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Ebrahimi M, Rajion MA, Meng GY, Shokryzadan P, Sazili AQ, Jahromi MF. Feeding Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis, Jacq.) Fronds Alters Rumen Protozoal Population and Ruminal Fermentation Pattern in Goats. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed A. Rajion
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Goh Y. Meng
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Parisa Shokryzadan
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ellis JL, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Kebreab E, Archibeque S, Benchaar C, Beauchemin KA, Nkrumah JD, France J. Improving the prediction of methane production and representation of rumen fermentation for finishing beef cattle within a mechanistic model. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Ellis
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J. Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A. Bannink
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands 8219PH
| | - E. Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - S. Archibeque
- Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - C. Benchaar
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - K. A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - J. D. Nkrumah
- The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - J. France
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Blanco C, Giráldez FJ, Prieto N, Morán L, Andrés S, Benavides J, Tejido ML, Bodas R. Effects of dietary inclusion of sunflower soap stocks on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and ruminal and blood metabolites of light fattening lambs. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4086-94. [PMID: 25085392 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-four merino lambs (6 to 8 wk old; BW 15.6 ± 0.21 kg) were used to study the effect of adding different proportions of sunflower soap stock (SS) to pelleted total mixed ration (TMR) for fattening lambs on feed intake, animal growth and dressing percentage, ruminal fluid characteristics, and blood acid-base parameters. Lambs were assigned to 1 of 4 experimental groups (11 lambs per group), each randomly assigned to 1 dietary treatment: 00SS (0 g SS/kg TMR pellet), 15SS (15 g SS/kg TMR pellet), 30SS (30 g SS/kg TMR pellet), and 60SS (60 g SS/kg TMR pellet). Lambs were individually fed the corresponding diet ad libitum. On d 19 to 23, total feces were collected and sampled from 4 lambs per group. When lambs reached 27 kg BW, they were slaughtered. Dry matter intake, ADG, and length of fattening period were not affected by the dietary treatment (P > 0.10). Animals in the 30SS group tended to show the best G:F values (P < 0.10). Dressing percentage tended to linearly decrease as SS increased (P < 0.10). Animals in the 60SS groups showed the lowest DM and fiber digestibility values (P < 0.05). Total VFA contents in ruminal fluid were not affected (P > 0.10), but the propionate proportion linearly increased (P < 0.05), and the acetate to propionate ratio tended to decrease with SS supplementation. Increasing dietary content of SS linearly decreased the cold carcass weight (P < 0.05) but did not affect other measured carcass characteristics. Ruminal fluid pH tended to decrease (P < 0.10) and mucosa color decreased as SS increased in the TMR (P < 0.05). Blood pH and Na concentration increased (P < 0.05), whereas the anion gap, CO2 pressure, and K concentration linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as SS increased. Including more than 30 g SS/kg TMR in the diet for fattening lambs reduces DM and fiber digestibility without affecting feed intake and ADG. The acidotic rumen conditions that induced a darkening of rumen mucosa were counteracted by blood acid-base parameters. The optimum level of inclusion seems to be 30 g SS/kg TMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blanco
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), E-24346 Grulleros (León), Spain
| | - F J Giráldez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), E-24346 Grulleros (León), Spain
| | - N Prieto
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), E-24346 Grulleros (León), Spain
| | - L Morán
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), E-24346 Grulleros (León), Spain
| | - S Andrés
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), E-24346 Grulleros (León), Spain
| | - J Benavides
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), E-24346 Grulleros (León), Spain
| | - M L Tejido
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), E-24346 Grulleros (León), Spain
| | - R Bodas
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Finca Zamadueñas, Ctra. Burgos, km 119, E-47071 Valladolid, Spain
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Zhang Y, Zhou J, Guo X, Cui G, Ding L, Wang H, Li L, Long R. Influences of dietary nitrogen and non-fiber carbohydrate levels on apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation and nitrogen utilization in growing yaks fed low quality forage based-diet. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hook SE, Steele MA, Northwood KS, Wright ADG, McBride BW. Impact of high-concentrate feeding and low ruminal pH on methanogens and protozoa in the rumen of dairy cows. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 62:94-105. [PMID: 21625972 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-lactating dairy cattle were transitioned to a high-concentrate diet to investigate the effect of ruminal pH suppression, commonly found in dairy cattle, on the density, diversity, and community structure of rumen methanogens, as well as the density of rumen protozoa. Four ruminally cannulated cows were fed a hay diet and transitioned to a 65% grain and 35% hay diet. The cattle were maintained on an high-concentrate diet for 3 weeks before the transition back to an hay diet, which was fed for an additional 3 weeks. Rumen fluid and solids and fecal samples were obtained prior to feeding during weeks 0 (hay), 1, and 3 (high-concentrate), and 4 and 6 (hay). Subacute ruminal acidosis was induced during week 1. During week 3 of the experiment, there was a significant increase in the number of protozoa present in the rumen fluid (P=0.049) and rumen solids (P=0.004), and a significant reduction in protozoa in the rumen fluid in week 6 (P=0.003). No significant effect of diet on density of rumen methanogens was found in any samples, as determined by real-time PCR. Clone libraries were constructed for weeks 0, 3, and 6, and the methanogen diversity of week 3 was found to differ from week 6. Week 3 was also found to have a significantly altered methanogen community structure, compared to the other weeks. Twenty-two unique 16S rRNA phylotypes were identified, three of which were found only during high-concentrate feeding, three were found during both phases of hay feeding, and seven were found in all three clone libraries. The genus Methanobrevibacter comprised 99% of the clones present. The rumen fluid at weeks 0, 3, and 6 of all the animals was found to contain a type A protozoal population. Ultimately, high-concentrate feeding did not significantly affect the density of rumen methanogens, but did alter methanogen diversity and community structure, as well as protozoal density within the rumen of nonlactating dairy cattle. Therefore, it may be necessary to monitor the rumen methanogen and protozoal communities of dairy cattle susceptible to depressed pH when methane abatement strategies are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hook
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Clauss M, Müller K, Fickel J, Streich WJ, Hatt JM, Südekum KH. Macroecology of the host determines microecology of endobionts: protozoal faunas vary with wild ruminant feeding type and body mass. J Zool (1987) 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nagaraja TG, Titgemeyer EC. Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle: the current microbiological and nutritional outlook. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90 Suppl 1:E17-38. [PMID: 17517750 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ruminal acidosis continues to be a common ruminal digestive disorder in beef cattle and can lead to marked reductions in cattle performance. Ruminal acidosis or increased accumulation of organic acids in the rumen reflects imbalance between microbial production, microbial utilization, and ruminal absorption of organic acids. The severity of acidosis, generally related to the amount, frequency, and duration of grain feeding, varies from acute acidosis due to lactic acid accumulation, to subacute acidosis due to accumulation of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. Ruminal microbial changes associated with acidosis are reflective of increased availability of fermentable substrates and subsequent accumulation of organic acids. Microbial changes in the rumen associated with acute acidosis have been well documented. Microbial changes in subacute acidosis resemble those observed during adaptation to grain feeding and have not been well documented. The decrease in ciliated protozoal population is a common feature of both forms of acidosis and may be a good microbial indicator of an acidotic rumen. Other microbial factors, such as endotoxin and histamine, are thought to contribute to the systemic effects of acidosis. Various models have been developed to assess the effects of variation in feed intake, dietary roughage amount and source, dietary grain amount and processing, step-up regimen, dietary addition of fibrous byproducts, and feed additives. Models have been developed to study effects of management considerations on acidosis in cattle previously adapted to grain-based diets. Although these models have provided useful information related to ruminal acidosis, many are inadequate for detecting responses to treatment due to inadequate replication, low feed intakes by the experimental cattle that can limit the expression of acidosis, and the feeding of cattle individually, which reduces experimental variation but limits the ability of researchers to extrapolate the data to cattle performing at industry standards. Optimal model systems for assessing effects of various management and nutritional strategies on ruminal acidosis will require technologies that allow feed intake patterns, ruminal conditions, and animal health and performance to be measured simultaneously in a large number of cattle managed under conditions similar to commercial feed yards. Such data could provide valuable insight into the true extent to which acidosis affects cattle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA.
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Brown MS, Ponce CH, Pulikanti R. Adaptation of beef cattle to high-concentrate diets: performance and ruminal metabolism. J Anim Sci 2007; 84 Suppl:E25-33. [PMID: 16582090 DOI: 10.2527/2006.8413_supple25x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diet adaptation period is widely considered a critical period of time in which nutritional management practices can promote or impair subsequent performance and health. Performance studies indicate that adapting feedlot cattle with incremental increases in dietary concentrate, from approximately 55 to 90% of diet DM, in 14 d or less, while allowing ad libitum access to the diet, generally results in reduced performance during adaptation or over the entire feeding period. However, the number of cattle involved in these studies does not allow insight into the frequencies of metabolic disorders associated with the management practices tested. Adapting cattle by restricting the quantity of higher-concentrate diets offered shows promise for improving production efficiency, but further development is needed for application in commercial feedlots. Evidence suggests considerable diversity in the ability of animals to cope with ingested cereal grain, and indicates that diet adaptation procedures should affect the frequency of health-impaired or low-performing cattle in a pen. Individuals that seem to effectively regulate voluntary feed intake during adaptation generally display a steady increase in DMI as dietary concentrate is increased. These data also highlight a seemingly counterproductive, repeating cycle of overconsumption, followed by a pronounced reduction in ruminal pH, by cattle that appear to cope less favorably with grain adaptation. At least a portion of this diversity may relate to the maintenance of protozoal populations. Increases in amylolytic bacteria seemed to follow the increment of additional concentrate. Protozoa were most numerous when the diet contained approximately 60% concentrate, and lactate-utilizing bacteria increased more markedly when the diet contained more than approximately 70% concentrate. Available in vivo data suggest that the number of lactate-utilizing bacteria may reach a plateau for a given diet composition after 2 to 7 d, but thorough assessments of the time course of events using modern techniques are lacking. Further research is needed to characterize how the quantity and frequency of increases in cereal grain consumption, reflective of industry practices, impact microbial dynamics, and to identify the biological features that allow certain animals to adapt more readily to high-concentrate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Brown
- Division of Agriculture, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, 79016, USA.
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Solaiman S, Craig T, Reddy G, Shoemaker C. Effect of high levels of Cu supplement on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and immune responses in goat kids. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dehority BA. Effect of pH on viability of Entodinium caudatum, Entodinium exiguum, Epidinium caudatum, and Ophryoscolex purkynjei in vitro. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 52:339-42. [PMID: 16014011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of Entodinium caudatum, Entodinium exiguum, Epidinium caudatum, and Ophryoscolex purkynjei were grown and transferred in poorly buffered media prepared using different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate and a nitrogen gas phase. By transferring every 12 or 24 h, culture pH was gradually decreased until the protozoa disappeared. The cultures were transferred by placing half of the culture into an equal volume of fresh medium, resulting in pH fluctuations similar to those in the rumen, resulting from fermentation, eating, and saliva production. All four species appeared to maintain their concentrations around pH 5.8, but numbers decreased as pH values fell below 5.6. The four species were similar in that they all survived above pH 5.3. These results differ from previous reports in which Entodinium species appeared to be more tolerant to low pH than all other species of rumen ciliates. No adaptation to low pH was observed in Epidinium caudatum cultures after recovery from pH 5.4 medium containing only one or two viable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burk A Dehority
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA.
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Tripathi M, Santra A, Chaturvedi O, Karim S. Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on ruminal fluid pH, feed intake, nutrient utilization and growth of lambs fed high concentrate diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e quantificar os gêneros de ciliados do rúmen, retículo, omaso e abomaso de bovinos abatidos em matadouro municipal. Foram coletados 45ml de conteúdo de cada cavidade de 30 animais. No momento da coleta foram medidos temperatura e pH e as amostras posteriormente analisadas em laboratório. Os resultados mostraram que o ambiente do rúmen e do retículo é bastante estável com temperatura média entre 36 e 37ºC e pH 6,5. Os gêneros mais encontrados no rúmen foram Entodinium (65,0%), Isotricha (7,0%), Diplodinium (5,7%), Ostracodinium (5,1%), Eremoplastron (4,5%), Dasytricha (3,8%) e outros sete gêneros que totalizaram os 8,7% restantes. No retículo os resultados foram Entodinium (35,2%), Isotricha (23,4%), Dasytricha (15,4%) Eodinium (7,2%), Eremoplastron (5,0%), Diplodinium (4,3%), Ostracodinium (3,8%) e outros cinco gêneros totalizando os 5,6% restantes. No omaso foram encontrados os mesmos gêneros, porém em menor quantidade que no rúmen e retículo. No abomaso não foram encontrados ciliados. A análise do perfil populacional das amostras do rúmen mostrou predominância do tipo 0 (87%), seguido do tipo B (13%).
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Dijkstra J, Tamminga S. Simulation of the effects of diet on the contribution of rumen protozoa to degradation of fibre in the rumen. Br J Nutr 1995; 74:617-34. [PMID: 8541269 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19950166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A previously described mathematical model, that stimulates the metabolic activities of rumen bacteria and protozoa, was used to examine the contribution of protozoa to neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) degradation in the rumen of cattle. Comparisons between predicted and experimentally observed NDF degradation showed general agreement. Further simulations were performed with diets containing variable proportions of concentrate (between 0 and 1 kg/kg diet DM) and at intake levels ranging between 5.3 and 21.0 kg DM/d. The simulated protozoal contribution to NDF degradation was 17-21% at the lowest intake level. Except for the all-concentrate diets, raising the feed intake level reduced this contribution to 5-13% at the highest intake level. The changes in contribution of protozoa to NDF degradation were related to variations in the fibrolytic bacteria: protozoa value and the NDF-degrading activities of protozoa predicted by the model. In simulations where dietary NDF levels were reduced and starch and sugar levels were increased independently, protozoal contribution to NDF degradation generally increased. These differences were reflected also in the generally increased protozoal contribution to NDF degradation predicted in response to a decreased roughage:concentrate value. The contribution of protozoa also generally declined in response to added N. These changes in predicted protozoal contribution to NDF degradation resulting from dietary variations provided possible explanations for the differences in rumen NDF degradation observed when animals are defaunated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dijkstra
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, North Wyke Research Station, Okehampton, Devon
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Doreau M, Ferlay A. Effect of dietary lipids on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-6226(95)00041-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nagaraja T, Godfrey S, Winslow S, Rowe J, Kemp K. Effect of virginiamycin on ruminal fermentation in faunated or ciliate-free sheep overfed with barley grain. Small Rumin Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0921-4488(95)00647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nagaraja TG, Towne G, Beharka AA. Moderation of ruminal fermentation by ciliated protozoa in cattle fed a high-grain diet. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:2410-4. [PMID: 1514789 PMCID: PMC195795 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.8.2410-2414.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the influence of ciliated protozoa on ruminal fermentation in cattle fed high-grain diets. Six ruminally cannulated steers fed a corn-based grain diet (85% concentrate plus 15% alfalfa hay) at 12-h intervals were assigned randomly to two groups, ciliate free and faunated, in a crossover design. Defaunation was by ruminal emptying, omasal flushing, and treatment with sodium sulfosuccinate. Two to 3 weeks after defaunation, the ruminal contents of all steers were sampled before the morning feeding (0 h) and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after feeding to measure pH, analyze fermentation products, and monitor counts of ciliated protozoa and lactic acid-producing and -fermenting bacterial groups. Total numbers of ciliated protozoa in the faunated steers averaged 4.3 x 10(5)/g, and the protozoa consisted of nine genera. Ciliate-free steers had lower (P less than 0.01) ruminal pHs (pH 5.97) than faunated cattle (pH 6.45); however, the treatment-time interaction was not significant. Ruminal lactate and ammonia concentrations were similar in both groups. The total volatile fatty acid concentration was higher (P less than 0.05) in the ciliate-free steers than in the faunated steers and exhibited a treatment-time interaction (P less than 0.05). The acetate-to-propionate ratio was higher (P less than 0.05) in the faunated group than in the ciliate-free group and showed a treatment-time interaction (P less than 0.05). Total anaerobic bacterial counts were about fourfold higher in the ciliate-free group than in the faunated group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Nagaraja
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-1600
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Towne G, Nagaraja TG, Brandt RT, Gramlich SM. Effects of supplemental tallow on rumen ciliated protozoa in feedlot cattle. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1991; 41:203-7. [PMID: 2053841 DOI: 10.1080/17450399109428461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ruminal samples were collected at slaughter from 98 steers consuming a high-grain diet and receiving either no fat, or 2, 4, 6, or 8% supplemental tallow. Tallow supplementation tended (P = 0.11) to increase average ciliated protozoan numbers, however, the occurrence of defaunated animals was higher in the 8% fat treatment than in the control group. Entodinium spp. were the only protozoans that survived in all treatments, and total numbers ranged up to 3.2 x 10(6)/g of ruminal contents. Although increasing tallow supplementation induced a defaunating effect in many animals, the response was unpredictable and protozoa occasionally proliferated irrespective of fat level.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Towne
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan
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Towne G, Nagaraja TG, Brandt RT, Kemp KE. Dynamics of ruminal ciliated protozoa in feedlot cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:3174-8. [PMID: 2285320 PMCID: PMC184918 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.10.3174-3178.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations in ciliated protozoan concentrations were monitored in 40 individually fed crossbred heifers that were stepped up to an 85% concentrate diet either slowly (12 days) or rapidly (3 days), with or without monensin (30 ppm). Ruminal fluid was withdrawn from all animals by stomach tube at the start of the study, after each group reached full feed, and at 14-day intervals thereafter throughout the finishing period until termination (day 119). Neither monensin nor speed of step-up affected (P greater than 0.10) total protozoan concentrations, ruminal pH, or lactic acid concentrations. Average protozoan concentrations peaked on day 5, progressively declined until day 56, and then increased (P less than 0.05), suggesting an adaptation to ruminal conditions. Concentrations of Isotricha spp. were higher (P less than 0.05) on the final two sampling dates than at any other time. After day 28, Entodinium, Isotricha, and Polyplastron were the only surviving genera. Protozoa were not detected in 11 heifers on day 42 and day 56, but only two animals were defaunated on day 119, indicating either exogenous or endogenous refaunation. Average protozoan concentrations were not different (P greater than 0.25) between ruminal samples collected by stomach tube the day before slaughter (2.8 x 10(5)/g) and digesta samples collected the next day (1.6 x 10(5)/g). In feedlot cattle, defaunation apparently is transitory and individual animals harbor a dynamic protozoan population that fluctuates in response to changing ruminal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Towne
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-1600
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