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Reynolds BS, Chetboul V, Elliott J, Laxalde J, Nguyen P, Testault I, Dorso L, Abadie J, Lefebvre HP, Biourge V. Long-term safety of dietary salt: A 5-year ProspEctive rAndomized bliNded and controlled stUdy in healThy aged cats (PEANUT study). J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:285-299. [PMID: 38084870 PMCID: PMC10800216 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-salt diets promote urine dilution and decrease urolithiasis risk. OBJECTIVE Prospectively evaluate the safety of chronic high dietary salt intake (randomized controlled trial). ANIMALS Twenty research colony neutered, healthy aged cats (11.5 years [10.0-11.6], median [interquartile range]). METHODS Healthy cats were randomized to control or high-salt dry diets (sodium: 1.02 ± 0.16 [mean, SD] and 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal metabolizable energy [ME], respectively; chloride: 2.26 ± 0.33 and 5.71 ± 0.28 g/Mcal ME, respectively), fed for up to 60 months. Assessments included CBC, plasma biochemistry, urinalysis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, renal and cardiac (conventional Doppler and 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler) imaging, annually. Cats that died or were euthanized underwent necropsy. Diet effects over time were evaluated with linear mixed models. RESULTS Follow-up duration (median [Interquartile range]) was similar between the control (38.7 months [28.6-48.2]) and high-salt group (51.4 months [45.7-59.0]). Diet had no significant effect on changes in GFR, blood pressure, plasma creatinine concentration, end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall thicknesses, LV internal diameters, LV systolic function, left atrial size, or systolic and diastolic Doppler variables. One control cat developed hypertension. One high-salt group cat developed persistent azotemia. Serial plasma biochemistry and urine specific gravity suggested early chronic kidney disease in 4 nonazotemic cats (2 per group), consistent with necropsy findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In healthy aged cats, a commercial veterinary diet containing 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal ME sodium was safe with regard to renal and cardiac function for up to 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Chetboul
- Unité de cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), CHUVAEcole Nationale Vétérinare d'AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance
- Université Paris‐Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRBCréteilFrance
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Patrick Nguyen
- Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, LUNAM UniversitéOnirisNantesFrance
| | | | - Laëticia Dorso
- Centre hospitalier Univesitaire VétérinaireOnirisNantesFrance
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Pérez-López L, Boronat M, Melián C, Santana A, Brito-Casillas Y, Wägner AM. Short-term evaluation of renal markers in overweight adult cats. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:572-578. [PMID: 36639961 PMCID: PMC10029907 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been proposed as an independently risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people, but its role in feline kidney function is unknown. OBJECTIVE Obesity has been proposed as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people, but its role in feline kidney function is unknown. This study prospectively evaluated the effect of overweight on the concentration of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and creatinine in a cohort of healthy cats. METHODS Forty healthy adult cats were included, 14 with a body condition score (BCS) = 5 and 26 with a BCS > 5. Cats were examined every 6 months, for up to 12 months. SDMA and creatinine were measured at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS No effect was found for time of follow-up (p = 0.072), overweight (p = 0.9442) or their interaction (p = 0.902) on SDMA, though a significant effect was found for age (p < 0.001) [older cats showing higher SDMA] and sex (p = 0.007) [male cats showing higher SDMA]. Regarding creatinine, no effect for time (p = 0.671), age (p = 0.061), overweight (p = 0.319) or the latter's interaction (p = 0.386) were found. CONCLUSIONS In the short term, markers of renal function did not show an association with overweight. The role of obesity in feline kidney function still warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-López
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Mauro Boronat
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos Melián
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Animal Pathology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Angelo Santana
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Yeray Brito-Casillas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ana M Wägner
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Quimby JM, McLeland SM, Cianciolo RE, Lunn KF, Lulich JP, Erikson A, Barron LB. Frequency of histologic lesions in the kidneys of cats without kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e472-e480. [PMID: 36475921 PMCID: PMC10812332 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221123768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In humans, renal aging is associated with an increased frequency of glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation and tubular atrophy. The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of renal histopathologic lesions in cats without kidney disease. METHODS A cross-sectional study of archival kidney tissue from 74 cats without kidney disease (serum creatinine <1.6 mg/dl; urine specific gravity >1.035) was carried out: 0-4 years (young, n = 18); 5-9 years (mature, n = 16); 10-14 years (senior, n = 34), 15+ years (geriatric, n = 6). Glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and the presence or absence of lipid in the interstitium and tubules were scored by a pathologist masked to clinical data. Statistical analyses were performed as appropriate. RESULTS Geriatric cats had significantly more glomerulosclerosis than mature (P = 0.01) and young cats (P = 0.004). Senior cats had significantly more glomerulosclerosis than young cats (P = 0.006). Glomerulosclerosis was weakly positively correlated with age (r = 0.48; P <0.0001). Geriatric cats had significantly more tubular atrophy than mature (P = 0.02) and young cats (P <0.0001). Senior cats had significantly more tubular atrophy than young cats (P <0.0001). Geriatric cats had significantly more inflammation than senior cats (P = 0.02), mature cats (P = 0.01) and young cats (P <0.0001). Senior cats had significantly more inflammation than young cats (P = 0.004). Geriatric and senior cats had significantly more fibrosis than young cats (P = 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively). Frequency of tubular lipid increased with age (young: 28%; mature: 56%; senior: 79%; geriatric: 100%) as did the frequency of interstitial lipid (young: 22%, mature: 56%, senior: 85%, geriatric: 100%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Evidence of renal aging exists in cats. These changes imply that the aging kidney may be more susceptible to injury and impaired healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Quimby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shannon M McLeland
- International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rachel E Cianciolo
- International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katharine F Lunn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jody P Lulich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Andrea Erikson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lara B Barron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
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Drug-Dosing Adjustment in Dogs and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030262. [PMID: 35158584 PMCID: PMC8833495 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a common kidney disorder in adult and aged dogs and cats; the management of associated complications and comorbidities generally requires a life-long medical treatment to ensure a good quality of life of affected patients. However, indications and the literature on drug dosing in dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease are often lacking. The aim of this review is to revise the current literature on drug dosing in canine and feline patients with renal impairment, with a special focus on the most commonly used medications to manage chronic kidney disease and possible comorbidities.
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Kongara K, Cave N, Weidgraaf K, Rao Dukkipati VS. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on glomerular filtration rate and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in cats after dental surgery. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:631-636. [PMID: 32792267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of meloxicam or carprofen on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and to evaluate the effect of meloxicam on urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, of cats after dental surgery. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, blinded, controlled trial. ANIMALS A total of 24 mixed breed cats. METHODS Cats were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 8 per group): meloxicam (0.2 mg kg-1); carprofen (4 mg kg-1); or saline (2 mL). Acepromazine (0.04 mg kg-1) and buprenorphine (0.02 mg kg-1) were administered intramuscularly as preanaesthetic medication. Test drugs were injected subcutaneously at the time of preanaesthetic medication. Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (fR), heart rate (HR) and haemoglobin oxygen saturation values (SpO2) were recorded. All cats underwent ultrasonic dental scaling with polishing. Teeth extraction involved mucosal flap creation, removal of alveolar bone and flap closure. Plasma iohexol clearance (ICL), a measure of GFR, was estimated before and 24 hours after anaesthesia induction in all cats. Urinary NAG index was estimated in saline and meloxicam groups at the same time points as GFR. Between-group and -time point differences in GFR and NAG index were compared using mixed model analyses. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (p < 0.05). RESULTS There was no significant difference in plasma ICL rate (range: from 1.22 ± 0.05 to 1.27 ± 0.04 mL kg minute-1) between groups or between time points. Urinary NAG index (range: from 1.0 ± 0.19 to 1.36 ± 0.29 Units gram-1) was not significantly different between meloxicam and saline groups. MAP, HR, fR and SpO2 did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Meloxicam and carprofen appeared to produce nonsignificant effects on GFR, and meloxicam did not affect the urinary NAG activity, of cats after dental surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kongara
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Nick Cave
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Karin Weidgraaf
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Snead EC, Milo JE, McCrea CA, Montgomery JE, Feng CX, Wesolowski MJ, Wanasundara SN, Wesolowski CA. Tikhonov gamma variate adaptive regularization applied to technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid plasma clearance, compared with three other methods, for measuring glomerular filtration rate in cats. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:416-424. [PMID: 30919678 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.4.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate agreement of 4 methods (Tikhonov gamma variate adaptive regularization of plasma concentration-time curve fitting applied to technetium Tc 99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid [99mTc-DTPA] plasma clearance [Tk-GV], plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine [CrCL], Gates gamma camera-based measurement method with 99mTc-DTPA renal clearance and dynamic scintigraphy [GTS], and iohexol renal clearance assessed with dynamic CT with Patlak plotting [CT-Pp]) for measuring glomerular filtration rates (GFR) in healthy cats. ANIMALS 7 healthy, laboratory-raised cats. PROCEDURES Each method for measuring GFR was performed twice in 7 cats at 24-day intervals. The Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test was used to compare the results obtained from the 14 studies for each method. Results from the 4 methods were assessed for agreement and correlation. RESULTS The median GFR values were 2.75, 2.83, 3.14, and 4.26 mL/min/kg, for Tk-GV, CT-Pp, plasma CrCL, and GTS, respectively. Analysis with Wilcoxon signed-rank sum tests identified significant pairwise differences between results obtained with the Tk-GV versus the plasma CrCL method, the Tk-GV versus the GTS method, and the plasma CrCL versus the GTS method. The least variable method was Tk-GV, with an SD of 1.27 (mL/min/kg). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings indicated that Tk-GV yielded GFR measurements comparable with those obtained with CT-Pp, plasma CrCL, and GTS; however, the Tk-GV method yielded the tightest range of results among the methods evaluated.
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Rosselli DD, Mumaw JL, Dickerson V, Brown CA, Brown SA, Schmiedt CW. Efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell administration in a model of acute ischemic kidney injury in cats. Res Vet Sci 2016; 108:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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Albarellos GA, Montoya L, Passini SM, Lupi MP, Lorenzini PM, Landoni MF. Pharmacokinetics of meropenem after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration to cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:976-980. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15604655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and predicted efficacy of meropenem after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administration to cats at a single dose of 10 mg/kg. Methods Five adult healthy cats were used. Blood samples were withdrawn at predetermined times over a 12 h period. Meropenem concentrations were determined by microbiological assay. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed with computer software. Initial estimates were determined using the residual method and refitted by non-linear regression. The time that plasma concentrations were greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration (T >MIC) was estimated by applying bibliographic MIC values and meropenem MIC breakpoint. Results Maximum plasma concentrations of meropenem were 101.02 µg/ml (Cp(0), IV), 27.21 µg/ml (Cmax, IM) and 15.57 µg/ml (Cmax, SC). Bioavailability was 99.69% (IM) and 96.52 % (SC). Elimination half-lives for the IV, IM and SC administration were 1.35, 2.10 and 2.26 h, respectively. Conclusions and relevance Meropenem, when administered to cats at a dose of 10 mg/kg q12h,, is effective against bacteria with MIC values of 6 μg/ml, 7 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml for IV, IM and SC administration, respectively. However, clinical trials are necessary to confirm clinical efficacy of the proposed dosage regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Albarellos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Montoya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabrina M Passini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín P Lupi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula M Lorenzini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F Landoni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sasaki Y, Iwama R, Shimamura S, Katayama M, Uzuka Y, Yabe K, Takasuna K, Satoh H, Furuhama K. Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in dogs by a single-blood sample method involving iodixanol. Am J Vet Res 2016; 76:828-35. [PMID: 26309112 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.9.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a simplified single-blood-sample method (SBSM) involving iodixanol to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in dogs and compare data provided by that procedure with data provided by a conventional multiple-blood-sample method (MBSM) involving inulin. ANIMALS 26 healthy dogs and 36 dogs with naturally occurring renal disease. PROCEDURES Dogs were used in various preliminary experiments to establish protocols for the SBSM and the MBSM of GFR estimation. To evaluate the relationship between GFRs obtained by the SBSM and the MBSM each involving iodixanol, iodixanol (40 mg of I/kg) was administered IV to 26 healthy dogs and 36 dogs with renal disease; blood sample collection was performed before and at 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the injection. To evaluate the relationship between GFRs obtained by the SBSM involving iodixanol and the MBSM involving inulin, iodixanol (40 mg of I/kg) and inulin (50 mg/kg) were coadministered IV to 22 healthy dogs and 3 dogs with renal disease, followed by blood sample collection 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes later. Serum iodixanol and inulin concentrations were separately determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Findings revealed a correlation (r = 0.99) between GFR estimated by the SBSM and MBSM each involving iodixanol. Likewise, GFR estimated by the SBSM involving iodixanol was correlated (r = 0.89) with that estimated by the MBSM involving inulin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that the SBSM involving iodixanol can be applied to estimate GFR in dogs, instead of use of an MBSM.
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Finch NC, Syme HM, Elliott J. Risk Factors for Development of Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:602-10. [PMID: 26948860 PMCID: PMC4864943 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of risk factors for development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats may aid in its earlier detection. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Evaluation of clinical and questionnaire data will identify risk factors for development of azotemic CKD in cats. ANIMALS One hundred and forty-eight client-owned geriatric (>9 years) cats. METHODS Cats were recruited into the study and followed longitudinally for a variable time. Owners were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their pet at enrollment. Additional data regarding dental disease were obtained when available by development of a dental categorization system. Variables were explored in univariable and multivariable Cox regression models. RESULTS In the final multivariable Cox regression model, annual/frequent vaccination (P value, .003; hazard ratio, 5.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.83-17.64), moderate dental disease (P value, .008; hazard ratio, 13.83; 95% confidence interval, 2.01-94.99), and severe dental disease (P value, .001; hazard ratio, 35.35; 95% confidence interval, 4.31-289.73) predicted development of azotemic CKD. CONCLUSION Our study suggests independent associations between both vaccination frequency and severity of dental disease and development of CKD. Further studies to explore the pathophysiological mechanism of renal injury for these risk factors are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Finch
- Bristol Renal, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - H M Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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James DR, Collins D, Johnson PJ, Marchevsky AM. Chronic urinary bladder torsion causing urinary incontinence in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2015; 1:2055116915603384. [PMID: 28491385 PMCID: PMC5362012 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915603384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 10-month-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented for urinary incontinence. The cat was azotaemic, and ultrasound examination identified hydroureter and hydronephrosis. Subsequent computed tomography (CT) contrast pyelography allowed a diagnosis of urinary bladder torsion. Surgical findings and treatment are described. Postoperatively, incontinence and azotaemia resolved, and marked improvements were documented with ultrasound and CT in urinary tract structural abnormalities. Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, urinary bladder torsion has not been previously reported in the cat. This case most probably occurred as a complication of ovariohysterectomy, as has been reported in the dog; however, the presenting sign of chronic urinary incontinence is unique. Response to surgical correction was favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R James
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Collins
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Andrew M Marchevsky
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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13
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Schmiedt CW, Brainard BM, Hinson W, Brown SA, Brown CA. Unilateral Renal Ischemia as a Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Fibrosis in Cats. Vet Pathol 2015; 53:87-101. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815600500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to define the acute and chronic effects of 1-hour unilateral in vivo renal ischemia on renal function and histology in cats. Twenty-one adult purpose-bred research cats were anesthetized, and 1 kidney underwent renal artery and vein occlusion for 1 hour. Serum creatinine and urea concentrations, urine protein:creatinine ratio, urine-specific gravity, glomerular filtration rate, hematocrit, platelet concentration and function, and white blood cell count were measured at baseline and variable time points after ischemia. Renal histopathology was evaluated on days 3, 6, 12, 21, 42, and 70 postischemia; changes in smooth muscle actin and interstitial collagen were examined. Following ischemia, whole animal glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced (57% of baseline on day 6; P < .05). At the early time points, the ischemic kidneys exhibited severe acute epithelial necrosis accompanied by evidence of regeneration of tubules predominantly within the corticomedullary junction. At later periods, postischemic kidneys had evidence of tubular atrophy and interstitial inflammation with significantly more smooth muscle actin and interstitial collagen staining and interstitial fibrosis when compared with the contralateral control kidneys. This study characterizes the course of ischemic acute kidney injury in cats and demonstrates that ischemic acute kidney injury triggers chronic fibrosis, interstitial inflammation, and tubular atrophy in feline kidneys. These late changes are typical of those observed in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. W. Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - B. M. Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - W. Hinson
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S. A. Brown
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - C. A. Brown
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Paepe D, Lefebvre HP, Concordet D, van Hoek I, Croubels S, Daminet S. Simplified methods for estimating glomerular filtration rate in cats and for detection of cats with low or borderline glomerular filtration rate. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:889-900. [PMID: 25518848 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14561106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diagnosis of early feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is challenging. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best overall indicator of kidney function, but multisample plasma clearance methods to determine GFR are labour intensive, time consuming and stressful for feline patients. This study aimed to develop simplified methods to detect decreased GFR in cats. METHODS Data from a nine-sample combined plasma exogenous creatinine-iohexol clearance test of 73 cats were used. Limited sampling strategies were developed by comparing all sampling time combinations with the complete nine sampling times set and selecting the best sampling time combinations based on maximum relative error. By regression analysis, the ability of routine blood (serum creatinine, serum urea) and urine (urine specific gravity, urinary protein:creatinine ratio) variables to predict GFR or identify cats with low or borderline GFR was examined. Cut-off clearance marker concentrations to predict low or borderline GFR was determined at three time points after marker injection. All procedures were analysed for three clearance markers (exo-iohexol, creatinine, endo-iohexol). RESULTS For reliable estimation of GFR, at least three blood samples for clinical purposes and five blood samples for research purposes are required. Regression formulae based on routine variables did not reliably predict GFR, but accurately identified cats with low (sensitivity 96.5-98.2%; specificity 60-91.3%) or borderline (sensitivity 91.1-96%; specificity 76.5-81.8%) GFR. Clearance marker concentrations exceeding given marker cut-off concentrations also identified cats with low or borderline GFR with high sensitivities and specificities. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These simplified methods will facilitate the detection of early kidney dysfunction in cats. Early diagnosis allows timely therapeutic intervention, and future studies must reveal whether this improves the long-term outcome of cats with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hervé P Lefebvre
- University of Toulouse, INP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Clinical Research Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Concordet
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, France
| | - Ingrid van Hoek
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium Current address: Royal Canin SAS, BP 4 - 650, Avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470, Aimargues, France
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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15
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Reynolds BS, Massal MR, Nguyen P, Grégoire LL, Périgaud AE, Concordet D, Biourge V, Lefebvre HP. Plasma exogenous creatinine clearance in clinically healthy cats: comparison with urinary exogenous creatinine clearance, tentative reference intervals and indexation to bodyweight. Vet J 2014; 202:157-65. [PMID: 25193408 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered to be the best indicator of overall kidney function. The major objectives of this study were to compare plasma exogenous creatinine clearance (PECC) with a reference method, to establish reference intervals (RIs) for PECC and to assess the effects of indexation of GFR to bodyweight (BW) in cats. PECC was compared with urinary clearance of exogenous creatinine (UECC) in six clinically healthy domestic shorthair cats (experiment 1). Tentative RIs were determined according to current guidelines and the effects of indexation to BW and of covariables on GFR were assessed in 43 clinically healthy cats of various breeds (experiment 2). PECC was 15% higher than UECC (P <0.01), but the two estimates were strongly correlated (r(2)=0.97, P = 0.001). RIs for PECC were 6.4-21.3 mL/min or 1.2-4.9 mL/min/kg. The absolute (i.e. non-indexed) GFR value was not dependent on BW. Thus, indexation of GFR to BW in cats would not standardize the GFR value, but could introduce bias in clinical interpretation. Significant effects of breed, plasma protein concentration and plasma albumin concentration on GFR were demonstrated. Plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine, when assessed separately, were also weakly correlated with GFR in healthy cats. These combined findings contribute to a better understanding of renal function assessment in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Reynolds
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, F-31076 cedex 03 Toulouse, France.
| | - M R Massal
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, F-31076 cedex 03 Toulouse, France
| | - P Nguyen
- Unité de Nutrition et d'Endocrinologie, Oniris, F-44307, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - L L Grégoire
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, F-31076 cedex 03 Toulouse, France
| | - A E Périgaud
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, F-31076 cedex 03 Toulouse, France
| | - D Concordet
- UMR 1331 Toxalim, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, F-31076 cedex 03 Toulouse, France
| | - V Biourge
- Royal Canin SAS, Centre de Recherches, F-30470, Aimargues, France
| | - H P Lefebvre
- Unité de Recherche Clinique, Université de Toulouse, INP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, F-31076 cedex 03 Toulouse, France
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16
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Abstract
Practical relevance: Routinely used markers of renal function in clinical practice include urea and creatinine. However, these are insensitive markers, particularly in the early stages of kidney disease. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is regarded as the most sensitive index of functioning renal mass. It may be useful for feline patients in varying clinical scenarios; for example, where a more accurate measurement of renal function may aid diagnosis, to enable response to therapeutic interventions to be more closely monitored, or to evaluate renal function prior to the use of nephrotoxic or renally cleared drugs. Clinical challenges: Traditional methods of measuring GFR, such as renal clearance or multisample plasma clearance techniques, are generally impractical for clinical use. Limited sampling and single sample plasma clearance methods using the filtration marker iohexol have been validated in cats. These have the advantages of reduced stress to cats associated with repeated sampling and reduced costs of analysis, and therefore offer greater clinical utility. Attempts to develop an estimated GFR (eGFR) formula similar to that used in human patients have been made in cats, although currently an accurate and reliable formula is not available. Audience: This review presents the basis for the theoretical understanding and practical measurement of GFR for any veterinary practitioner wishing to obtain a more accurate and sensitive assessment of renal function than routinely used markers provide. Evidence base: The review draws evidence from peer-reviewed publications, the author’s PhD thesis and also clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Finch
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 7UD, UK
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17
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Paepe D, Daminet S. Feline CKD: Diagnosis, staging and screening - what is recommended? J Feline Med Surg 2014; 15 Suppl 1:15-27. [PMID: 23999183 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13495235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently encountered by veterinarians. Timely diagnosis and staging may facilitate the initiation of adequate therapy and improve the prognosis for patients. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline CKD is diagnosed based on the presence of compatible clinical signs and renal azotaemia, which implies that urinalysis (particularly urine specific gravity) is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis. Although the diagnosis of advanced feline CKD and associated complications is usually straightforward, based on complete blood and urine examination, all routine blood and urine tests have their limitations in detecting early CKD. Therefore, diagnosing early or non-azotaemic CKD is much more challenging. Although determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would be ideal to identify early kidney dysfunction, practical limitations hamper its routine use in clinical practice. PATIENT GROUP CKD is typically a disease of aged cats, but may affect cats of all ages. Conclusive breed and sex predispositions for feline CKD are not reported. AUDIENCE This review is directed at practising veterinarians and provides an overview of the required diagnostic tests, the classification system established by the International Renal Interest Society, and the importance of and possible techniques for early detection of CKD. EVIDENCE BASE Staging of cats with CKD is essential as it directs management and provides a prognostic guide. Given that diagnosis at early disease stages is associated with more prolonged survival times, simple, inexpensive and accurate methods for early CKD diagnosis are needed. Techniques currently under investigation include limited sampling strategies to estimate GFR, clearance marker cut-off concentrations to identify cats with low GFR, new indirect GFR markers and urinary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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18
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Valentina M, Grazia G, Pierre M, Gloria B, Ilaria L. A Limited Sampling, Simple, and Useful Method for Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Cats by Using a New Accurate HPLC Method to Measure Iohexol Plasmatic Concentrations. J Vet Med 2013; 2013:569121. [PMID: 26464907 PMCID: PMC4590869 DOI: 10.1155/2013/569121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is still a highly underutilized tool in cats because available methods are not easy to be performed in clinical practice. Iohexol (IOX) has been shown to be a useful and reliable marker of GFR both in animals and in humans. The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid and reliable method for measuring IOX in feline plasma and to evaluate the accuracy of limited sampling models to establish a low-cost and clinically suitable GFR test. IOX concentrations were determined by using a new HPLC-UV method. GFR was assessed as plasma clearance of IOX, which was calculated by dividing dose administered by area under the curve of plasmatic concentration versus time (AUC), and indexed to body weight (BW). Correlation and agreement analysis between the GFR values obtained by a seven-point clearance method and the GFR values determined by the application of simplified sample combinations indicated that the 3-blood sample clearance model (5, 30, and 60 min) was the best simplified method because it provided an accurate GFR value in only one hour. The reported method is a simple and accurate way of GFR determination, which may be easily used in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meucci Valentina
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guidi Grazia
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Melanie Pierre
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Breghi Gloria
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lippi Ilaria
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Via Livornese Lato Monte, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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20
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Pressler BM. Clinical approach to advanced renal function testing in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:1193-208, v. [PMID: 24144085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Serum creatinine concentration is insensitive for detecting kidney injury and does not assist in differentiation between glomerular versus tubular damage. Advanced renal function tests, including glomerular filtration rate testing, determining fractional excretion of electrolytes, and assay of urine biomarkers, may allow earlier detection of reduced renal function mass, differentiation of renal from non-renal causes of azotemia, and assist with localization of damage. This article reviews the principles, indications, and limitations of these tests and describes their use in sample clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrak M Pressler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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21
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Finch N, Heiene R, Elliott J, Syme H, Peters A. A Single Sample Method for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate in Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:782-90. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Heiene
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo Norway
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22
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Reynolds B, Chetboul V, Nguyen P, Testault I, Concordet D, Carlos Sampedrano C, Elliott J, Trehiou-Sechi E, Abadie J, Biourge V, Lefebvre H. Effects of Dietary Salt Intake on Renal Function: A 2-Year Study in Healthy Aged Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:507-15. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B.S. Reynolds
- Unité de Recherche Clinique; Université de Toulouse; INP; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - V. Chetboul
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
- INSERM; France
| | - P. Nguyen
- Unité de Nutrition et d'Endocrinologie; Oniris; Nantes France
| | | | - D.V. Concordet
- UMR 1331 Toxalim; INRA; Université de Toulouse; INP; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - C. Carlos Sampedrano
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J. Elliott
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; London UK
| | - E. Trehiou-Sechi
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J. Abadie
- Department of Pathology; Oniris; Nantes France
| | - V. Biourge
- Royal Canin SAS; Centre de Recherches; Aimargues France
| | - H.P. Lefebvre
- Unité de Recherche Clinique; Université de Toulouse; INP; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
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23
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Collignon CM, Heiene R, Queau Y, Reynolds BS, Craig AJ, Concordet D, Harran NX, Risøen U, Balouka D, Faucher MR, Eliassen KA, Biourge V, Lefebvre HP. Comparison of pharmacokinetic variables for creatinine and iohexol in dogs with various degrees of renal function. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1841-7. [PMID: 23106473 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare pharmacokinetics and clearances of creatinine and iohexol as estimates of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in dogs with various degrees of renal function. ANIMALS 50 Great Anglo-Francais Tricolor Hounds with various degrees of renal function. PROCEDURES Boluses of iohexol (40 mg/kg) and creatinine (647 mg/kg) were injected IV. Blood samples were collected before administration and 5 and 10 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after administration. Plasma creatinine and iohexol concentrations were assayed via an enzymatic method and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. A noncompartmental approach was used for pharmacokinetic analysis. Pharmacokinetic variables were compared via a Bland-Altman plot and an ANOVA. RESULTS Compared with results for creatinine, iohexol had a significantly higher mean ± SD plasma clearance (3.4 ± 0.8 mL/min/kg vs 3.0 ± 0.7 mL/min/kg) and a significantly lower mean volume of distribution at steady state (250 ± 37 mL/kg vs 539 ± 73 mL/kg), mean residence time (80 ± 31 minutes vs 195 ± 73 minutes), and mean elimination half-life (74 ± 20 minutes vs 173 ± 53 minutes). Despite discrepancies between clearances, especially for high values, the difference was < 0.6 mL/min/kg for 34 (68%) dogs. Three dogs with a low GFR (< 2 mL/min/kg) were classified similarly by both methods. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Plasma iohexol and creatinine clearances can be used interchangeably for screening patients suspected of having chronic kidney disease (ie, low GFR), but large differences may exist for dogs with a GFR within or above the reference range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile M Collignon
- Unité de recherche clinique, Institut national polytechnique de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, F-31076 Toulouse, France
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24
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Schmiedt C, Nelson S, Brainard B, Brown C, Vandenplas M, Hurley D. Bilateral renal ischemia as a model of acute kidney injury in cats. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:950-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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25
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Katayama R, Saito J, Katayama M, Yamagishi N, Yamashita T, Kato M, Furuhama K. Simplified procedure for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate following intravenous administration of iodixanol in cats. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1344-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Finch NC, Syme HM, Elliott J, Peters AM, Gerritsen R, Croubels S, Heiene R. Glomerular filtration rate estimation by use of a correction formula for slope-intercept plasma iohexol clearance in cats. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1652-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.12.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Chang J, Ahn S, Choi S, Lee H, Chang D, Choi H, Lee Y. Evaluation of glomerular filtration rate by use of dynamic computed tomography and Patlak analysis in clinically normal cats. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:1276-82. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.9.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Von Hendy-Willson VE, Pressler BM. An overview of glomerular filtration rate testing in dogs and cats. Vet J 2011; 188:156-65. [PMID: 20541957 PMCID: PMC2980797 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a valuable, yet underused, diagnostic tool for evaluating renal function in dogs and cats. This article first reviews the hormonal and hemodynamic factors which contribute to GFR, followed by a description of considerations when selecting a pharmacokinetic model and methods of animal-to-animal standardization. The best-characterized existing GFR markers, including creatinine, radiolabeled markers, and iohexol, are reviewed in depth, as well as alternative but lesser used techniques. A weighted means analysis of reported GFR measurements in healthy dogs and cats and a review of selected studies that have examined GFR alterations in animals with naturally occurring and experimental diseases provide the reader with preliminary guidelines on expected GFR results in these species and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barrak M. Pressler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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30
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Vandermeulen E, Ham HR, Dobbeleir AA, De Sadeleer C, Piepsz A, Waelbers T, Vermeire ST, Slegers G, Peremans KY. (99m)Tc-DMSA absolute and relative renal uptake in cats: procedure and normal values. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:387-92. [PMID: 21440474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the influence of technical factors (positioning, background (BG) correction and attenuation correction) on qualitative and quantitative (absolute (AU) and relative (RU) uptake) assessment of feline kidneys with (99m)technetium labelled dimercaptosuccinic acid ((99m)Tc-DMSA). Eleven healthy adult cats were included. Influence of BG and depth correction on quantitative assessment was evaluated. Depth correction was based on the geometric mean method (using dorsal and ventral images) and the use of two standards placed over each individual kidney. Visual evaluation showed superiority of dorsal and ventral over lateral positioning due to increased separation of the kidneys permitting region of interest (ROI) placement without overlap. No apparent influence of BG correction was found for RU. However, AU was systematically overestimated without BG correction. Depth correction did not seem to affect RU in most cases, however, in some cats the differences were not negligible. The values for AU without depth correction were lower compared to depth corrected values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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31
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Sox EM, Chiotti R, Goldstein RE. Use of gadolinium diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid, as measured by ELISA, in the determination of glomerular filtration rates in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:738-45. [PMID: 20724186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate a commercially available assay for gadolinium diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) for use in estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in cats (Gd-DTPA GFR) with a wide range of GFRs. Eighteen adult cats (11 healthy and seven with chronic kidney disease) were included. Plasma concentrations of Gd-DTPA following intravenous injection were measured with an ELISA kit (FIT-GFR). Results for Gd-DTPA GFR were compared with simultaneously obtained values for plasma clearance of iohexol (iohexol GFR), plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations. A negative correlation existed between iohexol GFR and plasma concentrations of BUN and creatinine. A positive correlation existed between Gd-DTPA GFR and iohexol GFR. There was no correlation between Gd-DTPA GFR and plasma concentrations of BUN and creatinine. In this study plasma clearance of Gd-DTPA assayed by FIT-GFR did not appear to provide a sufficiently accurate estimation of GFR in cats when compared with plasma clearance of iohexol, and plasma concentrations of BUN and creatinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Sox
- Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Companion Animal Hospital, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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32
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MIYAGAWA Y, TAKEMURA N, HIROSE H. Evaluation of a Single Sampling Method for Estimation of Plasma Iohexol Clearance in Dogs and Cats with Various Kidney Functions. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:271-8. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi MIYAGAWA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Integrative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Naoyuki TAKEMURA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Integrative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hisashi HIROSE
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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33
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MIYAGAWA Y, TAKEMURA N, HIROSE H. Assessments of Factors that Affect Glomerular Filtration Rate and Indirect Markers of Renal Function in Dogs and Cats. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1129-36. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi MIYAGAWA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Integrative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Naoyuki TAKEMURA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Integrative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hisashi HIROSE
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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