1
|
Silveira JFDC, Brand C, Welser L, Gaya AR, Burns RD, Pfeiffer KA, Lima RA, Andersen LB, Reuter CP, Pohl HH. The Longitudinal Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Adiposity With Clustered Cardiometabolic Risk: A Mediation Analysis. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024; 36:75-82. [PMID: 37591502 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2022-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous literature has demonstrated the mediating role of adiposity in the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiometabolic risk as well as the potential role of CRF in attenuating the adverse consequences associated with excess weight. This study aimed to evaluate the mediating role of CRF and adiposity in the possible association with cardiometabolic risk. METHOD Observational 3-year longitudinal study that included 420 children and adolescents (10.50 [2.05] y of age at baseline; 56.2% girls). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and CRF was evaluated using field assessments. A clustered cardiometabolic risk score (cMetS) was calculated from glucose, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and triglycerides z scores. Analyses evaluated the mediating role of BMI in the association between CRF and cMetS as well as whether CRF mediated the association between BMI and cMetS. RESULTS BMI at baseline was directly associated with the cMetS at follow-up (0.102; 95% confidence interval, 0.020 to 0.181), independently of CRF, whereas CRF was only indirectly associated with cMetS at follow-up through BMI (-0.036; 95% confidence interval, -0.070 to -0.009), meaning that the association between CRF and cMetS was explained via the mediation role of BMI. CONCLUSIONS BMI presented direct association with cMetS, whereas CRF exhibited indirect association with cMetS mediated via BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Francisco de Castro Silveira
- Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS,Brazil
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS,Brazil
| | - Caroline Brand
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso,Chile
| | - Letícia Welser
- Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS,Brazil
| | - Anelise Reis Gaya
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS,Brazil
| | - Ryan Donald Burns
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT,USA
| | - Karin Allor Pfeiffer
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University (MSU), East Lansing, MI,USA
| | - Rodrigo Antunes Lima
- Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona,Spain
- Research Group on Lifestyles and Health, University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE,Brazil
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sport, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Songdal,Norway
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo,Norway
| | - Cézane Priscila Reuter
- Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS,Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS,Brazil
| | - Hildegard Hedwig Pohl
- Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS,Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS,Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ingvarsdottir TH, Johannsson E, Rognvaldsdottir V, Stefansdottir RS, Arnardottir NY. Longitudinal development and tracking of cardiorespiratory fitness from childhood to adolescence. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299941. [PMID: 38551951 PMCID: PMC10980206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important indicator of health in childhood and adolescence but longitudinal studies on the development and tracking of CRF from childhood to adolescence are scarce. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were (1) to assess longitudinal development and track CRF over 10 years from childhood to adolescence, and (2) to examine potential sex differences in the development and tracking of CRF during this period. METHODS Participants were Icelandic children born in 1999, measured at the age of 7 (n = 190, 106 girls), 9 (n = 163, 95 girls), 15 (n = 239, 134 girls), and 17 (n = 202, 119 girls). CRF was assessed with a maximal cycle ergometer test and expressed as maximal power output (Max W) and maximal power output relative to lean mass (W/kgLM). Multilevel regression models were used to study the longitudinal development of CRF, and tracking was assessed with Spearman's rank correlation, logistic regression, and the percentage of participants remaining in low, moderate, or high CRF categories between measurements. RESULTS Max W and W/kgLM increased for both boys and girls up to age 15. Max W plateaued for both boys and girls while W/kgLM plateaued for girls but declined for boys from age 15 to 17. Boys had higher Max W than girls from age 15 and higher W/kgLM from age 9. CRF tracked at low to moderate levels from childhood to adolescence and at high levels in adolescence, with higher values observed for boys than girls. CONCLUSIONS Age 15 was a critical time point in the development of CRF, with values starting to plateau for girls and decline for boys. The results support early intervention for improved CRF in later years, with interventions targeting all children, regardless of their CRF level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erlingur Johannsson
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vaka Rognvaldsdottir
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Runa Sif Stefansdottir
- Center of Sport and Health Sciences, School of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nanna Yr Arnardottir
- School of Health, Business and Natural Sciences, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tadiotto MC, Corazza PRP, de Menezes-Junior FJ, Tozo TAA, de Moraes-Junior FB, Brand C, Purim KSM, Mota J, Leite N. Moderating role of 1-minute abdominal test in the relationship between cardiometabolic risk factors and adiponectin concentration in adolescents. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:75. [PMID: 38263075 PMCID: PMC10804517 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory cytokine secreted by adipose tissue, has been associated with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk, and has controversial results with muscular fitness. The aim of this study was to analyze the interaction of 1-minute abdominal test in the relationship between adiposity, body composition, cardiometabolic risk and adiponectin concentration in adolescents. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 62 adolescents of both sexes, aged 11 to 16 years, approved by the Ethics Committee of Research in Humans (CAEE: 62963916.0.0000.5223). Body mass, height, abdominal circumference (AC), waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), triglycerides (TG), adiponectin, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP), 1-minute abdominal test (ABD) were measured. Body mass index (BMI), z-score BMI (BMI-z), triponderal mass index (TMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The macro PROCESS for SPSS v.24.0 was used for moderation analyses, with linear regression models. RESULTS Inverse interactions were found for adiposity (BMI, BMI-z, TMI, AC, WC, WHtR), body composition (FM, FFM) and CMRF (SBP, DBP, MBP, TG) versus 1-minute abdominal test with adiponectin concentration, demonstrating that abdominal test is a moderator in these relationships. CONCLUSION We conclude that 1-minute abdominal test may play an important role in the relationship between obesity and cardiometabolic risk. We found that muscular fitness can confer a protective effect on adolescents with high levels of abdominal test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Cristina Tadiotto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Street Col. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Americas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Ribeiro Paes Corazza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Street Col. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Americas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Francisco José de Menezes-Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Street Col. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Americas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Aparecida Affornali Tozo
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Street Col. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Americas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Frederico Bento de Moraes-Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Street Col. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Americas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brand
- Physical Education School, IRyS Group, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Jorge Mota
- Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Neiva Leite
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná, Street Col. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Americas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bagatini NC, Feil Pinho CD, Leites GT, da Cunha Voser R, Gaya AR, Santos Cunha GD. Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on cardiometabolic risk factors in schoolchildren. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:454. [PMID: 37689621 PMCID: PMC10492303 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High levels of physical fitness established during childhood and adolescence have been associated with positive effects on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), which persist into adulthood. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle, overweight, and obesity during this period are considered public health problems. These conditions tend to worsen in adulthood, increasing the incidence of chronic diseases, deteriorating CMRF, and consequently leading to higher comorbidity and mortality rates. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body mass index (BMI) on CMRF in children and adolescents. METHODS The sample consisted of 49 schoolchildren of both sexes aged 10-17 years. Anthropometric assessments, CRF test, muscle strength test, and blood pressure (BP) measurement were conducted. Participants were allocated into groups based on BMI (eutrophic, overweight, obese), and CRF levels (low-fit, normal-fit, and high-fit). RESULTS Obese individuals had lower CRF values compared to the eutrophic and overweight groups. The cardiometabolic risk profile (CMRP) was significantly higher in the obese group compared to the eutrophic group but showed no significant difference compared to the overweight group. The hight-fit group had lower CMRP values compared to the low-fit group. CONCLUSIONS Higher BMI and CRF values had negative and positive effects on CMRF and CMRP in schoolchildren, respectively. Overweight or obese schoolchildren with low levels of CRF constitute an unfavourable cardiometabolic risk profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Carvalho Bagatini
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Dertzbocher Feil Pinho
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério da Cunha Voser
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anelise Reis Gaya
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovani Dos Santos Cunha
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sedlačík M, Lacinová V, Hasilová K. Assessment of physical activity among adolescents: a guide to the literature. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1232382. [PMID: 37484102 PMCID: PMC10359975 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1232382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this article is to systematically review articles and annual reports concerning young peoples' physical activity (PA) and linking this to considerations of the state and national defense. Method A systematic search of the literature included an analysis of publications accessible in global databases and other available books, student papers, and projects. The articles and reports were categorized based on year of publication, methods used, age of respondents, sample size, country, and digital object identifier (DOI). Results The result of this search is an overview of the extent and manner in which the worldwide scientific community is addressing the current situation and the long-term development of the physical fitness of adolescents. This publication also maps to what extent professional publications and articles are addressing PA from the perspective of the needs of armies and armed forces of various countries around the world. Conclusions The article provides a systematic overview of methods used to measure PA, and an overview of articles dealing with assessing PA. The examined articles indicate that from the perspective of not only national defense, but also health and overall quality of life, in particular, we need initiatives to encourage and motivate young people to increase their everyday PA. The research therefore also includes an overview of factors that may considerably influence PA. The results ascertained in this publication will be used, i.a. for investigating a longitudinal defense research project of the Ministry of Defense of the Czech Republic in which the authors are participating.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee EJ, Noh JH, Kim EK, Lee CA. Effects of Auricular Acupressure on Hip Flexibility and Pain in Taekwondo Participants: Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain Manag Nurs 2023:S1524-9042(23)00078-4. [PMID: 37258401 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sports, hip flexibility is essential to reduce injuries and improve performance. AIM This study aimed to examine the effects of auricular acupressure on hip flexibility and pain in Taekwondo participants. METHOD This randomized controlled trial was performed in the Republic of Korea from January 2021 to August 2021. The Numeric Rating Scale for Pain and Hip Flexibility was used. Twenty-one participants received auricular pressure once weekly for six weeks, while 17 participants did not receive any intervention. Auricular acupressure was applied to the hip (AH13), Shinmun, and auricular acupressure points associated with the pain areas reported by the participants. RESULTS Auricular acupressure improved hip flexibility (t = 2.67, p = .011) and back pain (t = 2.11, p = .043). The mean difference in post-pretest hip flexibility in the experimental group was 16.24 degrees (±13.63), whereas that in the control group was 4.77 degrees (±15.07). The mean difference in the experimental group's pre-post-test scores of back pain was 1.24 (±2.64), whereas that in the control group was 0.18 (±1.41). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that auricular acupressure could be used to treat pain and improve hip flexibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Lee
- Department of Nursing, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Noh
- Youngin University National Brain Taekwondo, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Kyung Kim
- Department of Nursing, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong Ah Lee
- Department of Nursing, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Homeyer D, Memaran N, Kück M, Grams L, von der Born J, Bauer E, Schwalba M, Kerling A, von Maltzahn N, Albrecht A, Haverich A, Stiesch M, Melk A, Tegtbur U. Participating in a School-Integrated Daily Exercise Program Improves Motor Performance Significantly in School-Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4764. [PMID: 36981673 PMCID: PMC10048861 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Children's sedentary time has increased, while daily physical activity and motor performance have decreased. We evaluated an integrated school-based exercise program by assessing changes in motor skills after one year and comparing these changes to children who did not participate. We included 303 children from five schools in this longitudinal study and assigned them either to the exercise group (EG; n = 183 with daily exercise program) or the waiting group (WG; n = 120). Motor skills were assessed at baseline and after one year. Mixed modeling was used to analyze inter-group differences of change in motor skills and to determine the effect of sex, age group, and weight status. EG improved more strongly than WG for sprint, side jumps (both p = 0.017), stand and reach (p = 0.012), and ergometry (p ≤ 0.001) when compared to WG. Girls improved more strongly in the sit-ups than boys, second graders more than fifth graders in the backwards balance and the ergometry, and non-overweight children more in the standing long jump than overweight children. The exercise program is effective in increasing motor skills and physical fitness. Girls were not disadvantaged, and overweight children profited as much as their non-overweight peers in all categories but one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Homeyer
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nima Memaran
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (N.M.)
| | - Momme Kück
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Grams
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jeannine von der Born
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (N.M.)
| | - Elena Bauer
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (N.M.)
| | - Martina Schwalba
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (N.M.)
| | - Arno Kerling
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine von Maltzahn
- Department for Dental Prosthodontics and Biomedical Materials Science, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Albrecht
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department for Dental Prosthodontics and Biomedical Materials Science, Center for Dentistry and Oral Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anette Melk
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (N.M.)
| | - Uwe Tegtbur
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Longitudinal Changes of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Performance in High School: Association with Individual and School-Based Variables. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121884. [PMID: 36553326 PMCID: PMC9776970 DOI: 10.3390/children9121884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to model adolescents' cardiorespiratory fitness performance change trajectories longitudinally across high school years and its relation to school- and individual/student-level factors. We employed hierarchical linear modeling to examine longitudinal cardiorespiratory fitness performance changes, as measured by the progressive aerobic capacity endurance run (PACER), over the years, between sexes, and in association with the school-level variables. Participants were 76,227 adolescents from 80 high schools in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. School-level academic performance (SAP), the percent of students eligible for free and reduced-price meals (FARM), and physical education student-faculty ratio were obtained with permission from the school districts. The number of laps completed in PACER test improved throughout the first three years of high school, however, proportions of those within the healthy fitness zone (HFZ) decreased overall from 9th to 11th grade. Furthermore, the number of laps completed by adolescents appeared to have plateaued at 11th grade, with a significant decline during the final year of high school. Sex-based discrepancies in performance in meeting HFZ were evident, where girls significantly outperformed boys during 9th and 10th grades, and boys significantly outperformed girls during 12th grade. Additionally, SAP and FARM were positively and negatively, respectively, significantly associated with PACER performance at the school level. The odds ratio of adolescents performing in the HFZ declined significantly over the years, even though the number of PACER laps improved in the first three years. Concerted efforts should be targeted at improving cardiorespiratory fitness in high school due to its positive relationship to academic achievement in schools, and negative association with cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and all-cause mortality in adulthood.
Collapse
|
9
|
Weisstaub G, Gonzalez Bravo MA, García-Hermoso A, Salazar G, López-Gil JF. Cross-sectional association between physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk in Chilean schoolchildren: the fat but fit paradox. Transl Pediatr 2022; 11:1085-1094. [PMID: 35958004 PMCID: PMC9360814 DOI: 10.21037/tp-22-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have examined the "fat but fit" paradox, revealing that greater levels of physical fitness may diminish the harmful consequences of excess weight on cardiometabolic risk. Despite the above, specific information about the "fat but fit" paradox in prepuberal population is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cardiometabolic risk across (individual and combined) physical fitness and excess weight status and whether the "fat but fit" paradox is met in the sample of schoolchildren analyzed. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted including 452 children (59.1% girls), aged 7-9 years from Santiago (Chile). Physical fitness was assessed as cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by the 6-minute-walk-test and muscle strength was assessed by the handgrip and standing long jump tests. Excess weight (overweight and obesity) was computed through body mass index (z-score). Cardiometabolic risk was established by summing the z-score of the serum glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, insulin and waist-to-height ratio. RESULTS Schoolchildren with high physical fitness (individual or combined) showed the lowest cardiometabolic risk mean scores (P for trend <0.001 for all physical fitness groups). Conversely, schoolchildren with low physical fitness (individual or combined) showed the highest cardiometabolic risk mean scores (P for trend <0.001 for all categories). Additionally, schoolchildren without excess weight and with high individual or combined physical fitness status exhibits lower cardiometabolic risk mean scores compared to schoolchildren with excess weight and low physical fitness status (individual or combined) (P for trend <0.001 for all physical fitness groups). A lower odd of having high cardiometabolic risk was found in schoolchildren without excess weight and with both high physical fitness (both cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness) [odds ratio (OR) =0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04 to 0.16] in comparison to those with excess weight and low physical fitness. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that improvements in both fatness and aerobic fitness could be associated with lower cardiometabolic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Weisstaub
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Gabriela Salazar
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Lima TR, Martins PC, Moreno YMF, Chaput JP, Tremblay MS, Sui X, Silva DAS. Muscular Fitness and Cardiometabolic Variables in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2022; 52:1555-1575. [PMID: 35020179 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of muscular fitness (MF) in the performance of activities of daily living is unequivocal. Additionally, emerging evidence has shown MF can reduce cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine and summarize the evidence regarding the relationship between MF phenotypes (i.e., maximum muscular strength/power, muscular endurance, and maximum muscular strength/power/endurance) and cardiometabolic variables (obesity, blood pressure, lipids, glucose homeostasis, inflammatory markers, and clustered cardiometabolic variables) in children and adolescents. DESIGN This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42020179273. DATA SOURCES A systematic review was performed on five databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge) from database inception to May 2020, with complementary searches in reference lists. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Eligibility criteria included (1) a study sample of youth aged ≤ 19 years, (2) an assessment of MF with individual or clustered cardiometabolic variables derived from adjusted models (regardless of test/measurement adopted or direction of reported association), and (3) a report of the association between both, using observational studies. Only original articles published in peer-reviewed journals in English, Portuguese, and Spanish languages were considered. The quality of the included studies was assessed by using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute checklist. The percentage of results reporting a statistically significant inverse association between each MF phenotype and cardiometabolic variables was calculated. RESULTS Of the 23,686 articles initially identified, 96 were included (77 cross-sectional and 19 longitudinal), with data from children and adolescents from 35 countries. The score for the quality of evidence ranged from 0.33 to 0.92 (1.00 maximum). MF assessed by maximum muscular strength/power was inversely associated with lower obesity (64/113 total results (56.6%)) and reduction in clustered cardiometabolic risk (28/48 total results (58.3%)). When assessed by muscular endurance, an inverse association with obesity (30/44 total results (68.1%)) and cardiometabolic risk (5/8 total results (62.5%)) was identified. Most of the results for the relationship between MF phenotypes with blood pressure, lipids, glucose homeostasis, and inflammatory markers indicated a paucity of evidence for these interrelationships (percentage of results below 50.0%). CONCLUSION MF assessed by maximum muscular strength/power or muscular endurance is potentially associated with lower obesity and lower risk related to clustered cardiometabolic variables in children and adolescents. There is limited support for an inverse association between MF with blood pressure, lipids, glucose homeostasis biomarkers, and inflammatory markers in children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues de Lima
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, University Campus, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88010-970, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Custódio Martins
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, University Campus, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88010-970, Brazil
| | - Yara Maria Franco Moreno
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jean-Philippe Chaput
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mark Stephen Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Xuemei Sui
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, University Campus, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88010-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Baj-Korpak J, Zaworski K, Stelmach MJ, Lichograj P, Wochna M. Sports activity and changes in physical fitness of Polish children and adolescents: OSF study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:976943. [PMID: 36452358 PMCID: PMC9703092 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.976943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity promotion programs for children and adolescents should constitute the basis of any national health policy aiming to improve physical fitness, which is a significant health indicator in children, adolescents, adults as well as elderly persons. METHODS The study included 1,230 children and adolescents aged 8-16 years (60.1% of girls) from Poland. Five hundred and twenty-seven persons covered by the survey (42.8%) participated in physical activity promotion called "Athletics for All!" (AFA) as an experimental group and 703 peers not participating in any forms of physical extra-curricular activities as a control group. Participants were measured for basic anthropometric parameters and body mass indices were calculated: Body Mass Index (BMI) and Ponderal Index (PI). Evaluation of physical fitness was made using the OSF Test (3 × 10 m shuttle run, standing broad jump, 1 kg medicine ball overhead throw, 4-min run). Comparative analysis between the experimental and control groups was carried out using the T-test for independent samples. Analysis of correlations between quantitative variables was performed with Pearson's r coefficient. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in all the tests were noted between the experimental group (AFA) and the control group in favor of the former one. Taking into account reference ranges of BMI created according to the latest Polish norms, statistically significant differences were noted between the subgroups in all physical fitness tests. As far as PI is concerned, in the AFA group significant differences were noted in all physical fitness tests between subgroups created in accordance with the aforementioned norms. CONCLUSION The findings of our study show that it is necessary to introduce physical activity promotion programs for children and adolescents. Such programs should constitute the basis of national health policy aiming at improving physical fitness among young people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Baj-Korpak
- Department of Health Sciences, John Paul II University of Applied Sciences, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Kamil Zaworski
- Department of Health Sciences, John Paul II University of Applied Sciences, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Marian J Stelmach
- Department of Health Sciences, John Paul II University of Applied Sciences, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Piotr Lichograj
- Department of Technical Sciences, John Paul II University of Applied Sciences, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ybarra M, Danieles PK, Barnett TA, Mathieu MÈ, Van Hulst A, Drouin O, Kakinami L, Bigras JL, Henderson M. Promoting healthy lifestyle behaviours in youth: Findings from a novel intervention for children at risk of cardiovascular disease. Paediatr Child Health 2021; 26:478-485. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Obesity is the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in children. We developed a 2-year lifestyle intervention for youth at risk of CVD. We assessed changes in body mass index z-scores (zBMI) and key cardiometabolic risk factors, physical fitness, and capacity among those who completed the program.
Methods
The CIRCUIT program is a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention for children aged 4 to 18 years at risk of CVD, based on a personalized plan to improve cardiometabolic outcomes by increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviours. Both at baseline and 2-year follow-up, we measured zBMI, blood pressure z-scores (zBP), adiposity (%body and %trunk fat), fasting blood glucose and lipid profile, aerobic (VO2max) and anaerobic (5×5 m shuttle run test) fitness, and physical capacity indicators. Differences between baseline and follow-up were examined using paired t-tests (for age-sex standardized outcomes) and multivariable mixed effect models, adjusted for age and sex (for other outcomes).
Results
Among the 106 participants (53 males) who completed the 2-year program, mean age at baseline was 10.9 years (SD=3.2). After 2 years, zBMI and diastolic zBP decreased by 0.30SD (95% CI: −0.44; −0.16) and 0.43SD (95% CI: −0.65; −0.23), respectively. Participants improved %body and %trunk fat, lipid profile, aerobic and anaerobic fitness levels, and physical capacity (p<0.02). No changes in systolic zBP nor in fasting plasma glucose were observed.
Conclusion
Our findings showed improved zBMI, cardiometabolic outcomes, physical fitness, and capacity among children at risk of CVD, suggesting that CIRCUIT is a promising intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ybarra
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Prince Kevin Danieles
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tracie A Barnett
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Mathieu
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andraea Van Hulst
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Drouin
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lisa Kakinami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Bigras
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Henderson
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Public Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Yin X, Zhang F, Li Y, Bi C, Sun Y, Li M, Zhang T. Relationship between waist circumference and cardiorespiratory fitness in Chinese children and adolescents: Results from a cross-sectional survey. J Exerc Sci Fit 2021; 20:1-8. [PMID: 34868324 PMCID: PMC8605195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This article assessed the relationship between waist circumference (WC) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) of children and adolescents aged 7–18 years. Methods Using a stratified cluster random sampling method, 92,574 children and adolescents (47,364 males and 45,210 females) were extracted. CRF was measured by performance in the 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT) and the subsequent estimation of maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) using the Léger equations. Participants were divided into five groups of WC percentiles and three groups of CRF percentiles by the Lambda Mu Sigma (LMS). The correlation between WC and CRF was examined by one-way ANOVA and curvilinear regression analysis. Results WC increased with age, while V˙O2max showed an age-related decline. Controlling for gender, urban, and rural factors, for children and adolescents aged 10–12, 13–15, and 16–18 years, the V˙O2max Z-score of the normal WC group was significantly higher than the very low WC group (P < 0.05). Controlling for gender, urban, and rural factors, for participants aged 7–18 years, the V˙O2max Z-score of the normal WC group was significantly higher than the high WC group and the very high WC group (P < 0.05). Conclusions It generally shows a “parabolic” trend between WC-Z and V˙O2max-Z. The CRF among children and adolescents in the normal WC group is significantly higher than that in the low and the high WC groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaojian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yuqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Cunjian Bi
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of the Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.,College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Diaz EC, Weber JL, Adams SH, Young CG, Bai S, Børsheim E. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Associates with Blood Pressure and Metabolic Health of Children-The Arkansas Active Kids Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2225-2232. [PMID: 34280939 PMCID: PMC8516679 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High blood pressure (HBP) in children causes preclinical damage to the heart and accelerates atherosclerosis. Current pharmacological treatments have limited ability to prevent end-organ damage, particularly that of the kidneys. A contrasting element between adult versus pediatric HPB treatment is the emphasis in adults on exercise regimens that target increments in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; peak oxygen consumption [V˙O2peak]). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of CRF with blood pressure percentiles and blood pressure status in children with normal and excessive adiposity (NA vs EA). An exploratory aim was to measure associations of CRF with (a) other cardiovascular disease risk factors commonly found in children with HBP and (b) kidney function. METHODS Children (n = 211) attended one study visit. CRF was measured using an incremental bike test and body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Fat-free mass (FFM) index was calculated as kilograms of FFM per square meter. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were used to model the probability of HBP and other variables of interest (plasma lipids, HOMA2-IR, alanine aminotransferase, and estimated glomerular filtration rate) against V˙O2peak. RESULTS CRF interacted with adiposity status in predicting the probability of HBP. Each additional milliliter per minute per FFM index in V˙O2peak decreased the odds of HBP by 8% in the EA group only (odds ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval = 0.87-0.99). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure percentiles decreased, and estimated glomerular filtration rate increased with increasing CRF in both adiposity-level groups. HOMA2-IR and alanine aminotransferase decreased with increasing CRF in children with EA only. CONCLUSIONS Higher CRF associated with decreased probability of clinical HBP, lower insulin resistance, and improved liver function in children with EA. Yet blood pressure percentiles and kidney function improved with increasing CRF irrespective of adiposity status.
Collapse
|
15
|
Buchan MC, Romano I, Butler A, Laxer RE, Patte KA, Leatherdale ST. Bi-directional relationships between physical activity and mental health among a large sample of Canadian youth: a sex-stratified analysis of students in the COMPASS study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:132. [PMID: 34627283 PMCID: PMC8501578 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this research was to examine the bidirectional association between self-reported symptoms of mental disorder and physical activity among a large sample of Canadian secondary school students over time. Methods Linked survey data were obtained from 28,567 grade 9 to 12 students across Canada participating in two waves of the COMPASS Study (2017–18; 2018–19). Autoregressive cross-lagged models were run to examine the reciprocal relationships between self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and symptoms of depression (CESD-10) and anxiety (GAD-7). Models were stratified by gender, and accounted for grade, ethno-racial identity, and school-level clustering. Results Autoregressive associations show that neither symptoms of anxiety nor depression, at baseline, were predictive of mean MVPA at follow-up – consistent for the full sample and among both males and females. Higher MVPA among males at baseline was associated with lower symptoms of both anxiety (β = − 0.03, p = 0.002) and depression (β = − 0.05, p < 0.001) at follow-up. However, among females, higher MVPA at baseline was associated with greater symptoms of anxiety (β = 0.03, p < 0.001), but not symptoms of depression (β = 0.01, p = 0.073), at follow-up. Conclusion In our large sample of Canadian secondary school students, associations between physical activity and symptoms of mental disorder were not bi-directional, and these relationships differed in males and females. This study illustrates the complex nature of the relationship between physical activity and symptoms of mental disorder among youth. While results support the benefits of promoting physical activity among males to prevent or manage internalizing symptoms, the relationship among females warrants further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01201-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Claire Buchan
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Isabella Romano
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alexandra Butler
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Karen A Patte
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Insufficient Physical Fitness and Deficits in Basic Eating Habits in Normal-Weight Obese Children Are Apparent from Pre-School Age or Sooner. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103464. [PMID: 34684465 PMCID: PMC8538680 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal-weight obesity appears to be an extended diagnosis/syndrome associated with insufficient physical fitness levels and inadequate eating habits at least from school years. However, its relation to long term health parameters in pre-school children remains unknown, even though pre-school age is crucial for the determining healthy lifelong habits. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the differences in physical fitness level and basic eating habits between normal-weight obese, normal-weight non-obese, and overweight and obese preschoolers. The research sample consisted of 188 preschoolers aged 4.0–6.9 years (Mage = 5.52 ± 0.8 year), normal-weight obese = 25; normal-weight non-obese = 143, overweight and obese = 20. Body composition was measured using bio-impedance InBody230. Six tests assessed the physical fitness level: sit-ups; standing long jump; shuttle running 4 × 5 meters; throwing with a tennis ball; multistage fitness tests; sit and reach. A four-item eating habits questionnaire for parents focusing on breakfast regularity, consumption of sweet foods and drinks, selection of food and attitude towards eating was used. A non-parametric analysis of variance and Fisher’s exact test along with suitable effect sizes were used for data processing of physical fitness tests and the basic eating habits questionnaire, respectively. Normal-weight obese children performed significantly worse (from p = 0.03 to p < 0.001, ES ω2-G = low to medium) in muscular fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness and running agility compared to normal-weight non-obese counterparts and did not significantly differ in the majority of physical fitness performance tests from overweight and obese peers. In basic eating habits, normal-weight obese boys preferred significantly more sweet foods and drinks (p = 0.003 ES = 0.35, large), while normal-weight obese girls had significantly more negative attitude towards eating (p = 0.002 ES = 0.33, large) in comparison to their normal-weight non-obese peers. Normal-weight obesity seems to develop from early childhood and is associated with low physical fitness and deficits in eating habits which might inhibit the natural necessity for physically active life from pre-school age or sooner.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rollo S, Fraser BJ, Seguin N, Sampson M, Lang JJ, Tomkinson GR, Tremblay MS. Health-Related Criterion-Referenced Cut-Points for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Youth: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 52:101-122. [PMID: 34468952 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), which reflects the overall aerobic capacity of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems, is significantly related to health among youth. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to identify health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for CRF among youth aged 5-17 years. METHODS A systematic search of two electronic databases (MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus) was conducted in September 2020. Only peer-reviewed studies that developed health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for CRF among youth were eligible provided they included (1) youth aged 5-17 years from the general population; (2) at least one quantitative assessment of CRF (e.g., peak oxygen uptake [[Formula: see text]O2peak]); (3) at least one quantitative assessment of health (e.g., cardiometabolic risk); (4) a criterion for health; and (5) a quantitative analysis (e.g., receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve) of at least one health-related cut-point for CRF. A narrative synthesis was used to describe the results of the included studies. RESULTS Collectively, 29 included studies developed health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for CRF among 193,311 youth from 23 countries. CRF cut-points, expressed as [Formula: see text]O2peak, estimated using the 20-m shuttle run test, demonstrated high discriminatory ability (median area under the curve [AUC] ≥ 0.71) for both cardiometabolic and obesity risk. Cut-points derived from maximal cycle-ergometer tests demonstrated moderate discriminatory ability (median AUC 0.64-0.70) for cardiometabolic risk, and low discriminatory ability for early subclinical atherosclerosis (median AUC 0.56-0.63). Cut-points for CRF using submaximal treadmill exercise testing demonstrated high discriminatory ability for cardiometabolic risk, but only moderate discriminatory ability for obesity risk. CRF cut-points estimated using submaximal step testing demonstrated high discriminatory ability for cardiometabolic risk and moderate discriminatory ability for high blood pressure, while those for the 9-min walk/run test demonstrated moderate-to-high discriminatory ability for obesity risk. Collectively, CRF cut-points, expressed as [Formula: see text]O2peak, demonstrated moderate-to-high discriminatory ability (median AUC ≥ 0.64) for cardiometabolic risk, obesity risk, and high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there is too wide a range of health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for CRF among youth to suggest universal age- and sex-specific thresholds. To further inform the development of universal cut-points, there is a need for additional research, using standardized testing protocols and health-risk definitions, that examines health-related criterion-referenced cut-points for CRF that are age, sex, and culturally diverse. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020207458.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Rollo
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada. .,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Brooklyn J Fraser
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Nick Seguin
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Sampson
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Justin J Lang
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.,Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.,Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cadenas-Sanchez C, Mena-Molina A, Torres-Lopez LV, Migueles JH, Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Lubans DR, Ortega FB. Healthier Minds in Fitter Bodies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Physical Fitness and Mental Health in Youth. Sports Med 2021; 51:2571-2605. [PMID: 34313979 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical fitness is an important marker of current and future health status, yet the association between physical fitness and indicators of mental health in youth has not been systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to systematically review and meta-analyze the association between physical fitness components (i.e. cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, speed-agility, flexibility and fitness composite) and mental health indicators (i.e. psychological well-being and psychological ill-being) in preschoolers, children and adolescents. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus from database inception to May 2020. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies (cross-sectional, longitudinal and intervention designs) were included if they measured at least one physical fitness component and one mental health indicator in healthy youth (2-18 years). RESULTS A total of 58 unique studies (52 cross-sectional, 4 longitudinal and 4 intervention studies) met all eligibility criteria and were included. There was a significant positive overall association between physical fitness and mental health in children and adolescents (pooled r = 0.206, p < 0.001). We found suggestive evidence of moderation by age group, fitness components and socioeconomic status (all p < 0.08). No relevant studies focusing on preschoolers were identified. Evidence based on longitudinal and intervention studies was limited. CONCLUSION We observed a small to medium sized positive association between physical fitness and overall mental health in youth. However, as the majority of studies were cross-sectional, additional longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to provide evidence of causation. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number CRD42017080005.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Alejandra Mena-Molina
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucia V Torres-Lopez
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jairo H Migueles
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Rodriguez-Ayllon
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity' Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tsiros MD, Vincent HK, Getchell N, Shultz SP. Helping Children with Obesity "Move Well" To Move More: An Applied Clinical Review. Curr Sports Med Rep 2021; 20:374-383. [PMID: 34234093 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Children with obesity experience musculoskeletal pain and reduced physical function and well-being, which collectively impact their fitness, strength, motor skills, and even their ability to undertake simple tasks, like walking and climbing stairs. Disrupting obesity-related disability may be critical to increasing children's physical activity. Thus, barriers to movement should be considered by health practitioners to improve the efficacy of prescribed physical activity. This applied clinical review highlights key subjective and objective findings from a hypothetical case scenario, linking those findings to the research evidence, before exploring strategies to enhance movement and increase physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita D Tsiros
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, Adelaide, SA, AUSTRALIA
| | - Heather K Vincent
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Nancy Getchell
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
TİMURTAŞ E, ÇINAR E, KARABACAK N, DEMİRBÜKEN İ, POLAT MG. ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS INDICATORS WITH HEALTH PROFILE AND LIFESTYLE OF CHILDREN. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.776067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
21
|
Landgraff HW, Riiser A, Lihagen M, Skei M, Leirstein S, Hallén J. Longitudinal changes in maximal oxygen uptake in adolescent girls and boys with different training backgrounds. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31 Suppl 1:65-72. [PMID: 33871085 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-volume endurance training on the development of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max ) in physically active boys and girls between the ages of 12 and 15 years, using a longitudinal design. The children participated in organized training in sports clubs for an average of 7-10 hours per week, with one group undertaking a high volume of endurance training (~7 hours per week; End boys, n = 23 and End girls, n = 17) and the other group having a primary focus on technical and tactical skill development, undertaking low volumes of endurance training (~1.6 hours per week; non-End boys, n = 29 and non-End girls, n = 9). VO2max and anthropometrics were assessed at age 12, 13, and 15. At age 12, VO2max was 58.9 (5.6), 65.5 (7.2), 56.5 (6.5), and 58.8 (7.9) mL·kg-1 ·min-1 in End girls, End boys, non-End girls, and non-End boys, respectively. Over the three years, there was no difference between the training groups in the development of VO2max independent of scaling. In boys, VO2max relative to body mass (BM) did not change from age 12 to 15, while VO2max tended to decrease relative to fat-free mass (FFM). In girls, VO2max relative to BM decreased slightly from age 12 to 15, with no changes over the years relative to FFM. The present longitudinal study suggests that in growing active children during puberty, high volumes of systematic endurance training do not have an additional effect on VO2max compared with similar volume of training mainly aiming at developing motor skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hege Wilson Landgraff
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amund Riiser
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Maren Lihagen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Skei
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Leirstein
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jostein Hallén
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Reciprocal Longitudinal Relationship Between Fitness, Fatness, and Metabolic Syndrome in Brazilian Children and Adolescents: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2021; 33:74-81. [PMID: 33857920 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2020-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To verify the reciprocal longitudinal relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), percentage body fat (%body fat), and metabolic syndrome in Brazilian primary school students. METHOD This longitudinal study involved 420 children and adolescents followed for 3 years (2011-2014). The continuous Metabolic Syndrome (cMetSyn) score was calculated by summing adjusted z scores of glucose, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, and waist circumference. The CRF was assessed using running/walking tests, and %body fat was assessed through sex-specific 2-site skinfold thickness. Cross-lagged panel models were used to analyze longitudinal reciprocal relationships between CRF and %body fat with cMetSyn. RESULTS Results indicated that 2011 %body fat significantly predicted both 2014 CRF scores and 2014 cMetSyn scores (P < .001); however, 2011 CRF only predicted 2014 %body fat (P < .001) but not 2014 cMetSyn (P = .103). Furthermore, 2011 cMetSyn predicted 2014 %body fat (P = .002). The model explained 36%, 48%, and 37% of the variance in 2014 CRF, %body fat, and cMetSyn, respectively. CONCLUSION The results suggest a reciprocal inverse relationship between %body fat and metabolic syndrome risk and that %body fat may play a more important role in the risk of developing metabolic syndrome compared with CRF.
Collapse
|
23
|
Dooley FL, Kaster T, Fitzgerald JS, Walch TJ, Annandale M, Ferrar K, Lang JJ, Smith JJ, Tomkinson GR. A Systematic Analysis of Temporal Trends in the Handgrip Strength of 2,216,320 Children and Adolescents Between 1967 and 2017. Sports Med 2021; 50:1129-1144. [PMID: 32026238 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate national and international temporal trends in handgrip strength for children and adolescents, and to examine relationships between trends in handgrip strength and trends in health-related and sociodemographic indicators. METHODS Data were obtained through a systematic search of studies reporting temporal trends in the handgrip strength for apparently healthy 9-17-year-olds, and by examining large national fitness datasets. Temporal trends at the country-sex-age level were estimated by sample-weighted regression models relating the year of testing to mean handgrip strength. International and national trends were estimated by a post-stratified population-weighting procedure. Pearson's correlations quantified relationships between national trends in handgrip strength and national trends in health-related/sociodemographic indicators. RESULTS 2,216,320 children and adolescents from 13 high-, 5 upper-middle-, and 1 low-income countries/special administrative regions between 1967 and 2017 collectively showed a moderate improvement of 19.4% (95% CI 18.4-20.4) or 3.8% per decade (95% CI 3.6-4.0). The international rate of improvement progressively increased over time, with more recent values (post-2000) close to two times larger than those from the 1960s/1970s. Improvements were larger for children (9-12 years) compared to adolescents (13-17 years), and similar for boys and girls. Trends differed between countries, with relationships between national trends in handgrip strength and national trends in health-related/sociodemographic indicators negligible-to-weak and not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS There has been a substantial improvement in absolute handgrip strength for children and adolescents since 1967. There is a need for improved international surveillance of handgrip strength, especially in low- and middle-income countries, to more confidently determine true international trends. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42013003657.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith L Dooley
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, 2751 2nd Avenue North, Stop 8235, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Tori Kaster
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, 2751 2nd Avenue North, Stop 8235, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - John S Fitzgerald
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, 2751 2nd Avenue North, Stop 8235, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Tanis J Walch
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, 2751 2nd Avenue North, Stop 8235, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Madison Annandale
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katia Ferrar
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Justin J Lang
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, 2751 2nd Avenue North, Stop 8235, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA. .,Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wheatley C, Wassenaar T, Salvan P, Beale N, Nichols T, Dawes H, Johansen-Berg H. Associations between fitness, physical activity and mental health in a community sample of young British adolescents: baseline data from the Fit to Study trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000819. [PMID: 33088584 PMCID: PMC7547542 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine relationships between fitness, physical activity and psychosocial problems among English secondary school pupils and to explore how components of physically active lifestyles are associated with mental health and well-being. METHODS A total of 7385 participants aged 11-13 took a fitness test and completed self-reported measures of physical activity, attitudes to activity, psychosocial problems and self-esteem during the Fit to Study trial. Multilevel regression, which modelled school-level cluster effects, estimated relationships between activity, fitness and psychosocial problems; canonical correlation analysis (CCA) explored modes of covariation between active lifestyle and mental health variables. Models were adjusted for covariates of sex, free school meal status, age, and time and location of assessments. RESULTS Higher fitness was linked with fewer internalising problems (β=-0.23; 95% CI -0.26 to -0.21; p<0.001). More activity was also related to fewer internalising symptoms (β=-0.24; 95% CI -0.27 to -0.20; p<0.001); the relationship between activity and internalising problems was significantly stronger for boys than for girls. Fitness and activity were also favourably related to externalising symptoms, with smaller effect sizes. One significant CCA mode, with a canonical correlation of 0.52 (p=0.001), was characterised high cross-loadings for positive attitudes to activity (0.46) and habitual activity (0.42) among lifestyle variables; and for physical and global self-esteem (0.47 and 0.42) among mental health variables. CONCLUSION Model-based and data-driven analysis methods indicate fitness as well as physical activity are linked to adolescent mental health. If effect direction is established, fitness monitoring could complement physical activity measurement when tracking public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Wheatley
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Wassenaar
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Piergiorgio Salvan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick Beale
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Institute of Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Nichols
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Dawes
- Centre for Movement, Occupational and Rehabilitation Sciences, Oxford Institute of Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Research, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kaster T, Dooley FL, Fitzgerald JS, Walch TJ, Annandale M, Ferrar K, Lang JJ, Smith JJ, Tomkinson GR. Temporal trends in the sit-ups performance of 9,939,289 children and adolescents between 1964 and 2017. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1913-1923. [PMID: 32567491 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1763764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We estimated international/national temporal trends in sit-ups performance for children and adolescents, and examined relationships between national trends in sit-ups performance and national trends in health-related/sociodemographic indicators. Data were obtained by systematically searching studies reporting on temporal trends in sit-ups performance for apparently healthy 9-17 year-olds, and by examining nationally representative fitness datasets. Trends at the country-sex-age level were estimated by sample-weighted regression models relating the testing year to mean sit-ups performance. International/national trends were estimated by a post-stratified population-weighting procedure. Pearson's correlations quantified relationships between national trends in sit-ups performance and national trends in health-related/sociodemographic indicators. A total of 9,939,289 children and adolescents from 31 countries/special administrative regions between 1964 and 2017 collectively showed a large improvement of 38.4% (95% CI: 36.8 to 40.0) or 7.1% per decade (95% CI: 6.8 to 7.4). Large international improvements were experienced by all age and sex groups, with the rate of improvement slowing from 1964 to 2000, stabilizing near zero until 2010, before declining. Trends differed between countries, with national trends in vigorous physical activity a strong, positive correlate of national trends in sit-ups performance. More sit-ups data are needed from low- and middle-income countries to better monitor trends in muscular fitness. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42013003657.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tori Kaster
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Faith L Dooley
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - John S Fitzgerald
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Tanis J Walch
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Madison Annandale
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katia Ferrar
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Justin J Lang
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada , Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan J Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, ND, USA.,Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Palacio-Agüero A, Díaz-Torrente X, Quintiliano Scarpelli Dourado D. Relative handgrip strength, nutritional status and abdominal obesity in Chilean adolescents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234316. [PMID: 32520942 PMCID: PMC7286492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Handgrip strength (HGS) is a well-established indicator of muscle strength and can help to identify risk of sarcopenic obesity in children. This study explores the relationship between adiposity and muscular strength in healthy Chilean adolescents. Adolescents (n = 491) aged 10–17 were selected from five schools in Santiago, Chile. HGS was determined by dynamometry. Anthropometry (weight, height, waist and mid arm circumference), physical activity and socioeconomic status were also measured. Relative HGS (RHGS) was calculated by dividing maximum HGS of the dominant hand by body-mass index (BMI) and low RHGS was categorized as <25th percentile by sex. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between two markers of adiposity (abdominal obesity category by waist circumference and nutritional status measured by BMI category) and low RHGS, adjusting for possible confounding variables. Participants were on average 13.6y (2.4), 32.8% were overweight or obese and 37.5% were at risk of or had abdominal obesity. RHGS was 1.25 kg/kg/m2 overall, with a significant difference by sex (1.51 for boys versus 1.14 for girls). In adjusted analyses, boys and girls with risk of abdominal obesity, had 3.3 (1.6–6.6) and 4.1 (1.8–9.3) increased odds of low RHGS, respectively, compared to boys and girls with normal waist circumference. Those with abdominal obesity compared to normal WC, had 8.5 (3.4–21.4) and 6.5 (2.0–21.3) increased odds of low RHGS for boys and girls, respectively. We observed similar associations for BMI category. In our sample of healthy adolescents, higher adiposity related to greater odds of low muscle strength measured by dynamometry. Considering the demographic shift from a young to an aging population in many countries, along with the increasing prevalence of obesity beginning in childhood, understanding how adiposity relates to low muscle strength is of growing importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Palacio-Agüero
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina-Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Díaz-Torrente
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina-Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Temporal Trends in the Association between Participation in Physical Education and Physical Activity among U.S. High School Students, 2011-2017. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072357. [PMID: 32244339 PMCID: PMC7178119 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess trends in physical education and physical activity among U.S. high school students from 2011 to 2017, respectively, and to evaluate temporal trends in the relationship between physical education class participation and physical activity levels. Data from a total of 51,616 high school students who participated in the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) from 2011 to 2017 were analyzed for this study. Physical education was measured as follows: In an average week when you are in school, on how many days do you go to physical education classes? Physical activity was measured as follows: During the past 7 days, on how many days were you physically active for a total of at least 60 min per day? Meeting physical activity guideline was defined as engaging in 7 days per week of at least 60 min per day. Across the 2011-2017 YRBSS, there were no linear (p = 0.44)/quadratic trends (p = 0.37) in physical education and linear (p = 0.27)/quadratic trends (p = 0.25) in physical activity, respectively. Regarding the trends in the association between physical education and physical activity, there were no statistically significant linear (unstandardized regression coefficient (b) = 0.013, p = 0.43) or quadratic (p = 0.75) trends; however, at the sample level, there was a slight increase in the odds ratio effect sizes from 2011 to 2017 (ES = 1.80-1.98). The pooled association between physical education participation and physical activity was statistically significant, OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.75-2.03, p < 0.001. That is, on average across the four YRBSS cycles, students who participated in physical education had 1.88 times higher odds of meeting physical activity guideline when compared to students who did not participate in physical education. The trends of physical education and physical activity did not change between 2011 and 2017. Overall, we observed a significant relationship between participation in physical education and physical activity. There was a non-significant yet stable trend of association between participation in physical education and physical activity over time.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lang JJ, Phillips EW, Hoffmann MD, Prince SA. Reply to Discussion of "Establishing modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test (mCAFT) cut-points to detect clustered cardiometabolic risk among Canadian children and youth aged 9 to 17 years" - The need for foundational fitness research in Canada: is there room for innovation? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:346-347. [PMID: 32122183 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lang
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 9K9, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Emily Wolfe Phillips
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 9K9, Canada
| | - Matt D Hoffmann
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 9K9, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Prince
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 9K9, Canada.,Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Association between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Physical Fitness with Body Composition Parameters in 1717 European Adolescents: The AdolesHealth Study. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010077. [PMID: 31892139 PMCID: PMC7019378 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, low levels of physical fitness, and unhealthy eating patterns are responsible for part of the health problems of adolescents today. The current study aimed at examining the association between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), through each answer to the items of the Adherence to the MD Questionnaire (KIDMED), and physical fitness with body composition parameters (body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat, and waist circumference) in 1717 European adolescents (N = 900 boys, N = 817 girls). Data of body composition, physical fitness results, and the answers to KIDMED were analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Additionally, the effect size (ES) was calculated and a Chi-square test analyzed the proportion of participants with and without over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight in each KIDMED question. The relative risk of suffering over waist circumference, overfat and overweight in relation to the responses was calculated by Odd-Ratio. Adherence to the MD did not influence the condition of over waist circumference, overfat and overweight, although certain dietary habits were identified as risk factors for their development. Over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight boys and girls presented higher levels of body mass, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and BMI (p < 0.001; ES = 1.73–3.38), as well as lower levels of all the parameters of the physical fitness analyzed (p < 0.001; ES = 0.45–1.08), except the handgrip test. A direct relationship between fitness and over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight was found.
Collapse
|
30
|
Motorische Leistungsfähigkeit 4‑ bis 10‑jähriger Kinder in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2019; 62:1242-1252. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-019-03016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
31
|
Drenowatz C, Greier K, Ruedl G, Kopp M. Association between Club Sports Participation and Physical Fitness across 6- to 14-Year-Old Austrian Youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183392. [PMID: 31547480 PMCID: PMC6766075 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in social and built environments most likely contribute to a decline in physical activity (PA) and physical fitness in children and adolescents. Organized sports may be an important component in ensuring adequate fitness, which is an important aspect in general health and well-being. The present study examines differences by club sports participation in cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, power, speed, agility, flexibility and balance in 3293 (55.1% male) Austrian children and adolescents between 6 and 14 years of age. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were taken and participants completed the German motor test during regular class time. Even though there was no significant difference in body weight between club sports participants and non-club sports participants, club sports participation was associated with higher physical fitness, particularly regarding endurance, strength, power, and agility. Differences by club sports participation, however, declined during the elementary school years (6-10 years of age), while they became more pronounced during middle school years (10-14 years of age). Club sports participation, therefore, may be a viable option in the promotion of physical fitness, particularly during adolescence. At younger ages, other sources of PA, such as physical education and free play, however, should be considered to ensure sufficient fitness levels that contribute to a healthy and active lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Physical Education, University of Education Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria.
| | - Klaus Greier
- Division of Physical Education, Private University of Education (KPH-ES), 6422 Stams, Austria.
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Ruedl
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin Kopp
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lang JJ, Wolfe Phillips E, Hoffmann MD, Prince SA. Establishing modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test (mCAFT) cut-points to detect clustered cardiometabolic risk among Canadian children and youth aged 9 to 17 years. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:311-317. [PMID: 31404504 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish cut-points to identify potential clustered cardiometabolic risk among children (aged 9-13 years) and youth (aged 14-17 years) using the modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test (mCAFT). Nationally representative cross-sectional data were obtained from cycles 1 and 2 (2007-2011) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using the mCAFT, which was used to estimate peak oxygen consumption. Clustered cardiometabolic health was identified as the mean of 4 standardized variables: sum of 4 skinfolds; total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio; and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In total, 2106 (49% female) participants were retained for this analysis. The optimal mCAFT cut-point for males was 49 and 46 mL·kg-1·min-1 among children and youth, respectively. Among females, the mCAFT cut-point was 46 and 37 mL·kg-1·min-1 among children and youth, respectively. In 2016-2017, 83% of females and 71% of males met the new mCAFT cut-points. The mCAFT cut-points can help identify children and youth at potential risk of poor cardiometabolic health in public health surveillance, clinical, and school-based settings. Novelty We developed new mCAFT cut-points to identify potential clustered cardiometabolic risk among Canadian children and youth. These mCAFT cut-points can be used to inform national health surveillance efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lang
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada. 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute. 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Emily Wolfe Phillips
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada. 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Matt D Hoffmann
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa. 125 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Prince
- Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada. 785 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.,Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|