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Copeland AT, Kreuder AJ, Dewell G, Dewell R, Wiley C, Yuan L, Mochel JP, Smith JS. Randomized comparison between a forced air system and warm water bath for resuscitation of neonatal hypothermic calves with or without oral administration of caffeine. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1941-1950. [PMID: 38685595 PMCID: PMC11099694 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothermia is a cause of neonatal calf death in cold climates. Practical and effective rewarming methods are important for bovine health within affected regions. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare the rewarming rate and blood analytes (glucose, lactate, and cortisol) of calves resuscitated with forced air with warm water bath, with or without oral administration of caffeine. ANIMALS Twenty healthy neonatal Holstein bull calves. METHODS In this randomized, prospective study, calves born healthy and without history of dystocia were cooled to 32°C rectal temperature then thermally resuscitated using either forced air rewarming or warm water bath (40°C) with or without oral administration of caffeine. Rectal temperatures were used to quantify recovery rate. Measurements of glucose, lactate, and cortisol were recorded for every 2°C change in rectal temperature. RESULTS Rectal temperature decline (0.03°C per minute) and total cooling time (191.0 ± 33.3 minutes) did not significantly differ among treatment groups. Calves were successfully resuscitated to 38°C by either method. Time required to euthermia using warm water was significantly faster (0.1°C per minute; 64.3 ± 17.8 minute; P < .05) than forced air (0.05°C per minute; 123.1 ± 20.0 minutes). Caffeine had no significant effect on resuscitation rate (P = .14; 95% CI, -0.002 to 0.024) in either treatment; however, caffeine was associated with reduced time to euthermia by 8.3 and 10.8 minutes, respectively. Changes in metabolic variables (glucose, lactate, and cortisol), were inversely related to rectal temperature with no statistical significance among rewarming methods. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Although warm water submersion is faster, forced air rewarming is an effective alternative for restoration of euthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Copeland
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Amanda J. Kreuder
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Grant Dewell
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Renee Dewell
- The Center for Food Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Caitlin Wiley
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Lingnan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Joe S. Smith
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
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Rebollada-Merino A, Gómez-Buendía A, Domínguez L, Rodríguez-Bertos A. Forensic investigations of suspected livestock depredation by vultures: scientific tools for compensation programmes. J Comp Pathol 2024; 209:22-30. [PMID: 38350269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Human-wildlife conflicts may have devastating consequences for fauna due to targeting by humans of wildlife populations suspected to have predated livestock. Suspicion of depredation of extensively raised livestock by vultures in Europe has triggered public administration-led forensic investigations intended to distinguish between predation and scavenging in order to compensate farmers for attacks on their livestock. In this study, gross and histological analyses were carried out on suspected cases of domestic animal depredation by griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) over a 1-year period. Fifty-eight animals were affected (n = 41, suspected depredation), including domestic cattle (75.9%), sheep (22.4%) and a goat (1.7%). All the adults affected were female and most cases of suspected depredation occurred during the peripartum period (56%). Histological investigations distinguished between post-mortem (84% of diagnostic samples) and ante-mortem (16% of diagnostic samples) cases, and gross examinations revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.002) between ante-mortem, post-mortem and non-diagnostic samples. This study highlights the need to optimize sampling protocols to increase the success of forensic studies. The forensic investigations presented here may be applied to resolve human-wildlife conflicts involving not only vultures but other endangered carnivores and contribute to human-wildlife coexistence in rural areas by protecting the interests of both the livestock sector and endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Rebollada-Merino
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Alberto Gómez-Buendía
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Wichman LG, Redifer CA, Rathert-Williams AR, Duncan NB, Payne CA, Meyer AM. Effects of spring- versus fall-calving on perinatal nutrient availability and neonatal vigor in beef cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac136. [PMID: 36381953 PMCID: PMC9661251 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of calving season on perinatal nutrient availability and neonatal beef calf vigor, data were collected from 4 spring- (average calving date: February 14; n = 203 total) and 4 fall- (average calving date: September 20; n = 179 total) calving experiments. Time to stand was determined as minutes from birth to standing for 5 s. After birth, calf weight and size (length, heart and abdominal girth, and cannon circumference) were recorded. Jugular blood samples and rectal temperatures were obtained at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h postnatally in 6 experiments and at 48 h postnatally in Exp. 2 to 8. Data were analyzed with fixed effects of season (single point) or season, hour, and their interaction (over time, using repeated measures). Experiment was a random effect; calf sex was included when P ≤ 0.25. Within calving season, correlations were determined between calf size, vigor, and 48-h serum total protein. Fall-born calves tended to have lighter (P = 0.09) birth weight and faster (P = 0.05) time to stand than spring-born calves. Season did not affect (P ≥ 0.18) gestation length, other calf size measures, or 48-h serum total protein. Fall-born calves had greater (P ≤ 0.003) rectal temperature at 0, 24, and 48 h postnatal. Spring-born calves had greater (P ≤ 0.009) circulating glucose at 0 h, serum non-esterified fatty acids at 0 and 6 h, and plasma triglycerides at 0, 6, 12, and 48 h. Fall-born calves had greater (P ≤ 0.03) sodium from 6 to 48 h and magnesium from 0 to 24 h of age. Phosphorus was greater (P ≤ 0.02) at 6 and 12 h of age in spring-born calves. Spring-born calves had greater (P ≤ 0.04) aspartate aminotransferase at 12 and 24 h and creatine kinase at 0 and 12 h of age. Fall-born calves had greater (P ≤ 0.03) albumin, calcium, and chloride, had lower (P ≤ 0.03) bicarbonate and direct bilirubin, and tended to have greater (P = 0.10) anion gap (all main effects of calving season). Calf birth weight had a weak positive relationship (P ≤ 0.03) with 48-h serum total protein and time to stand in fall-born, but not spring-born, calves. Overall, fetal growth was restricted and neonatal dehydration was increased by warm conditions for fall-born calves, but vigor and metabolism were negatively affected by cold conditions in spring-born calves. These data suggest that calving season influences perinatal nutrient availability, which may impact the transition of beef calves to postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey G Wichman
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Colby A Redifer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Natalie B Duncan
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Craig A Payne
- Department of Veterinary Extension and Continuing Education, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Allison M Meyer
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Abstract
Background: Livestock mortality impacts farmer livelihoods and household nutrition. Capturing trends in livestock mortality at localised or national levels is essential to planning, monitoring and evaluating interventions and programs aimed at decreasing mortality rates. However, livestock mortality data is disparate, and indicators used have not been standardised. This review aims to assess livestock mortality indicator definitions reported in literature, and define the ages where mortality has greatest impact. Methods: A systematic review was conducted, limited to articles focussed on mortality of cattle, sheep and goats. Peer-reviewed articles in Web of Science until year 2020 were assessed for inclusion of age-based definitions for mortality indicators and data on age distribution of mortality. Indicator definitions for each species were collated and similar terms and age groups most targeted were compared. The cumulative distribution of age at mortality was compared across studies graphically where possible; otherwise, age patterns for mortality were collated. Results: Most studies reported mortality risk rather than rate, and there was little agreement between indicator definitions used in the literature. The most common indicators reported were perinatal and neonatal mortality in cattle, and for perinatal, neonatal and pre-weaning mortality indicators for sheep and goats. Direct comparison of age distribution of mortality was only possible for cattle, which found that approximately 80% of all mortalities within the first 12 months had occurred by six months of age. A significant finding of the study is the variation in age groups for which mortality is reported, which impedes the comparison of mortality risk across studies, particularly for sheep and goats. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance and value of standardising mortality risk indicators for general use, including a young stock mortality risk indicator measuring mortality in the highest risk period of birth to six months of age in cattle, sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna T. Wong
- Supporting Evidence-Based Interventions - Livestock, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ciara Vance
- Supporting Evidence-Based Interventions - Livestock, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Andrew Peters
- Supporting Evidence-Based Interventions - Livestock, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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5
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Bennett GL, Thallman RM, Snelling WM, Keele JW, Freetly HC, Kuehn LA. Genetic changes in beef cow traits following selection for calving ease. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab009. [PMID: 33659864 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to reducing calving difficulty is to select heifers with higher breeding value for calving ease. Calving ease is often associated with lower birth weight and that may result in other possible effects on lifetime productivity. Females from experimental select and control calving ease lines within each of the seven populations were compared. Random samples of 720 heifers from lines selected for better calving ease breeding values and 190 heifers from control lines selected for average birth weights were followed through four parities. Select and control lines within the same population were selected to achieve similar yearling weight breeding values. Weights of sampled heifers in select lines were 2.6 kg (P < 0.01) lighter at birth but not different from control lines at weaning. Select lines had significantly shorter hip height, lighter mature weight, and greater calving success at second parity. Their calves were born significantly earlier with lighter weights and less assistance. Significant interactions with parity showed fewer calves assisted and greater calf survival to weaning as heifers but negligible differences with control lines in later parities. Steer progeny sampled from these dams in select lines (n = 204) were not different from steers in control lines (n = 91) for hot carcass weight but had significantly greater fat depth. Two production systems were compared considering the seven populations as replicates. The systems differed in selection history of females (select and control lines) and the use of bulls within their lines as young cows, but used the same bulls in both lines as older cows. Cows were culled after single unsuccessful breeding and kept for up to four parities. Select line cows tended (P ≤ 0.10) to wean more calves and stay in the herd longer. They were assisted significantly fewer times at calving and had greater calf weight gain to weaning when evaluated over their herd life. Mature weights were lighter in select lines, but marketable cow weight from the systems was nearly identical. Control lines did have more marketable young cow weight and select lines older cow weight. Weaned calf weight per heifer starting the system was significantly greater for the select heifer system due to greater survival of calves from heifers and greater calving success at second parity. No important unfavorable effects of genetic differences in calving ease were identified in this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Bennett
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - Richard M Thallman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - Warren M Snelling
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - John W Keele
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - Harvey C Freetly
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - Larry A Kuehn
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
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6
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Sasaki S, Miki Y, Ibi T, Wakaguri H, Yoshida Y, Sugimoto Y, Suzuki Y. A 44-kb deleted-type copy number variation is associated with decreasing complement component activity and calf mortality in Japanese Black cattle. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:107. [PMID: 33549039 PMCID: PMC7866702 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calf mortality generally occurs in calves prior to weaning, which is a serious problem in cattle breeding. Several causative variants of monogenic Mendelian disorders in calf mortality have been identified, whereas genetic factors affecting the susceptibility of calves to death are not well known. To identify variants associated with calf mortality in Japanese Black cattle, we evaluated calf mortality as a categorical trait with a threshold model and performed a genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) association study on calf mortality. RESULTS We identified a 44-kb deleted-type CNV ranging from 103,317,687 to 103,361,802 bp on chromosome 5, which was associated with the mortality of 1-180-day-old calves. The CNV harbored C1RL, a pseudogene, and an IncRNA localized in the C1R and C1S gene cluster, which is a component of the classical complement activation pathway for immune complexes for infectious pathogens. The average complement activity in CNVR_221 homozygotes at postnatal day 7 was significantly lower than that of wild-type animals and heterozygotes. The frequency of the risk allele in dead calves suffering from diarrhea and pneumonia and in healthy cows was 0.35 and 0.28, respectively (odds ratio = 2.2, P = 0.016), suggesting that CNVR_221 was associated with the mortality of Japanese Black calves suffering from an infectious disease. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a deleted-type CNV associated with the mortality of 1-180-day-old calves. The complement activity in CNVR_221 homozygotes was significantly lower than that in heterozygotes and wild type animals. The frequency of the risk allele was higher in dead calves suffering from an infectious disease than in healthy cows. These results suggest that the existence of CNVR_221 in calves could be attributed to a reduction in complement activity, which in turn leads to susceptibility to infections. Thus, the risk allele could serve as a useful marker to reduce the mortality of infected Japanese Black calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sasaki
- University of the Ryukyus, Faculty of Agriculture, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan. .,United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Youko Miki
- Hokubu Agricultural Technology Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forest and Fisher, Asago, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ibi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Wakaguri
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, and Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Hokubu Agricultural Technology Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forest and Fisher, Asago, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Sugimoto
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Yushima, Bunkyouku, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, and Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
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Samsonstuen S, Åby BA, Crosson P, Beauchemin KA, Aass L. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle production systems. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2020.1806349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stine Samsonstuen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Bente A. Åby
- Department of Animal Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Paul Crosson
- Animal Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Meath, Ireland
| | - Karen A. Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Laila Aass
- Department of Animal Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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8
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Mõtus K, Niine T, Viltrop A, Emanuelson U. Herd-Level on-Farm Mortality in Extensively Managed Beef Herds. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2019; 23:447-466. [PMID: 31777282 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2019.1696679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The herd on-farm mortality rate is an indicator of herd animal health and welfare status. The aim of the present study was to describe herd-level on-farm mortality rates and to identify risk factors that contribute to high herd mortality rates. Online or postal questionnaires were sent to 676 Estonian beef farms, and the response rate was 25.4%. The calf (ear-tagged) and cow within-herd mortality rates for the years 2014-2016 ranged from 0.00 to 5.45 per 100 calf-months and 0.00-12.15 per 100 cow-years, respectively. The risk factors for a higher calf within-herd mortality rate in the negative binomial regression analysis were the following: calvings not being monitored at nighttime, bedding not being added daily, a low proportion of calvings occurring during summer, lack of using a consultancy service and conventional herd type compared to organic. Failure to separate sick animals and failure to use new pastures for cow-calf pairs were risk factors for cow mortality. Mortality rate was generally higher in larger herds. In order to lower the mortality rate, it is essential to ensure good calving management, a clean environment, and isolation of sick animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerli Mõtus
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tarmo Niine
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arvo Viltrop
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ulf Emanuelson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Uppsala, Sweden
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Waldner CL, Parker S, Campbell JR. Identifying performance benchmarks and determinants for reproductive performance and calf survival using a longitudinal field study of cow-calf herds in western Canada. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219901. [PMID: 31318920 PMCID: PMC6662034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cow-calf industry in North America is in a period of rapid consolidation with
corresponding increases in herd sizes and changes in management. The objectives
of this study were to examine longitudinal data on reproductive performance in
cow-calf herds and identify benchmarks for the most critical measures and
important sources of differences among herds. To address these questions, a
surveillance network was established in western Canada to collect data between
2013 to 2017 privately owned cow-calf herds during calving (n = 105 herds) and
at pregnancy testing (n = 94 herds). Data were summarized for a number of
indices of herd performance. However, the values considered to be most reliable
and accurate were the percentage of females not pregnant when tested by a
veterinarian, the percentage of calves dead within 24 hours of birth, and the
percentage of calves dead from 24 hours to weaning. The mean and variation
between herds for heifers, measured using standard deviation, was greater than
for cows for: non-pregnancy (cows 6.8% (mean)±3.4%(SD), heifers 9.7%±8.2%), calf
death from birth to 24 hours (cows 2.1%±1.6%, heifers 3.6%±4.5%), and calf death
from 24 hours to weaning (cows 2.5%±2.4%, heifers 2.9%±3.9%). Benchmarks or
performance targets derived from the 25th percentiles of these data for both
cows and heifers were <5% for non-pregnancy risk and <1% for calf loss
within 24 hours of birth. The suggested benchmark for calf loss from 24 hours to
weaning was <2% for cows and <1% for heifers. All outcomes consistently
displayed greater variation between herds as compared to year to year
differences within herds with the exception of calf loss before 24 hours in
cows. The timing of the start of breeding season was a consistent source of
variation in risks of non-pregnancy and calf losses. Cows bred in April or
earlier to start calving in late December or January were at increased risk of
low pregnancy percentages (p<0.001) and calf losses at birth (p<0.04), as
well as increased calf loss before weaning in both cows and heifers (p<0.02).
There was also an increase in the risk of non-pregnancy for cows and heifers
(p<0.001) where first exposure to breeding was not until July or August. In
contrast, the risks of calf loss within 24 hrs of birth (p<0.001) and from 24
hrs to weaning in cows (p<0.02) first exposed to breeding in July and August
were significantly lower than for herds that had earlier breeding seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L. Waldner
- Department of Large Animal and Clinical Sciences, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Parker
- Department of Large Animal and Clinical Sciences, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John R. Campbell
- Department of Large Animal and Clinical Sciences, University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Variations in the Temperature-Humidity Index and Dorsal Fat Thickness during the Last Trimester of Gestation and Early Postpartum Period Affect Fertility of Bos indicus Cows in the Tropics. Vet Med Int 2018; 2018:2360430. [PMID: 30140424 PMCID: PMC6081557 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2360430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to measure the influence of the temperature-humidity index (THI) and the variation of fat thickness on reproductive performance, ninety-two Bos indicus cows kept under grazing conditions were used in two farms in Veracruz (Mexico) and Puntarenas (Costa Rica). THI was calculated with the average environmental temperature and relative humidity. Measurements of fat thickness (FAT) were taken two weeks apart from the last trimester of gestation to approximately 80 days postpartum (dpp). Natural breeding was used in both farms. Time to conception was calculated based on the interval from days at risk to conception (DRC), which had to be at least 28 dpp. THI was between 65.4 ± 2.9 and 73.2 ± 1.5 in Veracruz and 75.4 ± 0.26 and 76.5 ± 0.55 in Puntarenas. Variations in THI were observed in Puntarenas whereas in Veracruz THI variations were more prominent. In Veracruz, loss of fat during the last trimester of gestation was on average 8.5%, whereas in the postpartum period it was 18.4% (P = 0.042). In Puntarenas, the variation in the last trimester of gestation was on average 18.7% and in the postpartum period was 10.5% (P = 0.012). The relative change in FAT in Veracruz was 36.7%, and in Puntarenas it was 29.3%. Overall, 60% of the cows became pregnant. FAT decreased the interval of DRC (R2=0.06; P=0.033) with a high relationship (R2=0.76; P< 0.0001) between THI and time to conception, in both farms. In conclusion, THI levels influence the reproductive performance in early postpartum period affecting DRC.
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De Amicis I, Veronesi MC, Robbe D, Gloria A, Carluccio A. Prevalence, causes, resolution and consequences of bovine dystocia in Italy. Theriogenology 2018; 107:104-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Chiacchio SB, Ulian CMV, Gonçalves RDS, Padovani CR, Cruz RKS, Santarosa BP, Alfonso A, Lourenço MLG. Electrocardiographic dynamic development and heart rate variability in lambs during the neonatal period. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1467322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Biagio Chiacchio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Carla Maria Vela Ulian
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Renato de Souza Gonçalves
- Department of Medical Clinical Sciences, Botucatu Medical School of Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences of Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Raissa Karolliny Salgueiro Cruz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Bianca Paola Santarosa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Angélica Alfonso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Gomes Lourenço
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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Reasons and risk factors for beef calf and youngstock on-farm mortality in extensive cow-calf herds. Animal 2017; 12:1958-1966. [PMID: 29277165 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117003548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Raising calves and youngstock is an essential part of beef production. High on-farm mortality (unassisted death and euthanasia) is a consequence of poor animal health and welfare, and is economically unfavourable. The present study aimed to identify the reasons and risk factors for beef calf and youngstock on-farm mortality, using registry data for the years 2013 to 2015. Cox regression models were applied for the data of four age groups: calves up to 30 days (n=21 075), calves 1 to 5 months (n=21 116), youngstock 6 to 19 months (n=22 637) and youngstock ⩾20 months of age (n=9582). We found that dystocia, small birth weight and older parity of the mother increased the mortality hazard in calves up to 30 days of age. A summer birth was a common protective factor against mortality for calves up to 30 days and calves 1 to 5 months of age, compared with birth in other seasons. Among calves 1 to 5 months old, being the offspring of a first-parity cow was associated with significantly higher risk of death compared with calves who were the offspring of third- or higher-parity cows. A high herd-level stillbirth rate was associated with higher mortality hazard. The most commonly reported reasons for calf mortality were digestive disorders and respiratory disease. According to the models of youngstock from 6 months of age, male sex was a risk factor for mortality. Cattle having more than 10% dairy breed experienced a higher mortality risk in the ⩾20 months age group. No significant differences were found across regions, herd size or different breeds in any of the calf or youngstock groups. Metabolic and digestive disorders, as well as traumas and accidents, were the most common causes of mortality in beef youngstock older than 6 months. We can conclude that in young calves, animal-level factors associated with calving had a high impact on mortality. Further, timing calving for the warmer spring months would benefit calf survivability. Further studies including complementary information about farm factors adapted across the whole youngstock period is highly needed to provide sound recommendations in reducing on-farm mortality.
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Nasr MA. The effect of stillbirth on reproductive and productive performance of pure Egyptian buffaloes and their crosses with Italian buffaloes. Theriogenology 2017; 103:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Kovács L, Kézér F, Albert E, Ruff F, Szenci O. Seasonal and maternal effects on acid-base, l-lactate, electrolyte, and hematological status of 205 dairy calves born to eutocic dams. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7534-7543. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Mõtus K, Emanuelson U. Risk factors for on-farm mortality in beef suckler cows under extensive keeping management. Res Vet Sci 2017; 113:5-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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On-farm mortality, causes and risk factors in Estonian beef cow-calf herds. Prev Vet Med 2017; 139:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Magalhães Silva L, Baldi F, Aboujaoude C, Venturini G, Albuquerque L, Paranhos da Costa M. Genetic parameter estimates for prenatal and postnatal mortality in Nellore cattle. J Anim Breed Genet 2016; 134:27-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.C. Magalhães Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; UNESP; Jaboticabal-SP Brazil
| | - F. Baldi
- Departamento de Zootecnia; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; UNESP; Jaboticabal-SP Brazil
| | - C. Aboujaoude
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Melhoramento Animal; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; UNESP; Jaboticabal-SP Brazil
| | - G.C. Venturini
- Departamento de Zootecnia; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; UNESP; Jaboticabal-SP Brazil
| | - L.G. Albuquerque
- Departamento de Zootecnia; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; UNESP; Jaboticabal-SP Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Brasília-DF Brazil
| | - M.J.R. Paranhos da Costa
- Departamento de Zootecnia; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; UNESP; Jaboticabal-SP Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Brasília-DF Brazil
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The influence of maternal energy status during mid-gestation on growth, cattle performance, and the immune response in the resultant beef progeny 1 1This research was funded in part by a grant from the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant number 2010-65206-20667 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture and the South Dakota Beef Industry Council. Salaries and research support were provided by state and federal funds appropriated to South Dakota State University. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2015-01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Sinclair KD, Rutherford KMD, Wallace JM, Brameld JM, Stöger R, Alberio R, Sweetman D, Gardner DS, Perry VEA, Adam CL, Ashworth CJ, Robinson JE, Dwyer CM. Epigenetics and developmental programming of welfare and production traits in farm animals. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:RD16102. [PMID: 27439952 DOI: 10.1071/rd16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that postnatal health and development can be influenced by events that occur in utero originated from epidemiological studies in humans supported by numerous mechanistic (including epigenetic) studies in a variety of model species. Referred to as the 'developmental origins of health and disease' or 'DOHaD' hypothesis, the primary focus of large-animal studies until quite recently had been biomedical. Attention has since turned towards traits of commercial importance in farm animals. Herein we review the evidence that prenatal risk factors, including suboptimal parental nutrition, gestational stress, exposure to environmental chemicals and advanced breeding technologies, can determine traits such as postnatal growth, feed efficiency, milk yield, carcass composition, animal welfare and reproductive potential. We consider the role of epigenetic and cytoplasmic mechanisms of inheritance, and discuss implications for livestock production and future research endeavours. We conclude that although the concept is proven for several traits, issues relating to effect size, and hence commercial importance, remain. Studies have also invariably been conducted under controlled experimental conditions, frequently assessing single risk factors, thereby limiting their translational value for livestock production. We propose concerted international research efforts that consider multiple, concurrent stressors to better represent effects of contemporary animal production systems.
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Roland L, Drillich M, Klein-Jöbstl D, Iwersen M. Invited review: Influence of climatic conditions on the development, performance, and health of calves. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2438-2452. [PMID: 26874416 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide the reader with an overview of thermoregulatory mechanisms and the influence of climatic conditions in different housing systems on the development, performance, and health of calves. Thermic stress is observed in association with extreme temperatures and large temperature variations, but other variables such as relative humidity and wind speed can also contribute to thermic stress. Thermoregulation in calves is similar to that in adult cattle, but especially dystocial calves are more prone to heat loss. Heat or cold stress results in direct economic losses because of increased calf mortality and morbidity, as well as indirect costs caused by reduced weight gain, performance, and long-term survival. The climatic conditions in a variety of housing systems, associated health problems, and strategies to mitigate thermic stress are discussed in this review. The goal of housing is to alleviate the effect of climate on calves and provide a microclimate. Adequate ventilation with fresh air is essential to reduce respiratory disease. Common practices such as raising calves in individual outdoor enclosures have been challenged lately. Recent research seeks to evaluate the suitability of group housing under practical, economic, and animal welfare considerations. Limited results for reducing thermic stress can be achieved by simple measures such as shades or shelter, but additional heat or cold stress relieving strategies can be required depending on the housing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Roland
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Drillich
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - D Klein-Jöbstl
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Iwersen
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Dunlap KA, Brown JD, Keith AB, Satterfield MC. Factors controlling nutrient availability to the developing fetus in ruminants. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:16. [PMID: 25908972 PMCID: PMC4407308 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate delivery of nutrients results in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in livestock. In ruminants, inadequate nutrition during pregnancy is often prevalent due to frequent utilization of exensive forage based grazing systems, making them highly susceptible to changes in nutrient quality and availability. Delivery of nutrients to the fetus is dependent on a number of critical factors including placental growth and development, utero-placental blood flow, nutrient availability, and placental metabolism and transport capacity. Previous findings from our laboratory and others, highlight essential roles for amino acids and their metabolites in supporting normal fetal growth and development, as well as the critical role for amino acid transporters in nutrient delivery to the fetus. The focus of this review will be on the role of maternal nutrition on placental form and function as a regulator of fetal development in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin A Dunlap
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
| | - Jacob D Brown
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
| | - Ashley B Keith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
| | - M Carey Satterfield
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843 USA
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23
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Pannwitz G. Standardized analysis of German cattle mortality using national register data. Prev Vet Med 2015; 118:260-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Vannucchi C, Rodrigues J, Silva L, Lúcio C, Veiga G. Effect of dystocia and treatment with oxytocin on neonatal calf vitality and acid-base, electrolyte and haematological status. Vet J 2015; 203:228-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Lin Y, Wang J, Wang X, Wu W, Lai C. T Cells Development Is Different between Thymus from Normal and Intrauterine Growth Restricted Pig Fetus at Different Gestational Stage. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:343-8. [PMID: 25049796 PMCID: PMC4093474 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the development of T cells in intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) piglets at different gestational stages, and tentatively explore the relationship between T cells development and the Notch signaling pathway. A total of 18 crossbred (Landrace×Large white) primiparous sows were mated at similar weights and estruses and euthanized at d 60, 90 and 110 of gestation with six replicates for each time point. One IUGR and one normal fetus were picked from each litter. The T-cell subsets, mRNA expression of Delta-like1, Delta-like4, Jagged1, and Notch2 genes in the thymus were investigated. Compared to normal piglets, CD3+CD4−CD8+ cells in IUGR fetuses at d 90 was 0.13% lower (p<0.05). At d 110 of gestation CD8+ T cells in IUGR fetuses was 0.19% lower (p<0.05). The percentage of CD8+ T cells was 3.14% lower (p<0.05) of the total T cells in IUGR pigs at d 60. The abundance of Notch2 and Delta-like4 mRNA at d 110 was 20.93% higher and 0.77% (p<0.05) lower, and Delta-like1 mRNA at d 90 was 0.19% (p<0.05) higher compared to normal pigs. These results suggested that normal fetuses had a greater proportion of T-cell subsets at earlier gestation periods, and the Notch signaling pathway was likely partially responsible for these differences to some degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weizong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changhua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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26
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Ibi T, Kahi AK, Hirooka H. Genetic parameters of postnatal mortality and birth weight in Japanese Black calves. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:25-30. [PMID: 24965586 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal mortality (PM) of calves is an economically important trait, because a high mortality rate of calves decreases farm income and significantly increases production costs. In spite of the economic importance of PM, genetic studies on PM have been scarce for Japanese Black cattle. The objectives of this study were to estimate the direct and maternal heritability for PM using a Bayesian threshold model with Gibbs sampling in Japanese Black cattle. The original data consisted of 43 723 records of animals born from January 2005 to June 2006. Four binary traits of mortality were considered: D1-14, D15-60, D61-180 and D1-180 with numbers indicating the period of risk in days after birth. Direct heritabilities for PM ranged from 0.12 to 0.31 and maternal heritabilities for PM were lower than the direct heritabilities and ranged from 0.02 to 0.16. Direct genetic correlations between D1-14 and D15-60, between D15-60 and D61-180, and between D1-14 and D61-180 were 0.501, 0.689 and 0.062, respectively. Direct genetic correlations of birth weight with D1-14, D15-60, D61-180 and D1-180 were 0.089, 0.482, 0.434 and 0.394, respectively. These results indicated that different genes were responsible for early and late PM and early PM (D1-14) can be genetically reduced without influencing birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ibi
- Division of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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27
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Durunna ON, Girardin LC, Scott SL, Robins C, Block HC, Iwaasa AD, Khakbazan M, Lardner HA. The effects of spring versus summer calving on beef cattle reproductive and growth performance in western Canada. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Durunna, O. N., Girardin, L. C., Scott, S. L., Robins, C., Block, H. C., Iwaasa, A. D., Khakbazan, M. and Lardner, H. A. 2014. The effects of spring versus summer calving on beef cattle reproductive and growth performance in western Canada. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 259–271. The majority of beef producers in western Canada have adopted a spring calving system. Evaluating alternative calving systems such as summer calving may lead to better use of forage resources to optimize cow-calf productivity. In order to evaluate the impact of calving system on cow-calf productivity, 346 Hereford or Angus crossbred cows were used in a 3-yr research study (2007 to 2009) at Brandon, Manitoba; Swift Current, Saskatchewan and Lanigan, Saskatchewan. Cows were bred to calve from February to May (early-calving system, EC) or from May to August (late-calving system, LC). Each system was evaluated for effect on performance and reproductive efficiency. Forage yield, utilization and nutritive value were assessed. Cow body weights (BW), ultrasound measures of backfat and calf BW were evaluated at precalving, breeding and weaning. There was no difference between calving systems for pregnancy rate (P=0.13) EC (93.0%) vs. LC (95.8%); calving rate (P=0.89) EC (92.0%) vs. LC (91.7%) or proportion of calves born alive (P=0.85) EC (99.5%) vs. LC (99.6%). The average length of calving season was not different (P=0.26) between the two systems. The EC cows had greater (P=0.002) BW losses from calving to breeding but greater (P=0.001) BW gain from breeding to weaning than LC cows. Although calves born in LC had greater birth BW (P=0.003) than EC calves, calf weaning rate (P=0.01) and calf weaning BW (P<0.0001) were greater in EC. The higher weaning rate and higher weaning BW with EC has the potential to increase cow-calf productivity and may be more attractive to beef producers in western Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shannon L. Scott
- Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6X 0B3
| | | | - Hushton C. Block
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - Alan D. Iwaasa
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada S9H 3X2
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Elghafghuf A, Stryhn H, Waldner C. A cross-classified and multiple membership Cox model applied to calf mortality data. Prev Vet Med 2014; 115:29-38. [PMID: 24703248 PMCID: PMC7114250 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A cross-classified and multiple membership Cox model was applied to calf mortality data from Western Canada, where 23,409 calves from 174 herds were followed for up to 180 days after calving. The herds were cross-classified by 49 veterinary clinics and 9 ecological regions and in a multiple membership relation to the veterinary clinics, resulting in a 3-level cross-classified and multiple membership data structure. The model was formulated in a mixed-effects Poisson model framework with normally distributed random effects, and was fitted to the data by Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation. Important fixed effects included whether the calf was a twin, calf gender, assistance at calving, cow age, average temperature the first week after calving, the percentage of the herd that had already calved, whether calf shelters were provided, whether cow-calf pairs were moved to a nursery area, and whether any animals were purchased into the herd at or near the time of calving. The analysis demonstrated a greater variation among herds than among both ecological regions and veterinary clinics. Further, a simulation study for a setting similar to the real data gave evidence that the used approach provides valid estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Elghafghuf
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Misurata, P.O. Box 2478, Misurata, Libya.
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B4, Canada
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Mellado M, Lopez E, Veliz F, De Santiago M, Macias-Cruz U, Avendaño-Reyes L, Garcia J. Factors associated with neonatal dairy calf mortality in a hot-arid environment. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Gates MC. Evaluating the reproductive performance of British beef and dairy herds using national cattle movement records. Vet Rec 2013; 173:499. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Gates
- Epidemiology Group; Centre for Immunity; Infection and Evolution; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Ashworth Laboratories; Kings Buildings, West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3JT UK
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31
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Risk factors for stillbirth and dystocia in Japanese Black cattle. Vet J 2013; 198:212-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Arnott G, Roberts D, Rooke JA, Turner SP, Lawrence AB, Rutherford KMD. Board invited review: The importance of the gestation period for welfare of calves: maternal stressors and difficult births. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:5021-34. [PMID: 22952359 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prenatal period is of critical importance in defining how individuals respond to their environment throughout life. Stress experienced by pregnant females has been shown to have detrimental effects on offspring biology in humans and a variety of other species. It also is becoming increasingly apparent that prenatal events can have important consequences for the behavior, health, and productivity of offspring in farmed species. Pregnant cattle may experience many potentially important stressors, for instance, relating to their social environment, housing system and physical environment, interactions with humans and husbandry procedures, and their state of health. We examined the available literature to provide a review of the implications of prenatal stress for offspring welfare in cattle. The long-term effects of dystocia on cattle offspring also are reviewed. To ensure a transparent and repeatable selection process, a systematic review approach was adopted. The research literature clearly demonstrates that prenatal stress and difficult births in beef and dairy cattle both have implications for offspring welfare and performance. Common husbandry practices, such as transport, were shown to influence offspring biology and the importance of environmental variables, including thermal stress and drought, also were highlighted. Maternal disease during pregnancy was shown to negatively impact offspring welfare. Moreover, dystocia-affected calves suffer increased mortality and morbidity, decreased transfer of passive immunity, and important physiological and behavioral changes. This review also identified considerable gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the effects of prenatal stress in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arnott
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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33
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Azizzadeh M, Shooroki HF, Kamalabadi AS, Stevenson MA. Factors affecting calf mortality in Iranian Holstein dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2012; 104:335-40. [PMID: 22230657 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to document mortality reasons and risk factors for mortality in dairy calves in the northeast of Iran. This was a prospective cohort study of calves born on ten commercial dairy herds from 21 March 2009 to 20 March 2010. A total of 4097 live calves were followed for 90 days after birth. For each calf details of sex, parity of the dam, type of parturition and season of birth were recorded. The interval (in days) from the date of birth to the date of death and the reason for death was recorded for those calves that died before 90 days of age. A Cox proportional hazards model, including a frailty term to account for unmeasured herd-level effects was developed to quantify the effect of factors associated with time to death. Two hundred and sixty-six (6.5%, 95% CI: 5.8-7.3%) of the 4097 live-born calves died or were euthanised before 90 days of age. The most important reasons for death were digestive tract disorders (58% of all deaths, 95% CI: 52-64%) followed by respiratory diseases (13% of all deaths, 95% CI: 9-17%). Calves exposed to dystocia at birth had 2.09 (95% CI: 1.49-2.92) times the daily hazard of death compared with calves born from a normal calving. The daily hazard of death for calves born in the summer was 1.93 (95% CI: 1.41-2.64) times greater than the hazard for those calves born in the autumn. Inclusion of the herd-level frailty term had a significant effect on hazard estimates indicating that the study herds were heterogeneous in the distribution of unmeasured herd-level factors influencing calf survival. Our results show that diarrhoea is the most important cause of calf mortality in dairy herds in this area of Iran and that environmental and management factors affect calf mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azizzadeh
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 9177948974-1793, Mashhad, Iran.
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Maldonado NC, de Ruiz CS, Otero MC, Sesma F, Nader-Macías ME. Lactic acid bacteria isolated from young calves--characterization and potential as probiotics. Res Vet Sci 2011; 92:342-9. [PMID: 21497871 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used as probiotics in humans and animals to restore the ecological balance of different mucosa. They help in the physiological functions of newborn calves that are susceptible to a variety of syndromes. The criteria for the selection of strains for the design of probiotic products are not available. Based in the host-specificity of the indigenous microbiota, 96 LAB isolates from faeces and oral cavity of calves were obtained. The surface properties were screened showing a small number of highly hydrophobic or autoagglutinating isolates. Also, a group produced H(2)O(2) and were able to inhibit pathogens, and two strains were bacteriocin-producers. Some grew at very low pH and high bile concentrations. The strains sharing some of the specific properties evaluated were identified genetically, assayed their compatibility and exopolysaccharide production. The results allow going further in the establishment of criteria to select strains to be included in a multi-strain-probiotic-product to be further assayed in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia C Maldonado
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Vasseur E, Rushen J, de Passillé A. Does a calf's motivation to ingest colostrum depend on time since birth, calf vigor, or provision of heat? J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:3915-21. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Borderas FT, de Passillé AMB, Rushen J. Temperature preferences and feed level of the newborn dairy calf. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Brown PA, Bodles-Brakhop AM, Draghia-Akli R. Effects of plasmid growth hormone-releasing hormone treatment during heat stress. DNA Cell Biol 2008; 27:629-35. [PMID: 18721073 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene therapy treatment with plasmid-based growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) delivered by electroporation (EP) was investigated during heat stress; 32 primiparous cows received 2.5 mg of a GHRH-expressing myogenic plasmid (pSP-HV-GHRH), while 20 were designated as controls. Offspring of treated animals showed a reduction in mortality (47%; p < 0.02), and survival from birth to 260 days was dramatically improved (0% mortality vs. 21% in controls) along with an increase in weight gain (p < 0.05). Milk production was increased compared to controls with an average yield gain of 421 kg/cow (p = 0.028). Prolactin (PRL) levels were also significantly increased compared to controls (p < 0.05). The second pregnancy rate was improved by GHRH treatment (53.3% vs. 30.8%). This study shows that the use of plasmid-mediated therapy delivered by EP can maintain health status during periods of heat stress, important for both animals and potentially humans in hot, challenging climates.
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Ribeiro ARB, Alencar MMD, Costa MJPD, Negrão JA. Effects of sire breed-grazing system and environmental parameters on the behaviour of beef calves just after birth. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lombard JE, Garry FB, Tomlinson SM, Garber LP. Impacts of Dystocia on Health and Survival of Dairy Calves. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:1751-60. [PMID: 17369215 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine incidence of stillbirths and heifer-calf morbidity and mortality, and their association with dystocia on 3 Colorado dairies. A total of 7,380 calvings produced 7,788 calves on 3 Colorado dairy operations between October 1, 2001, and November 5, 2002. Dystocia score and calf status (alive vs. dead) were recorded at calving. Calves that were born alive, but died before 24 h of age, also were recorded as stillborn. Heifer calves were monitored for 120 d to evaluate morbidity and mortality. More than half (51.2%) of calves born to primiparous dams, compared with 29.4% of calves born to multiparous dams, required assistance during calving. A larger percentage of bull calves (40.0%) required assistance compared with heifer calves (33.0%). Proportion of stillborn calves was 8.2% overall, with bull calves, twin calves, calves born to primiparous dams, and those born to dams having dystocia having a larger stillbirth percentage compared with heifer calves, singletons, calves born to multiparous dams, and unassisted calvings, respectively. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate stillbirths and heifer health while accounting for the clustering of calves within dairy. The models included dystocia score, parity, and season of calving as explanatory variables for heifer events and also calf gender, and single or twin birth for the stillbirth models. Heifer calves born to dams having severe dystocia had greater odds of stillbirth [odds ratio (OR) = 20.7] and treatment of respiratory disease (OR = 1.7), digestive disease (OR = 1.3), and overall heifer mortality (OR = 6.7). Calf gender and dam parity interacted with calving ease to affect stillbirths. For calves having severe dystocia, heifer calves and calves born to multiparous dams were at increased risk of stillbirth compared with bull calves and calves born to primiparous dams, respectively. Survival analysis demonstrated that severe dystocia was associated with stillbirths and deaths up to 30 d of age. Relatively simple interventions have the potential to significantly reduce the impact of dystocia on calf mortality and morbidity on dairy farms. Education of farm management and personnel in strategies to reduce dystocia and its effect on calf health should be a priority according to the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lombard
- USDA: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Ave., Bldg. B, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117, USA.
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. MAL. Study of Perinatal Mortality and Dystocia in Dairy Cows in Fars Province, Southern Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2007.85.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wu G, Bazer FW, Wallace JM, Spencer TE. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Intrauterine growth retardation: Implications for the animal sciences1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2316-37. [PMID: 16908634 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 742] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), defined as impaired growth and development of the mammalian embryo/fetus or its organs during pregnancy, is a major concern in domestic animal production. Fetal growth restriction reduces neonatal survival, has a permanent stunting effect on postnatal growth and the efficiency of feed/forage utilization in offspring, negatively affects whole body composition and meat quality, and impairs long-term health and athletic performance. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms has important implications for the prevention of IUGR and is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of livestock production and animal health. Fetal growth within the uterus is a complex biological event influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, as well as maternal maturity. These factors impact on the size and functional capacity of the placenta, uteroplacental blood flows, transfer of nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus, conceptus nutrient availability, the endocrine milieu, and metabolic pathways. Alterations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, physiology, metabolism, and postnatal growth of the offspring. Impaired placental syntheses of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator and angiogenic factor) and polyamines (key regulators of DNA and protein synthesis) may provide a unified explanation for the etiology of IUGR in response to maternal undernutrition and overnutrition. There is growing evidence that maternal nutritional status can alter the epigenetic state (stable alterations of gene expression through DNA methylation and histone modifications) of the fetal genome. This may provide a molecular mechanism for the role of maternal nutrition on fetal programming and genomic imprinting. Innovative interdisciplinary research in the areas of nutrition, reproductive physiology, and vascular biology will play an important role in designing the next generation of nutrient-balanced gestation diets and developing new tools for livestock management that will enhance the efficiency of animal production and improve animal well being.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Chapter 12 Ontogeny and metabolism of brown adipose tissue in livestock species. BIOLOGY OF GROWING ANIMALS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abeni F, Bergoglio G, Masoero G, Terzano GM, Allegrini S. Plasma hormones and metabolites in Piedmontese cows during late pregnancy: relationships with calf birth weight. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:438-44. [PMID: 14974541 DOI: 10.2527/2004.822438x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relationships among plasma hormonal and metabolic variables in the last trimester of gestation in 59 Piedmontese dams (n = 15 heifers, n = 44 cows) and the calf birth weight (BWT) class of their offspring were investigated in seven herds. The BWT data were categorized as follows: > 50 kg (BWT-A), 46 to 50 kg (BWT-B), 41 to 45 kg (BWT-C), and < 41 kg (BWT-D). Blood samples were collected at 33, 36, and 39 wk of gestation. Packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma concentrations of insulin, estrone sulfate (E1SO4), NEFA, and creatinine were determined and correlated to BWT class. Creatinine: E1SO4 ratio also was calculated. Duration of gestation was greater for dams producing a BWT-A calf than for the other BWT classes, and calf BWT was heavier (P < 0.001) for calves in the BWT-A vs. BWT-D class. The heaviest calf in BWT-A was associated with the highest calving difficulty score. Insulin and PCV values were not affected by week of gestation, whereas plasma E1SO4, NEFA, and creatinine content increased (P < 0.001) and creatinine:E1SO4 decreased (P < 0.001) during late gestation. Calf BWT class did not affect PCV value. Plasma E1SO4 concentrations were lower (P < 0.01) in BWT-D dams than the other dams, showing the greatest difference at 39 wk of gestation. At 36 and 39 wk of gestation, dams bearing BWT-C and BWT-D calves had a higher (P < 0.01) plasma insulin concentration than those bearing BWT-A and BWT-B calves. Plasma NEFA concentrations at 39 wk of gestation were higher (P < 0.05) in dams of calf BWT-A than in the other dams. We conclude that plasma E1SO4 level is a variable that can be used to monitor problems related to a small size calf. Conversely, the forthcoming birth of a calf with a heavy BW seems to be preceded by a pronounced increase in plasma NEFA level in the dam just a few days before calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abeni
- Section of Torino, Istituto Sperimentale per la Zootecnia, 1-10151 Torino, Italy
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Longevity Attributes of Bos indicus × Bos taurus Crossbred Cows11Published with approval of the Director of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station as Journal Article 03-07-028. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hansen M, Madsen P, Jensen J, Pedersen J, Christensen LG. Genetic parameters of postnatal mortality in Danish Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:1807-17. [PMID: 12778591 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of postnatal mortality (PM) in dairy cattle. Data originated from 841,921 Danish Holstein calves. Four binary traits of mortality were considered: D1-14, D15-60, D61-180, and D1-180 with numbers indicating the period of risk in days after birth. The unadjusted frequency of D1-14, D15-60, D61-180, and D1-180 were 0.027, 0.018, 0.020, and 0.066, respectively. A linear sire-model was fitted to the data, and average information-REML was used to estimate (co)variance components. Estimates of direct heritabilities for the four mortality traits ranged from 0.001 to 0.008 but were all significant. D61-180 and D1-180 had the highest direct heritabilities. Maternal heritabilities were very low, ranging from 0.0002 to 0.0015 and significant for D1-14 and D1-180 only. The direct genetic correlation between D1-14 and D15-60, between D15-60 and D61-180, and between D1-14 and D61-180 was 0.73, 0.54, and 0.34, respectively. It indicates that different genes are responsible for early PM (D1-14) and late PM (D61-180). When D61-180 was treated as a different trait for females, males not transferred, and transferred males, the direct heritability was 0.004, 0.008, and 0.034, respectively, but the direct genetic correlations between these three traits were very high. If transfers of calves are getting more common, the importance of including PM in a breeding program will increase, as the genetic variation of PM was considerably higher for transferred calves than for calves that were not transferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hansen
- Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Research Centre Foulum, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Dietz RE, Hall JB, Whittier WD, Elvinger F, Eversole DE. Effects of feeding supplemental fat to beef cows on cold tolerance in newborn calves. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:885-94. [PMID: 12723076 DOI: 10.2527/2003.814885x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objectives were to examine the effects of added fat in late-gestation cow diets on neonatal response to cold. In Exp. 1, pregnant fall-calving heifers received control (n = 5), safflower seed (n = 5), or whole cottonseed (n = 5) diets. The hay-based, isonitrogenous, and isocaloric diets, fed for 47 d prepartum, contained 1.5, 4.0, and 5.0% fat for control, safflower, and whole cottonseed diets, respectively. At calving, calf BW and vigor score, as well as fat, lactose, and IgG in colostrum were not affected (P > 0.30) by diet. Heifers fed the safflower diet tended to have greater colostral solids (P < 0.10) than heifers fed the control or whole cottonseed diets. At 6.5 h of age, calves were placed in a 5 degrees C cold room for 90 min. Calf vigor, shivering, body temperature, and blood samples were taken every 15 min. During cold stress, calf body temperature decreased 0.7 degrees C (P < 0.03). Across all diets, shivering and serum glucose concentrations increased (P < 0.05), whereas calf vigor and cortisol concentrations decreased (P < 0.02) during cold exposure. In Exp. 2, pregnant spring-calving cows (n = 98) received a control (n = 47) or whole cottonseed (n = 51) supplement. Hay-based diets fed for 68 d prepartum contained 2.0 and 5.0% fat for control and whole cottonseed diets, respectively. Calf BW, vigor, shivering, dystocia score, time to stand, time to nurse, serum glucose concentrations, and serum IgG were not affected (P > 0.50) by diet. Between 30 and 180 min, body temperature of calves from dams fed the whole cottonseed supplement decreased (P < 0.05) more than calves from dams fed the control supplement. Serum glucose concentrations in calves were not affected by diet (P > 0.30). Serum cortisol concentrations tended (P < 0.09) to be greater for calves from dams fed whole cottonseed than control calves. When ambient temperature was < 6 degrees C, calves born to dams fed whole cottonseed had greater (P < 0.05) BW, tended (P < 0.1) to stand earlier, and had greater serum IgG concentrations. We conclude that calves from dams fed high-fat diets containing safflower or whole cottonseed respond similarly to cold stress, but these responses may not be consistent with greater cold resistance. In addition, high-fat dietary supplementation of late-gestation cows may only be beneficial during calving seasons with prolonged cold weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Dietz
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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Review: Cost of Reproductive Diseases and Conditions in Cattle11Portions of this research were conducted under a cooperative agreement between USDA, ARS and the Montana Agric. Exp. Stn. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by USDA, Montana Agric. Exp. Stn., or the authors and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable. USDA, ARS, Northern Plains Area, is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer, and all agency services are available without discrimination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vandenheede M, Nicks B, Désiron A, Canart B. Mother-young relationships in Belgian Blue cattle after a Caesarean section: characterisation and effects of parity. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2001; 72:281-292. [PMID: 11311422 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1591(01)00118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The systematic use of Caesarean section in "double muscled" Belgian Blue cattle can induce ethical concerns. The aims of the following study was to characterise mother-young relationships in such a situation and to assess the effect of parity. Fifteen heifers and 15 cows of the Belgian Blue breed were observed using video recording when isolated with their calf during the 3 days following Caesarean, a rapid surgery with rare occurrence of aggressive behaviour and no sign of cows' discomfort or weakness. All calves were bottle-fed mother's colostrum once before first suckling occurred. Heifers' calves received a supplementary number of three such artificial meals, while cows' calves needed only one. The overall median time to first licking of the calf by the mother was 3.3min without any effect of parity. The mean licking frequency was 29.2+/-15.8 per 24h: heifers licked their calf less frequently than cows, respectively 23.4+/-15.3 per 24h versus 35.1+/-14.5 per 24h (P<0.05). The mean total licking duration was 42.2+/-25.9min per 24h: there was no significant difference between heifers and cows. The overall median time to first suckling was 6.1h, without any effect of parity. The mean suckling frequency was 8.4+/-4.8 per 24h: for half of these suckling bouts, the calf was situated on the left side of the mother, i.e. the side of the scar. The suckling frequency was negatively correlated with the number of artificial meals (r(s)=-0.45,P<0.05). Heifers suckled their calf less often than cows, respectively 6.1+/-3.1 per 24h versus 10.7+/-5.2 per 24h (P<0.01), but the left side proportion was not significantly different. The mean suckling total duration was 35.3+/-21.0min per 24h. The calf was on the left side of the mother during half of this time. Heifers suckled their calf during a shorter time than cows, respectively 26.9+/-20.0min per 24h versus 43.8+/-19.1min per 24h (P<0.05), and the left side proportion was not significantly different. Licking frequency and suckling duration were positively correlated (r=0.43,P<0.05). Only 10% of the mothers (one heifer and two cows) butted their calf and kicking was never observed. Despite the difficult comparison with results of the literature according to various methodologies, mother-young relationships were considered as similar to those reported after natural calving. In our study, cows can be considered as better mothers than heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vandenheede
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Bellows RA, Lammoglia MA. Effects of severity of dystocia on cold tolerance and serum concentrations of glucose and cortisol in neonatal beef calves. Theriogenology 2000; 53:803-13. [PMID: 10735045 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(99)00275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Effects of dystocia on rectal temperature and serum cortisol and glucose concentrations, were studied in neonatal calves exposed to 0 degree C. Primiparous dams were observed continuously during parturition and if Stage II (labor) was not completed within 2 h after appearance of the allantochorion, delivery was completed with obstetrical assistance. Parturitions were scored (CDS) for difficulty and obstetric assistance required: CDS 1, no assistance (n = 8); CDS 2, minor manual assistance (n = 7); CDS 3, use of a mechanical calf puller (n = 5); CDS 4, cesarean section (n = 6). A blood sample, rectal temperature, and body weight were obtained within 30 min after birth. Calves were then fed 38 degrees C pooled colostrum, muzzled to prevent suckling, and placed back with their dam in a heated (22 degrees C) barn. At 4 h of age an indwelling jugular catheter was inserted. At 5 h of age calves were placed in a 0 degree C room for 140 min and blood samples and rectal temperatures were obtained every 10 or 20 min. A shivering score (1 = no shivering; 2 = moderate shivering; 3 = intense shivering) was assigned at each sampling time. Rectal temperatures were higher (P < 0.01) in CDS 1, 2 and 4 calves (39.0, 39.3, and 39.0 +/- .02 degrees C, respectively) than in calves with CDS 3 (38.3 +/- 0.02 degrees C) and were affected by duration of cold exposure (time; P < 0.01). Shivering was not affected by CDS but was affected by time (P < 0.01). Glucose concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) in CDS 3 calves (110.1 +/- 1.6 mg/dL) than in CDS 1, 2, or 4 calves (77.2, 86.4, and 89.0 +/- 1.3 mg/dL, respectively) and changed over time (P < 0.01). Cortisol concentrations were higher in CDS 1 calves (80.0 +/- 1.7 ng/mL) than in CDS 2, 3 or 4 calves (62.7, 58.2, and 57.7 +/- 2.0 ng/mL, respectively) and were affected by time (P < 0.01). We conclude that severe dystocia (CDS 3) resulted in lower calf rectal temperature, reduced serum cortisol, and increased serum glucose which could affect the ability of the calf to withstand cold stress. Minor dystocia did not cause and timely cesarean delivery prevented, the physiological aberrations encountered in severe dystocia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bellows
- Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Miles City, MT 59301, USA
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Martin GS, Carstens GE, Taylor TL, Sweatt CR, Eli AG, Lunt DK, Smith SB. Prepartum protein restriction does not alter norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis or brown adipose tissue function in newborn calves. J Nutr 1997; 127:1929-37. [PMID: 9311947 DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.10.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of prepartum protein restriction on thermogenesis and several aspects of perirenal (brown) adipose tissue (BAT) in newborn calves. Lipid synthesis and morphology also were compared between BAT and sternum (white) adipose tissue. During the last 140 d of gestation, heifers were fed isocaloric diets containing adequate (10.4%) or restricted (average of 6.8%, dry matter basis) levels of protein. Body condition scores and weight gain during gestation were significantly lower in heifers fed the restricted-protein diet. However, newborn calf birth weight, calf BAT weight and composition, and calf thermoneutral metabolic rates were not affected by prepartum protein restriction. Similarly, visceral organ weights, except for lung plus trachea, were not affected (P > 0.10) by prepartum protein treatment. Peak metabolic rates were not affected (P > 0.10) by prepartum protein treatment and on average were twice the thermoneutral metabolic rates. Consistent with this, BAT of calves from heifers fed adequate- or restricted-protein diets did not differ in lipid synthesis, cellularity, or uncoupling protein mRNA:28S rRNA ratios. Although both perirenal and sternum adipocytes were mostly unilocular, perirenal adipocytes contained numerous large mitochondria with well-differentiated cristae; sternum adipocytes contained a small number of mitochondria with poorly developed cristae. Fatty acid biosynthesis from acetate was high in BAT (55-57 nmol acetate incorporated.100 mg-1.h-1) but barely detectable in sternum adipose tissue. Conversely, fatty acid biosynthesis from glucose was 80-110% higher in sternum adipose tissue than in BAT (4.5 vs 2.1-2.5 nmol glucose incorporated.100 mg-1.h-1). Thus maternal protein restriction severely affected heifers but had no effect on neonatal calf thermogenesis or BAT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Martin
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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