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Kyllar M, Čížek P. Cranial cruciate ligament structure in relation to the tibial plateau slope and intercondylar notch width in dogs. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:699-707. [PMID: 29929359 PMCID: PMC6167346 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is one of the most common orthopedic conditions in dogs. The pathogenesis of CCL rupture is not fully described and remains to be elucidated fully. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the etiology of these changes. The objective of this study was to investigate structural changes in the CCL in relation to the tibial plateau angle (TPA) and the intercondylar notch (ICN) width in dogs. Fifty-five skeletally mature dogs were included in this study. ICN width and TPA measurements were obtained from intact CCL stifles. Samples of the CCL, caudal cruciate ligament (CaCL), and femoral head ligament (FHL) were harvested and stained for routine histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Microscopic changes in the ligaments were observed and were found to correlate with the TPA and ICN width values. The degree of structural changes within the CCL was observed to correlate with an increasing TPA and a narrowing ICN width. Changes in the CCL are likely to be caused by excessive forces acting through the ligament in stifles with a high TPA. Chondroid metaplasia of the CCL is an adaptation to abnormal mechanics within the stifle joint caused by altered bone morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kyllar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.,Companion Care, Broadstairs CT10 2RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Petr Čížek
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Effect of doxycycline on contralateral canine cranial cruciate ligament rupture. A prospective randomized clinical trial in 69 dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28:371-8. [PMID: 26423712 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-15-02-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether doxycycline administered to dogs with unilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture (Uni-CCLR) would decrease the risk of contralateral-CCLR (Co-CCLR). To evaluate predictors for Co-CCLR survival. To evaluate if a predisposition of Labrador Retrievers to Co-CCLR exists when compared to other breeds. METHODS In this prospective randomized controlled clinical trial, 69 client-owned dogs with Uni-CCLR were randomly assigned to a doxycycline (group-D: 7.5 mg/kg PO BID x 6 weeks) or non-doxycycline (group-ND: negative control). Medical and imaging data, time from Uni- to Co-CCLR and to follow-up were recorded. Statistics included chi-squared test, logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, log rank test, survival curves, and frailty model (p <0.05). RESULTS This study included 32 dogs in group-D, and 37 dogs in group-ND. Median follow-up was 54.5 and 61 months, respectively. Contralateral CCLR occurred in 53.1% and 48.6% at medians of 20 and 11 months, respectively. Doxycycline did not significantly decrease the risk of Co-CCLR (p = 0.83). This risk was decreased by 14.2% with each year of age but increased with each increasing kilogram of body weight and each increasing degree of tibial plateau angle by 5.4% and 9.7%, respectively. Labrador Retrievers were not significantly predisposed (p = 0.37). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE At the dose regimen investigated doxycycline does not decrease the risk for Co-CCLR.
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Oyama E, Kitagawa Y, Takahashi H. Primary structure and characterization of a non hemorrhagic metalloproteinase with fibrinolytic activity, from the snake venom of Protobothrops tokarensis (Tokara-habu). Toxicon 2013; 70:153-61. [PMID: 23668936 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A low molecular weight metalloproteinase, named PT-H₂ protease, with fibrinolytic activity, was purified from the venom of Protobothrops tokarensis (Tokara-habu) by gel-filtration using Sephadex G-100, and ion-exchange chromatographies using CM-Sepharose Fast Flow and Mono S HR 5/5. By this procedure, about 85 mg of purified protein were obtained from 1.0 g of P. tokarensis venom. The purified protein showed a single protein band with a molecular weight of about 22.5 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions. The pI of purified protein showed a single band of 6.8. This proteinase showed a strong fibrinolytic activity. Further, this proteinase showed fibrinogenase activity and proteolytic activity against synthetic substrates for matrix metalloproteinase, ADAM-17, and TACE (tumor necrosis factor converting enzyme). These proteolytic activities were inhibited by metalloproteinase inhibitors such as EDTA. PT-H₂ protease consisted of 201 amino acid residues and had a calculated molecular weight of 22,994.7 Da. This protein showed conservation of the Zn²⁺-binding HEXXHXXGXXHD sequence. PT-H₂ protease showed high homology from 51.7 to 99.5% with amino acid sequences of other snake venom metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Oyama
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan.
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Waldherr K, Zurbriggen A, Spreng DE, Forterre S. In vitro cytoprotective effects of acetylsalicylic acid, carprofen, meloxicam, or robenacoxib against apoptosis induced by sodium nitroprusside in canine cruciate ligament cells. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1752-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Forterre S, Zurbriggen A, Spreng D. Nitric oxide induces cell death in canine cruciate ligament cells by activation of tyrosine kinase and reactive oxygen species. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:40. [PMID: 22458692 PMCID: PMC3506925 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence suggesting that development of progressive canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture involves a gradual degeneration of the CCL itself, initiated by a combination of factors, ranging from mechanical to biochemical. To date, knowledge is lacking to what extent cruciate disease results from abnormal biomechanics on a normal ligament or contrary how far preliminary alterations of the ligament due to biochemical factors provoke abnormal biomechanics. This study is focused on nitric oxide (NO), one of the potential biochemical factors. The NO-donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) has been used to study NO-dependent cell death in canine cranial and caudal cruciate ligament cells and to characterize signaling mechanisms during NO-stimulation. Results Sodium nitroprusside increased apoptotic cell death dose- and time-dependently in cruciate ligamentocytes. Cells from the CCL were more susceptible to apoptosis than CaCL cells. Caspase-3 processing in response to SNP was not detected. Testing major upstream and signal transducing pathways, NO-induced cruciate ligament cell death seemed to be mediated on different levels. Specific inhibition of tyrosine kinase significantly decreased SNP-induced cell death. Mitogen activated protein kinase ERK1 and 2 are activated upon NO and provide anti-apoptotic signals whereas p38 kinase and protein kinase C are not involved. Moreover, data showed that the inhibition reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly reduced the level of cruciate ligament cell death. Conclusions Our data support the hypothesis that canine cruciate ligamentocytes, independently from their origin (CCL or CaCL) follow crucial signaling pathways involved in NO-induced cell death. However, the difference on susceptibility upon NO-mediated apoptosis seems to be dependent on other pathways than on these tested in the present study. In both, CCL and CaCL, the activation of the tyrosine kinase and the generation of ROS reveal important signaling pathways. In perspective, new efforts to prevent the development and progression of cruciate disease may include strategies aimed at reducing ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Forterre
- Division of Small Animal Surgery and Orthopedics, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Breshears LA, Cook JL, Stoker AM, Fox DB. Detection and evaluation of matrix metalloproteinases involved in cruciate ligament disease in dogs using multiplex bead technology. Vet Surg 2010; 39:306-14. [PMID: 20522211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) suspected to be involved in the initiation or progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) explant culture media using multiplex bead technology. STUDY DESIGN In vitro experimental study. ANIMALS Adult dogs with (n=10) and without (n=10) CCL deficiency. METHODS Based on clinical, radiographic, and gross evidence of CCL deficiency, excised CCL were classified as normal and intact (n=10) or partially torn (n=10). The ligament was excised and immediately placed in tissue culture. Culture media were sampled and replaced on days 3 and 6. MMP-1, 2, 3, 9, and 13 were quantified in explant media using a multiplexing machine that uses flow cytometry, microspheres, spectral dyes, lasers, digital signal processing, and traditional chemistry. MMP concentrations were determined using a standard curve constructed from the serial dilution of positive controls. Media MMP concentrations comparing the type of ligament and the time frame were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney rank sum test. RESULTS Media exposed to intact ligaments had >3 times the amount of MMP-2 than for partially torn ligaments on day 6 (P=.006). Media exposed to intact ligaments also had significantly higher levels of MMP-3 than for partially torn ligaments on day 3 (P=.035) and on day 6 (P=.05). CONCLUSIONS MMP multiplexing is a reliable, cost-effective, efficient, and sample-sparing method of MMP quantification. MMP-2, 3, 9, and 13 are released from CCL explants exposed to culture media and can be detected using multiplex bead technology. CLINICAL RELEVANCE CCL remnants exposed to the intra-articular environment may release degradative enzymes in vivo similar to that demonstrated in this in vitro study. Because MMPs are known to be involved in the initiation and progression of OA, debridement of these remnants as a component of treatment for cruciate disease in dogs deserves consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Breshears
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Abstract
The stifle joint of dogs is an organ comprised of multiple tissue types that must work in concert to maintain joint health and function. Cruciate disease in dogs is caused by a spectrum of causal and risk factors that result in a final common pathway of abnormal biomechanics and abnormal biology causing osteoarthritis, or organ failure, of the stifle and the clinical signs of lameness, pain, and limb dysfunction. It is vital to understand the components of the biologic and biomechanical pathologies to improve our understanding of cruciate disease in dogs so that we can improve preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for our canine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Cook
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Breshears LA, Cook JL, Stoker AM, Fox DB, Luther JK. The Effect of Uniaxial Cyclic Tensile Load on Gene Expression in Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligamentocytes. Vet Surg 2010; 39:433-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Bagheri MH, Nazhvani SD, Nikahval B, Pakbaz S, Tanideh N, Mehrabani D. Articular cartilage changes in experimental osteoarthritis in rabbits: MRI and morphological findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-009-0951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Muir P, Manley PA, Hao Z. COL-3 inhibition of collagen fragmentation in ruptured cranial cruciate ligament explants from dogs with stifle arthritis. Vet J 2007; 174:403-6. [PMID: 16978892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2006] [Revised: 05/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of collagen fragment generation in canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) explant cultures by the matrix metalloprotease inhibitor (6-demethyl)-6-deoxy-4-dedimethylamino tetracycline (COL-3) was studied. Cranial cruciate ligament specimens were collected from dogs with inflammatory stifle arthritis/CCL rupture and dogs with normal stifles. Explant cultures from each CCL specimen included one COL-3 treated explant and a baseline control; explants from 12 ruptured CCLs were prepared in triplicate and a protease inhibitor cocktail positive control was used. Explant supernatants were analyzed for generation of collagen fragments after two days. Treatment of ruptured CCL explants with 10(-4)M COL-3 decreased generation of collagen fragments. The extent of this inhibition was increased in explants treated with a protease inhibitor cocktail. Generation of collagen fragments was increased in ruptured CCLs, when compared with intact CCLs. It is concluded that generation of collagen fragments was increased in pathological ruptured CCL explants. This degradation could be significantly inhibited in vitro by 10(-4)M COL-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the gross, microscopic, and functional anatomy of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Literature review. METHODS Reports of the anatomy and function of the cruciate ligaments in dogs were retrieved by search of the 1975-2005 PubMed database. RESULTS The CCL has an important biomechanical function resisting cranial drawer, hyperextension, and internal rotation and acts to fine tune and guide the stifle through its rolling and sliding motion. It has a complex architecture, and distinct geographic regions within the ligament have different functional roles depending on the angle and loading conditions. Collagen type I is the main component of the extracellular matrix; the fibrils have a crimped structure. The cruciate ligaments are almost completely covered by synovium, protecting them from synovial fluid. Cruciate blood supply is mainly of soft tissue origin. The intraligamentous network is relatively limited whereas the core of the middle third of the CCL is even less well vascularized. Neurohistologic studies are very limited in the dog. Various mechanoreceptors and proprioceptive receptors have been identified within the substance of the cruciate ligaments. CONCLUSIONS CCL structural characteristics play an important part in its complex behaviour with the crimped pattern of the collagen fibrils being an important determinant of its biomechanical properties. In contrast to reports of managing CCL rupture, there are few reports describing the microanatomy and neurovascular morphology of the cruciate ligaments. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cruciate disease is likely multi-factorial. Improved understanding of CCL degradation leading to CCL rupture is critical to development of new diagnostic tests for cruciate disease in dogs. Appropriate intervention during the early stages of disease process might preserve CCL structural properties by preventing further collagen degradation. Accurate knowledge of functional and fiber bundle anatomy is imperative for reconstruction and restoration of normal stifle joint physiology. Reconstructive goals should alleviate existing instability and mimic normal kinematics. Knowledge of the exact function of the CCL in the neuromuscular control around the stifle joint could possibly explain osteoarthritis progression after CCL damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde de Rooster
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Louis E, Remer KA, Doherr MG, Neumann U, Jungi T, Schawalder P, Spreng D. Nitric oxide and metalloproteinases in canine articular ligaments: A comparison between the cranial cruciate, the medial genual collateral and the femoral head ligament. Vet J 2006; 172:466-72. [PMID: 16154786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis due to cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture or hip dysplasia is one of the most important causes of chronic lameness in dogs. This study aimed at comparing nitric oxide (NO) production by the CCL with that of the femoral head ligament (FHL) and the medial collateral ligament (MCL), and investigating the pathway of NO production and the concomitant metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in the presence or absence of an inflammatory stimulus. Ligaments of normal dogs were subjected to different stimuli, and NO and MMP activity from explant culture supernatants were compared. The results showed that in explant cultures of the canine CCL more NO was produced than in those of the other two ligaments. A higher level of NO was produced when CCLs were exposed to the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-inducing cocktail TNF/IL-1/LPS, and NO synthesis could be inhibited by both l-NMMA, a general nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor and l-NIL, a specific iNOS inhibitor. However, a correlation between NO synthesis and iNOS expression levels as determined by immunohistochemistry was not observed. In contrast to CCL, no evidence for iNOS-dependent NO synthesis was observed for MCL and FHL. The CCL produced less MMP than MCL and FHL, and no correlation between MMP and NO could be demonstrated. MMP activity in the CCL increased significantly after 48 h of incubation with the inflammatory stimulus. The results suggest that in canine osteoarthritis NO synthesized by canine CCL plays a more important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis of the stifle than that synthesized by FHL and MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Louis
- Divisions of Small Animal Surgery and Orthopedics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Collagen fragmentation in cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) explants and stifle synovial fluid was investigated in dogs with ruptured and intact CCL. Cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activities were determined in CCL explant supernatants. Formation of collagen fragments was determined in explant supernatants and stifle synovial fluid. Cathepsin K(+) and TRAP(+) cells were stained specifically in histological sections of CCL. Formation of telopeptide collagen fragments was increased in ruptured CCL explants and stifle synovial fluid from dogs with ruptured CCL. In ruptured CCL explants, release of collagen fragments was associated with extracellular release of TRAP and the presence of cathepsin K(+) cells within CCL tissue. Cathepsin K(+) and TRAP(+) cells were only seen in ruptured CCL. It was concluded that infiltration of the CCL with TRAP(+) cells in dogs with CCL rupture is associated with increased collagenolysis. It is hypothesized that recruitment and activation of TRAP(+) mononuclear cells within the synovium and CCL precipitates CCL rupture through upregulation of collagenolytic enzymes and collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muir
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Comerford EJ, Tarlton JF, Wales A, Bailey AJ, Innes JF. Ultrastructural Differences in Cranial Cruciate Ligaments from Dogs of Two Breeds with a Differing Predisposition to Ligament Degeneration and Rupture. J Comp Pathol 2006; 134:8-16. [PMID: 16330041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cranial (anterior) cruciate ligament (CCL) samples were obtained from dogs of the Labrador retriever (LR) and greyhound (GH) breeds, of which the former but not the latter is predisposed to CCL rupture. Electron microscopy revealed that the collagen fibril diameters of GHs were larger than those of LRs (P=0.03). Histological examination revealed a "fibrocartilaginous" appearance of CCLs in seven of eight GHs, and, to a lesser extent, in three of eight LRs. The formation of fibrocartilage is clearly not a disadvantage to the healthy racing GH, and cannot be regarded as a pathological degeneration in this breed. It is suggested that fibrocartilage is formed as a beneficial physiological adaptation to the compression of CCLs caused by tensile stress as a result of the tightening of two twisted bands. Fibrocartilage would appear to protect CCLs in the GH, but it may be indicative of a mild degenerative change, which may eventually lead to rupture in the LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Comerford
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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Hurter K, Spreng D, Rytz U, Schawalder P, Ott-Knüsel F, Schmökel H. Measurements of C-reactive protein in serum and lactate dehydrogenase in serum and synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. Vet J 2005; 169:281-5. [PMID: 15727922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) is based upon the clinical orthopaedic examination and the radiographic assessment, both of which can be non-specific and insensitive in early joint disease. The aim of our study was to investigate if there is an increase in serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in degenerative joint disease (DJD) and if CRP could be used to help diagnose OA. We also wished to investigate whether it was possible to distinguish a joint with clinically and radiographically confirmed OA from a healthy joint by comparing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels within the synovial fluid and the serum. We have shown a difference in synovial LDH levels between diseased and healthy joints (P<0.0001). There was also a significant difference between LDH in arthritic synovial fluid and serum, with no correlation between the values. Despite the fact that the values of our clinical patients tended to be higher than the values of our control group (P=0.05) all measured values were within the normal limits of previous publications. From these data, we conclude that single measurements of serum CRP do not permit detection of OA in clinical patients and that serum LDH is not a reliable marker for osteoarthritis. LDH levels in the synovial fluid could be of diagnostic value for identifying osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hurter
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Small Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, University of Berne, Laenggassstrasse 128, Postfach, 3001 Berne, Switzerland.
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Hayashi K, Manley PA, Muir P. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Pathophysiology in Dogs With Cruciate Disease: A Review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004; 40:385-90. [PMID: 15347618 DOI: 10.5326/0400385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cruciate disease is a common cause of chronic lameness in dogs. Midsubstance rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) arises from progressive pathological failure, often under conditions of normal loading in adult dogs with CCL instability. A high risk of rupture is associated with inflammation of the synovium and adaptive or degenerative changes in the cells and matrix of the CCL. In contrast, CCL rupture in puppies is usually associated with traumatic injury and avulsion of the CCL from its sites of attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hayashi
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Yamaguchi M, Abiko Y, Nishimura M, Saitoh M, Kaku T. An Immunohistochemical Study of the Localization of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and Heat Shock Protein (HSP) in Pleomorphic Adenoma. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.37.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Yoshihiro Abiko
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Michiko Nishimura
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Masato Saitoh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Tohru Kaku
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
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Hunter RP. Nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase and inflammation in veterinary medicine. Anim Health Res Rev 2003. [PMID: 12665111 DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a process consisting of a complex of cytological and chemical reactions which occur in and around affected blood vessels and adjacent tissues in response to an injury caused by a physical, chemical or biological insult. Much work has been performed in the past several years investigating inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS, EC 1.14.13.39) and nitric oxide in inflammation. This has resulted in a rapid increase in knowledge about iNOS and nitric oxide. Nitric oxide formation from inducible NOS is regulated by numerous inflammatory mediators, often with contradictory effects, depending upon the type and duration of the inflammatory insult. Equine medicine appears to have benefited the most from the increased interest in this small, inflammatory mediator. Most of the information on nitric oxide in traditional veterinary species has been produced using models or naturally occurring inflammatory diseases of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Hunter
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 129 Coles Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5802, USA.
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