities during the pathogenesis of NASH and subsequent HCC in preparation for human clinical trials. Although, there are numerous genetically induced, diet-induced and toxin-induced models of NASH, not all of these models faithfully phenocopy and mirror the human pathology very well. In this Perspective, we shed some light onto the most widely used mouse models of NASH and highlight some of the key advantages and disadvantages of the various models with an emphasis on 'Western diets', which are increasingly recognized as some of the best models in recapitulating the human NASH pathology and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchira Gallage
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- The M3 Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Jose Efren Barragan Avila
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Ramadori
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Enrico Focaccia
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Rahbari
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adnan Ali
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nisar P Malek
- The M3 Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department Internal Medicine I, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- The M3 Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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20
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Stewart AN, Jones LAT, Gensel JC. Improving translatability of spinal cord injury research by including age as a demographic variable. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1017153. [PMID: 36467608 PMCID: PMC9714671 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1017153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical and clinical spinal cord injury (SCI) studies differ in study design, particularly in the demographic characteristics of the chosen population. In clinical study design, criteria such as such as motor scores, neurological level, and severity of injury are often key determinants for participant inclusion. Further, demographic variables in clinical trials often include individuals from a wide age range and typically include both sexes, albeit historically most cases of SCI occur in males. In contrast, pre-clinical SCI models predominately utilize young adult rodents and typically use only females. While it is often not feasible to power SCI clinical trials to test multi-variable designs such as contrasting different ages, recent pre-clinical findings in SCI animal models have emphasized the importance of considering age as a biological variable prior to human experiments. Emerging pre-clinical data have identified case examples of treatments that diverge in efficacy across different demographic variables and have elucidated several age-dependent effects in SCI. The extent to which these differing or diverging treatment responses manifest clinically can not only complicate statistical findings and trial interpretations but also may be predictive of worse outcomes in select clinical populations. This review highlights recent literature including age as a biological variable in pre-clinical studies and articulates the results with respect to implications for clinical trials. Based on emerging unpredictable treatment outcomes in older rodents, we argue for the importance of including age as a biological variable in pre-clinical animal models prior to clinical testing. We believe that careful analyses of how age interacts with SCI treatments and pathophysiology will help guide clinical trial design and may improve both the safety and outcomes of such important efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Stewart
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Linda A. T. Jones
- Center for Outcomes and Measurement, Jefferson College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John C. Gensel
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,*Correspondence: John C. Gensel,
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Tff3 Deficiency Protects against Hepatic Fat Accumulation after Prolonged High-Fat Diet. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081288. [PMID: 36013467 PMCID: PMC9409972 DOI: 10.3390/life12081288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor 3 (Tff3) protein is a small secretory protein expressed on various mucosal surfaces and is involved in proper mucosal function and recovery via various mechanisms, including immune response. However, Tff3 is also found in the bloodstream and in various other tissues, including the liver. Its complete attenuation was observed as the most prominent event in the early phase of diabetes in the polygenic Tally Ho mouse model of diabesity. Since then, its role in metabolic processes has emerged. To elucidate the complex role of Tff3, we used a new Tff3-deficient mouse model without additional metabolically relevant mutations (Tff3-/-/C57BL/6NCrl) and exposed it to a high-fat diet (HFD) for a prolonged period (8 months). The effect was observed in male and female mice compared to wild-type (WT) counter groups (n = 10 animals per group). We monitored the animals’ general metabolic parameters, liver morphology, ultrastructure and molecular genes in relevant lipid and inflammatory pathways. Tff3-deficient male mice had reduced body weight and better glucose utilization after 17 weeks of HFD, but longer HFD exposure (32 weeks) resulted in no such change. We found a strong reduction in lipid accumulation in male Tff3-/-/C57BL/6NCrl mice and a less prominent reduction in female mice. This was associated with downregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) and upregulated interleukin-6 (Il-6) gene expression, although protein level difference did not reach statistical significance due to higher individual variations. Tff3-/-/C57Bl6N mice of both sex had reduced liver steatosis, without major fatty acid content perturbations. Our research shows that Tff3 protein is clearly involved in complex metabolic pathways. Tff3 deficiency in C57Bl6N genetic background caused reduced lipid accumulation in the liver; further research is needed to elucidate its precise role in metabolism-related events.
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22
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Zachara M, Rainer PY, Hashimi H, Russeil JM, Alpern D, Ferrero R, Litovchenko M, Deplancke B. Mammalian adipogenesis regulator (Areg) cells use retinoic acid signalling to be non- and anti-adipogenic in age-dependent manner. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108206. [PMID: 35996853 PMCID: PMC9475530 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose stem and precursor cells (ASPCs) give rise to adipocytes and determine the composition and plasticity of adipose tissue. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that ASPCs partition into at least three distinct cell subpopulations, including the enigmatic CD142+ cells. An outstanding challenge is to functionally characterise this population, as discrepant properties, from adipogenic to non- and anti-adipogenic, have been reported for these cells. To resolve these phenotypic ambiguities, we characterised mammalian subcutaneous CD142+ ASPCs across various experimental conditions, demonstrating that CD142+ ASPCs exhibit high molecular and phenotypic robustness. Specifically, we find these cells to be firmly non- and anti-adipogenic both in vitro and in vivo, with their inhibitory signals also impacting adipogenic human cells. However, these CD142+ ASPC-specific properties exhibit surprising temporal phenotypic alterations, and emerge only in an age-dependent manner. Finally, using multi-omic and functional assays, we show that the inhibitory nature of these adipogenesis-regulatory CD142+ ASPCs (Aregs) is driven by specifically expressed secretory factors that cooperate with the retinoic acid signalling pathway to transform the adipogenic state of CD142- ASPCs into a non-adipogenic, Areg-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Zachara
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pernille Y Rainer
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Horia Hashimi
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie M Russeil
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Alpern
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Radiana Ferrero
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Bart Deplancke
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Bryant C, Cianciolo R, Govindarajan R, Agrawal S. Adriamycin-Induced Nephropathy is Robust in N and Modest in J Substrain of C57BL/6. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:924751. [PMID: 35784478 PMCID: PMC9243439 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.924751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy remains the leading model to study human primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), a common pathway for podocyte damage and glomerular loss of function that leads to chronic kidney disease. However, the use of this model for reverse genetics is limited by historical categorization of C57BL/6 mice as an ADR-resistant strain, which is also the most common genetically modified strain. Additionally, conflicting reports exist utilizing C57BL/6 for ADR-nephrosis due to lack of understanding of substrain differences (J/N) and variability in ADR dosage, timing, and frequency to induce damage. We have undertaken a systematic approach to elucidate the specifics of ADR-nephrosis in C57BL/6 N and J substrains. We induced nephropathy with 2 doses of ADR, and measured albuminuria for 6 weeks and performed histological evaluations. Our findings revealed induction of robust and modest proteinuria in N and J substrains, respectively. The serum creatinine levels were elevated in N, but not J substrain. Both the substrains showed reduction in body weight with N greater than J, although mortality remained at 0% in both substrains. Histological analysis showed worse renal lesions in the N than the J substrain. Podocyte markers synaptopodin, nephrin, podocin, and WT1 were reduced to a greater extent in the N than the J substrain. In summary, we provide the nephrology community with a reproducible mouse model for FSGS, in a strain otherwise assumed to be ADR-resistant and highlight the differences between J and N substrains. This enables future studies, especially concerning genetically manipulated animal models in C57BL/6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bryant
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rachel Cianciolo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Niche Diagnostics, LLC, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Translational Therapeutics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shipra Agrawal
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Shipra Agrawal,
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24
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Abstract
As a muscular pump that contracts incessantly throughout life, the heart must constantly generate cellular energy to support contractile function and fuel ionic pumps to maintain electrical homeostasis. Thus, mitochondrial metabolism of multiple metabolic substrates such as fatty acids, glucose, ketones, and lactate is essential to ensuring an uninterrupted supply of ATP. Multiple metabolic pathways converge to maintain myocardial energy homeostasis. The regulation of these cardiac metabolic pathways has been intensely studied for many decades. Rapid adaptation of these pathways is essential for mediating the myocardial adaptation to stress, and dysregulation of these pathways contributes to myocardial pathophysiology as occurs in heart failure and in metabolic disorders such as diabetes. The regulation of these pathways reflects the complex interactions of cell-specific regulatory pathways, neurohumoral signals, and changes in substrate availability in the circulation. Significant advances have been made in the ability to study metabolic regulation in the heart, and animal models have played a central role in contributing to this knowledge. This review will summarize metabolic pathways in the heart and describe their contribution to maintaining myocardial contractile function in health and disease. The review will summarize lessons learned from animal models with altered systemic metabolism and those in which specific metabolic regulatory pathways have been genetically altered within the heart. The relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of cardiac metabolism and the pathophysiology of heart failure and how these have been informed by animal models will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Bugger
- University Heart Center Graz, Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria, Austria (H.B., N.J.B.)
| | - Nikole J Byrne
- University Heart Center Graz, Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria, Austria (H.B., N.J.B.)
| | - E Dale Abel
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (E.D.A.)
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25
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Francisco A, Figueira TR, Castilho RF. Mitochondrial NAD(P) + Transhydrogenase: From Molecular Features to Physiology and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:864-884. [PMID: 34155914 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Proton-translocating NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase, also known as nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), catalyzes a reversible reaction coupling the protonmotive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane and hydride (H-, a proton plus two electrons) transfer between the mitochondrial pools of NAD(H) and NADP(H). The forward NNT reaction is a source of NADPH in the mitochondrial matrix, fueling antioxidant and biosynthetic pathways with reductive potential. Despite the greater emphasis given to the net forward reaction, the reverse NNT reaction that oxidizes NADPH also occurs in physiological and pathological conditions. Recent Advances: NNT (dys)function has been linked to various metabolic pathways and disease phenotypes. Most of these findings have been based on spontaneous loss-of-function Nnt mutations found in the C57BL/6J mouse strain (NntC57BL/6J mutation) and disease-causing Nnt mutations in humans. The present review focuses on recent advances based on the mouse NntC57BL/6J mutation. Critical Issues: Most studies associating NNT function with disease phenotypes have been based on comparisons between different strains of inbred mice (with or without the NntC57BL/6J mutation), which creates uncertainties over the actual contribution of NNT in the context of other potential genetic modifiers. Future Directions: Future research might contribute to understanding the role of NNT in pathological conditions and elucidate how NNT regulates physiological signaling through its forward and reverse reactions. The importance of NNT in redox balance and tumor cell proliferation makes it a potential target of new therapeutic strategies for oxidative-stress-mediated diseases and cancer. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 864-884.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Francisco
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tiago Rezende Figueira
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Roger Frigério Castilho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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26
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Genetically modified mice for research on human diseases: A triumph for Biotechnology or a work in progress? THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genetically modified mice are engineered as models for human diseases. These mouse models include inbred strains, mutants, gene knockouts, gene knockins, and ‘humanized’ mice. Each mouse model is engineered to mimic a specific disease based on a theory of the genetic basis of that disease. For example, to test the amyloid theory of Alzheimer’s disease, mice with amyloid precursor protein genes are engineered, and to test the tau theory, mice with tau genes are engineered. This paper discusses the importance of mouse models in basic research, drug discovery, and translational research, and examines the question of how to define the “best” mouse model of a disease. The critiques of animal models and the caveats in translating the results from animal models to the treatment of human disease are discussed. Since many diseases are heritable, multigenic, age-related and experience-dependent, resulting from multiple gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, it will be essential to develop mouse models that reflect these genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors from a developmental perspective. Such models would provide further insight into disease emergence, progression and the ability to model two-hit and multi-hit theories of disease. The summary examines the biotechnology for creating genetically modified mice which reflect these factors and how they might be used to discover new treatments for complex human diseases such as cancers, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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27
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Moon HS, Kim H, Kim B, Kim MS, Kim JH, Kwon O. Mouse Model of Small for Gestational Age Offspring with Catch-up Growth Failure and Dysregulated Glucose Metabolism in Adulthood. J Obes Metab Syndr 2022; 31:81-85. [PMID: 35301269 PMCID: PMC8987454 DOI: 10.7570/jomes22013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to build mouse models of small for gestational age (SGA), recapitulating failure of catch-up growth and dysregulated metabolic outcomes in adulthood. Methods Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were given a protein-restricted diet (PRD; 6% kcal from protein) during pregnancy without (model 1) or with cross-fostering (model 2). Model 3 extended the PRD to the end of the lactation period. Model 4 changed to a 9% PRD without cross-fostering. Results Model 1 yielded a reduced size of offspring with a poor survival rate. Model 2 improved survival but offspring showed early catch-up growth. Model 3 maintained a reduced size of offspring after weaning with a higher body mass index and blood glucose levels in adult stages. Model 4 increased the survival of the offspring while maintaining a reduced size and dysregulated glucose metabolism. Conclusion Models 3 and 4 are suitable for studying SGA accompanying adulthood short stature and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Seok Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanbin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bohye Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Obin Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Formaggio F, Rimondini R, Delprete C, Scalia L, Merlo Pich E, Liguori R, Nicoletti F, Caprini M. L-Acetylcarnitine causes analgesia in mice modeling Fabry disease by up-regulating type-2 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221087033. [PMID: 35255745 PMCID: PMC9008852 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221087033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficient
function of the alpha-galactosidase A (α-GalA) enzyme. α-GalA deficiency leads
to multisystemic clinical manifestations caused by the preferential accumulation
of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). A hallmark symptom of FD patients is neuropathic
pain that appears in the early stage of the disease as a result of peripheral
small fiber damage. Previous studies have shown that Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC)
has neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and analgesic activity in animal models of
neuropathic pain. To study the action of ALC on neuropathic pain associated with
FD, we treated α-GalA gene null mice (α-GalA(-/0)) with ALC for 30 days. In
α-Gal KO mice, ALC treatment induced acute and long-lasting analgesia, which
persisted 1 month after drug withdrawal. This effect was antagonized by single
administration of LY341495, an orthosteric antagonist of mGlu2/3 metabotropic
glutamate receptors. We also found an up-regulation of mGlu2 receptors in
cultured DRG neurons isolated from 30-day ALC-treated α-GalA KO mice. However,
the up-regulation of mGlu2 receptors was no longer present in DRG neurons
isolated 30 days after the end of treatment. Taken together, these findings
suggest that ALC induces analgesia in an animal model of FD by up-regulating
mGlu2 receptors, and that analgesia is maintained by additional mechanisms after
ALC withdrawal. ALC might represent a valuable pharmacological strategy to
reduce pain in FD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Rimondini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche 9296University of Bologna
| | - Cecilia Delprete
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology9296University of Bologna
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29
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Martin-Grau M, Marrachelli VG, Monleon D. Rodent models and metabolomics in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: What can we learn? World J Hepatol 2022; 14:304-318. [PMID: 35317178 PMCID: PMC8891675 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i2.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence has increased drastically in recent decades, affecting up to 25% of the world’s population. NAFLD is a spectrum of different diseases that starts with asymptomatic steatosis and continues with development of an inflammatory response called steatohepatitis, which can progress to fibrosis. Several molecular and metabolic changes are required for the hepatocyte to finally vary its function; hence a “multiple hit” hypothesis seems a more accurate proposal. Previous studies and current knowledge suggest that in most cases, NAFLD initiates and progresses through most of nine hallmarks of the disease, although the triggers and mechanisms for these can vary widely. The use of animal models remains crucial for understanding the disease and for developing tools based on biological knowledge. Among certain requirements to be met, a good model must imitate certain aspects of the human NAFLD disorder, be reliable and reproducible, have low mortality, and be compatible with a simple and feasible method. Metabolism studies in these models provides a direct reflection of the workings of the cell and may be a useful approach to better understand the initiation and progression of the disease. Metabolomics seems a valid tool for studying metabolic pathways and crosstalk between organs affected in animal models of NAFLD and for the discovery and validation of relevant biomarkers with biological understanding. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to NAFLD hallmarks, the five groups of animal models available for studying NAFLD and the potential role of metabolomics in the study of experimental NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Martin-Grau
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Vannina G Marrachelli
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Health Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Daniel Monleon
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Health Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid 28029, Spain
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30
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Rawle DJ, Le TT, Dumenil T, Bishop C, Yan K, Nakayama E, Bird PI, Suhrbier A. Widespread discrepancy in Nnt genotypes and genetic backgrounds complicates granzyme A and other knockout mouse studies. eLife 2022; 11:e70207. [PMID: 35119362 PMCID: PMC8816380 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granzyme A (GZMA) is a serine protease secreted by cytotoxic lymphocytes, with Gzma-/- mouse studies having informed our understanding of GZMA's physiological function. We show herein that Gzma-/- mice have a mixed C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N genetic background and retain the full-length nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene, whereas Nnt is truncated in C57BL/6J mice. Chikungunya viral arthritis was substantially ameliorated in Gzma-/- mice; however, the presence of Nnt and the C57BL/6N background, rather than loss of GZMA expression, was responsible for this phenotype. A new CRISPR active site mutant C57BL/6J GzmaS211A mouse provided the first insights into GZMA's bioactivity free of background issues, with circulating proteolytically active GZMA promoting immune-stimulating and pro-inflammatory signatures. Remarkably, k-mer mining of the Sequence Read Archive illustrated that ≈27% of Run Accessions and ≈38% of BioProjects listing C57BL/6J as the mouse strain had Nnt sequencing reads inconsistent with a C57BL/6J genetic background. Nnt and C57BL/6N background issues have clearly complicated our understanding of GZMA and may similarly have influenced studies across a broad range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Thuy T Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Cameron Bishop
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Kexin Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of ExcellenceBrisbaneAustralia
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31
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Bhardwaj G, Penniman CM, Klaus K, Weatherford ET, Pan H, Dreyfuss JM, Nair KS, Kahn CR, O’Neill BT. Transcriptomic Regulation of Muscle Mitochondria and Calcium Signaling by Insulin/IGF-1 Receptors Depends on FoxO Transcription Factors. Front Physiol 2022; 12:779121. [PMID: 35185597 PMCID: PMC8855073 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.779121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin and IGF-1, acting through the insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R), maintain muscle mass and mitochondrial function, at least part of which occurs via their action to regulate gene expression. Here, we show that while muscle-specific deletion of IR or IGF1R individually results in only modest changes in the muscle transcriptome, combined deletion of IR/IGF1R (MIGIRKO) altered > 3000 genes, including genes involved in mitochondrial dysfunction, fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and pathways related to estrogen receptor, protein kinase A (PKA), and calcium signaling. Functionally, this was associated with decreased mitochondrial respiration and increased ROS production in MIGIRKO muscle. To determine the role of FoxOs in these changes, we performed RNA-Seq on mice with muscle-specific deletion of FoxO1/3/4 (M-FoxO TKO) or combined deletion of IR, IGF1R, and FoxO1/3/4 in a muscle quintuple knockout (M-QKO). This revealed that among IR/IGF1R regulated genes, >97% were FoxO-dependent, and their expression was normalized in M-FoxO TKO and M-QKO muscle. FoxO-dependent genes were related to oxidative phosphorylation, inflammatory signaling, and TCA cycle. Metabolomic analysis showed accumulation of TCA cycle metabolites in MIGIRKO, which was reversed in M-QKO muscle. Likewise, calcium signaling genes involved in PKA signaling and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis were markedly altered in MIGIRKO muscle but normalized in M-QKO. Thus, combined loss of insulin and IGF-1 action in muscle transcriptionally alters mitochondrial function and multiple regulatory and signaling pathways, and these changes are mediated by FoxO transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourav Bhardwaj
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Christie M. Penniman
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Katherine Klaus
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Eric T. Weatherford
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - K. Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brian T. O’Neill
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States
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32
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Cooper TK, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Delaney MA, Piersigilli A, Southard TL, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Conditions and Pathology of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Naked Mole Rats, and Rabbits. ILAR J 2022; 62:77-132. [PMID: 34979559 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are valuable resources in biomedical research in investigations of biological processes, disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, safety, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Interpretation of data from animals requires knowledge not only of the processes or diseases (pathophysiology) under study but also recognition of spontaneous conditions and background lesions (pathology) that can influence or confound the study results. Species, strain/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, spontaneous diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplasia impact experimental results and interpretation as well as animal welfare. This review and the references selected aim to provide a pathology resource for researchers, pathologists, and veterinary personnel who strive to achieve research rigor and validity and must understand the spectrum of "normal" and expected conditions to accurately identify research-relevant experimental phenotypes as well as unusual illness, pathology, or other conditions that can compromise studies involving laboratory mice, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, naked mole rats, and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology and the Genetically Modified Animal Phenotyping Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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33
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Pohorec V, Križančić Bombek L, Skelin Klemen M, Dolenšek J, Stožer A. Glucose-Stimulated Calcium Dynamics in Beta Cells From Male C57BL/6J, C57BL/6N, and NMRI Mice: A Comparison of Activation, Activity, and Deactivation Properties in Tissue Slices. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:867663. [PMID: 35399951 PMCID: PMC8988149 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.867663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mice are a very instrumental model in islet beta cell research, possible phenotypic differences between strains and substrains are largely neglected in the scientific community. In this study, we show important phenotypic differences in beta cell responses to glucose between C57BL/6J, C57BL/6N, and NMRI mice, i.e., the three most commonly used strains. High-resolution multicellular confocal imaging of beta cells in acute pancreas tissue slices was used to measure and quantitatively compare the calcium dynamics in response to a wide range of glucose concentrations. Strain- and substrain-specific features were found in all three phases of beta cell responses to glucose: a shift in the dose-response curve characterizing the delay to activation and deactivation in response to stimulus onset and termination, respectively, and distinct concentration-encoding principles during the plateau phase in terms of frequency, duration, and active time changes with increasing glucose concentrations. Our results underline the significance of carefully choosing and reporting the strain to enable comparison and increase reproducibility, emphasize the importance of analyzing a number of different beta cell physiological parameters characterizing the response to glucose, and provide a valuable standard for future studies on beta cell calcium dynamics in health and disease in tissue slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viljem Pohorec
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | - Maša Skelin Klemen
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Dolenšek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Andraž Stožer, ; Jurij Dolenšek,
| | - Andraž Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Andraž Stožer, ; Jurij Dolenšek,
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Brayton CF. Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility). ILAR J 2021; 62:295-309. [PMID: 36528817 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory registration codes, also known as laboratory codes or lab codes, are a key element in standardized laboratory animal and genetic nomenclature. As such they are critical to accurate scientific communication and to research reproducibility and integrity. The original committee on Mouse Genetic Nomenclature published nomenclature conventions for mice genetics in 1940, and then conventions for inbred strains in 1952. Unique designations were needed, and have been in use since the 1950s, for the sources of animals and substrains, for the laboratories that identified new alleles or mutations, and then for developers of transgenes and induced mutations. Current laboratory codes are typically a 2- to 4-letter acronym for an institution or an investigator. Unique codes are assigned from the International Laboratory Code Registry, which was developed and is maintained by ILAR in the National Academies (National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine and previously National Academy of Sciences). As a resource for the global research community, the registry has been online since 1997. Since 2003 mouse and rat genetic and strain nomenclature rules have been reviewed and updated annually as a joint effort of the International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice and the Rat Genome and Nomenclature Committee. The current nomenclature conventions (particularly conventions for non-inbred animals) are applicable beyond rodents, although not widely adopted. Ongoing recognition, since at least the 1930s, of the research relevance of genetic backgrounds and origins of animals, and of spontaneous and induced genetic variants speaks to the need for broader application of standardized nomenclature for animals in research, particularly given the increasing numbers and complexities of genetically modified swine, nonhuman primates, fish, and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory F Brayton
- Johns Hopkins Medicine, Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Clark KC, Kwitek AE. Multi-Omic Approaches to Identify Genetic Factors in Metabolic Syndrome. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:3045-3084. [PMID: 34964118 PMCID: PMC9373910 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a highly heritable disease and a major public health burden worldwide. MetS diagnosis criteria are met by the simultaneous presence of any three of the following: high triglycerides, low HDL/high LDL cholesterol, insulin resistance, hypertension, and central obesity. These diseases act synergistically in people suffering from MetS and dramatically increase risk of morbidity and mortality due to stroke and cardiovascular disease, as well as certain cancers. Each of these component features is itself a complex disease, as is MetS. As a genetically complex disease, genetic risk factors for MetS are numerous, but not very powerful individually, often requiring specific environmental stressors for the disease to manifest. When taken together, all sequence variants that contribute to MetS disease risk explain only a fraction of the heritable variance, suggesting additional, novel loci have yet to be discovered. In this article, we will give a brief overview on the genetic concepts needed to interpret genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and quantitative trait locus (QTL) data, summarize the state of the field of MetS physiological genomics, and to introduce tools and resources that can be used by the physiologist to integrate genomics into their own research on MetS and any of its component features. There is a wealth of phenotypic and molecular data in animal models and humans that can be leveraged as outlined in this article. Integrating these multi-omic QTL data for complex diseases such as MetS provides a means to unravel the pathways and mechanisms leading to complex disease and promise for novel treatments. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-40, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Clark
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anne E Kwitek
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Miura I, Kikkawa Y, Yasuda SP, Shinogi A, Usuda D, Kumar V, Takahashi JS, Tamura M, Masuya H, Wakana S. Characterization of single nucleotide polymorphisms for a forward genetics approach using genetic crosses in C57BL/6 and BALB/c substrains of mice. Exp Anim 2021; 71:240-251. [PMID: 34980769 PMCID: PMC9130033 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Forward genetics is a powerful approach based on chromosomal mapping of phenotypes and has successfully led to the discovery of many mouse mutations in genes responsible for various
phenotypes. Although crossing between genetically remote strains can produce F2 and backcross mice for chromosomal mapping, the phenotypes are often affected by background effects
from the partner strains in genetic crosses. Genetic crosses between substrains might be useful in genetic mapping to avoid genetic background effects. In this study, we investigated single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) available for genetic mapping using substrains of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. In C57BL/6 mice, 114 SNP markers were developed and assigned to locations on all
chromosomes for full utilization for genetic mapping using genetic crosses between the C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N substrains. Moreover, genetic differences were identified in the 114 SNP markers
among the seven C57BL/6 substrains from five production breeders. In addition, 106 SNPs were detected on all chromosomes of BALB/cAJcl and BALB/cByJJcl substrains. These SNPs could be used
for genotyping in BALB/cJ, BALB/cAJcl, BALB/cAnNCrlCrlj, and BALB/cCrSlc mice, and they are particularly useful for genetic mapping using crosses between BALB/cByJJcl and other BALB/c
substrains. The SNPs characterized in this study can be utilized for genetic mapping to identify the causative mutations of the phenotypes induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis and
the SNPs responsible for phenotypic differences between the substrains of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Miura
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Cooperative Graduate School, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences (Medicine), Niigata University.,Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center.,Deafness Project, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Yoshiaki Kikkawa
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Cooperative Graduate School, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences (Medicine), Niigata University.,Deafness Project, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Shumpei P Yasuda
- Deafness Project, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | - Akiko Shinogi
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center
| | - Daiki Usuda
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center.,Integrated Bioresource Information Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center
| | | | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Masaru Tamura
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center
| | - Hiroshi Masuya
- Integrated Bioresource Information Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, Japan Mouse Clinic, RIKEN BioResource Research Center.,Department of Animal Experimentation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Creative Lab for Innovation in Kobe
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Shi W, Sheng X, Dorr KM, Hutton JE, Emerson JI, Davies HA, Andrade TD, Wasson LK, Greco TM, Hashimoto Y, Federspiel JD, Robbe ZL, Chen X, Arnold AP, Cristea IM, Conlon FL. Cardiac proteomics reveals sex chromosome-dependent differences between males and females that arise prior to gonad formation. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3019-3034.e7. [PMID: 34655525 PMCID: PMC9290207 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex disparities in cardiac homeostasis and heart disease are well documented, with differences attributed to actions of sex hormones. However, studies have indicated sex chromosomes act outside of the gonads to function without mediation by gonadal hormones. Here, we performed transcriptional and proteomics profiling to define differences between male and female mouse hearts. We demonstrate, contrary to current dogma, cardiac sex disparities are controlled not only by sex hormones but also through a sex-chromosome mechanism. Using Turner syndrome (XO) and Klinefelter (XXY) models, we find the sex-chromosome pathway is established by X-linked gene dosage. We demonstrate cardiac sex disparities occur at the earliest stages of heart formation, a period before gonad formation. Using these datasets, we identify and define a role for alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG), showing loss of A1BG leads to cardiac defects in females, but not males. These studies provide resources for studying sex-biased cardiac disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xinlei Sheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kerry M Dorr
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josiah E Hutton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - James I Emerson
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haley A Davies
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tia D Andrade
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lauren K Wasson
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Todd M Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yutaka Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joel D Federspiel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Zachary L Robbe
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xuqi Chen
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Frank L Conlon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Close AF, Chae H, Jonas JC. The lack of functional nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase only moderately contributes to the impairment of glucose tolerance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in C57BL/6J vs C57BL/6N mice. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2550-2561. [PMID: 34448880 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is involved in mitochondrial NADPH production and its spontaneous inactivating mutation (NntTr [Tr, truncated]) is usually considered to be the main cause of the lower glucose tolerance of C57BL/6J vs C57BL/6N mice. However, the impact of this mutation on glucose tolerance remains disputed. Here, we singled out the impact of NntTr from that of other genetic variants between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice on mitochondrial glutathione redox state (EGSH), glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and glucose tolerance. METHODS Male and female N5BL/6J mice that express wild-type Nnt (NntWT) or NntTr (N5-WT and N5-Tr mice) on the C57BL/6J genetic background were obtained by crossing N5BL/6J NntWT/Tr heterozygous mice. C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice were from Janvier Labs. The Nnt genotype was confirmed by PCR and the genetic background by whole genome sequencing of one mouse of each type. Glucose tolerance was assessed by IPGTT, ITT and fasting/refeeding tests. Stimulus-secretion coupling events and GSIS were measured in isolated pancreatic islets. Cytosolic and mitochondrial EGSH were measured using the fluorescent redox probe GRX1-roGFP2 (glutaredoxin 1 fused to redox-sensitive enhanced GFP). RESULTS The Nnt genotype and genetic background of each type of mouse were confirmed. As reported previously in C57BL/6N vs C57BL/6J islets, the glucose regulation of mitochondrial (but not cytosolic) EGSH and of NAD(P)H autofluorescence was markedly improved in N5-WT vs N5-Tr islets, confirming the role of NNT in mitochondrial redox regulation. However, ex vivo GSIS was only 1.2-1.4-times higher in N5-WT vs N5-Tr islets, while it was 2.4-times larger in C57BL/6N vs N5-WT islets, questioning the role of NNT in GSIS. In vivo, the ITT results did not differ between N5-WT and N5-Tr or C57BL/6N mice. However, the glucose excursion during an IPGTT was only 15-20% lower in female N5-WT mice than in N5-Tr and C57BL/6J mice and remained 3.5-times larger than in female C57BL/6N mice. Similar observations were made during a fasting/refeeding test. A slightly larger (~30%) impact of NNT on glucose tolerance was found in males. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Although our results confirm the importance of NNT in the regulation of mitochondrial redox state by glucose, they markedly downsize the role of NNT in the alteration of GSIS and glucose tolerance in C57BL/6J vs C57BL/6N mice. Therefore, documenting an NntWT genotype in C57BL/6 mice does not provide proof that their glucose tolerance is as good as in C57BL/6N mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Françoise Close
- Secteur des sciences de la santé, Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique, Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heeyoung Chae
- Secteur des sciences de la santé, Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique, Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Secteur des sciences de la santé, Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique, Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Tadinada SM, Weatherford ET, Collins GV, Bhardwaj G, Cochran J, Kutschke W, Zimmerman K, Bosko A, O'Neill BT, Weiss RM, Abel ED. Functional resilience of C57BL/6J mouse heart to dietary fat overload. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H850-H864. [PMID: 34477461 PMCID: PMC8616610 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00419.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac dysfunction and subsequent heart failure in diabetic cardiomyopathy are incompletely understood. Initially we intended to test the role of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), a potential mediator of cardiac dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy, but found that control animals on HFD did not develop cardiomyopathy. Cardiac function was preserved in both wild-type and GRK2 knockout animals fed high-fat diet as indicated by preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) although heart mass was increased. The absence of cardiac dysfunction led us to rigorously evaluate the utility of diet-induced obesity to model diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice. Using pure C57BL/6J animals and various diets formulated with different sources of fat-lard (32% saturated fat, 68% unsaturated fat) or hydrogenated coconut oil (95% saturated fat), we consistently observed left ventricular hypertrophy, preserved LVEF, and preserved contractility measured by invasive hemodynamics in animals fed high-fat diet. Gene expression patterns that characterize pathological hypertrophy were not induced, but a modest induction of various collagen isoforms and matrix metalloproteinases was observed in heart with high-fat diet feeding. PPARα-target genes that enhance lipid utilization such as Pdk4, CD36, AcadL, and Cpt1b were induced, but mitochondrial energetics was not impaired. These results suggest that although long-term fat feeding in mice induces cardiac hypertrophy and increases cardiac fatty acid metabolism, it may not be sufficient to activate pathological hypertrophic mechanisms that impair cardiac function or induce cardiac fibrosis. Thus, additional factors that are currently not understood may contribute to the cardiac abnormalities previously reported by many groups.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Dietary fat overload (DFO) is widely used to model diabetic cardiomyopathy but the utility of this model is controversial. We comprehensively characterized cardiac contractile and mitochondrial function in C57BL6/J mice fed with lard-based or saturated fat-enriched diets initiated at two ages. Despite cardiac hypertrophy, contractile and mitochondrial function is preserved, and molecular adaptations likely limit lipotoxicity. The resilience of these hearts to DFO underscores the need to develop robust alternative models of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/enzymology
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/etiology
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/pathology
- Diabetic Cardiomyopathies/physiopathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Energy Metabolism
- Female
- Fibrosis
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/genetics
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/enzymology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Heart/enzymology
- Mitochondria, Heart/pathology
- Myocardium/enzymology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Obesity/complications
- Stroke Volume
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/enzymology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/pathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Function, Left
- Ventricular Remodeling
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Murthy Tadinada
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eric T Weatherford
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Greg V Collins
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gourav Bhardwaj
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jesse Cochran
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - William Kutschke
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kathy Zimmerman
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Alyssa Bosko
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - E Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway is Expressed in the Adult Mouse Hypothalamus and Modulated by Fasting. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0276-21.2021. [PMID: 34535504 PMCID: PMC8482854 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0276-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog signaling pathway is best known for its role in developmental patterning of the neural tube and limb bud. More recently, hedgehog signaling has been recognized for its roles in growth of adult tissues and maintenance of progenitor cell niches. However, the role of hedgehog signaling in fully differentiated cells like neurons in the adult brain is less clear. In mammals, coordination of hedgehog pathway activity relies on primary cilia and patients with ciliopathies such as Bardet–Biedl and Alström syndrome exhibit clinical features clearly attributable to errant hedgehog such as polydactyly. However, these ciliopathies also present with features not clearly associated with hedgehog signaling such as hyperphagia-associated obesity. How hedgehog signaling may contribute to feeding behavior is complex and unclear, but cilia are critical for proper energy homeostasis. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of the expression of core components of the hedgehog signaling pathway in the adult mouse hypothalamus with an emphasis on feeding centers. We show that hedgehog pathway genes continue to be expressed in differentiated neurons important for the regulation of feeding behavior. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that pathway activity is regulated at the transcriptional level by fasting. These data suggest that hedgehog signaling is involved in the proper functioning of brain regions that regulate feeding behavior and that hedgehog pathway dysfunction may play a role in the obesity observed in certain ciliopathies.
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Cartwright DM, Oakey LA, Fletcher RS, Doig CL, Heising S, Larner DP, Nasteska D, Berry CE, Heaselgrave SR, Ludwig C, Hodson DJ, Lavery GG, Garten A. Nicotinamide riboside has minimal impact on energy metabolism in mouse models of mild obesity. J Endocrinol 2021; 251:111-123. [PMID: 34370682 PMCID: PMC8494379 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation with precursors of NAD has been shown to prevent and reverse insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and liver damage in mouse models of diet-induced obesity. We asked whether the beneficial effects of supplementation with the NAD precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) are dependent on mouse strain. We compared the effects of NR supplementation on whole-body energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in mildly obese C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mice, two commonly used strains to investigate metabolism. Male C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or standard chow with or without NR supplementation for 8 weeks. Body and organ weights, glucose tolerance, and metabolic parameters as well as mitochondrial O2 flux in liver and muscle fibers were assessed. We found that NR supplementation had no influence on body or organ weight, glucose metabolism or hepatic lipid accumulation, energy expenditure, or metabolic flexibility but increased mitochondrial respiration in soleus muscle in both mouse strains. Strain-dependent differences were detected for body and fat depot weight, fasting blood glucose, hepatic lipid accumulation, and energy expenditure. We conclude that, in mild obesity, NR supplementation does not alter metabolic phenotype in two commonly used laboratory mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Cartwright
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucy A Oakey
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel S Fletcher
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Craig L Doig
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Silke Heising
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dean P Larner
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniela Nasteska
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Caitlin E Berry
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sam R Heaselgrave
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christian Ludwig
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Antje Garten
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Pediatric Research Center, Hospital for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Basso PJ, Sales-Campos H, Nardini V, Duarte-Silva M, Alves VBF, Bonfá G, Rodrigues CC, Ghirotto B, Chica JEL, Nomizo A, Cardoso CRDB. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Mediates the Beneficial Effects of Atorvastatin in Experimental Colitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:618365. [PMID: 34434187 PMCID: PMC8382038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.618365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The current therapeutic options for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are limited. Even using common anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive or biological therapies, many patients become unresponsive to the treatments, immunosuppressed or unable to restrain secondary infections. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs with non-canonical anti-inflammatory properties, whose underlying mechanisms of action still remain poorly understood. Here, we described that in vitro atorvastatin (ATO) treatment was not toxic to splenocytes, constrained cell proliferation and modulated IL-6 and IL-10 production in a dose-dependent manner. Mice exposed to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for colitis induction and treated with ATO shifted their immune response from Th17 towards Th2, improved the clinical and histological aspects of intestinal inflammation and reduced the number of circulating leukocytes. Both experimental and in silico analyses revealed that PPAR-α expression is reduced in experimental colitis, which was reversed by ATO treatment. While IBD patients also downregulate PPAR-α expression, the responsiveness to biological therapy relied on the restoration of PPAR-α levels. Indeed, the in vitro and in vivo effects induced by ATO treatment were abrogated in Ppara -/- mice or leukocytes. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of ATO in colitis are dependent on PPAR-α, which could also be a potential predictive biomarker of therapy responsiveness in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo José Basso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helioswilton Sales-Campos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Viviani Nardini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Murillo Duarte-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Beatriz Freitas Alves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giuliano Bonfá
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Costa Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ghirotto
- Departmento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Javier Emílio Lazo Chica
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Auro Nomizo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Bhardwaj G, Penniman CM, Jena J, Suarez Beltran PA, Foster C, Poro K, Junck TL, Hinton AO, Souvenir R, Fuqua JD, Morales PE, Bravo-Sagua R, Sivitz WI, Lira VA, Abel ED, O'Neill BT. Insulin and IGF-1 receptors regulate complex-I dependent mitochondrial bioenergetics and supercomplexes via FoxOs in muscle. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e146415. [PMID: 34343133 DOI: 10.1172/jci146415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased skeletal muscle strength and mitochondrial dysfunction are characteristic of diabetes. Action of insulin and IGF-1 through insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) maintain muscle mass via suppression of FoxOs, but whether FoxO activation coordinates atrophy in concert with mitochondrial dysfunction is unknown. We show that mitochondrial respiration and complex-I activity were decreased in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic muscle, but these defects were reversed following muscle-specific FoxO1/3/4 triple knockout in STZ-FoxO TKO. In the absence of systemic glucose or lipid abnormalities, muscle-specific IR knockout (M-IR-/-) or combined IR/IGF1R knockout (MIGIRKO) impaired mitochondrial respiration, decreased ATP production, and increased ROS. These mitochondrial abnormalities were not present in muscle-specific IR/IGF1R and FoxO1/3/4 quintuple knockout mice (M-QKO). Acute tamoxifen-inducible deletion of IR/IGF1R also decreased muscle pyruvate respiration, complex-I activity, and supercomplex assembly. Although autophagy was increased when IR/IGF1R were deleted in muscle, mitophagy was not increased. Mechanistically, RNA-seq revealed that complex-I core subunits were decreased in STZ-diabetic and MIGIRKO muscle, and these changes were not present with FoxO knockout in STZ-FoxO TKO and M-QKO. Thus, insulin-deficient diabetes or loss of insulin/IGF-1 action in muscle decreases complex-I driven mitochondrial respiration and supercomplex assembly, in part by FoxO-mediated repression of Complex-I subunit expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourav Bhardwaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Christie M Penniman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Jayashree Jena
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Pablo A Suarez Beltran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Collin Foster
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Kennedy Poro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Taylor L Junck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Rhonda Souvenir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Jordan D Fuqua
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Pablo E Morales
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Bravo-Sagua
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - William I Sivitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Vitor A Lira
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - E Dale Abel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
| | - Brian T O'Neill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States of America
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44
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Lee HK, Wetzel-Strong SE, Aylor DL, Marchuk DA. A Neuroprotective Locus Modulates Ischemic Stroke Infarction Independent of Collateral Vessel Anatomy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:705160. [PMID: 34408625 PMCID: PMC8366065 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.705160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies with inbred strains of mice have shown that infarct size is largely determined by the extent of collateral vessel connections between arteries in the brain that enable reperfusion of the ischemic territory, we have identified strain pairs that do not vary in this vascular phenotype, but which nonetheless exhibit large differences in infarct size. In this study we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in mice from an intercross between two such strains, WSB/EiJ (WSB) and C57BL/6J (B6). This QTL mapping revealed only one neuroprotective locus on Chromosome 8 (Chr 8) that co-localizes with a neuroprotective locus we mapped previously from F2 progeny between C3H/HeJ (C3H) and B6. The allele-specific phenotypic effect on infarct volume at the genetic region identified by these two independent mappings was in the opposite direction of the parental strain phenotype; namely, the B6 allele conferred increased susceptibility to ischemic infarction. Through two reciprocal congenic mouse lines with either the C3H or B6 background at the Chr 8 locus, we verified the neuroprotective effects of this genetic region that modulates infarct volume without any effect on the collateral vasculature. Additionally, we surveyed non-synonymous coding SNPs and performed RNA-sequencing analysis to identify potential candidate genes within the genetic interval. Through these approaches, we suggest new genes for future mechanistic studies of infarction following ischemic stroke, which may represent novel gene/protein targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah E. Wetzel-Strong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David L. Aylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Douglas A. Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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Rullo L, Posa L, Caputi FF, Stamatakos S, Formaggio F, Caprini M, Liguori R, Candeletti S, Romualdi P. Nociceptive behavior and central neuropeptidergic dysregulations in male and female mice of a Fabry disease animal model. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:158-167. [PMID: 34339779 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked inherited disorder characterized by glycosphingolipid accumulation due to deficiency of α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) enzyme. Chronic pain and mood disorders frequently coexist in FD clinical setting, however underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are still unclear. Here we investigated the mechanical and thermal sensitivity in α-Gal A (-/0) hemizygous male and the α-Gal A (-/-) homozygous female mice. We also characterized the gene expression of dynorphinergic, nociceptinergic and CRFergic systems, known to be involved in pain control and mood disorders, in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and thalamus of α-Gal A (-/0) hemizygous male and the α-Gal A (-/-) homozygous female mice. Moreover, KOP receptor protein levels were evaluated in the same areas. Fabry knock-out male, but not female, mice displayed a decreased pain threshold in both mechanical and thermal tests compared to their wild type littermates. In the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, we observed a decrease of pDYN mRNA levels in males, whereas an increase was assessed in females, thus suggesting sex-related dysregulation of stress coping and pain mechanisms. Elevated mRNA levels for pDYN/KOP and CRF/CRFR1 systems were observed in male and female thalamus, a critical crossroad for both painful signals and cognitive/emotional processes. KOP receptor protein level changes assessed in the investigated areas, appeared mostly in agreement with KOP gene expression alterations. Our data suggest that α-Gal A enzyme deficiency in male and female mice is associated with distinct neuropeptide gene and protein expression dysregulations of investigated systems, possibly related to the neuroplasticity underlying the neurological features of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rullo
- Dept. of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Luca Posa
- Dept. of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy; Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francesca Felicia Caputi
- Dept. of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Serena Stamatakos
- Dept. of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Francesco Formaggio
- Dept. of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Marco Caprini
- Dept. of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy; Dept. of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Altura 3, Bologna, 40139, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Dept. of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Dept. of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
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46
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Zheng W, Qian C, Xu F, Cheng P, Yang C, Li X, Lu Y, Wang A. Fuxin Granules ameliorate diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice through TGF-β1/Smad and VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111806. [PMID: 34246190 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common disease, and patients often do not have satisfactory treatments. We investigated therapeutic effects of Fuxin Granules(FX) on DN and potential molecular mechanisms. We orally administered doses of FX to db/db mice for 10 weeks and measured total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. H&E, PAS, Masson, and Oil Red O staining were used to observe the structure of kidneys and calculate indices of kidney function. We used pharmacological analysis to investigate potential mechanisms of FX. Relative mRNA and protein levels in the TGF-β1/Smad, TGF-β1/Smad, and VEGF/VEGFR2 pathways were examined. TC, TG, and LDL-C were markedly reduced, lipid accumulation was low, fibrosis reduced, kidney atrophy improved, kidney lipid droplet number significantly reduced, and glomerular filtration function improved by FX treatment. Multi-channel therapeutic effects in DN through the TGF-β1/Smad and VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathways occurred, and FX substantially reduced expression of TGF-β1 in the glomeruli. FX significantly inhibited TGF-β1, Smad2/3 total protein levels, Smad2/3 phosphorylation mRNA levels of TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad3. eNOS, VEGFA, and VEGFR2 expression was regulated, levels of VEGFA and VEGFR2 were decreased, and FX increased eNOS. FX ameliorated symptoms of DN, resulting in marked improvement in hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia and optimized structure and function of kidneys in db/db mice. FX efficacy was associated with the TGF-β1/Smad and VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathways. We verified this potential mechanism and hope that this study will provide benefits for the clinical treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fangming Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunmei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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47
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King BC, Blom AM. Complement in metabolic disease: metaflammation and a two-edged sword. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:829-841. [PMID: 34159399 PMCID: PMC8613079 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00873-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We are currently experiencing an enduring global epidemic of obesity and diabetes. It is now understood that chronic low-grade tissue inflammation plays an important role in metabolic disease, brought upon by increased uptake of a so-called Western diet, and a more sedentary lifestyle. Many evolutionarily conserved links exist between metabolism and the immune system, and an imbalance in this system induced by chronic over-nutrition has been termed 'metaflammation'. The complement system is an important and evolutionarily ancient part of innate immunity, but recent work has revealed that complement not only is involved in the recognition of pathogens and induction of inflammation, but also plays important roles in cellular and tissue homeostasis. Complement can therefore contribute both positively and negatively to metabolic control, depending on the nature and anatomical site of its activity. This review will therefore focus on the interactions of complement with mechanisms and tissues relevant for metabolic control, obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C King
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - A M Blom
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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48
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Figueira TR, Francisco A, Ronchi JA, Dos Santos GRRM, Santos WD, Treberg JR, Castilho RF. NADPH supply and the contribution of NAD(P) + transhydrogenase (NNT) to H 2O 2 balance in skeletal muscle mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 707:108934. [PMID: 34043997 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
H2O2 is endogenously generated and its removal in the matrix of skeletal muscle mitochondria (SMM) is dependent on NADPH likely provided by NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (NNT) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2). Importantly, NNT activity is linked to mitochondrial protonmotive force. Here, we demonstrate the presence of NNT function in detergent-solubilized and intact functional SMM isolated from rats and wild type (Nnt+/+) mice, but not in SMM from congenic mice carrying a mutated NNT gene (Nnt-/-). Further comparisons between SMM from both Nnt mouse genotypes revealed that the NADPH supplied by NNT supports up to 600 pmol/mg/min of H2O2 removal under selected conditions. Surprisingly, SMM from Nnt-/- mice removed exogenous H2O2 at wild-type levels and exhibited a maintained or even decreased net emission of endogenous H2O2 when substrates that support Krebs cycle reactions were present (e.g., pyruvate plus malate or palmitoylcarnitine plus malate). These results may be explained by a compensation for the lack of NNT, since the total activities of concurrent NADP+-reducing enzymes (IDH2, malic enzymes and glutamate dehydrogenase) were ~70% elevated in Nnt-/- mice. Importantly, respiratory rates were similar between SMM from both Nnt genotypes despite differing NNT contributions to H2O2 removal and their implications for an evolving concept in the literature are discussed. We concluded that NNT is capable of meaningfully sustaining NADPH-dependent H2O2 removal in intact SMM. Nonetheless, if the available substrates favor non-NNT sources of NADPH, the H2O2 removal by SMM is maintained in Nnt-/- mice SMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago R Figueira
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Annelise Francisco
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Ronchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R R M Dos Santos
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - William Dos Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, General Office 212B Bio-Sci Bldg., R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jason R Treberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, General Office 212B Bio-Sci Bldg., R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Roger F Castilho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-887, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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49
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Lygate CA. The Pitfalls of in vivo Cardiac Physiology in Genetically Modified Mice - Lessons Learnt the Hard Way in the Creatine Kinase System. Front Physiol 2021; 12:685064. [PMID: 34054587 PMCID: PMC8160301 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.685064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to fully understand gene function, at some point, it is necessary to study the effects in an intact organism. The creation of the first knockout mouse in the late 1980's gave rise to a revolution in the field of integrative physiology that continues to this day. There are many complex choices when selecting a strategy for genetic modification, some of which will be touched on in this review, but the principal focus is to highlight the potential problems and pitfalls arising from the interpretation of in vivo cardiac phenotypes. As an exemplar, we will scrutinize the field of cardiac energetics and the attempts to understand the role of the creatine kinase (CK) energy buffering and transport system in the intact organism. This story highlights the confounding effects of genetic background, sex, and age, as well as the difficulties in interpreting knockout models in light of promiscuous proteins and metabolic redundancy. It will consider the dose-dependent effects and unintended consequences of transgene overexpression, and the need for experimental rigour in the context of in vivo phenotyping techniques. It is intended that this review will not only bring clarity to the field of cardiac energetics, but also aid the non-expert in evaluating and critically assessing data arising from in vivo genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Lygate
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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50
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Schiffers C, Lundblad LKA, Hristova M, Habibovic A, Dustin CM, Daphtary N, Aliyeva M, Seward DJ, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Wouters EFM, Reynaert NL, van der Vliet A. Downregulation of DUOX1 function contributes to aging-related impairment of innate airway injury responses and accelerated senile emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L144-L158. [PMID: 33951398 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00021.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a gradual loss of lung function due to increased cellular senescence, decreased regenerative capacity, and impaired innate host defense. One important aspect of innate airway epithelial host defense to nonmicrobial triggers is the secretion of alarmins such as IL-33 and activation of type 2 inflammation, which were previously found to depend on activation of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) homolog DUOX1, and redox-dependent signaling pathways that promote alarmin secretion. Here, we demonstrate that normal aging of C57BL/6J mice resulted in markedly decreased lung innate epithelial type 2 responses to exogenous triggers such as the airborne allergen Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, which was associated with marked downregulation of DUOX1, as well as DUOX1-mediated redox-dependent signaling. DUOX1 deficiency was also found to accelerate age-related airspace enlargement and decline in lung function but did not consistently affect other features of lung aging such as senescence-associated inflammation. Intriguingly, observations of age-related DUOX1 downregulation and enhanced airspace enlargement due to DUOX1 deficiency in C57BL/6J mice, which lack a functional mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), were much less dramatic in C57BL/6NJ mice with normal NNT function, although the latter mice also displayed impaired innate epithelial injury responses with advancing age. Overall, our findings indicate a marked aging-dependent decline in (DUOX1-dependent) innate airway injury responses to external nonmicrobial triggers, but the impact of aging on DUOX1 downregulation and its significance for age-related senile emphysema development was variable between different C57BL6 substrains, possibly related to metabolic alterations due to differences in NNT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar Schiffers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart K A Lundblad
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Milena Hristova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Aida Habibovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Christopher M Dustin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Nirav Daphtary
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Minara Aliyeva
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Yvonne M W Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Ludwig Boltzman Institute for Lung Health, Vienna, Austria
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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