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Lemche E, Killick R, Mitchell J, Caton PW, Choudhary P, Howard JK. Molecular mechanisms linking type 2 diabetes mellitus and late-onset Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106485. [PMID: 38643861 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Research evidence indicating common metabolic mechanisms through which type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases risk of late-onset Alzheimer's dementia (LOAD) has accumulated over recent decades. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive review of common mechanisms, which have hitherto been discussed in separate perspectives, and to assemble and evaluate candidate loci and epigenetic modifications contributing to polygenic risk linkages between T2DM and LOAD. For the systematic review on pathophysiological mechanisms, both human and animal studies up to December 2023 are included. For the qualitative meta-analysis of genomic bases, human association studies were examined; for epigenetic mechanisms, data from human studies and animal models were accepted. Papers describing pathophysiological studies were identified in databases, and further literature gathered from cited work. For genomic and epigenomic studies, literature mining was conducted by formalised search codes using Boolean operators in search engines, and augmented by GeneRif citations in Entrez Gene, and other sources (WikiGenes, etc.). For the systematic review of pathophysiological mechanisms, 923 publications were evaluated, and 138 gene loci extracted for testing candidate risk linkages. 3 57 publications were evaluated for genomic association and descriptions of epigenomic modifications. Overall accumulated results highlight insulin signalling, inflammation and inflammasome pathways, proteolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, glycosylation, lipoprotein metabolism and oxidation, cell cycle regulation or survival, autophagic-lysosomal pathways, and energy. Documented findings suggest interplay between brain insulin resistance, neuroinflammation, insult compensatory mechanisms, and peripheral metabolic dysregulation in T2DM and LOAD linkage. The results allow for more streamlined longitudinal studies of T2DM-LOAD risk linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Lemche
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard Killick
- Section of Old Age Psychiatry, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Mitchell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Maurice Wohl CIinical Neurosciences Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W Caton
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Diabetes Research Group, Weston Education Centre, King's College London, 10 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jane K Howard
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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Zou T, Yang M, Chen Z, Xie H, Huang J, Qin Y, Liu F, Chen H, Xu X, Chen J, Tang H, Xiang H, Wu H, Liu M, Luo W, Liu J, Teng Z. Association among abnormal glycolipids, reproductive hormones, and cognitive dysfunction in female patients with bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:385. [PMID: 38773397 PMCID: PMC11110249 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) show abnormalities in glucolipid metabolism and reproductive hormone levels, which are of concern in women with BD. This study was dedicated to investigating the glucolipid and reproductive hormone levels of female patients, and to preliminarily investigating their relationships with cognition. METHODS A total of 58 unmedicated female BD patients, 61 stable-medicated female BD patients, and 63 healthy controls (HC) were recruited in this study. Serum glycolipid indexes and reproductive hormones were measured. Cognitive function was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the Stroop Color-Word Test (Stroop test). RESULTS Patients with BD showed significant cognitive impairment (p < 0.05), which was not affected by medication. Triglycerides (TG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were altered in stable-medicated BD patients. In addition, regression analysis showed that progesterone (PRGE) and prolactin (PRL) were negatively associated with cognitive performance in stable-medicated BD patients. CONCLUSIONS Female BD patients may have cognitive deficits and abnormal levels of glycolipids and reproductive hormones. And abnormal levels of glycolipids and reproductive hormones may be associated with cognitive dysfunction in female BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zou
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Haiqing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Qin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Furu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xuelei Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Xiang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Haishan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - MingHui Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Ziwei Teng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Feng Z, Fang C, Ma Y, Chang J. Obesity-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction: phenotypes and mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:110. [PMID: 38678254 PMCID: PMC11056074 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a burgeoning global health issue, is increasingly recognized for its detrimental effects on the central nervous system, particularly concerning the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This manuscript delves into the intricate relationship between obesity and BBB dysfunction, elucidating the underlying phenotypes and molecular mechanisms. We commence with an overview of the BBB's critical role in maintaining cerebral homeostasis and the pathological alterations induced by obesity. By employing a comprehensive literature review, we examine the structural and functional modifications of the BBB in the context of obesity, including increased permeability, altered transport mechanisms, and inflammatory responses. The manuscript highlights how obesity-induced systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation contribute to BBB disruption, thereby predisposing individuals to various neurological disorders. We further explore the potential pathways, such as oxidative stress and endothelial cell dysfunction, that mediate these changes. Our discussion culminates in the summary of current findings and the identification of knowledge gaps, paving the way for future research directions. This review underscores the significance of understanding BBB dysfunction in obesity, not only for its implications in neurodegenerative diseases but also for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinzhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xueyuan Ave 1068, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Junlei Chang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, System of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xueyuan Ave 1068, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Sun Y, Liu X, Wang R, Liu R, Lv X, Ma Y, Li Q. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HF01 fermented yogurt alleviated high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis via the gut microbiota-butyric acid-hepatic lipid metabolism axis. Food Funct 2024; 15:4475-4489. [PMID: 38563737 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04985j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity effects and underlying mechanism of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HF01 fermented yogurt (HF01-Y). Herein, obesity was induced in mice through a high-fat diet and the changes in the gut microbiota were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, combined with the expression levels of the liver AMPK signaling pathway to analyze the potential relationship between HF01-Y-mediated gut microbiota and obesity. The results showed that supplementation with HF01-Y improved obesity-related phenotypes in mice, including reduced body weight, improved serum lipid profiles, and decreased hepatic lipid droplet formation. In addition, HF01-Y altered the composition of the gut microbiota in obese mice, significantly upregulated norank_f__Muribaculaceae, unclassified_c__Clostridia, Blautia, unclassified_o__Bacteroidales, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, while downregulating unclassified_f__Desulfovibrionaceae, Colidextribacter, and unclassified_f__Oscillospiraceae. These alterations led to an increase of the cecum butyric acid content, which in turn indirectly promoted the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway, subsequently, inhibited fat synthesis, and promoted fatty acid oxidation related gene expression. Therefore, HF01-Y was likely to alleviate hepatic fat and relieve obesity by modulating the gut microbiota-butyric acid-hepatic lipid metabolism axis, ultimately promoting host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Rongchun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Rongmei Liu
- Chengdu Molecular Power Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010110, China
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for High-quality Dairy Product Preparation and Quality Control Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China
| | - Xuepeng Lv
- Dairy Nutrition and Function, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, New Hope Dairy Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610023, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010110, China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Qiming Li
- Dairy Nutrition and Function, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, New Hope Dairy Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610023, China.
- Chengdu Molecular Power Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010110, China
- Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for High-quality Dairy Product Preparation and Quality Control Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China
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Hassell Sweatman CZW. Modelling remission from overweight type 2 diabetes reveals how altering advice may counter relapse. Math Biosci 2024; 371:109180. [PMID: 38518862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2024.109180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The development or remission of diet-induced overweight type 2 diabetes involves many biological changes which occur over very different timescales. Remission, defined by HbA1c<6.5%, or fasting plasma glucose concentration G<126 mg/dl, may be achieved rapidly by following weight loss guidelines. However, remission is often short-term, followed by relapse. Mathematical modelling provides a way of investigating a typical situation, in which patients are advised to lose weight and then maintain fat mass, a slow variable. Remission followed by relapse, in a modelling sense, is equivalent to changing from a remission trajectory with steady state G<126 mg/dl, to a relapse trajectory with steady state G≥126 mg/dl. Modelling predicts that a trajectory which maintains weight will be a relapse trajectory, if the fat mass chosen is too high, the threshold being dependent on the lipid to carbohydrate ratio of the diet. Modelling takes into account the effects of hepatic and pancreatic lipid on hepatic insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, respectively. This study leads to the suggestion that type 2 diabetes remission guidelines be given in terms of model parameters, not variables; that is, the patient should adhere to a given nutrition and exercise plan, rather than achieve a certain subset of variable values. The model predicts that calorie restriction, not weight loss, initiates remission from type 2 diabetes; and that advice of the form 'adhere to the diet and exercise plan' rather than 'achieve a certain weight loss' may help counter relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Z W Hassell Sweatman
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, 55 Wellesley Street East, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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6
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Wong Zhang DE, Tran V, Vinh A, Dinh QN, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Jelinic M, De Silva TM. Pathophysiological Links Between Obesity and Dementia. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:451-456. [PMID: 37086380 PMCID: PMC10721659 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health concern, with prevalence rates rapidly rising due to increased availability of highly processed foods rich in fats and/or sugars and technological advances promoting more sedentary behaviour. There is increasing evidence to suggest that obesity predisposes individuals to developing cognitive impairment and dementia. However, the relationship between the brain and the peripheral metabolic state is complex, and many of the underlying mechanisms of cognitive impairment in obesity are yet to be fully elucidated. To better understand the links between obesity and dementia, further work is required to determine pathological changes occurring in the brain during obesity. In this mini-review, we discuss the role of two pathological features of obesity (the gut-brain axis and systemic inflammation) and their potential contribution to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Wong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Vivian Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Antony Vinh
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Quynh Nhu Dinh
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Maria Jelinic
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - T Michael De Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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7
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Neto A, Fernandes A, Barateiro A. The complex relationship between obesity and neurodegenerative diseases: an updated review. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1294420. [PMID: 38026693 PMCID: PMC10665538 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1294420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, affecting roughly 30% of the world's population and predicted to rise. This disease results from genetic, behavioral, societal, and environmental factors, leading to excessive fat accumulation, due to insufficient energy expenditure. The adipose tissue, once seen as a simple storage depot, is now recognized as a complex organ with various functions, including hormone regulation and modulation of metabolism, inflammation, and homeostasis. Obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state and has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's (AD), and Parkinson's (PD). Mechanistically, reduced adipose expandability leads to hypertrophic adipocytes, triggering inflammation, insulin and leptin resistance, blood-brain barrier disruption, altered brain metabolism, neuronal inflammation, brain atrophy, and cognitive decline. Obesity impacts neurodegenerative disorders through shared underlying mechanisms, underscoring its potential as a modifiable risk factor for these diseases. Nevertheless, further research is needed to fully grasp the intricate connections between obesity and neurodegeneration. Collaborative efforts in this field hold promise for innovative strategies to address this complex relationship and develop effective prevention and treatment methods, which also includes specific diets and physical activities, ultimately improving quality of life and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Neto
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Barateiro
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Gaspa G, Naciu AM, DI Rosa C, Lattanzi G, Beato I, Micheli V, Turriziani C, Khazrai YM, Cesareo R. Short- and long-term effects of very low- and low-calorie ketogenic diets on metabolism and cardiometabolic risk factors: a narrative review. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2023; 48:318-333. [PMID: 36285748 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide obesity and cardiovascular diseases have encouraged the adoption of new and efficient dietary strategies. Among various proposed diets, ketogenic diets, both the very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) and the low-calorie ketogenic diet (LCKD), have been suggested in recent years as an effective nutritional approach for obesity management. The VLCKD and the LCKD are characterized by a low carbohydrate content (<50 g/day), 1-1.5 g of protein/kg of ideal body weight, less than 20-30 g of lipids, and a daily intake of about 800 calories for VLCKD and about 1200-1400 calories for LCKD. The purpose of our narrative review is to offer an overview of the most impactful studies in the scientific literature regarding VLCKD and LCKD to discuss their short- and long-term effects (less than 12 months and more than 12 months respectively) on weight loss, metabolic and cardiovascular aspects. Articles we focused on were cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses. Results indicate that VLCKD and LCKD could be helpful to ameliorate metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors such as weight loss, glucose, and cholesterol levels, both in the short and long term. Further research in this area may include more randomized controlled trials to gather more data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Gaspa
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Anda M Naciu
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia DI Rosa
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Lattanzi
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Beato
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Vanessa Micheli
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Clara Turriziani
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Yeganeh M Khazrai
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cesareo
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases, 'S.M. Goretti' Hospital, Latina, Italy
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Qiu J, Peng G, Tang Y, Li S, Liu Z, Zheng J, Wang Y, Liu H, Wei L, Su Y, Lin Y, Dai W, Zhang Z, Chen X, Ding L, Guo W, Zhu X, Xu P, Mo M. Lipid profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions as a model of Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1077738. [PMID: 36742201 PMCID: PMC9895836 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1077738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with characteristic pathological abnormalities, including the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, a dopamine-depleted striatum, and microglial activation. Lipid accumulation exhibits a close relationship with these pathologies in PD. Methods Here, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was used to construct a rat model of PD, and the lipid profile in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from model rats was analyzed using lipidomic approaches. Results Establishment of this PD model was confirmed by apomorphine-induced rotation behaviors, loss of DA neurons, depletion of dopamine in the striatum, and microglial activation after 6-OHDA-induced lesion generation. Unsupervised and supervised methods were employed for lipid analysis. A total of 172 lipid species were identified in CSF and subsequently classified into 18 lipid families. Lipid families, including eicosanoids, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol ester (CE), and free fatty acid (FFA), and 11 lipid species exhibited significantly altered profiles 2 weeks after 6-OHDA administration, and significant changes in eicosanoids, TG, CE, CAR, and three lipid species were noted 5 weeks after 6-OHDA administration. During the period of 6-OHDA-induced lesion formation, the lipid families and species showed concentration fluctuations related to the recovery of behavior and nigrostriatal abnormalities. Correlation analysis showed that the levels of eicosanoids, CE, TG families, and TG (16:0_20:0_18:1) exhibited positive relationships with apomorphine-induced rotation behaviors and negative relationships with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the midbrain. Conclusion These results revealed that non-progressive nigrostriatal degeneration induced by 6-OHDA promotes the expression of an impairment-related lipidomic signature in CSF, and the level of eicosanoids, CE, TG families, and TG (16:0_20:0_18:1) in CSF may reveal pathological changes in the midbrain after 6-OHDA insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoyou Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengfu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayun Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijian Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilin Su
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuyan Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Xiaoqin Zhu,
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Pingyi Xu,
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Internal Medicine, Huilai People’s Hospital, Jieyang, China,*Correspondence: Mingshu Mo,
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Recent Advances in the Knowledge of the Mechanisms of Leptin Physiology and Actions in Neurological and Metabolic Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021422. [PMID: 36674935 PMCID: PMC9860943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight is frequently associated with low-grade inflammation. Evidence indicates a relationship between obesity and cancer, as well as with other diseases, such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in which inflammation and the actions of various adipokines play a role in the pathological mechanisms involved in these disorders. Leptin is mainly produced by adipose tissue in proportion to fat stores, but it is also synthesized in other organs, where leptin receptors are expressed. This hormone performs numerous actions in the brain, mainly related to the control of energy homeostasis. It is also involved in neurogenesis and neuroprotection, and central leptin resistance is related to some neurological disorders, e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In peripheral tissues, leptin is implicated in the regulation of metabolism, as well as of bone density and muscle mass. All these actions can be affected by changes in leptin levels and the mechanisms associated with resistance to this hormone. This review will present recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of leptin action and their underlying roles in pathological situations, which may be of interest for revealing new approaches for the treatment of diseases where the actions of this adipokine might be compromised.
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11
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Alzamil H, Aldokhi L. Triglycerides and leptin soluble receptor: Which one is the target to protect β-cells in patients with type 2 diabetes? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1077678. [PMID: 36950695 PMCID: PMC10027012 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1077678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to study the relationships of leptin and leptin SR with adiposity indices, and glycemic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to healthy subjects. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved 65 patients with T2DM and 63 healthy controls. Fasting plasma levels of leptin, leptin SR, insulin and lipid profile were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent essay, basal insulin resistance and beta-cell function were assessed using the homeostasis model assessment. RESULTS leptin SR level was significantly higher in T2DM patients than in controls (5.8 ± 1.6 and 4.8 ± 1.3 respectively; p= 0.001). In patients with T2DM, leptin SR was negatively correlated with homeostasis model of β-cell function and body fat mass while it has a significant positive correlation with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The independent predictors for leptin SR in patients with T2DM were triglycerides (TG) and HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS elevated serum leptin SR level in patients with T2DM was positively correlated with TG and abnormal glucose metabolism which indicate that it plays a role in pathophysiology of T2DM. The association of elevated leptin SR level with high TG and deterioration of β-cell function indicate that in some individuals, particularly non-obese, dyslipidemia might be a cause rather than a complication of diabetes.
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12
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Sohn M, Jung H, Lee WS, Kim TH, Lim S. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum LMT1-48 on Body Fat in Overweight Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Diabetes Metab J 2023; 47:92-103. [PMID: 35487505 PMCID: PMC9925147 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether Lactobacillus plantarum strain LMT1-48, isolated from Korean fermented foods and newborn feces, is a suitable probiotic supplement to treat overweight subjects. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 100 volunteers with a body mass index of 25 to 30 kg/m2 were assigned randomly (1:1) to receive 2×1010 colony forming units of LMT1-48 or to a placebo treatment group. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and abdominal visceral fat area (VFA) and subcutaneous fat area were measured by computed tomography scanning. Changes in body fat, VFA, anthropometric parameters, and biomarkers were compared between the two treatment groups (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03759743). RESULTS After 12 weeks of treatment, the body weight decreased significantly from 76.6±9.4 to 75.7±9.2 kg in the LMT1-48 group but did not change in the placebo group (P=0.022 between groups). A similar pattern was found in abdominal VFA between the two groups (P=0.041). Serum insulin levels, the corresponding homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and leptin levels decreased in the LMT1-48 group but increased in the placebo group (all P<0.05). Decrease in body weight and body mass index by treatment with LMT1-48 was correlated with increase in Lactobacillus levels significantly. LMT1-48 also increased Oscillibacter levels significantly, which were negatively correlated with triglyceride and alanine transaminase levels. CONCLUSION Administration of LMT1-48 decreased body weight, abdominal VFA, insulin resistance, and leptin levels in these subjects with overweight, suggesting its anti-obesogenic therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | | | | | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
- Corresponding author: Soo Lim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4137-1671 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea E-mail:
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13
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Sundari LPR, Purnawati S, Tunas IK, Weta IW. Low 25 Hydroxyvitamin D and High Leptin Level as Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Women. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.10.3.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low vitamin D levels and high leptin levels. The aim of this study is to see if low vitamin D levels and high leptin levels are risk factors for metabolic syndrome in obese women.This study use case control study to observe the difference of leptin and vitamin D plasma level as risk factor of metabolic syndrome on obesity women. There are 34 obese women as the sample of study. Subject is divided randomly into 2 groups, where each of groups consists of 17 obese with syndrome metabolic case and 17 obese women as control. Each group was tested for its vitamin D and leptin level. The relationship between vitamin D and leptin levels and metabolic syndrome was then investigated using the Chi Square test, and logistic regression was taken to discover odds ratio (OR). The result is p=0.031 (p<0.05), and OR=5.25; CI 95% which means the group with low vitamin D has risk factors for metabolic syndrome by 5 times than the control group high vitamin D. It was obtained p=0.001 (p<0.05), and OR= 256; CI 95% means that the case group with high leptin is the risk factors of the occurred metabolic syndrome by 256 times than low level of leptin in control group. It is concluded that in this study there is a link between low vitamin D levels and high leptin levels as risk factors of metabolic syndrome found in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susy Purnawati
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Ketut Tunas
- 2Department of Health Information Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bali International University, Bali. Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Weta
- 3Department of Clinical Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali
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14
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Bakker W, Imbernon M, Salinas CG, Moro Chao DH, Hassouna R, Morel C, Martin C, Leger C, Denis RG, Castel J, Peter A, Heni M, Maetzler W, Nielsen HS, Duquenne M, Schwaninger M, Lundh S, Johan Hogendorf WF, Gangarossa G, Secher A, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Pedersen TÅ, Prevot V, Luquet S. Acute changes in systemic glycemia gate access and action of GLP-1R agonist on brain structures controlling energy homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111698. [PMID: 36417883 PMCID: PMC9715912 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies based on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) long-acting analogs and insulin are often used in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Both insulin and GLP-1 receptors are expressed in metabolically relevant brain regions, suggesting a cooperative action. However, the mechanisms underlying the synergistic actions of insulin and GLP-1R agonists remain elusive. In this study, we show that insulin-induced hypoglycemia enhances GLP-1R agonists entry in hypothalamic and area, leading to enhanced whole-body fat oxidation. Mechanistically, this phenomenon relies on the release of tanycyctic vascular endothelial growth factor A, which is selectively impaired after calorie-rich diet exposure. In humans, low blood glucose also correlates with enhanced blood-to-brain passage of insulin, suggesting that blood glucose gates the passage other energy-related signals in the brain. This study implies that the preventing hyperglycemia is important to harnessing the full benefit of GLP-1R agonist entry in the brain and action onto lipid mobilization and body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wineke Bakker
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark,Corresponding author
| | - Monica Imbernon
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, EGID, UMR-S 1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Casper Gravesen Salinas
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark,Image Analysis & Computer Graphics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Rim Hassouna
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Chloe Morel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Claire Martin
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Leger
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Raphael G.P. Denis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France,Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Julien Castel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany,Department of Neurology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Manon Duquenne
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, EGID, UMR-S 1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sofia Lundh
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Giuseppe Gangarossa
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Anna Secher
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hecksher-Sørensen
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark,Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Vincent Prevot
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, EGID, UMR-S 1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, 75013 Paris, France,Corresponding author
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15
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The Effect of the Restrictive Ketogenic Diet on the Body Composition, Haematological and Biochemical Parameters, Oxidative Stress and Advanced Glycation End-Products in Young Wistar Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224805. [PMID: 36432492 PMCID: PMC9692653 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, the interest in the application of the ketogenic diet (KD) for obesity management is growing. Although many studies have been performed on the effects of KD, the metabolic and physiological impact of KD is still not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of calorie-restricted KD on the body weight and composition, oxidative stress, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) assessed in an animal model with young Wistar rats. KD was followed for 4 weeks in maturity after an obesity-inducing high-fat diet during adolescence, resulting in a slowing down of the weight gain but higher adiposity compared to a standard diet. Increased adiposity resulted in an deterioration of liver parameters, suggesting negative changes in this organ. No adverse effects of KD were determined in haematological parameters in young rats. KD did not affect AGEs; however, a decrease in oxidative stress was observed. Based on the presented results, it can be concluded that KD applied for weight loss in obesity induced in adolescence may reduce oxidative stress without compromising the haematological status; however, caution may be required to control adiposity, glucose level and liver health. Thus, KD therapy should be carefully controlled, especially in young subjects.
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16
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Ghosh-Swaby OR, Reichelt AC, Sheppard PAS, Davies J, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM. Metabolic hormones mediate cognition. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:101009. [PMID: 35679900 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent biochemical and behavioural evidence indicates that metabolic hormones not only regulate energy intake and nutrient content, but also modulate plasticity and cognition in the central nervous system. Disruptions in metabolic hormone signalling may provide a link between metabolic syndromes like obesity and diabetes, and cognitive impairment. For example, altered metabolic homeostasis in obesity is a strong determinant of the severity of age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. Here we review the evidence that eating behaviours and metabolic hormones-particularly ghrelin, leptin, and insulin-are key players in the delicate regulation of neural plasticity and cognition. Caloric restriction and antidiabetic therapies, both of which affect metabolic hormone levels can restore metabolic homeostasis and enhance cognitive function. Thus, metabolic hormone pathways provide a promising target for the treatment of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Ghosh-Swaby
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A S Sheppard
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Davies
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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17
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Rentería I, García-Suárez PC, Moncada-Jiménez J, Machado-Parra JP, Antunes BM, Lira FS, Jiménez-Maldonado A. Unhealthy Dieting During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Opinion Regarding the Harmful Effects on Brain Health. Front Nutr 2022; 9:876112. [PMID: 35571935 PMCID: PMC9097874 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.876112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2020, the world has been suffering from a pandemic that has affected thousands of people regardless of socio-economic conditions, forcing the population to adopt different strategies to prevent and control the advance of the disease, one of which is social distancing. Even though social distancing is a safe strategy to reduce the spread of COVID-19, it is also the cause of a rising sedentary behavior. This behavior develops an excess of fat tissue that leads to metabolic and inflammatory disruption related to chronic diseases and mental health disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and sleep issues. Furthermore, the adoption of dietary patterns involving the consumption of ultra-processed foods, higher in fats and sugars, and the reduction of fresh and healthy foods may play a role in the progress of the disease. In this perspective, we will discuss how an unhealthy diet can affect brain function and, consequently, be a risk factor for mental health diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Rentería
- Facultad de Deportes, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Patricia Concepción García-Suárez
- Facultad de Deportes, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
- Department of Health, Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - José Moncada-Jiménez
- Human Movement Sciences Research Center (CIMOHU), University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Fabio Santos Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Paulista State University, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Grasso P. Harnessing the Power of Leptin: The Biochemical Link Connecting Obesity, Diabetes, and Cognitive Decline. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:861350. [PMID: 35527735 PMCID: PMC9072663 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.861350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the current understanding of leptin’s role in energy balance, glycemic regulation, and cognitive function is examined, and its involvement in maintaining the homeostatic “harmony” of these physiologies is explored. The effects of exercise on circulating leptin levels are summarized, and the results of clinical application of leptin to metabolic disease and neurologic dysfunction are reviewed. Finally, pre-clinical evidence is presented which suggests that synthetic peptide leptin mimetics may be useful in resolving not only the leptin resistance associated with common obesity and other elements of metabolic syndrome, but also the peripheral insulin resistance characterizing type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the central insulin resistance associated with certain neurologic deficits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Grasso
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Patricia Grasso,
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19
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Harvey J. Leptin regulation of synaptic function at hippocampal TA-CA1 and SC-CA1 synapses. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 118:315-336. [PMID: 35180931 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the metabolic hormone, leptin markedly influences the functioning of the hippocampus. In particular, exposure to leptin results in persistent changes in synaptic efficacy at both temporoammonic (TA) and Schaffer Collateral (SC) inputs to hippocampal CA1 neurons. The ability of leptin to regulate TA-CA1 and SC-CA1 synapses has important functional implications, as both synaptic connections play important roles in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Here we review the modulatory actions of the hormone leptin at these hippocampal CA1 synapses and explore the impact on learning and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Harvey
- Division of Systems Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
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20
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Distribution of leptin receptors in the brain stem: possible route in the pathophysiology of neuromuscular control of airway resistance during sleep. Sleep Med 2022; 93:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Maffei M, Giordano A. Leptin, the brain and energy homeostasis: From an apparently simple to a highly complex neuronal system. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:87-101. [PMID: 33822303 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, produced and secreted by white adipose tissue in tight relationship with adipose mass, informs the brain about the status of the energy stores serving as the main peripheral signal for energy balance regulation through interaction with a multitude of highly interconnected neuronal populations. Most obese patients display resistance to the anorectic effect of the hormone. The present review unravels the multiple levels of complexity that trigger hypothalamic response to leptin with the objective of highlighting those critical hubs that, mainly in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, may undergo obesity-induced alterations and create an obstacle to leptin action. Several mechanisms underlying leptin resistance have been proposed, possibly representing useful targets to empower leptin effects. Among these, a special focus is herein dedicated to detail how leptin gains access into the brain and how neuronal plasticity may interfere with leptin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Maffei
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
- Obesity and Lipodystrophy Center, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10/A, 60020, Ancona, Italy.
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22
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Suriagandhi V, Nachiappan V. Protective Effects of Melatonin against Obesity-Induced by Leptin Resistance. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113598. [PMID: 34563600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of an exceedingly high-fat diet with irregular eating and sleeping habits is typical in the current sedentary lifestyle, leading to chronic diseases like obesity and diabetes mellitus. Leptin is a primary appetite-regulating hormone that binds to its receptors in the hypothalamic cell membrane and regulates downstream appetite-regulating neurons NPY/AgRp and POMC in the hypothalamus. Based on the fat content of the adipose tissue, leptin is secreted, and excess accumulation of fat in adipose tissue stimulates the abnormal secretion of leptin. The secreted leptin circulating in the bloodstream uses its transporters to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reach the CSF. There is a saturation limit for leptin bound to its transporters to cross the BBB, and increased leptin secretion in adipose tissue has a defect in its transport across the BBB. Leptin resistance is due to excess leptin, a saturation of its transporters, and deficiency in either the receptor level or signalling in the hypothalamus. Leptin resistance leads to obesity due to excess food intake and less energy expenditure. Normal leptin secretion follows a rhythm, and alteration in the lifestyle leads to hormonal imbalances and increases ROS generation leading to oxidative stress. The sleep disturbance causes obesity with increased lipid accumulation in adipose tissue. Melatonin is the master regulator of the sleep-wake cycle secreted by the pineal gland during the night. It is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is secreted in a pattern called the circadian rhythm in humans as well. Research indicates that melatonin plays a vital role in hormonal regulation and energy metabolism, including leptin signalling and secretion. Studying the role of melatonin in leptin regulation will help us combat the pathologies of obesity caused by leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vennila Suriagandhi
- Biomembrane Lab, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vasanthi Nachiappan
- Biomembrane Lab, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India.
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23
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Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Bhat B, Ansari M, Pandey A, Bani S, Mundkur L. The Anti-Obesity Potential of Cyperus rotundus Extract Containing Piceatannol, Scirpusin A and Scirpusin B from Rhizomes: Preclinical and Clinical Evaluations. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:369-382. [PMID: 35177914 PMCID: PMC8843772 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s348412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a complex medical problem that increases the risk of other diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and fatty liver disease. The present study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract (CRE), standardized to contain Piceatannol, Scirpusin A, and Scirpusin B (5% total Stilbenoids) in overweight individuals. The mechanism of activity was evaluated in a diet-induced mice model of obesity and adipocytes in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of CRE were evaluated in 30 obese individuals with a BMI of 30 to 40 kg/m2 for 90 days in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. In vitro studies were carried out in differentiated 3T3 L1 adipocytes, and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. RESULTS The pilot clinical study showed a reduction in body weight with a significant decrease in waist circumference and BMI. The serum lipid profile showed a significant improvement in CRE-treated individuals. The extract was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were reported at the end of the study. CRE showed a dose-dependent adipogenesis reduction in vitro with an IC50 value of 9.39 μg/mL, while oral administration of CRE reduced weight gain in diet-induced obese mice. The efficacy in mice was associated with reduced levels of leptin, corticosteroids, and serum lipid levels, with no adverse effects. CONCLUSION CRE has anti-adipogenic properties, is safe for human consumption, and effectively manages weight and hypercholesterolemia in overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Majeed
- Research and Development, Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited, Bangalore, India
- Research and Development, Sabinsa Corporation, East Windsor, NJ, USA
| | - Kalyanam Nagabhushanam
- Research and Development, Natural Product Chemistry Sabinsa Corporation, East Windsor, NJ, USA
| | - Beena Bhat
- Research and Development, Phytochemistry, Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohammad Ansari
- Research and Development, Phytochemistry, Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Anjali Pandey
- Research and Development, Biological Research, Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Sarang Bani
- Research and Development, Biological Research, Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Lakshmi Mundkur
- Research and Development, Biological Research, Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited, Bangalore, India
- Correspondence: Lakshmi Mundkur, Sami-Sabinsa Group Limited, 19/1, 19/2, 1st Main, 2nd Phase, Peenya Industrial Area Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560058, India, Tel +80 2839 7973, Email
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24
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Solmi F, Moreno AB, Lewis G, Nunes MA, de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca M, Griep RH. Longitudinal association between binge eating and metabolic syndrome in adults: Findings from the ELSA-Brasil cohort. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2021; 144:464-474. [PMID: 34333757 PMCID: PMC7613243 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder have greater cardiovascular morbidity than the general population. Longitudinal research on the association between binge eating and metabolic syndrome is limited. We tested the longitudinal association between binge eating and metabolic syndrome and its components in a large population sample of Brazilian adults. METHODS We used data from Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil, N = 15,105). To test for the association between binge eating at baseline (2008-2010) and metabolic syndrome at follow-up (2012-2014), we used univariable and multivariable logistic regression models progressively adjusting for potential socio-demographic confounders, number of metabolic syndrome components, and body mass index (BMI) at baseline. RESULTS In total, 13,388 participants (54.8% female; 52.2% white) had complete data on all variables of interest. Binge eating was associated with increased odds of metabolic syndrome at follow-up (odds ratio (OR):1.66, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.44, 1.75). However, the size of this association was attenuated after including number of metabolic syndrome components at baseline (OR:1.19, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.35) and was no longer present after adjusting for baseline BMI (OR:1.09, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.25). Binge eating was also associated with higher odds of hypertension (OR:1.14, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.37) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR:1.21, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.37) at the follow-up assessment after adjustment for all confounders. CONCLUSIONS Individuals who binge eat are at increased risk of metabolic syndrome via increased BMI, and of hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension independently of BMI. If these are causal associations, effective interventions for binge eating could also have beneficial effects on metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Solmi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Arlinda B. Moreno
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods in Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Angélica Nunes
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods in Health, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosane Harter Griep
- Laboratory of Health and Environment Education, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Zheng Y, Chen ZY, Ma WJ, Wang QZ, Liang H, Ma AG. B Vitamins Supplementation Can Improve Cognitive Functions and May Relate to the Enhancement of Transketolase Activity in A Rat Model of Cognitive Impairment Associated with High-fat Diets. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:847-856. [PMID: 34652631 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether B vitamin treatment was sufficient to reduce cognitive impairment associated with high-fat diets in rats and to modulate transketolase (TK) expression and activity. METHODS To test this, we separated 50 rats into five groups that were either fed a standard chow diet (controls) or a high-fat diet (experimental groups H0, H1, H2, and H3). H0 group animals received no additional dietary supplementation, while H1 group animals were administered 100 mg/kg body weight (BW) thiamine, 100 mg/kg BW riboflavin, and 250 mg/kg BW niacin each day, and group H2 animals received daily doses of 100 mg/kg BW pyridoxine, 100 mg/kg BW cobalamin, and 5 mg/kg BW folate. Animals in the H3 group received the B vitamin regimens administered to both H1 and H2 each day. RESULTS Over time, group H0 exhibited greater increases in BW and fat mass relative to other groups. When spatial and memory capabilities in these animals were evaluated via conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and Morris Water Maze (MWM), we found B vitamin treatment was associated with significant improvements relative to untreated H0 controls. Similarly, B vitamin supplementation was associated with elevated TK expression in erythrocytes and hypothalamus of treated animals relative to those in H0 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Together, these findings suggest B vitamin can modulate hypothalamic TK activity to reduce the severity of cognitive deficits in a rat model of obesity. As such, B vitamin supplementation may be a beneficial method for reducing cognitive dysfunction in clinical settings associated with high-fat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Chen
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wen-Jun Ma
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiu-Zhen Wang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Ai-Guo Ma
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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26
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Abstract
Leptin for over 25 years has been a central theme in the study of appetite, obesity, and starvation. As the major site of leptin production is peripheral, and the site of action of greatest interest is the hypothalamus, how leptin accesses the central nervous system (CNS) and crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been of great interest. We review here the ongoing research that addresses fundamental questions such as the sites of leptin resistances in obesity and other conditions, the causes of resistances and their relations to one another, the three barrier sites of entry into the CNS, why recent studies using suprapharmacological doses cannot address these questions but give insight into nonsaturable entry of leptin into the CNS, and how that might be useful in using leptin therapeutically. The current status of the controversy of whether the short form of the leptin receptor acts as the BBB leptin transporter and how obesity may transform leptin transport is reviewed. Review of these and other topics summarizes in a new appreciation of what leptin may have actually evolved to do and what physiological role leptin resistance may play. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-19, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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27
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Interactions of Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins with the Blood-Brain Barrier. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1469-1475. [PMID: 34518942 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipids and lipoproteins are a diverse group of substances and their interactions with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is similarly diverse. Some lipoproteins such as high density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apoJ, some free fatty acids, and triglycerides cross the BBB whereas others such as apoE do not. Some forms of cholesterol can cross the BBB and others do not. Lipids can have effects on BBB preservation and function: HDL may protect the BBB during multiple sclerosis, cholesterol can disrupt the BBB, and triglycerides inhibit the transport of leptin across the BBB and the activation of the hypothalamic leptin receptor. ApoE is associated with many effects on the BBB, with the specific isoform apoE4 having detrimental effects. In summary, the diverse ways in which lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins interact with the BBB is important in both health and disease.
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28
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Sanborn V, Preis SR, Ang A, Devine S, Mez J, DeCarli C, Au R, Alosco ML, Gunstad J. Association Between Leptin, Cognition, and Structural Brain Measures Among "Early" Middle-Aged Adults: Results from the Framingham Heart Study Third Generation Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1279-1289. [PMID: 32831199 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest in the pathophysiological processes of preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), including the potential role of leptin. Human studies have shown that both low and high levels of leptin can be associated with worse neurocognitive outcomes, suggesting this relationship may be moderated by another risk factor. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between plasma leptin levels and both neuropsychological test performance and structural neuroimaging and assessed whether body mass index (BMI) is an effect modifier of these associations. METHODS Our study sample consisted of 2,223 adults from the Framingham Heart Study Third Generation Cohort (average age = 40 years, 53% women). RESULTS Among the entire sample, there was no association between leptin and any of the neuropsychological domain measures or any of the MRI brain volume measures, after adjustment for BMI, APOE4, and other clinical factors. However, we did observe that BMI category was an effect modifier for the association between leptin and verbal memory (p for interaction = 0.03), where higher levels of leptin were associated with better performance among normal weight participants (BMI 18.5-24.9) kg/m2 (beta = 0.12, p = 0.02). No association was observed between leptin level and verbal memory test performance among participants who were overweight or obese. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the association between leptin and cognitive function is moderated by BMI category. Prospective examination of individuals transitioning from middle age to older adulthood will help to clarify the contribution of leptin to AD and other neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sanborn
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Sarah R Preis
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvin Ang
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sherral Devine
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael L Alosco
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Gunstad
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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29
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Del Vecchio G, Murashita K, Verri T, Gomes AS, Rønnestad I. Leptin receptor-deficient (knockout) zebrafish: Effects on nutrient acquisition. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 310:113832. [PMID: 34089707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, knockout of LEPR results in a hyperphagic, morbid obese, and diabetic phenotype, which supports that leptin plays an important role in the control of appetite and energy metabolism, and that its receptor, LEPR, mediates these effects. To date, little is known about the role(s) of lepr in teleost physiology. We investigated a zebrafish (Danio rerio) homozygous lepr knockout (lepr-/-) line generated by CRISPR/Cas9 in comparison to its wt counterpart with respect to nutrient acquisition, energy allocation, and metabolism. The metabolic characterization included oxygen consumption rate and morphometric parameters (yolk sac area, standard length, wet weight, and condition factor) as proxies for use and allocation of energy in developing (embryos, larvae, and juveniles) zebrafish and showed no particular differences between the two lines, in agreement with previous studies. One exception was found in oxygen consumption at 72 hpf, when zebrafish switch from embryonic to early larval stages and food-seeking behavior could be observed. In this case, the metabolic rate was significantly lower in lepr-/- than in wt. Both phenotypes showed similar responses, with respect to metabolic rate, to acute alterations (22 and 34 °C) in water temperature (measured in terms of Q10 and activation energy) compared to the standard (28 °C) rearing conditions. To assess lepr involvement in signaling the processing and handling of incoming nutrients when an exogenous meal is digested and absorbed, we conducted an in vivo analysis in lepr-/- and wt early (8 days post-fertilization) zebrafish larvae. The larvae were administered a bolus of protein hydrolysate (0%, 1%, 5%, and 15% lactalbumin) directly into the digestive tract lumen, and changes in the mRNA expression profile before and after (1 and 3 h) administration were quantified. The analysis showed transcriptional differences in the expressions of genes involved in the control of appetite and energy metabolism (cart, npy, agrp, and mc4r), sensing (casr, t1r1, t1r3, t1r2-1, t1r2-2, pept1a, and pept1b), and digestion (cck, pyy, try, ct, and amy), with more pronounced effects observed in the orexigenic than in the anorexigenic pathways, suggesting a role of lepr in their regulations. Differences in the mRNA levels of these genes in lepr-/-vs. wt larvae were also observed. Altogether, our analyses suggest an influence of lepr on physiological processes involved in nutrient acquisition, mainly control of food intake and digestion, during early development, whereas metabolism, energy allocation, and growth seem to be only slightly influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Del Vecchio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Koji Murashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway; Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Ana S Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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30
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Areola ED, Sabinari IW, Usman TO, Abayomi FI, Onyezia O, Onaolapo B, Adetokunbo PO, Adebanjo OO, Oladipupo FR, Olatunji LA. Sildenafil ameliorates leptin resistance and normalizes lipid handling in the hypothalamic and adipose tissues of testosterone-exposed pregnant rats. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07574. [PMID: 34337184 PMCID: PMC8313495 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin and hypothalamic-adipose lipid handling are relevant in determining the shift of metabolic activities. There are scanty findings connecting glucose dysregulation as a result of hyperandrogenism during gestation to hypothalamic-adipose axis and leptin resistance. Sildenafil has recently gained attention in the prevention of intra-uterine growth restriction. The present study aimed at demonstrating the effect of sildenafil on leptin resistance and hypothalamic-adipose lipid handling in testosterone-exposed pregnant rats. Three groups of pregnant Wistar rats (n = 5/group) received olive oil (Ctr, S.C.) or testosterone propionate (Tes, 3.0 mg/kg; sc)or testosterone propionate (3.0 mg/kg; sc) and sildenafil (Tes + PDE5, 50 mg/kg; po)from gestational day 14-19. Blood samples, hypothalamus and adipose tissue were excised for biochemical analysis on day 20. Adipose and body weights, plasma leptin and adiponectin, adipose and hypothalamic leptin and triglyceride, adipose uric acid, hypothalamic Nrf2, catalase and nitric oxide were reduced following gestational testosterone exposure. Also, fasting insulin, plasma triglyceride, uric acid, leptin-adiponectin ratio, hypothalamic free fatty acid, total cholesterol, uric acid, aspartate transaminase and cyclic guanine monophosphate were elevated by testosterone exposure to pregnant animals. Sildenafil ameliorated leptin resistance and normalized hypothalamic-adipose lipid handling. Therefore, sildenafil protects against testosterone-induced leptin resistance and adverse hypothalamic-adipose lipid handling in pregnant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Damilare Areola
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Isaiah Woru Sabinari
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Taofeek Olumayowa Usman
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.,Cardiovascular Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Faith Ifeoluwa Abayomi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Onyeka Onyezia
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Bisola Onaolapo
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Phebe Oluwaseun Adetokunbo
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olympus Oyewole Adebanjo
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Funmilayo Rebecca Oladipupo
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence Aderemi Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
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31
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Jiang H, Lin Q, Ma L, Luo S, Jiang X, Fang J, Lu Z. Fructose and fructose kinase in cancer and other pathologies. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:531-539. [PMID: 34326012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fructose metabolism and fructose kinase KHK-C/A are key factors in the development of lipid oversynthesis-promoted metabolic disorders and cancer. Here, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge about the specific features of fructose metabolism and the distinct roles of KHK-C and KHK-A in metabolic liver diseases and their relevant metabolic disorders and cancer, and we highlight the specific protein kinase activity of KHK-A in tumor development. In addition, different approaches that have been used to inhibit KHK and the exploration of KHK inhibitors in clinical treatment are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Jiang
- Cancer Institute of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Cancer Institute of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Leina Ma
- Cancer Institute of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shudi Luo
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Cancer Institute of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China; Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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32
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Fedotova АА, Tiaglik АB, Semyanov АV. Effect of Diet as a Factor of Exposome
on Brain Function. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Liu H, Du T, Li C, Yang G. STAT3 phosphorylation in central leptin resistance. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:39. [PMID: 33849593 PMCID: PMC8045279 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanism exploitation of energy homeostasis is urgently required because of the worldwide prevailing of obesity-related metabolic disorders in human being. Although it is well known that leptin plays a central role in regulating energy balance by suppressing food intake and promoting energy expenditure, the existence of leptin resistance in majority of obese individuals hampers the utilization of leptin therapy against these disorders. However, the mechanism of leptin resistance is largely unknown in spite of the globally enormous endeavors. Current theories to interpret leptin resistance include the impairment of leptin transport, attenuation of leptin signaling, chronic inflammation, ER tress, deficiency of autophagy, as well as leptin itself. Leptin-activated leptin receptor (LepRb) signals in hypothalamus via several pathways, in which JAK2-STAT3 pathway, the most extensively investigated one, is considered to mediate the major action of leptin in energy regulation. Upon leptin stimulation the phosphorylation of STAT3 is one of the key events in JAK2-STAT3 pathway, followed by the dimerization and nuclear translocation of this molecule. Phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3), as a transcription factor, binds to and regulates its target gene such as POMC gene, playing the physiological function of leptin. Regarding POMC gene in hypothalamus however little is known about the detail of its interaction with STAT3. Moreover the status of p-STAT3 and its significance in hypothalamus of DIO mice needs to be well elucidated. This review comprehends literatures on leptin and leptin resistance and especially discusses what STAT3 phosphorylation would contribute to central leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wen Hua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Tianxin Du
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wen Hua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wen Hua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Guoqing Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wen Hua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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34
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Binayi F, Zardooz H, Ghasemi R, Hedayati M, Askari S, Pouriran R, Sahraei M. The chemical chaperon 4-phenyl butyric acid restored high-fat diet- induced hippocampal insulin content and insulin receptor level reduction along with spatial learning and memory deficits in male rats. Physiol Behav 2021; 231:113312. [PMID: 33412188 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of a chronic high-fat diet (HFD) on plasma and hippocampal insulin and corticosterone levels, the hippocampus insulin receptor amount, and spatial learning and memory with or without receiving 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA) in male rats. Rats were divided into high-fat and normal diet groups, then each group was subdivided into dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 4-PBA groups. After weaning, the rats were fed with HFD for 20 weeks. Then, 4-PBA or DMSO were injected for 3 days. Subsequently, oral glucose tolerance test was done. On the following day, spatial memory tests were performed. Then the hippocampus Bip, Chop, insulin, corticosterone, and insulin receptor levels were determined. HFD increased plasma glucose, leptin and corticosterone concentrations, hippocampus Bip, Chop and corticosterone levels, food intake, abdominal fat weight and body weight along with impaired glucose tolerance. It decreased plasma insulin, and insulin content, and its receptor amount in hippocampus. HFD lengthened escape latency and shortened the duration spent in target zone. 4-PBA administration improved the HFD- induced adverse changes. Chronic HFD possibly through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent changes in the levels of hippocampal corticosterone, insulin and insulin receptor along with possible leptin resistance caused spatial learning and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Binayi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Askari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sahraei
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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35
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Roman Lay AA, Pereira A, Garmendia Miguel ML. Association between obesity with pattern and length of menstrual cycle: The role of metabolic and hormonal markers. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 260:225-231. [PMID: 33741219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate in a sample of Chilean adult women, the association between adiposity markers with pattern and length of the menstrual cycle, assessing the influence of metabolic markers and hormones in this relationship. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 401 premenopausal women belonging to the DERCAM study (Determinants of Breast Cancer Risk) from Santiago, Chile. The menstrual cycle pattern was defined as regular or irregular, while menstrual cycle length was categorized as short (≤25 d), normal (26-31d), and long (≥32d). Adiposity markers included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percentage (BFP). Insulin, sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), androstenedione (A2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and progesterone were measured in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS There was no association between adiposity markers and cycle patterns. However, after all, metabolic and hormonal adjustments, women in the third tertile of BFP (RRR = 2.63; 95 % CI: 1.21.5.69) were more likely to have longer menstrual cycles. CONCLUSION Women with high BFP presented a higher risk of having irregular menstrual cycles, which was an indicator of reproductive disorders; this relationship could be partially mediated by hormonal markers, especially SHBG, E1, and insulin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Pereira
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, 7830490, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Maria Luisa Garmendia Miguel
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, 7830490, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
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Mendoza-Herrera K, Florio AA, Moore M, Marrero A, Tamez M, Bhupathiraju SN, Mattei J. The Leptin System and Diet: A Mini Review of the Current Evidence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:749050. [PMID: 34899599 PMCID: PMC8651558 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.749050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin promotes satiety and modulates energy balance and weight. Diet-induced obesity leads to leptin resistance, exacerbating overeating. We reviewed the literature on the relationship between diet and leptin, which suggests that addressing leptin resistance through dietary interventions can contribute counteracting obesity. Albeit some limitations (e.g., limited rigor, small samples sizes), studies in animals and humans show that diets high in fat, carbohydrates, fructose, and sucrose, and low in protein are drivers of leptin resistance. Despite methodological heterogeneity pertaining to this body of literature, experimental studies show that energy-restricted diets can reduce leptinemia both in the short and long term and potentially reverse leptin resistance in humans. We also discuss limitations of this evidence, future lines of research, and implications for clinical and public health translations. Main limitations include the lack of a single universally-accepted definition of leptin resistance, and of adequate ways to accurately measure it in humans. The use of leptin sensitizers (drugs) and genetically individualized diets are alternatives against leptin resistance that should be further researched in humans. The tested very-low-energy intervention diets are challenging to translate into wide clinical or population recommendations. In conclusion, the link between nutritional components and leptin resistance, as well as research indicating that this condition is reversible, emphasizes the potential of diet to recover sensitivity to this hormone. A harmonized definition of leptin resistance, reliable methods to measure it, and large-scale, translational, clinical, and precision nutrition research involving rigorous methods are needed to benefit populations through these approaches.
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Herrero-Labrador R, Trueba-Saiz A, Martinez-Rachadell L, Fernandez de Sevilla ME, Zegarra-Valdivia JA, Pignatelli J, Diaz-Pacheco S, Fernandez AM, Torres Aleman I. Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I is Involved in the Effect of High Fat Diet on Peripheral Amyloid β Clearance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249675. [PMID: 33352990 PMCID: PMC7766006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but underlying mechanisms are not clear. We analyzed peripheral clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) in overweight mice because its systemic elimination may impact brain Aβ load, a major landmark of AD pathology. We also analyzed whether circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) intervenes in the effects of overweight as this growth factor modulates brain Aβ clearance and is increased in the serum of overweight mice. Overweight mice showed increased Aβ accumulation by the liver, the major site of elimination of systemic Aβ, but unaltered brain Aβ levels. We also found that Aβ accumulation by hepatocytes is stimulated by IGF-I, and that mice with low serum IGF-I levels show reduced liver Aβ accumulation—ameliorated by IGF-I administration, and unchanged brain Aβ levels. In the brain, IGF-I favored the association of its receptor (IGF-IR) with the Aβ precursor protein (APP), and at the same time, stimulated non-amyloidogenic processing of APP in astrocytes, as indicated by an increased sAPPα/sAPPβ ratio after IGF-I treatment. Since serum IGF-I enters into the brain in an activity-dependent manner, we analyzed in overweight mice the effect of brain activation by environmental enrichment (EE) on brain IGF-IR phosphorylation and its association to APP, as a readout of IGF-I activity. After EE, significantly reduced brain IGF-IR phosphorylation and APP/IGF-IR association were found in overweight mice as compared to lean controls. Collectively, these results indicate that a high-fat diet influences peripheral clearance of Aβ without affecting brain Aβ load. Increased serum IGF-I likely contributes to enhanced peripheral Aβ clearance in overweight mice, without affecting brain Aβ load probably because its brain entrance is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Herrero-Labrador
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Trueba-Saiz
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Martinez-Rachadell
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mᵃ Estrella Fernandez de Sevilla
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan A. Zegarra-Valdivia
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, 04001 Arequipa, Peru
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Diaz-Pacheco
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Ana M. Fernandez
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Torres Aleman
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; (R.H.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (L.M.-R.); (M.E.F.d.S.); (J.A.Z.-V.); (J.P.); (S.D.-P.); (A.M.F.)
- Ciberned, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Barrios-Rivera A, Juárez-Tapia C, Carmona-Castro A, Bosques-Tistler T, Miranda-Anaya M. Obese mice Neotomodon alstoni show learning impairment in Morris Water Maze test, differences between midday and midnight. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1566991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Barrios-Rivera
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, México
| | - Cinthia Juárez-Tapia
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, México
| | - Agustín Carmona-Castro
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, México
| | - Teresa Bosques-Tistler
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, México
| | - Manuel Miranda-Anaya
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, México
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Ultraprocessed Food: Addictive, Toxic, and Ready for Regulation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113401. [PMID: 33167515 PMCID: PMC7694501 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Past public health crises (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, opioids, cholera, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), lead, pollution, venereal disease, even coronavirus (COVID-19) have been met with interventions targeted both at the individual and all of society. While the healthcare community is very aware that the global pandemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has its origins in our Western ultraprocessed food diet, society has been slow to initiate any interventions other than public education, which has been ineffective, in part due to food industry interference. This article provides the rationale for such public health interventions, by compiling the evidence that added sugar, and by proxy the ultraprocessed food category, meets the four criteria set by the public health community as necessary and sufficient for regulation—abuse, toxicity, ubiquity, and externalities (How does your consumption affect me?). To their credit, some countries have recently heeded this science and have instituted sugar taxation policies to help ameliorate NCDs within their borders. This article also supplies scientific counters to food industry talking points, and sample intervention strategies, in order to guide both scientists and policy makers in instituting further appropriate public health measures to quell this pandemic.
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40
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Neuroinflammaging underlies emotional disturbances and circadian rhythm disruption in young male senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice. Exp Gerontol 2020; 142:111109. [PMID: 33069781 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging causes psychological dysfunction and neurodegeneration, and can lead to cognitive impairments. Although numerous studies have reported that neurodegeneration and subsequent cognitive impairments are involved in neuroinflammation, relationship between psychological disturbance and neuroinflammation with aging (neuroinflammaging) remains unclear. Here, to clarify the relationship, we examined whether neuroinflammaging affects emotional behaviors in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. Microglial inflammatory responses to a subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge were significantly enhanced in male SAMP8 mice relative to normal aging senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice at 17 weeks, but not 8 weeks of age. LPS injection also significantly increased brain and systemic inflammation in SAMP8 mice at 17 weeks. In a battery of behavioral tests, SAMP8 mice at 17 weeks, but not 8 weeks, exhibited anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and circadian rhythm disruption. Taken together, SAMP8 mice at 17 weeks possess a brain microenvironment in which it is easier to trigger neuroinflammatory priming; this may lead to an emergence of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and circadian rhythm disruption. These findings provide new insights into the temporal relationship between neuroinflammaging and emotion.
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41
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Khant Aung Z, Grattan DR, Ladyman SR. Pregnancy-induced adaptation of central sensitivity to leptin and insulin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 516:110933. [PMID: 32707081 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a time of increased food intake and fat deposition in the mother, and adaptations of glucose homeostasis to meet the energy demands of the growing fetus. As part of these adaptations, leptin and insulin concentrations increase in the maternal circulation during pregnancy. Central effects of leptin and insulin, however, are counterproductive to pregnancy, as increased action of these hormones in the brain lead to suppression of food intake. To prevent this, it is well documented that pregnancy induces a state of leptin- and insulin-insensitivity in the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, in a range of species. While the mechanisms underlying leptin- or insulin-insensitivity during pregnancy vary between species, there is evidence of reduced transport into the brain, impaired activation of intracellular signalling pathways, including reduced leptin receptor expression, and attenuated activation of downstream neuronal pathways, especially for leptin insensitivity. Pregnancy-induced changes in prolactin, growth hormone and leptin are discussed in terms of their role in mediating this reduced response to leptin and insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Khant Aung
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - D R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - S R Ladyman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
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42
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Mohr SM, Bagriantsev SN, Gracheva EO. Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Adaptations of Hibernation: The Solution to Environmental Challenges. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2020; 36:315-338. [PMID: 32897760 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-012820-095945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thriving in times of resource scarcity requires an incredible flexibility of behavioral, physiological, cellular, and molecular functions that must change within a relatively short time. Hibernation is a collection of physiological strategies that allows animals to inhabit inhospitable environments, where they experience extreme thermal challenges and scarcity of food and water. Many different kinds of animals employ hibernation, and there is a spectrum of hibernation phenotypes. Here, we focus on obligatory mammalian hibernators to identify the unique challenges they face and the adaptations that allow hibernators to overcome them. This includes the cellular and molecular strategies used to combat low environmental and body temperatures and lack of food and water. We discuss metabolic, neuronal, and hormonal cues that regulate hibernation and how they are thought to be coordinated by internal clocks. Last, we touch on questions that are left to be addressed in the field of hibernation research. Studies from the last century and more recent work reveal that hibernation is not simply a passive reduction in body temperature and vital parameters but rather an active process seasonally regulated at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Mohr
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; .,Department of Neuroscience and Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA;
| | - Sviatoslav N Bagriantsev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA;
| | - Elena O Gracheva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA; .,Department of Neuroscience and Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA;
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43
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Kisspeptin-52 partially rescues the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis in underweight male rats dosed with an anti-obesity compound. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 404:115152. [PMID: 32726590 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism and reproduction are closely linked and reciprocally regulated. The detrimental effect of underweight on reproduction complicates the safety evaluation of anti-obesity drugs, making it challenging to distinguish pathological changes mediated through the intended drug-induced weight loss from direct drug effects on reproductive organs. Four-weeks dosing of normal weight Sprague Dawley rats with a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)/glucagon receptor co-agonist induced a robust weight loss, accompanied by histological findings in prostate, seminal vesicles, mammary glands, uterus/cervix and vagina. Characterization of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in male rats revealed reduced hypothalamic Kiss1 mRNA levels and decreased serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone concentrations following co-agonist dosing. These alterations resemble hypogonadotropic hypogonadism typically seen in adverse energy deprived conditions, like chronic food restriction. Concomitant daily administration of kisspeptin-52 from day 21 to the end of the four-week co-agonist dosing period evoked LH and testosterone responses without normalizing histological findings. This incomplete rescue by kisspeptin-52 may be due to the rather short kisspeptin-52 treatment period combined with a desensitization observed on testosterone responses. Concomitant leptin treatment from day 21 did not reverse co-agonist induced changes in HPG axis activity. Furthermore, a single co-agonist injection in male rats slightly elevated LH levels but left testosterone unperturbed, thereby excluding a direct acute inhibitory effect on the HPG axis. Our data suggest that the reproductive phenotype after repeated co-agonist administration was driven by the intended weight loss, however, we cannot exclude a direct organ related effect in chronically treated rats.
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Lewandowski Ł, Kepinska M, Milnerowicz H. Alterations in Concentration/Activity of Superoxide Dismutases in Context of Obesity and Selected Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes: SOD1, SOD2, SOD3. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145069. [PMID: 32709094 PMCID: PMC7404310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the contribution of each of the three superoxide dismutase isozymes (SODs) to the total SOD activity in extracellular fluids. This study was aimed to investigate the alterations in concentration/activity of (SODs) in plasma, in context of sex, obesity, exposition to cigarette smoke, and genotypic variability of five selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes SOD1, SOD2, SOD3. Men showed higher SOD1 concentration, lower SOD3 concentration and higher total antioxidative capacity (TAC) values. Intersexual variability was observed in concentration of copper, zinc, and cadmium. The obese showed higher total oxidative capacity regardless of sex. An increase in SOD2 activity was coexistent with obesity in men, and exposition to cigarette smoke in non-obese individuals. Additionally, in state of this exposition, Cu,Zn-SOD contribution to the total SOD was lower. Interestingly, over 90% of the obese were of C/T genotype of rs4880 (SOD2). Non-obese of T/T genotype (rs4880) were of lower total SOD activity due to decrease in both Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities. SNP rs2234694 was associated with differences in concentration of SODs, depending on obesity status. Correlations indicate that both TAC and SODs, together, may adapt to insulin resistance and inflammation-derived oxidative stress found in obesity. This topic should be further investigated.
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Gosztonyi G, Ludwig H, Bode L, Kao M, Sell M, Petrusz P, Halász B. Obesity induced by Borna disease virus in rats: key roles of hypothalamic fast-acting neurotransmitters and inflammatory infiltrates. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1459-1482. [PMID: 32394093 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human obesity epidemic is increasing worldwide with major adverse consequences on health. Among other possible causes, the hypothesis of an infectious contribution is worth it to be considered. Here, we report on an animal model of virus-induced obesity which might help to better understand underlying processes in human obesity. Eighty Wistar rats, between 30 and 60 days of age, were intracerebrally inoculated with Borna disease virus (BDV-1), a neurotropic negative-strand RNA virus infecting an unusually broad host spectrum including humans. Half of the rats developed fatal encephalitis, while the other half, after 3-4 months, continuously gained weight. At tripled weights, rats were sacrificed by trans-cardial fixative perfusion. Neuropathology revealed prevailing inflammatory infiltrates in the median eminence (ME), progressive degeneration of neurons of the paraventricular nucleus, the entorhinal cortex and the amygdala, and a strikingly high-grade involution of the hippocampus with hydrocephalus. Immune histology revealed that major BDV-1 antigens were preferentially present at glutamatergic receptor sites, while GABAergic areas remained free from BDV-1. Virus-induced suppression of the glutamatergic system caused GABAergic predominance. In the hypothalamus, this shifted the energy balance to the anabolic appetite-stimulating side governed by GABA, allowing for excessive fat accumulation in obese rats. Furthermore, inflammatory infiltrates in the ME and ventro-medial arcuate nucleus hindered free access of appetite-suppressing hormones leptin and insulin. The hormone transport system in hypothalamic areas outside the ME became blocked by excessively produced leptin, leading to leptin resistance. The resulting hyperleptinemic milieu combined with suppressed glutamatergic mechanisms was a characteristic feature of the found metabolic pathology. In conclusion, the study provided clear evidence that BDV-1 induced obesity in the rat model is the result of interdependent structural and functional metabolic changes. They can be explained by an immunologically induced hypothalamic microcirculation-defect, combined with a disturbance of neurotransmitter regulatory systems. The proposed mechanism may also have implications for human health. BDV-1 infection has been frequently found in depressive patients. Independently, comorbidity between depression and obesity has been reported, either. Future studies should address the exciting question of whether BDV-1 infection could be a link, whatsoever, between these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gosztonyi
- Institute of Neuropathology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moujahed Kao
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Sell
- Division of Pathology, Martin Luther Hospital, 12351, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Petrusz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Béla Halász
- Neuromorphological and Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Semmelweis University, 1094, Budapest, Hungary
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Barra R, Morgan C, Sáez-Briones P, Reyes-Parada M, Burgos H, Morales B, Hernández A. Facts and hypotheses about the programming of neuroplastic deficits by prenatal malnutrition. Nutr Rev 2020; 77:65-80. [PMID: 30445479 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in rats have shown that a decrease in either protein content or total dietary calories results in molecular, structural, and functional changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, among other brain regions, which lead to behavioral disturbances, including learning and memory deficits. The neurobiological bases underlying those effects depend at least in part on fetal programming of the developing brain, which in turn relies on epigenetic regulation of specific genes via stable and heritable modifications of chromatin. Prenatal malnutrition also leads to epigenetic programming of obesity, and obesity on its own can lead to poor cognitive performance in humans and experimental animals, complicating understanding of the factors involved in the fetal programming of neuroplasticity deficits. This review focuses on the role of epigenetic mechanisms involved in prenatal malnutrition-induced brain disturbances, which are apparent at a later postnatal age, through either a direct effect of fetal programming on brain plasticity or an indirect effect on the brain mediated by the postnatal development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Barra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Morgan
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Sáez-Briones
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Reyes-Parada
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Héctor Burgos
- Núcleo Disciplinar Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Innovation on Information Technologies for Social Applications (CITIAPS), University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bernardo Morales
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Hernández
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Hassell Sweatman CZW. Mathematical model of diabetes and lipid metabolism linked to diet, leptin sensitivity, insulin sensitivity and VLDLTG clearance predicts paths to health and type II diabetes. J Theor Biol 2020; 486:110037. [PMID: 31626814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An original model of diabetes linked to carbohydrate and lipid intake is presented and applied to predict the effects on biomarkers of various diets. The variables (biomarkers) are concentrations of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, glucagon, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and very low density lipoprotein triglyceride (VLDLTG), as well as muscle lipids, hepatic lipids, pancreatic lipids, fat mass and mass of β-cells. The model predicts isocaloric high carbohydrate low fat (HCLF) diet and low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) diet trajectories to health which vary in fat mass by at most a few kilograms at steady state. The LCHF trajectories to health are faster than isocaloric HCLF trajectories with respect to fat mass loss, although these trajectories may be slower initially if parameters are adjusting from HCLF values. On LC diets, leptin sensitivity and VLDLTG clearance are thought to increase. Increasing leptin sensitivity and VLDLTG clearance is predicted to lower lipids including fat mass and VLDLTG. The model predicts that changes in VLDLTG due to a change in diet happen rapidly, approaching steady state values after a few weeks, reflecting leptin sensitivity and VLDLTG clearance which are much harder to measure. The model predicts that if only insulin sensitivity increases on a LC diet, steady state fat mass would increase slightly. If leptin and insulin sensitivities increase concurrently, the combined effect could be a decrease in fat mass, consistent with the fact that increasing insulin sensitivity is often associated with fat mass loss in trials. The model predicts trajectories to fat type II diabetes with hypertriglyceridemia due to high carbohydrate moderate fat diets, on which insulin rises before falling, as ectopic fat deposits increase; made fatter and more diabetic by higher lipid consumption. It predicts trajectories to non-diabetic states with raised fat mass, VLDLTG and muscle, hepatic and pancreatic lipids due to moderate carbohydrate high fat diets. The model predicts paths to lean type II diabetes, on a diet of moderate energy but low β-cell replication rate or high death rate.
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Abstract
Many animal models that are currently used in appetite and obesity research share at least some main features of human obesity and its comorbidities. Hence, even though no animal model replicates all aspects of "common" human obesity, animal models are imperative in studying the control of energy balance and reasons for its imbalance that may eventually lead to overt obesity. The most frequently used animal models are small rodents that may be based on mutations or manipulations of individual or several genes and on the exposure to obesogenic diets or other manipulations that predispose the animals to gaining or maintaining excessive weight. Characteristics include hyperphagia or changes in energy metabolism and at least in some models the frequent comorbidities of obesity, like hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, or diabetes-like syndromes. Some of the most frequently used animal models of obesity research involve animals with monogenic mutations of the leptin pathway which in fact are useful to study specific mechanistic aspects of eating controls, but typically do not recapitulate "common" obesity in the human population. Hence, this review will mention advantages and disadvantages of respective animal models in order to build a basis for the most appropriate use in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Leptin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Some Turkish Donkey Populations. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 84:102823. [PMID: 31864461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leptin receptor is a fundamental regulator in physiological functions of the regulation of food intake, energy homeostasis, immune function, and reproduction as well as on ovarian follicular cells on the placenta and lactating mammary glands. The aim of this study was to investigate the LEPR gene polymorphism in 60 donkeys reared in Thrace region of Turkey. A 585 bp long partial intron 6, exon 7, intron 7, and exon 8 regions of LEPR gene were amplified, and polymerase chain reaction products analyzed via DNA sequencing. A novel single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified as g.713668A>G in the seventh exon region of LEPR gene. This novel SNP was first identified, and the partial DNA sequence of LEPR gene in donkeys was reported for the first time in this study, and these sequences were deposited to NCBI Genbank database with the accession number: MK807114-MK807115. The A>G transition revealed a silent mutation (CAA-CAG) in glutamine amino acid. This nucleotide mutation could cause the changes of secondary structure of protein and expression level of LEPR hormone. For this reason, additional studies are needed to reveal new SNPs and in the LEPR gene that may affect economic traits and structure of protein in donkey breeds.
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Izquierdo AG, Crujeiras AB, Casanueva FF, Carreira MC. Leptin, Obesity, and Leptin Resistance: Where Are We 25 Years Later? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112704. [PMID: 31717265 PMCID: PMC6893721 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a hormone that is capable of effectively reducing food intake and body weight, was initially considered for use in the treatment of obesity. However, obese subjects have since been found to have high levels of circulating leptin and to be insensitive to the exogenous administration of leptin. The inability of leptin to exert its anorexigenic effects in obese individuals, and therefore, the lack of clinical utility of leptin in obesity, is defined as leptin resistance. This phenomenon has not yet been adequately characterized. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin resistance is of vital importance for the application of leptin as an effective treatment for obesity. Leptin must cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to reach the hypothalamus and exert its anorexigenic functions. The mechanisms involved in leptin transportation across the blood–brain barrier continue to be unclear, thereby preventing the clinical application of leptin in the treatment of obesity. In recent years, new strategies have been developed to recover the response to leptin in obesity. We have summarized these strategies in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G. Izquierdo
- Laboratory of Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition, Epigenomics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.G.I.); (A.B.C.)
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Crujeiras
- Laboratory of Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition, Epigenomics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.G.I.); (A.B.C.)
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Molecular Endocrinolgy, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.F.C.); (M.C.C.); Tel.: +34-9-8195-6189 (F.F.C.); +34-9-8195-6189 (M.C.C.)
| | - Marcos C. Carreira
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.F.C.); (M.C.C.); Tel.: +34-9-8195-6189 (F.F.C.); +34-9-8195-6189 (M.C.C.)
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