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A negative association of CTLA-4 genetic variant (rs11571317) with breast cancer risk in Moroccan population. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Guo Y, Gao J, Gao S, Shang M, Guo F. Effect of CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms on long-term kidney allograft function in Han Chinese recipients. Oncotarget 2016; 7:23088-95. [PMID: 27081086 PMCID: PMC5029612 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 gene (CTLA-4) have been associated with graft rejection and long-term clinical outcome after organ transplantation. Our aim was to examine the association between CTLA-4 SNPs (rs733618, rs4553808, rs5742909, rs231775, rs3087243) and long-term allograft function in Chinese renal transplant recipients. Genotyping of CTLA-4 SNPs was performed in 292 renal transplantation recipients. To assess long-term allograft function, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was determined 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months after renal transplantation. CTLA-4 rs733618 and rs3087243 alleles and genotypes as well as the rs5742909 and rs231775 genotypes were significantly associated with long-term allograft function after transplantation (P<0.05). Patients with favorable genotypes had higher allograft function during the 60 months after transplantation. The TACGG, CACAG and CGTAA haplotypes were also associated with long-term kidney function after renal transplantation (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In sum, the favorable CTLA-4 rs5742909TT genotype, CTLA-4 rs733618C and rs3087243A alleles, and CACAG and CGTAA haplotypes, as well as the unfavorable rs733618TT, rs3087243GG and rs231775GG genotypes and TACGG haplotype could potentially serve as effective indicators of long-term allograft function in Chinese renal transplantation recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Guo
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghua Shang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Brzoza Z, Grzeszczak W, Rogala B, Trautsolt W, Moczulski D. CTLA-4 polymorphism in the pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous autoreactive urticaria. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2014; 42:241-4. [PMID: 23597501 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune mechanisms are considered to play a significant role in chronic urticaria pathophysiology. Additionally, clinical experience emphasises the coexistence of chronic urticaria manifestation with thyroid autoimmunity. As the role of CTLA-4 polymorphism in autoimmune thyroid diseases is well proven we speculated on the possible role of this polymorphism in the background of chronic urticaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 128 chronic spontaneous autoreactive urticaria patients (87 females and 41 males) and 101 healthy volunteers (71 females and 30 males). In all examined subjects CTLA-4 A49G polymorphism was analysed. Disease severity with Urticaria Activity Score as well as age of disease onset was also studied. RESULTS No statistically significant differences in the allele or genotype distribution between urticaria patients and controls were observed. Furthermore, we found no association between CTLA4 polymorphism and urticaria severity as well as the age of disease onset. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that there is no contribution of CTLA-4 A49G polymorphism to chronic spontaneous autoreactive urticaria susceptibility. We recommend further research on other polymorphisms in chronic urticaria patients to explore in detail the potent role of the genetic background in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Xia W, Shi R, Zheng WL, Ma WL. Lack of association between cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 -318C/T polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2013; 12:565-74. [PMID: 23745791 DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is important for the down regulation of T-cell activation. Number of studies assessed the association between CTLA-4 -318C/T polymorphisms and cancer in different populations. However, the studies have provided conflicting results. We performed a meta-analysis to examine the association between CTLA-4 -318C/T polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility. Eligible studies were identified by searching several databases for relevant reports published up to September 30, 2012. Sixteen eligible studies with a total of 6190 patients and 6560 controls were included to summarize the association between CTLA-4 -318C/T polymorphisms and the risk of cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of associations. Overall, no significant associations were found in all genetic models when all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis (for -318C/T polymorphisms as estimated using a fixed effect model: TT vs. (CC + CT), OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.83-1.24; (TT + CT) vs. CC, OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.00-1.44; TT vs. CC, OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.74-1.59; CT vs. CC, OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.00-1.46). In further subgroup analyses for the -318C/T polymorphisms, stratified by design of ethnicity, cancer types, solid tumors to non-solid tumors, epithelial tumors to non-epithelial tumors, no significant associations were found in any subgroup of the population. This meta-analysis strongly suggests that -318C/T polymorphisms in CTLA-4 are not associated with an increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu S, Liu S, Wan L, Yang G, Yang H, Cheng J, Lu X. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of the functional domain of CTLA4 from the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:736-744. [PMID: 21349284 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a potent inhibitor of T cell activation. The genes encoding the membrane and soluble forms of Macaca mulatta CTLA4 (mmCTLA4) were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The predicted mmCTLA4 protein is nearly identical to human CTLA4 (hCTLA4), with the exception of a serine instead of an asparagine residue at position 49 and a leucine instead of a methionine residue at position 141 of its extracellular domain. The fusion protein mmCTLA4Ig, containing the extracellular domain of mmCTLA4 and the constant region of the human IgG1 antibody, was expressed in Pichia pastoris. The mmCTLA4Ig produced by P. pastoris exhibited specific binding to human B7-positive Raji cells that could be inhibited by competitive binding of hCTLA4Ig. MmCTLA4Ig and hCTLA4Ig could comparably suppress the proliferation of lymphocytes derived from rhesus monkeys, humans, or mice that had been stimulated either by concanavalin A (Con A) or allogeneic cells. These results suggest that mmCTLA4 is a negative regulator of T cell activation and that mmCTLA4Ig may be useful for immunotherapy of immunologic diseases in the rhesus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyun Zhu
- Key Lab of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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6
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Polymorphisms in the 2q33 and 3q21 chromosome regions including T-cell coreceptor and ligand genes may influence susceptibility to pemphigus foliaceus. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:809-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Erfani N, Razmkhah M, Ghaderi A. Circulating Soluble CTLA4 (sCTLA4) Is Elevated in Patients With Breast Cancer. Cancer Invest 2010; 28:828-32. [DOI: 10.3109/07357901003630934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Khaghanzadeh N, Erfani N, Ghayumi MA, Ghaderi A. CTLA4 gene variations and haplotypes in patients with lung cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 196:171-4. [PMID: 20082854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The CTLA4 protein downmodulates and terminates immune responses by sending inhibitory signals to activated T cells. In this study, six main single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the CTLA4 gene were investigated in 127 lung cancer patients and 124 healthy control subjects: -1722T/C, -1661 A/G, -318 C/T, +49A/G, +1822 C/T, and +6230 A/G (CT60). Statistical analyses revealed no significant differences in the frequencies of genotypes, alleles, and haplotypes between patients and control subjects. We also could not find significant association between CTLA4 variants and any defined lung tumor type. These six single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CTLA4 were not associated with susceptibility to lung cancer in Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Khaghanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Jahromi MM, Millward BA, Demaine AG. Significant Correlation Between Association of Polymorphism in Codon 10 of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 T (29) C With Type 1 Diabetes and Patients With Nephropathy Disorder. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 30:59-66. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Jahromi
- Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - B. Ann Millward
- Molecular Medicine Department, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Demaine
- Molecular Medicine Department, Peninsula Medical School, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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Caputo M, Cerrone GE, Mazza C, Cédola N, Targovnik HM, Gustavo DF. No Evidence of Association of CTLA-4 -318 C/T, 159 C/T, 3′ STR and SUMO4 163 AG Polymorphism with Autoimmune Diabetes. Immunol Invest 2009; 36:259-70. [PMID: 17558709 DOI: 10.1080/08820130601109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is an organ specific and multifactorial disorder including insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1 Diabetes) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), which progresses to insulin dependency because of the beta cells destruction. Several polymorphisms in different genes have been associated with diabetes. The CTLA4 gene is considered a down regulator of T cell function, and the SUMO4 gene encodes a small ubiquitin-like modifier implicated in the intensity and duration of the immune response. We selected 62 LADA patients, 123 patients with Type 1 diabetes patients and 136 unrelated volunteers to study CTLA4 -318 C/T, 159 C/T, 3' STR and SUMO4 163 A/G polymorphisms by PCR. There was a statistical difference significant in the frequency of the allele 209pb for the 3'STR between LADA and Type 1 diabetes patients but not with respect the normal group, the frequencies were found to be 6.9%, 1.0% and 1.9%, respectively. However, no association with either of the polymorphisms has been found in the studied population. The knowledge of the several susceptibility loci in autoimmune diabetes will enhanced the prediction of individuals at high risk of developing the disease in order to establish the best treatment and the prevention of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Caputo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, and Nutrition Unit, Hospital of Pediatry, Argentina
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Caputo M, Cerrone GE, López AP, Villalba A, Krochik GA, Cédola FN, Targovnik HM, Frechtel GD. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 heterozygous codon 49 A/G dimorphism is associated to latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Autoimmunity 2009; 38:277-81. [PMID: 16206510 DOI: 10.1080/08916930500158203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is an organ specific and multifactorial disorder with a classical onset as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and with another form of onset as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), which has a slower onset and a later progress to insulin dependency as a result of the beta cells destruction. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte-antigen 4 (CTLA4) has been identified as a susceptible marker of the disease; it is considered a down regulator of T cell function, playing a key role in autoimmunity. We analyzed CTLA4 codon 49 A/G polymorphism in 123 IDDM patients, 63 LADA patients and 168 healthy non-diabetic control individuals. The frequency of the heterozygous A/G genotype in LADA patients was significantly increased compared to IDDM patients (55.6 vs. 39.8%, p = 0.0415). There was no statistical significant difference in the distribution of the A/G dimorphism between autoimmune diabetes patients (LADA or IDDM) and non-diabetic control individuals. HLA DQ region is responsible for the genetic susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes in IDDM patients in about 50% and it has a lower effect in genetic susceptibility in LADA patients. Several other genetic loci are needed to develop autoimmune diabetes in adult patients. Therefore, LADA may be the result of a combined minor risk loci effect in a major risk haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Caputo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Douroudis K, Laine AP, Heinonen M, Hermann R, Lipponen K, Veijola R, Simell O, Knip M, Uibo R, Ilonen J, Kisand K. Association of CTLA4 but not ICOS polymorphisms with type 1 diabetes in two populations with different disease rates. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:536-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Huber A, Menconi F, Corathers S, Jacobson EM, Tomer Y. Joint genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroiditis: from epidemiology to mechanisms. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:697-725. [PMID: 18776148 PMCID: PMC2583387 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) frequently occur together within families and in the same individual. The co-occurrence of T1D and AITD in the same patient is one of the variants of the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3 [APS3 variant (APS3v)]. Epidemiological data point to a strong genetic influence on the shared susceptibility to T1D and AITD. Recently, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic association between T1D and AITD. At least three genes have been confirmed as major joint susceptibility genes for T1D and AITD: human leukocyte antigen class II, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22. Moreover, the first whole genome linkage study has been recently completed, and additional genes will soon be identified. Not unexpectedly, all the joint genes for T1D and AITD identified so far are involved in immune regulation, specifically in the presentation of antigenic peptides to T cells. One of the lessons learned from the analysis of the joint susceptibility genes for T1D and AITD is that subset analysis is a key to dissecting the etiology of complex diseases. One of the best demonstrations of the power of subset analysis is the CTLA-4 gene in T1D. Although CTLA-4 showed very weak association with T1D, when analyzed in the subset of patients with both T1D and AITD, the genetic effect of CTLA-4 was significantly stronger. Gene-gene and genetic-epigenetic interactions most likely play a role in the shared genetic susceptibility to T1D and AITD. Dissecting these mechanisms will lead to a better understanding of the etiology of T1D and AITD, as well as autoimmunity in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Huber
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Alizadeh BZ, Koeleman BPC. Genetic polymorphisms in susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 387:9-17. [PMID: 17963738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes is a serious complex disease caused by several environmental and genetic factors. It is one of most common childhood diseases, requires life-long treatment, and is associated with increased mortality, mainly due to complications that occur later in life. More than three decades of genetic studies have identified several genetic disease variants and a longer list of putative associated genetic loci. These findings have greatly increased our understanding of the genetic background of T1D and have encouraged the development of genetic tools for mapping complex diseases. Here we review the wealth of data on T1D and discuss the major genetic polymorphisms involved in the disease. We place some putative genetic risk factors in perspective and look at those still to be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Complex Genetics Section, Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Park Y. Functional evaluation of the type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility candidate genes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77 Suppl 1:S110-5. [PMID: 17448564 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Progress has been made in investigating the genetic factors involved in type 1 diabetes (T1D) development for the past few years. While Linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping has been useful for both the confirmation and fine-mapping of susceptibility intervals, as well as identification of etiological mutations, identification of specific disease genes has been a challenge and limited to known candidate genes. The overall risk for T1D from the HLA DR and DQ molecules (IDDM1) is determined by combinations of polymorphic alleles. Functional studies indicate that the susceptible and protective HLA-DR and -DQ bind and present non-overlapping peptides. Although consistent linkage evidence was reported for the susceptibility intervals IDDM2, IDDM5 and IDDM12, evidence for most other intervals varies in different data sets. The variable number of tandem repeats at the 5' end of the insulin gene (IDDM2) regulates insulin expression in the thymus. Studies on IDDM5 have led to the discovery of a novel polymorphism 163 A-->G (M55V) in SUMO4 gene, which was found to be associated with T1D patients with Asian origin. Functionally SUMO4 conjugates to IkBalpha and negatively regulates NFkB transcriptional pathway. The M55V substitution reduces the sumoylation activity of the V55 variant, which resulted in higher NFkB dependent transcriptional activity. The polymorphisms of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 gene (CTLA4, IDDM12) encoding a regulatory molecule in the immune system associate with T1D and autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD). The 3' untranslated region of this gene determines the level of soluble CTLA-4. Genetic mapping of variants conferring a small disease risk can identify pathways in complex disorders, as evidenced by quantitative alterations of candidate genes contributing to autoimmune tissue destruction. Moreover, the identification of two transcription factors that, when mutated, are responsible for severe autoimmune disease is leading to a better understanding of T cell tolerance. Both AIRE and Foxp3, identified initially via their association with genetically manipulated mice, are involved in tolerance induction in humans. Although mutations in these genes may cause rare but serious diseases, it is likely that other transcription factors will contribute to the genetic load that predisposes certain individuals to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsoo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Bioengineering, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul 471-020, Korea.
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Abstract
T1D results from autoimmune-mediated destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, a process that is conditioned by multiple genes and environmental factors. The main genetic determinants map to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and in particular DR and DQ, although, genes outside the MHC contribute, including the insulin gene, PTPN22, and CTLA-4. There are remarkable differences in genetic susceptibility to T1D between populations. We believe this variation reflects differing frequencies of diabetes causative and protective alleles and haplotypes, and thus remains a major genetic influence linked to the MHC region not accounted for by DR and DQ alleles. In this article, we discuss global variations in genetic susceptibility to T1D in view of current genetic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Jahromi
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80010, USA
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Abstract
T1D (type 1 diabetes) incidence rates are extremely low in Asian populations. The prevalences of islet-specific autoantibodies are reported to be low compared with Caucasians. Although the clinical and immunologic characteristics of T1D in Asians appear to be different from those of Caucasians, if we apply correct patient definition and standardized methods, the typical T1D patients are very similar, in the immunologic as well as genetic perspectives. Although the association of individual allele seems to be different between populations, if we compare the identical DR-DQ haplotypes, the association and transmission to diabetic offspring were similar for Asians and Caucasians. The high-risk HLA genotypes/haplotypes were found to be independent determinants of diabetes in the first-degree relatives of individuals with T1D, particularly in the presence of autoantibodies. A different genetic susceptibility including a low frequency of high-risk HLA alleles could explain the lower prevalence of islet-specific autoantibodies and the low incidence of T1D, or different genetic and environmental interactions might be involved in the etiology of T1D. It is certain that DR-DQ linkage disequilibrium (LD) is an important factor explaining the difference in T1D incidence in different countries. LD between highly susceptible DRB1 alleles and protective DQB1 alleles, and vice versa, is the major contributing factor to the low incidence of T1D in Asians. We also suggested that different genetic/environmental interactions might operate in the etiology of T1D between Caucasians and Asians. It would be of great help for primary prevention to investigate to what degree genetic determinants influence the well-known regional differences in incidences, since we can identify environmental risk factors that may either initiate the autoimmune process or promote already ongoing beta cell damage in different countries. For this, population-based epidemiological studies are necessary to identify risk determinants that may be useful for primary prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsoo Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, 249-1 Kyomun-dong, Kuri, Kyunggi-do 471-020, Korea.
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Ni R, Ihara K, Miyako K, Kuromaru R, Inuo M, Kohno H, Hara T. PD-1 gene haplotype is associated with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Japanese children. Hum Genet 2007; 121:223-32. [PMID: 17203303 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), a member of costimulatory molecules, and its receptors Programmed cell Death-1 Ligand 1 (PD-L1) and Programmed cell Death-1 Ligand 2 (PD-L2), play an important role in the negative regulation of immune reactions. It was shown that a polymorphism in a regulatory site of the PD-1 gene was associated with susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases in various ethnic groups, whereas the contribution of the PD-1 gene or its ligand genes to the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) mellitus in the Japanese population remains unknown. We first screened PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 genes for polymorphisms in the Japanese population, and then investigated the frequencies of polymorphisms in patients with T1D mellitus in comparison with healthy controls. In total, we identified 26 polymorphic sites within these genes, and then 23 polymorphisms with minor allele frequencies greater than 5% were intensively analyzed for genotyping in the patients and the controls. As a result, allele and genotype frequencies of the polymorphism numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 in the PD-1 gene were different to some extent between the patients and the controls with P < 0.05, which did not reach statistical significance after the correction of multiple comparisons. Allele or genotype frequencies of any SNPs in the PD-L1 or PD-L2 gene did not show differences between the patients and the controls. The frequencies of the estimated haplotypes, those of which consisted of polymorphism numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 in the PD-1, were significantly different between the patients and the controls (P = 0.00095). The in vitro assessment for a transcription activity of each haplotype of the PD-1 gene by luciferase assay did not demonstrate a functional difference between the haplotypes. In conclusion, the genetic evaluation by association study demonstrated that the PD-1 gene was a predisposing gene to the development of T1D mellitus in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Steck AK, Liu SY, McFann K, Barriga KJ, Babu SR, Eisenbarth GS, Rewers MJ, She JX. Association of the PTPN22/LYP gene with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2006; 7:274-8. [PMID: 17054449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2006.00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to verify the association between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene in non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) and Hispanics from Colorado. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The C1858T single-nucleotide polymorphism within the PTPN22 gene was genotyped in 753 patients with T1D ascertained from the diabetes clinic at the Barbara Davis Center in Denver and 662 control population. RESULTS Both the PTPN22 CT genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 1.96; p < 0.0001] and TT genotype (OR = 4.41; p = 0.02) were significantly associated with T1D in the NHW population. While the association was stronger in subjects with non-HLA-DR3/4 genotypes than in those with the HLA-DR3/4 genotype, regression analyses did not reveal significant interaction between PTPN22 genotypes and HLA-DR3/4. The strength of the association was similar in males and females, patients diagnosed before and after age 10 yr, and in Hispanics and NHWs. CONCLUSION In this study, we confirm that PTPN22 is associated with T1D in the Colorado population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Anjos SM, Polychronakos C. Functional evaluation of the autoimmunity-associated CTLA4 gene: The effect of the (AT) repeat in the 3′untranslated region (UTR). J Autoimmun 2006; 27:105-9. [PMID: 16891094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The third confirmed susceptibility locus in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the CTLA4 gene, harbors several DNA variants in linkage disequilibrium (LD), any one of which, or a combination thereof, could contribute to an individual's susceptibility to disease. Dissecting their contribution to disease requires both genetic and functional studies at each locus, due to the quasi 100% LD in the region. To this effect we have undertaken a detailed functional analysis of the (AT)(n) dinucleotide repeat located in the 3'untranslated region (UTR) using validated methodology for detecting allelic differences in expression in individuals heterozygous for the most common alleles at the 3'UTR (AT)(n) repeat, the 88bp and 106bp alleles, which combined account for two thirds of all chromosomes. We hypothesized that such a dinucleotide repeat may alter the stability of the messenger RNA, and assessed the stability of each allelic-derived messenger RNA in heterozygous individuals by treating steady-state mRNA with the transcription attenuator, actinomycin D. We report no difference between mRNAs carrying an 88bp repeat allele or 106bp, and no effects of the repeat expansion on the stability of the mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana M Anjos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal Children's Hospital, 2300 Tupper, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 1P3
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22
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Erfani N, Razmkhah M, Talei AR, Pezeshki AM, Doroudchi M, Monabati A, Ghaderi A. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 promoter variants in breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 165:114-20. [PMID: 16527605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CTLA4 is a coinhibitory molecule expressed mainly on activated T lymphocytes. To test the putative involvement of CTLA-4 in inhibitory state of immunity to breast cancer, we genotyped 283 patients and 245 healthy control subjects for -1722 T/C, -1661 A/G, and -318 C/T single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of the CTLA4 gene. There were no significant differences in genotype, allele, or haplotype frequencies in all three loci between patients and healthy controls. Moreover, the incidence of the most frequent haplotype combination (TAC/TAC, T -1722, A -1661, C -318) was only slightly higher among healthy controls than patients (68.4 vs. 64.8%, P = 0.2). This haplotype combination was associated with lower stages of the disease (P = 0.0007), however, and higher estrogen receptor (ER) expression in patients (P = 0.006). Association with tumor prognostic or predictive factors was also observed with certain genotypes: the -1661 AA genotype was associated with lesser lymph node (LN) involvement (P = 0.017) and higher ER expression (P = 0.004), and the -318 CC genotype with lesser LN involvement (P = 0.007). These results suggest that CTLA4 promoter variants participate in the progression of breast cancer rather than in its initial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Erfani
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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Onengut-Gumuscu S, Concannon P. The genetics of type 1 diabetes: lessons learned and future challenges. J Autoimmun 2005; 25 Suppl:34-9. [PMID: 16263245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than 30 years since the first evidence was published suggesting the involvement of a specific chromosomal region, HLA, in modulating the risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D). In the intervening years, what have we learned regarding the identities of specific loci that modulate T1D risk, and what lessons have these studies provided that might be helpful in finding and characterizing additional susceptibility loci both for T1D and other autoimmune disorders? In the following review, we briefly address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Molecular Genetics Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA
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24
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Chistiakov DA, Chernisheva A, Savost'anov KV, Turakulov RI, Kuraeva TL, Dedov II, Nosikov VV. The TAF5L gene on chromosome 1q42 is associated with type 1 diabetes in Russian affected patients. Autoimmunity 2005; 38:283-93. [PMID: 16206511 DOI: 10.1080/08916930500128594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease, with strong genetic component. Several susceptibility loci contribute to genetic predisposition to T1D. One of these loci have been mapped to chromosome 1q42 in UK and US joined affected family data sets but needs to be replicated in other populations. In this study, we evaluated sixteen microsatellites located on 1q42 for linkage with T1D in 97 Russian affected sibling pairs. A 2.7-cm region of suggestive linkage to T1D between markers D1S1644 and D1S225 was found by multipoint linkage analysis. The peak of linkage was shown for D1S2847 (P = 0.0005). Transmission disequilibrium test showed significant undertransmission of the 156-bp allele of D1S2847 from parents to diabetic children (28 transmissions vs. 68 nontransmissions, P = 0.043) in Russian affected families. A preferential transmission from parents to diabetic offspring was also shown for the T(-25) and T1362 alleles of the C/T(-25) and C/T1362 dimorphisms, both located at the TAF5L gene, which is situated 103 kb from D1S2847. Together with the A/C744 TAF5L SNP, these markers share common T(-25)/A744/T1362 and C(-25)/C744/T1362 haplotypes associated with higher and lower risk of diabetes (Odds Ratio = 2.15 and 0.62, respectively). Our results suggest that the TAF5L gene, encoding TAF5L-like RNA polymerase II p300/CBP associated factor (PCAF)-associated factor, could represent the susceptibility gene for T1D on chromosome 1q42 in Russian affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. De Beriotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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Purohit S, Podolsky R, Collins C, Zheng W, Schatz D, Muir A, Hopkins D, Huang YH, She JX. Lack of correlation between the levels of soluble cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and the CT-60 genotypes. JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 2005; 2:8. [PMID: 16259622 PMCID: PMC1289290 DOI: 10.1186/1740-2557-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) plays a critical role in downregulation of antigen-activated immune response and polymorphisms at the CTLA-4 gene have been shown to be associated with several autoimmune diseases including type-1 diabetes (T1D). The etiological mutation was mapped to the CT60-A/G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that is believed to control the processing and production of soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4). METHODS We therefore determined sCTLA-4 protein levels in the sera from 82 T1D patients and 19 autoantibody positive (AbP) subjects and 117 autoantibody negative (AbN) controls using ELISA. The CT-60 SNP was genotyped for these samples by using PCR and restriction enzyme digestion of a 268 bp DNA segment containing the SNP. Genotyping of CT-60 SNP was confirmed by dye terminating sequencing reaction. RESULTS Higher levels of sCTLA-4 were observed in T1D (2.24 ng/ml) and AbP (mean = 2.17 ng/ml) subjects compared to AbN controls (mean = 1.69 ng/ml) with the differences between these subjects becoming significant with age (p = 0.02). However, we found no correlation between sCTLA-4 levels and the CTLA-4 CT-60 SNP genotypes. CONCLUSION Consistent with the higher serum sCTLA-4 levels observed in other autoimmune diseases, our results suggest that sCTLA-4 may be a risk factor for T1D. However, our results do not support the conclusion that the CT-60 SNP controls the expression of sCTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Purohit
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, CA4095 Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Robert Podolsky
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, CA4095 Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Christin Collins
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, CA4095 Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Weipeng Zheng
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, CA4095 Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Desmond Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32607, USA
| | - Andy Muir
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, CA4095 Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Diane Hopkins
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, CA4095 Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Yi-Hua Huang
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, CA4095 Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, CA4095 Augusta, GA 30912
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26
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Abstract
The T-cell mediated autoimmune process that destroys pancreatic beta cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex phenotype influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) accounts for about half of the genetic susceptibility, through a large variety of protective and predisposing haplotypes. Other important loci associated with T1D, with much smaller effects than HLA, include the insulin variable number of tandem repeats, PTPN22, and CTLA-4. Detecting the association and confirming it beyond doubt is only the first step. Identifying the functional variant from among a block of polymorphisms in tight linkage disequilibrium and determining its biological consequences can be an even more challenging task. It is hoped that the identification of additional loci and functional analysis of known ones, no matter how small each individual effect is, will provide: (1) pathophysiological insights necessary for the development of preventive interventions; (2) risk prediction to identify individuals that can benefit from them, and (3) potentially, identification of distinct subgenotypes, with different immune dysregulation pathways leading to the common disease phenotype that may respond to different preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi S Kim
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
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27
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Holmberg D, Cilio CM, Lundholm M, Motta V. CTLA-4 (CD152) and its involvement in autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 2005; 38:225-33. [PMID: 16126511 DOI: 10.1080/08916930500050210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AID) are inherited as complex genetic diseases. Different Autoimmune diseases have been found to cluster in families and are believed to share some common etiological factors. With the exception of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes contributing susceptibility to these diseases have been difficult to identify. CD152 has emerged as one such candidate unifying several autoimmune diseases. We here review the evidence that CD152 constitutes a general susceptibility factor for multiple autoimmune diseases and discuss how CD152 and other co-stimulatory pathways may contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Holmberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Sweden.
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28
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Anjos SM, Shao W, Marchand L, Polychronakos C. Allelic effects on gene regulation at the autoimmunity-predisposing CTLA4 locus: a re-evaluation of the 3' +6230G>A polymorphism. Genes Immun 2005; 6:305-11. [PMID: 15858600 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation at a linkage disequilibrium block encompassing the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) gene influences susceptibility to autoimmunity, but identifying the polymorphism(s) responsible for this effect has been challenging. Recently, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located 3' to the known polyadenylation site of CTLA4 (+6230G>A) and strongly associated with autoimmune disease was reported to regulate levels of soluble CTLA4 isoform (sCTLA4) but not the full-length isoform. The purpose of the present study is to define the mechanistic effect of the 3'SNP on the isoforms of CTLA4 (alternative splicing vs polyadenylation vs effects on RNA stability). However, using allele-specific single-nucleotide primer extension, we found no difference between mRNA transcripts derived from either +6230G>A allele in 11 heterozygous individuals, in either of the two known CTLA4 isoforms. We also found no effect of this polymorphism on ICOS (inducible costimulator), a putative downstream target. In addition, repeated attempts at 3' RACE (3'rapid amplification of cDNA ends) were unsuccessful in amplifying any contiguous sequence past the known CTLA4 polyadenylation site and no such sequence was found in the EST databases. We conclude that the mechanism of the observed association of the +6230 SNP with autoimmune disease remains to be determined, but does not involve modulation of steady-state mRNA of any known CTLA4 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Anjos
- Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, The McGill University Health Center (Montreal Children's Hospital), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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29
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Lei C, Dongqing Z, Yeqing S, Oaks MK, Lishan C, Jianzhong J, Jie Q, Fang D, Ningli L, Xinghai H, Daming R. Association of the CTLA-4 gene with rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese Han population. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:823-8. [PMID: 15841095 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is important for downregulation of T-cell activation, and CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms have been implicated as risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previous studies of the association between the +49 polymorphism of the CTLA-4 gene in RA have provided conflicting results. In order to determine association of the CTLA-4 gene with RA in Chinese Han population, we used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to genotype polymorphisms of four SNPs (MH30, +49, CT60 and JO31) of the CTLA-4 gene in 326 RA patients and 250 healthy controls. Furthermore, meta-analysis of all available studies relating +49 polymorphism to the risk of RA was performed to confirm the disease association. Among the SNPs examined, the genotype frequencies of CTLA-4 +49 and CT60 in RA patients differed significantly from controls (P=0.028 and 0.007). In addition, the distribution of four haplotypes constructed by these two SNPs was significantly different between patients and controls (chi(2)=10.58, d.f. =3, P=0.014). The meta-analysis also revealed that in both European and Asian populations, the CLTA-4 +49 G allele was associated with the risk of RA. These results suggested that the CTLA-4 gene might be involved in the susceptibility to RA in the Chinese Han population and both +49 and CT60 of CTLA-4 gene might be the causal variants in RA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Lei
- State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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30
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Abstract
CD28 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) are two receptors that have critical but opposing functions in T-cell stimulation. CD28 promotes a number of T-cell activities, whereas in contrast CTLA4 is an essential inhibitor of T-cell responses. Because of its inhibitory role, CTLA4 is a strong candidate susceptibility gene in autoimmunity and several studies suggest disease-associated polymorphisms. In this review, we discuss recent progress in relating CTLA4 polymorphisms to disease susceptibility and consider the putative mechanisms by which CTLA4 may act to inhibit autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C L Gough
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK.
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31
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Kavvoura FK, Ioannidis JPA. CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus: a HuGE Review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162:3-16. [PMID: 15961581 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwi165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors performed a meta-analysis of 33 studies examining the association of type 1 diabetes mellitus with polymorphisms in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene, including the A49G (29 comparisons), C(-318)T (three comparisons), and (AT)n microsatellite (six comparisons) polymorphisms. The studies included 5,637 cases of type 1 diabetes and 6,759 controls (4,775 and 5,829, respectively, for analysis of the A49G polymorphism). The random-effects odds ratio for the *G (Ala) allele versus the *A (Thr) allele was 1.45 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28, 1.65), with significant between-study heterogeneity (p < 0.001). The effect size tended to be higher in type 1 diabetes cases with age of onset <20 years (odds ratio (OR) = 1.61), and there was a significant association between the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 autoantibodies and the *G allele among type 1 diabetes cases (OR = 1.49). Larger studies showed more conservative results (p = 0.011). After exclusion of studies with fewer than 150 subjects and studies with significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the controls, the summary odds ratio was 1.40 (95% CI: 1.28, 1.54). Available data showed no strong association for the 106-base-pair allele of the microsatellite polymorphism (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.64, 1.55) or the *T allele of the C(-318)T polymorphism (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.45, 1.89). This meta-analysis demonstrates that the CTLA-4*G genotype is associated with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini K Kavvoura
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
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32
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Zalloua PA, Abchee A, Shbaklo H, Zreik TG, Terwedow H, Halaby G, Azar ST. Patients with early onset of type 1 diabetes have significantly higher GG genotype at position 49 of the CTLA4 gene. Hum Immunol 2005; 65:719-24. [PMID: 15301861 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disease. Several genetic loci have been implicated in the susceptibility to this illness. Evaluated was the role of the CTLA4 exon 1 A49G polymorphism and its role as a risk factor for T1D in our population. DNA from 190 patients with T1D and their families and 96 control individuals were genotyped for CTLA4 exon 1 polymorphism and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1*0201 and *0302 haplotypes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification-restriction enzyme analysis and PCR amplification that used sequence-specific primers, respectively. Patients were nonobese and <26 years old. The CTLA4 G allele was found to be more frequently present in patients with T1D (32.4%) as compared with its frequency in control individuals (24.5%). The GG genotype was also significantly higher among patients (12.6%) than in controls (4.2%). chi(2) analysis and family-based association studies were performed and suggested the association of CTLA4 exon 1 G polymorphism with T1D (p = 0.0229). Furthermore, in HLA-DQB1*0201-positive patients with T1D, the GG and AA genotypes were higher and lower, respectively, than those found in control individuals. This study suggests that CTLA4 is a candidate susceptibility gene for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Zalloua
- Program for Population Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Boehm BO, Bluestone JA. Differential roles of costimulatory signaling pathways in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Rev Diabet Stud 2005; 1:156-64. [PMID: 17491700 PMCID: PMC1783691 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2004.1.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Germany
- Address correspondence to: Bernhard O. Boehm, e-mail:
| | - Jeffrey A. Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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34
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Park Y. Prediction of the risk of type 1 diabetes from polymorphisms in candidate genes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004; 66 Suppl 1:S19-25. [PMID: 15563974 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2003.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease, in which pancreatic beta cells are selectively destroyed. Innate immune response is also important in the development of T1D. Several studies have demonstrated that HLA class II alleles, DQ and DR influence T1D susceptibility. Specific class I and II alleles are non-randomly associated with each other on an extended haplotypes, the typing of which provide the best risk determinants of T1D. Studying the haplotype in different ethnic populations will enable us to identify the exact polymorphisms that can trigger T1D and to develop biological tools for protection. With the advent of numerous candidate markers, additional loci that influence susceptibility to T1D have been reported. Although different studies have suggested that various genetic variants increase the risk, large-scale association studies that examine many polymorphisms simultaneously are required to allow reliable prediction of the genetic risk. Not only the numbers of genetic markers we are applying, but also the accurate phenotyping is critical in the success of setting-up a best-fitting model for prediction. For a better phenotyping, multiple autoantibodies to islet cell antigens, which may arise even before the clinical onset have been known as the best surrogate markers of T1D. However, differences in genotypes between antibody-positive individuals and T1D patients may indicate genetic factors, which determine progression to clinical disease. The ability to detect those antibody-positive individuals who will progress to T1D is central to prevention program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, 249-1 Kyomun-dong, Kuri, Kyunggi-do, 471-020, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Haimila K, Smedberg T, Mustalahti K, Mäki M, Partanen J, Holopainen P. Genetic association of coeliac disease susceptibility to polymorphisms in the ICOS gene on chromosome 2q33. Genes Immun 2004; 5:85-92. [PMID: 14712308 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An interesting candidate gene region for coeliac disease (CD), a common multifactorial disease, is a segment on 2q33-37 harbouring the genes for the CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4), inducible costimulator (ICOS), and programmed death-1 (PD-1), all receptors that regulate lymphocyte activation. Several studies have suggested a role for this locus in immune-mediated diseases. To study further our previous finding of genetic linkage of this region to CD, we studied 25 polymorphic markers to identify the putative disease-associated polymorphism. Transmission/disequilibrium test in 106 Finnish families with CD indicated that only four polymorphisms, all located in the ICOS gene, showed evidence for genetic association. Strong linkage disequilibrium (LD), based on the analysis of 424 haplotypes, encompassed not only the associated ICOS markers but also many polymorphisms in the CTLA4 gene. Our results demonstrate that due to LD, it appears not easy to identify the genuine susceptibility factor in this region without larger multipopulation studies. Furthermore, the results did not support the evidence that polymorphisms in CTLA4 were the major susceptibility locus for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Haimila
- Department of Tissue Typing and Research Laboratory, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Haller K, Kisand K, Nemvalts V, Laine AP, Ilonen J, Uibo R. Type 1 diabetes is insulin -2221 MspI and CTLA-4 +49 A/G polymorphism dependent. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34:543-8. [PMID: 15305888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated an association of type 1 diabetes with specific alleles of HLA class II molecules, as with polymorphisms of insulin gene region. The aim of our study was to evaluate the interaction of insulin -2221 MspI polymorphism to type 1 diabetes susceptibility in connection with autoimmunity associated gene--CTLA-4 polymorphism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Insulin -2221 MspI C/T and CTLA-4 +49 A/G polymorphisms were detected by restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis or oligonucleotide hybridization in type 1 (n = 69), type 2 diabetes (n = 301) patients and 158 healthy controls. Regression model adjusted for age, gender and gene polymorphisms was studied. RESULTS C-allele of insulin -2221 MspI and G-allele of +49 CTLA-4 were significant risk factors for type 1 diabetes (crude OR 3.53 and 1.59, respectively) and this impact increased in the homozygous form of both alleles. The regression model supported the idea of insulin CC and CTLA-4 GG genotypes for an independent and clearly significant risk for developing type 1 diabetes. We could not detect any significant correlation between investigated polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS There exists a significant association between the C-allele of -2221 MspI in the insulin gene and type 1 diabetes. The CTLA-4 G-allele is also positively correlated with type 1 diabetes. According to the regression model the investigated gene polymorphisms are independent risk factors for development of type 1 diabetes in the Estonian population. We propose that -2221 MspI is a good marker for evaluation of risk of insulin gene haplotype in type 1 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Haller
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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37
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Kapitza C, Hompesch M, Scharling B, Heise T. Intrasubject variability of inhaled insulin in type 1 diabetes: a comparison with subcutaneous insulin. Diabetes Technol Ther 2004; 6:466-72. [PMID: 15321001 DOI: 10.1089/1520915041705974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We compared intrasubject variability of insulin and glucose profiles after a standardized meal between insulin inhaled via the AERx insulin Diabetes Management System (AERx iDMS, Aradigm Corp., Hayward, CA) and given as a subcutaneous injection. In this single-center, parallel, randomized, open-labeled trial, 17 male, non-smoking patients with type 1 diabetes (mean age, 27.7 years; body mass index, 23.4 kg/m(2)) received a fixed, individualized dose of human insulin, on four treatment days followed by an individualized breakfast, administered either by inhalation via AERx iDMS (n = 9) or by subcutaneous injection. Serum insulin and serum glucose levels were determined at regular intervals for 6 h postdose. Intrasubject variability was expressed as coefficient of variation. No statistically significant differences in intrasubject variability were observed between the treatments for the areas under the insulin curves for 0-6 h [27% vs. 19% (inhaled insulin vs. subcutaneous)] and areas under the glucose curves 0-6 h (30% vs. 23%). Intrasubject variability values for insulin half-life, terminal elimination rate constant, and mean residence time were significantly less in the inhaled insulin group compared with the subcutaneous insulin group (P = 0.01-0.02). Only one potentially trial product-related adverse event (an audible wheeze) was reported, and no clinically relevant changes in pulmonary function were detected. The intrasubject variability was comparable between patients receiving inhaled insulin and subcutaneous insulin, thereby confirming the reproducibility of administering insulin via AERx iDMS. Inhaled insulin was well tolerated and is a feasible alternative to subcutaneous insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Ghaderi A, Yeganeh F, Kalantari T, Talei AR, Pezeshki AM, Doroudchi M, Dehaghani AS. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Gene in Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 86:1-7. [PMID: 15218356 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000032918.89120.8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The exon 1 polymorphism (49A/G) of ctla-4 gene corresponds to an amino acid exchange (threonine to alanine) in the leader peptide of the expressed protein. There are reports concerning the higher level of G allele in subjects with various autoimmune diseases, which has resulted in the hypothesis that CTLA-4 may play a role in regulating self-tolerance by the immune system and in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. This study was undertaken to investigate the correlation of exon 1 (49A/G) polymorphism in the ctla-4 gene and breast cancer. The ctla-4 49A/G polymorphism was studied in 197 women with primary breast cancer and 151 age/sex matched normal individuals. The results indicated a significant difference between frequency of ctla-4 genotypes in patients and controls. The frequency of GG genotype was significantly decreased in breast cancer patients compared to controls (4.6% v.s. 12.6%, P = 0.012). There was also a significant positive correlation between tumor size and the existence of AA genotype in patients (P = 0.016). In addition, a positive correlation between AA genotype and lymph node involvement was observed (P = 0.042). The observed decrease in the frequency of GG genotype in the breast cancer patients is contrary to the frequently reported increase of GG genotype in autoimmune diseases. In addition, the data implies that polymorphism of ctla-4 exon 1 contributes in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Ghaderi
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Simmonds MJ, Gough SCL. Unravelling the genetic complexity of autoimmune thyroid disease: HLA, CTLA-4 and beyond. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136:1-10. [PMID: 15030506 PMCID: PMC1808990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) including Graves' disease (GD) and autoimmune hypothyroidism (AIH) are the commonest of the autoimmune conditions affecting 2-5% of the western population. Twin studies have clearly demonstrated that AITDs are caused by a combination of both environmental and genetic factors. Association of the HLA class II region with AITD has been documented for over 20 years now, but the primary aetiological variant in this region remains unknown. More recently the CTLA-4 gene region has been identified as the second locus conferring susceptibility to AITD. In contrast to HLA, a polymorphism of the CTLA-4 gene, which encodes an important negative regulator of the immune system, has been identified as a candidate for a primary determinant for AITD. A large number of candidate gene and genome wide linkage studies have been involved in the search for the elusive 'third' locus. The thyroglobulin (Tg) gene in humans maps to chromosome 8q, which has been linked in family studies to AITD. A number of association studies in humans and the mouse model for AITD are beginning to implicate the Tg gene although convincing evidence for a primary causative role is still needed. The establishment of large DNA disease resources along with more detailed genetic maps and the development of faster, more effective, high throughput genotyping and sequencing methods, provides some sense of optimism that novel loci will be identified in the near future and the complex aetiology of AITD will be further unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Simmonds
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Institute of Biomedical Research, Birmingham, UK
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40
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Anjos S, Polychronakos C. Mechanisms of genetic susceptibility to type I diabetes: beyond HLA. Mol Genet Metab 2004; 81:187-95. [PMID: 14972324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Revised: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An individual's predisposition to Type I diabetes (T1D) is largely determined by complex interactions between several genetic loci and other, nonheritable factors. In T1D, the HLA locus has been known for decades to contribute 50% of the inherited risk. Outside the HLA are many proposed candidate loci with smaller effects, but only two confirmed candidate genes, the INS-VNTR and the CTLA-4 genes, which together do not contribute more than 15% of the risk. Because of the high frequency of the disease-associated DNA variants of these genes, understanding the biological mechanisms of such DNA variation in the context of T1D can have tremendous impact on the development of preventive therapeutics. However, establishing a causal relationship between common DNA variations and disease-predisposing functional effects is not trivial and remains difficult, as the effects are expected to be subtle. The variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) region upstream of the insulin gene is known to mediate expression in the thymus and pancreas, whereas various polymorphisms in the 5' and 3' regulatory regions of CTLA-4 are thought to alter gene expression and a coding A49G polymorphism exerts effects on post-translational processing. This review details the latest efforts in elucidating the functional mechanisms that explain the genetic association of the INS-VNTR and CTLA-4 genes with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Anjos
- Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McGill University Health Sciences Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pugliese
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Florez JC, Hirschhorn J, Altshuler D. The inherited basis of diabetes mellitus: implications for the genetic analysis of complex traits. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2003; 4:257-91. [PMID: 14527304 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases, each with a substantial genetic component. We review the division of diabetes into different subtypes based on clinical phenotype, the fruitful pursuit of genes underlying monogenic forms of the disease, the successes and drawbacks of whole-genome linkage scans in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and the recent identification of several diabetes genes by large association studies. We use the lessons learned from this extensive body of evidence to illustrate general implications for the genetic analysis of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Unit and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Tomer Y, Davies TF. Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: from gene mapping to gene function. Endocr Rev 2003; 24:694-717. [PMID: 14570752 DOI: 10.1210/er.2002-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are complex diseases that are caused by an interaction between susceptibility genes and environmental triggers. Genetic susceptibility, in combination with external factors (e.g., dietary iodine), is believed to initiate the autoimmune response to thyroid antigens. Abundant epidemiological data, including family and twin studies, point to a strong genetic influence on the development of AITD. Various techniques have been used to identify the genes contributing to the etiology of AITD, including candidate gene analysis and whole genome screening. These studies have enabled the identification of several loci (genetic regions) that are linked with AITD, and in some of these loci putative AITD susceptibility genes have been identified. Some of these genes/loci are unique to Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and some are common to both diseases, indicating that there is a shared genetic susceptibility to GD and HT. The putative GD and HT susceptibility genes include both immune modifying genes (e.g., human leukocyte antigen, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4) and thyroid-specific genes (e.g., TSH receptor, thyroglobulin). Most likely these loci interact, and their interactions may influence disease phenotype and severity. It is hoped that in the near future additional AITD susceptibility genes will be identified and the mechanisms by which they induce AITD will be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Tomer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Vaidya B, Oakes EJC, Imrie H, Dickinson AJ, Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P, Pearce SHS. CTLA4 gene and Graves' disease: association of Graves' disease with the CTLA4 exon 1 and intron 1 polymorphisms, but not with the promoter polymorphism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003; 58:732-5. [PMID: 12780750 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have shown that Graves' disease (GD) is linked to and associated with alleles of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) locus. However, the true pathogenic polymorphism(s) at this locus remains uncertain. Moreover, the association studies of the promoter CTLA4(-318)C/T polymorphism in white GD populations have produced conflicting results. Therefore, we have analysed three CTLA4 single nucleotide polymorphisms, including promoter CTLA4(-318)C/T, exon 1 CTLA4(49)A/G and intron 1 CTLA4(1822)C/T in our GD cohort from the UK. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied 301 white patients with GD and 349 healthy ethnically matched local controls. Amongst GD probands, 129 had significant thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO; NOSPECS class III or worse). The CTLA4(-318)C/T, CTLA4(49)A/G and CTLA4(1822)C/T polymorphisms were genotyped by using the restriction enzymes MseI, Bst71I and HaeIII, respectively. RESULTS We found no association between GD and alleles of CTLA4(-318)C/T. GD was found to be associated with the G allele of CTLA4(49)A/G[P = 5.9 x 10(-6), odds ratio (OR) 1.65] and the T allele of CTLA4(1822)C/T (P = 7.7 x 10(-6), OR 1.64). The frequencies of these alleles were significantly higher in GD probands with significant TAO than in those without TAO (G allele: P = 0.001, OR 1.68; T allele: P = 0.001, OR 1.70). CONCLUSIONS The promoter CTLA4(-318)C/T polymorphism is not in linkage disequilibrium with the pathogenic polymorphism(s) at the CTLA4 locus. The alleles of both the exon 1 CTLA4(49)A/G and the intron 1 CTLA4(1822)C/T polymorphisms are associated with GD, which is stronger in patients with TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vaidya
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Ueda H, Howson JMM, Esposito L, Heward J, Snook H, Chamberlain G, Rainbow DB, Hunter KMD, Smith AN, Di Genova G, Herr MH, Dahlman I, Payne F, Smyth D, Lowe C, Twells RCJ, Howlett S, Healy B, Nutland S, Rance HE, Everett V, Smink LJ, Lam AC, Cordell HJ, Walker NM, Bordin C, Hulme J, Motzo C, Cucca F, Hess JF, Metzker ML, Rogers J, Gregory S, Allahabadia A, Nithiyananthan R, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Tuomilehto J, Bingley P, Gillespie KM, Undlien DE, Rønningen KS, Guja C, Ionescu-Tîrgovişte C, Savage DA, Maxwell AP, Carson DJ, Patterson CC, Franklyn JA, Clayton DG, Peterson LB, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Gough SCL. Association of the T-cell regulatory gene CTLA4 with susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Nature 2003; 423:506-11. [PMID: 12724780 DOI: 10.1038/nature01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1541] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2002] [Accepted: 04/03/2003] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genes and mechanisms involved in common complex diseases, such as the autoimmune disorders that affect approximately 5% of the population, remain obscure. Here we identify polymorphisms of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 gene (CTLA4)--which encodes a vital negative regulatory molecule of the immune system--as candidates for primary determinants of risk of the common autoimmune disorders Graves' disease, autoimmune hypothyroidism and type 1 diabetes. In humans, disease susceptibility was mapped to a non-coding 6.1 kb 3' region of CTLA4, the common allelic variation of which was correlated with lower messenger RNA levels of the soluble alternative splice form of CTLA4. In the mouse model of type 1 diabetes, susceptibility was also associated with variation in CTLA-4 gene splicing with reduced production of a splice form encoding a molecule lacking the CD80/CD86 ligand-binding domain. Genetic mapping of variants conferring a small disease risk can identify pathways in complex disorders, as exemplified by our discovery of inherited, quantitative alterations of CTLA4 contributing to autoimmune tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ueda
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, CB2 2XY, UK
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Bouqbis L, Izaabel H, Akhayat O, Pérez-Lezaun A, Calafell F, Bertranpetit J, Comas D. Association of the CTLA4 promoter region (-1661G allele) with type 1 diabetes in the South Moroccan population. Genes Immun 2003; 4:132-7. [PMID: 12618861 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the candidate gene CTLA4 to type 1 diabetes is not well established. Although several polymorphisms have been repeatedly associated to the disease, several studies have not confirmed the association. The joint analysis of three SNPs in the CTLA4 promoter region (-1722, -1661, and -319), one SNP in the first exon (+49), and one dinucleotide repeat in the 3' untranslated region, in a case-control study in a North African population, shows a strong association of the CTLA4 region with the disease. The -1661G allele showed a significant association with an odds ratio of 2.13. Moreover, the internal structure of the dinucleotide repeat has been deeply analyzed. The present results reveal the importance of polymorphisms in the CTLA4 promoter region, their probable role in gene expression and, ultimately, their relation to the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Previous contradictory association studies might be due to the effect of linkage disequilibrium between the polymorphism analyzed and the alteration within the CTLA4 region. This alteration may be different depending on the genetic background of the population. The present work stresses the need to perform exhaustive analysis of the promoter region polymorphisms in order to detect association with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bouqbis
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibnou-Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
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Einarsdottir E, Söderström I, Löfgren-Burström A, Haraldsson S, Nilsson-Ardnor S, Penha-Goncalves C, Lind L, Holmgren G, Holmberg M, Asplund K, Holmberg D. The CTLA4 region as a general autoimmunity factor: an extended pedigree provides evidence for synergy with the HLA locus in the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11:81-4. [PMID: 12529710 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2002] [Revised: 08/01/2002] [Accepted: 08/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a large family in the northern part of Sweden with multiple cases of autoimmune diseases, namely type 1 diabetes (T1D), Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). The family members affected by any of these diseases share a region of 2.4 Mb that comprises among others the CTLA4 gene. We determined that all affected members of the family shared the HLA susceptibility haplotype (DR4-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302). Analysis of genetic interaction conditioning for HLA haplotype provided strong evidence that the critical region which includes the CTLA4 gene acts together with the HLA locus on the etiology of disease (lodscore 4.20 (theta=0.0). The study of this family allowed us to: (1) reinforce a number of reports on linkage and association of the CTLA4 region to T1D and AITD; (2) demonstrate that a single haplotypic variant in this region constitutes an etiological factor to disease susceptibility in T1D, GD and HT; (3) reveal a strong genetic interaction of the CTLA4 and HLA loci in the genetic architecture of autoimmune disease; (4) emphasise the value of large pedigrees drawn from isolated populations as tools to single out the effect of individual loci in the etiology of complex diseases.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) arises from autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas leading to a complete dependence on exogenous insulin for survival. Like many autoimmune disorders, the etiology of T1D is complex, resulting from the action of multiple genes and environmental factors. Identification of genes that contribute to T1D susceptibility should improve disease prediction and contribute to the understanding of the underlying pathology of the disorder. Two regions of the human genome, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region and the insulin gene region are generally thought to contain susceptibility loci for T1D. Although additional putative T1D loci have been reported, the supporting evidence has often been of modest significance and findings have displayed poor reproducibility across multiple studies. This review summarizes the current state of genetic linkage and association studies in T1D and suggests future directions. We argue that much of the difficulty in mapping T1D susceptibility loci has resulted from inadequate sample sizes and we illustrate the substantial gains in power that can be achieved by pooling data across studies. These findings suggest that substantial progress toward the identification of susceptibility genes in T1D and other genetically complex disorders may be achieved through increased collaboration and consortium mapping efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Molecular Genetics Program, Virginia Mason Research Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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McCormack RM, Maxwell AP, Carson DJ, Patterson CC, Middleton D, Savage DA. The IL12B 3' untranslated region DNA polymorphism is not associated with early-onset type 1 diabetes. Genes Immun 2002; 3:433-5. [PMID: 12424627 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A recent study employing Australian and UK type 1 diabetes families has demonstrated significant transmission bias to affected offspring of a polymorphism (1188A allele; termed allele 1) in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the interleukin 12B (IL12B) gene which encodes the IL-12p40 subunit of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12. However, results from replication studies in other populations have been controversial. We performed both case-control (n=120 cases; n=330 controls) and family-based (n=307 families) association studies, using the transmission disequilibrium test, to investigate if allele 1 is associated with early-onset type 1 diabetes in Northern Ireland. No association was observed between allele 1 and type 1 diabetes in either case-control (80.8% vs 80.8%; P=0.98) or family-based (49.7% transmissions; P=0.94) studies. Our results do not support earlier reports of an association between allele 1 in the 3'UTR of the IL12B gene and type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M McCormack
- Department of Medical Genetics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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50
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Anjos S, Nguyen A, Ounissi-Benkalha H, Tessier MC, Polychronakos C. A common autoimmunity predisposing signal peptide variant of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 results in inefficient glycosylation of the susceptibility allele. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:46478-86. [PMID: 12244107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206894200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A common T17A polymorphism in the signal peptide of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a T-cell receptor that negatively regulates immune responses, is associated with risk for autoimmune disease. Because the polymorphism is absent from the mature protein, we hypothesized that its biological effect must involve early stages of protein processing, prior to signal peptide cleavage. Constructs representing the two alleles were compared by in vitro translation, in the presence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. We studied glycosylation by endoglycosidase H digestion and glycosylation mutant constructs, cleavage of peptide with inhibitors, and membrane integration by ultracentrifugation and proteinase K sensitivity. A major cleaved and glycosylated product was seen for both alleles of the protein but a band representing incomplete glycosylation was markedly more abundant in the predisposing Ala allele (32.7 +/- 1.0 versus 10.6% +/- 1.2 for Thr, p < 10(-9)). In addition, differential intracellular/surface partitioning was studied with co-transfection of the alleles fused to distinct fluorescent proteins in COS-1 cells. By quantitative confocal microscopy we found a higher ratio of cell surface/total CTLAThr(17) versus CTLAAla(17) (p = 0.01). Our findings corroborate observations, in other proteins, that the signal peptide can determine the efficiency of post-translational modifications other than cleavage and suggest inefficient processing of the autoimmunity predisposing Ala allele as the explanation for the genetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Anjos
- Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McGill University Health Center, 2300 Tupper, Montréal, Québec H3H 1P3, Canada
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