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Ravari FN, Tahmasbi R, Dayani O, Khezri A. Cactus-alfalfa blend silage as an alternative feedstuff for Saanen dairy goats: Effect on feed intake, milk yield and components, blood and rumen parameters. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Li MM, Ghimire S, Wenner BA, Kohn RA, Firkins JL, Gill B, Hanigan MD. Effects of acetate, propionate, and pH on volatile fatty acid thermodynamics in continuous cultures of ruminal contents. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8879-8897. [PMID: 36085109 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of acetate, propionate, and pH on thermodynamics of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen, a dual-flow continuous culture study was conducted to quantify production of major VFA, interconversions among the VFA, and H2 and CH4 emissions in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The 4 treatments were (1) control: pH buffered to an average of 6.75; (2) control plus 20 mmol/d of infused acetate (InfAc); (3) control plus 7 mmol/d of infused propionate (InfPr); and (4) a 0.5-unit decline in pH elicited by adjustment of the buffer (LowpH). All fermentors were fed 40 g of a pelleted diet containing whole alfalfa pellets and concentrate mix pellets (50:50) once daily. After 7 d of treatment, sequential, continuous infusions of [2-13C] sodium acetate (3.5 mmol/d), [U-13C] sodium propionate (2.9 mmol/d), and [1-13C] sodium butyrate (0.22 mmol/d) were carried out from 12 h before feeding for 36 h. Filtered liquid effluent (4 mL) was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 22 h after feeding, and assessed for VFA concentrations, with another filtered sample (20 mL) used to quantify aqueous concentrations of CH4 and H2. Headspace CH4 and H2 gases were monitored continuously. Ruminal microbes were isolated from the mixed effluent samples, and the microbial community structure was analyzed using the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technique. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and starch and microbial C sequestrated from VFA were not affected by treatments. The LowpH treatment increased net propionate production and decreased H2 and CH4 headspace emissions, primarily due to shifts in metabolic pathways of VFA formation, likely due to the observed changes in bacterial community structure. Significant interconversions occurred between acetate and butyrate, whereas interconversions of other VFA with propionate were relatively small. The InfAc and InfPr treatments increased net acetate and propionate production, respectively; however, interconversions among VFA were not affected by pH, acetate, or propionate treatments, suggesting that thermodynamics might not be a primary influencer of metabolic pathways used for VFA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng M Li
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China, 100193
| | - S Ghimire
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - B A Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - R A Kohn
- Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - B Gill
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
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Pormohammad A, Mohammadabadi T, Chaji M, Mirzadeh K, Ghafle Marammazi J. The effect of biofloc produced from a fish farming system on nutrients digestibility, rumen fermentation, feeding behavior, and blood parameters of Najdi goats. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 11:393-399. [PMID: 33643593 PMCID: PMC7904122 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.88965.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofloc produced from a fish pond on digestibility, rumen fermentation, rumination activity, and blood parameters of Najdi goats. At the first, 200 common carp fish (1.00 g) in two water tanks were used for producing biofloc. Then, 12 goats (average body weight of 32.00 ± 1.50 kg aging eight months) were assigned through a completely randomized design to two treatments (six replicates) and fed for one month. The treatments were comprised of a control diet and a trial diet containing 1.50% biofloc. At the end of the experiment, digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and rumination activity were measured. The results showed that the digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) significantly increased in goats fed with 1.50% biofloc. Also, the rumen protozoa population, plasma glucose, average time of eating, rumination, and chewing per NDF and ADF intakes, total rumination time, and chewing activity were significantly increased. There was no significant difference between treatments for DM intake, ruminal ammonia nitrogen, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and triglyceride. The pH of rumen fluid significantly decreased in treatment containing biofloc. The results of the current study confessed that the use of biofloc (1.50% DM) as a supplement in Najdi goat’s diet can improve the digestibility of the diet. It is recommended further and detailed trials with different levels of biofloc in sheep or different livestock species to know more about this untapped supplement source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Pormohammad
- MSc Graduate, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Mohammadabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Morteza Chaji
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Khalil Mirzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jasem Ghafle Marammazi
- Aquaculture Research Center-South of Iran, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Ahvaz, Iran
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The effect of substitution of mixed grass hay with Urtica cannabina hay and/or Leymus chinensis hay on blood biochemical profile, carcass traits, and intramuscular fatty acid composition in finishing lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sun H, Gao T, Zhong R, Fang Y, Di G, Zhou D. Effects of corn replacement by sorghum in diets on performance, nutrient utilization, blood parameters, antioxidant status, and meat colour stability in lambs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to compare growth performance, nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, antioxidant status, and meat colour stability of lambs fed diets that partially or completely substituted corn with sorghum. Twenty-four male German merino weaned lambs (16.19 ± 2.05 kg body weight) were divided into four treatments in a completely randomized design. The diets for four treatments contained 450 g kg−1 of ground corn (C), 300 + 150 g kg−1 of ground corn and sorghum (CSM1), 150 + 300 g kg−1 of ground corn and sorghum (CSM2) and 450 g kg−1 ground sorghum (S); all diets consisted of 70% concentrated feed and 30% Leymus chinensis hay. The lambs were fed the experimental diets for 56 d. Inclusion of sorghum tended to increase average daily weight gain and total gain (P = 0.06), and lower feed conversion ratio (P = 0.10). Significant increase in nitrogen (N) intake and fecal N excretion was observed after substitution of corn with sorghum, and the apparent digestibility of crude protein was significantly reduced. Concentrations of ammonia N in rumen fluid were affected by treatment (P = 0.01) and an interaction (P < 0.01) between treatment and sampling time. No significant effects were found on blood parameters among treatments. Replacement of corn with sorghum significantly decreased b* (yellowness) values of meat during storage. Sorghum instead of corn is feasible in lamb diets, and it has positive effects on the lamb growth and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.X. Sun
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, People’s Republic of China
| | - T.S. Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People’s Republic of China
| | - R.Z. Zhong
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Y. Fang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, People’s Republic of China
| | - G.L. Di
- Institute of Pratacultural Sciences of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, People’s Republic of China
| | - D.W. Zhou
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, People’s Republic of China
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Markantonatos X, Varga GA. Effects of monensin on glucose metabolism in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9020-9035. [PMID: 28888610 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Eight multiparous periparturient Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannula were used in a split plot design to evaluate the effects of monensin on plasma glucose metabolism. Diets were top-dressed daily with 0 mg/cow of monensin (control) or 300 mg/cow of monensin (MON) both pre- and postpartum. Plasma glucose kinetic parameters on d -13 ± 2.0 and 19 ± 1.6 relative to parturition were determined by using stable isotopes. Na-1-13C3-Propionate (labeled propionate) was infused into the rumen to measure glucose synthesis originating from ruminal propionate, and U-13C-glucose (labeled glucose) was injected into the jugular vein to determine total glucose kinetics. A sampling period of 480 min following labeled glucose injection was implemented. A compartmental analysis was employed to determine steady state glucose kinetic parameters. To develop a steady state glucose model, the Windows version of SAAM software (WinSAAM) was used. A 4-compartment model was adequate to comprehensively describe plasma glucose metabolism. The main model compartments consisted of propionate and plasma glucose. The time frame of the 480-min sampling period post-tracer glucose infusion allowed accurate quantification of glucose metabolism. The model estimated that glucose input from sources other than ruminal propionate decreased with MON, from 2.26 to 1.09 g/min postpartum. Gluconeogenesis, expressed as the propionate contribution to the plasma glucose pool, increased in cows fed MON (22 vs. 31%), whereas glucose oxidation, expressed as the glucose disposal rate, significantly decreased (1.67 vs. 0.92 g/min). In conclusion, MON may improve the energy status of transition cows by (1) improving the efficiency of propionate to produce glucose and (2) decreasing glucose oxidation in body tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Markantonatos
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| | - G A Varga
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Ghimire S, Kohn R, Gregorini P, White R, Hanigan M. Representing interconversions among volatile fatty acids in the Molly cow model. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3658-3671. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Alam MK, Ogata Y, Sato Y, Sano H. Effects of Rice Straw Supplemented with Urea and Molasses on Intermediary Metabolism of Plasma Glucose and Leucine in Sheep. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:523-9. [PMID: 26949953 PMCID: PMC4782087 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An isotope dilution method using [U-13C]glucose and [1-13C]leucine (Leu) was conducted to evaluate the effects of rice straw supplemented with urea and molasses (RSUM-diet) on plasma glucose and Leu turnover rates in sheep. Nitrogen (N) balance, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood metabolite concentrations were also determined. Four sheep were fed either mixed hay (MH-diet), or a RSUM-diet with a crossover design for two 21 days period. Feed allowance was computed on the basis of metabolizable energy at maintenance level. The isotope dilution method was performed as the primed-continuous infusion on day 21 of each dietary period. Nitrogen intake was lower (p = 0.01) for the RSUM-diet and N digestibility did not differ (p = 0.57) between diets. Concentrations of rumen total volatile fatty acids tended to be higher (p = 0.09) for the RSUM-diet than the MH-diet. Acetate concentration in the rumen did not differ (p = 0.38) between diets, whereas propionate concentration was higher (p = 0.01) for the RSUM-diet compared to the MH-diet. Turnover rates as well as concentrations of plasma glucose and Leu did not differ between diets. It can be concluded that kinetics of plasma glucose and Leu metabolism were comparable between the RSUM-diet and the MH-diet, and rumen fermentation characteristics were improved in sheep fed the RSUM-diet compared to the MH-diet.
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Kohn RA, Kim SW. Using the second law of thermodynamics for enrichment and isolation of microorganisms to produce fuel alcohols or hydrocarbons. J Theor Biol 2015; 382:356-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Galindo C, Larsen M, Ouellet DR, Maxin G, Pellerin D, Lapierre H. Abomasal amino acid infusion in postpartum dairy cows: Effect on whole-body, splanchnic, and mammary glucose metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7962-74. [PMID: 26319765 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nine Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas and indwelling catheters in splanchnic blood vessels were used to study the effects of supplementing AA on milk lactose secretion, whole-body rate of appearance (WB-Ra) of glucose, and tissue metabolism of glucose, lactate, glycerol, and β-OH-butyrate (BHBA) in postpartum dairy cows according to a generalized randomized incomplete block design with repeated measures in time. At calving, cows were blocked according to parity (second and third or greater) and were allocated to 2 treatments: abomasal infusion of water (n=4) or abomasal infusion of free AA with casein profile (AA-CN; n=5) in addition to the same basal diet. The AA-CN infusion started with half the maximal dose at 1 d in milk (DIM) and then steadily decreased from 791 to 226 g/d from DIM 2 to 29 to cover the estimated essential AA deficit. On DIM 5, 15, and 29, D[6,6-(2)H2]-glucose (23.7 mmol/h) was infused into a jugular vein for 5h, and 6 blood samples were taken from arterial, portal, hepatic, and mammary sources at 45-min intervals, starting 1h after the initiation of the D[6,6-(2)H2]glucose infusion. Trans-organ fluxes were calculated as veno-arterial differences times plasma flow (splanchnic: downstream dilution of deacetylated para-aminohippurate; mammary: Fick principle using Phe+Tyr). Energy-corrected milk and lactose yields increased on average with AA-CN by 6.4 kg/d and 353 g/d, respectively, with no DIM × treatment interaction. Despite increased AA supply and increased demand for lactose secretion with AA-CN, net hepatic release of glucose remained unchanged, but WB-Ra of glucose tended to increase with AA-CN. Portal true flux of glucose increased with AA-CN and represented, on average, 17% of WB-Ra. Splanchnic true flux of glucose was unaltered by treatments and was numerically equivalent to WB-Ra, averaging 729 and 741 mmol/h, respectively. Mammary glucose utilization increased with AA-CN infusion, averaging 78% of WB-Ra, and increased gradually as lactation advanced. Net portal, hepatic, splanchnic, and mammary fluxes of lactate, glycerol, and BHBA were not affected by AA infusion. Increasing the supply of AA in postpartum dairy cows elevated the WB-Ra of glucose without affecting the true liver glucose release. The greater WB-Ra of glucose with abomasal AA infusion seemed to originate mainly from greater true portal-drained viscera release of glucose. Glucose utilization by the portal-drained viscera was unaffected by abomasal AA infusion, but the exact mechanism behind the greater true portal glucose release could not be assessed in the current study. The increased mammary glucose uptake was in line with the increased milk lactose yield. In early postpartum lactation, the demand for AA seems to be so high that even with increased AA supply, cows have metabolic priorities for AA other than hepatic gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galindo
- Département de Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - M Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - D R Ouellet
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - G Maxin
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - D Pellerin
- Département de Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - H Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8.
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Oh YK, Eun JS, Lee SC, Chu GM, Lee SS, Moon YH. Responses of blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, and Fatty acids to intraruminal infusion of propionate in hanwoo. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:200-6. [PMID: 25557815 PMCID: PMC4283164 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of intraruminal infusion of propionate on ruminal fermentation characteristics and blood hormones and metabolites in Hanwoo (Korean cattle) steers. Four Hanwoo steers (average body wt. 270 kg, 13 month of age) equipped with rumen cannula were infused into rumens with 0.0 M (Water, C), 0.5 M (37 g/L, T1), 1.0 M (74 g/L, T2) and 1.5 M (111 g/L, T3) of propionate for 1 hour per day and allotted by 4×4 Latin square design. On the 5th day of infusion, samples of rumen and blood were collected at 0, 60, 120, 180, and 300 min after intraruminal infusion of propionate. The concentrations of serum glucose and plasma glucagon were not affected (p>0.05) by intraruminal infusion of propionate. The serum insulin concentration at 60 min after infusion was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 than in C, while the concentration of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) at 60 and 180 min after infusion was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the propionate treatments than in C. Hence, intraruminal infusion of propionate stimulates the secretion of insulin, and decreases serum NEFA concentration rather than the change of serum glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Oh
- CJ Cooperation Feed & Livestock, Seoul 100-400, Korea
| | - J S Eun
- CJ Cooperation Feed & Livestock, Seoul 100-400, Korea
| | - S C Lee
- CJ Cooperation Feed & Livestock, Seoul 100-400, Korea
| | - G M Chu
- NongHyuopFeed INC, Busan 608-828, Korea
| | - Sung S Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science(BK21+), Gyeongsang National University, IALS, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Y H Moon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Korea
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Ghimire S, Gregorini P, Hanigan MD. Evaluation of predictions of volatile fatty acid production rates by the Molly cow model. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:354-62. [PMID: 24268399 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Predicting ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) production is important, as VFA are an energy source to the animal, affect nutrient partitioning, and dictate methane production. The VFA production submodel in the Molly cow model was evaluated using data from 8 publications that reported VFA production rates for cattle. Evaluations were conducted with ruminal water balance predictions enabled and the ruminal VFA stoichiometry coefficients set to "mixed" for all diets, or "mixed" when forage represented between 20 and 80% of the diet, "concentrate" when <20% forage, or "forage" when >80% forage. Prediction errors were relatively insensitive to changes in VFA coefficients by diet type. Root mean square prediction errors (RMSPE) were 63, 63, and 49% for acetate, propionate, and butyrate production rates, respectively. A large proportion of the error was slope bias for acetate and butyrate, and a modest proportion for propionate. Because interconversions between acetate and propionate represent approximately 15% of the variation in net production rates, lack of such consideration in the model may contribute to the substantial model prediction errors. The potential of using thermodynamic equations to predict interconversions was assessed using observed ruminal pH and VFA concentrations from 2 studies and assuming constant hydrogen pressure and concentrations of CO₂, H₂O, adenosine diphosphate, ATP, and inorganic P. Rate constants for conversion of acetate to propionate and propionate to acetate were derived independently from the control treatments and used to predict the fluxes for the other treatment. The observed changes in VFA concentrations and pH explained the observed changes in conversion of acetate to propionate, but overpredicted the change in the propionate to acetate flux in one study. When applied to the other study, the equations predicted the increase in propionate to acetate flux, but failed to predict the observed reduction in acetate to propionate flux. The inability to predict responses accurately may be due to a lack of data for controlling factors other than pH and VFA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghimire
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - P Gregorini
- DairyNZ Ltd., Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - M D Hanigan
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
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Abstract
Research with laboratory species suggests that meals can be terminated by peripheral signals carried to brain feeding centres via hepatic vagal afferents, and that these signals are affected by oxidation of fuels. Pre-gastric fermentation in ruminants greatly alters fuels, allowing mechanisms conserved across species to be studied with different types and temporal absorption of fuels. These fuels include SCFA, glucose, lactate, amino acids and long-chain fatty acid (FA) isomers, all of which are absorbed and metabolised by different tissues at different rates. Propionate is produced by rumen microbes, absorbed within the timeframe of meals, and quickly cleared by the liver. Its hypophagic effects are variable, likely due to its fate; propionate is utilised for gluconeogenesis or oxidised and also stimulates oxidation of acetyl-CoA by anapleurosis. In contrast, acetate has little effect on food intake, likely because its uptake by the ruminant liver is negligible. Glucose is hypophagic in non-ruminants but not ruminants and unlike non-ruminant species, uptake of glucose by ruminant liver is negligible, consistent with the differences in hypophagic effects between them. Inhibition of FA oxidation increases food intake, whereas promotion of FA oxidation suppresses food intake. Hypophagic effects of fuel oxidation also vary with changes in metabolic state. The objective of this paper is to compare the type and utilisation of fuels and their effects on feeding across species. We believe that the hepatic oxidation theory allows insight into mechanisms controlling feeding behaviour that can be used to formulate diets to optimise energy balance in multiple species.
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Yahaghi M, Liang JB, Balcells J, Valizadeh R, Alimon AR, Ho YW. Effect of replacing barley with corn or sorghum grain on rumen fermentation characteristics and performance of Iranian Baluchi lamb fed high concentrate rations. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/an11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study, conducted in Iran, was aimed to evaluate the effects of partial substitution of barley with corn or sorghum (slowly fermenting grains) on in situ dry matter (DM) and starch degradability and in vivo digestion characteristics and performance in finishing Iranian Baluchi lambs. In the first experiment, samples of ground barley (B), corn (C), sorghum (S) and their combinations [%: 70 barley : 30 corn (LC), 70 barley : 30 sorghum (LS), 30 barley : 70 corn (HC) and 30 barley : 70 sorghum (HS)] were incubated in nylon bags in rumen of three fistulated Holstein steers. Effective degradability (ED) for DM and starch were different (P < 0.05) among treatments. In both cases, ED was higher (P < 0.05) for B than that for C, S, HC and HS. Results of the present study confirmed previous reports that ruminal degradability of barley is higher than that of corn and sorghum, and further suggested that there may be benefits in replacing barley with ~70% of corn or sorghum. In Experiment 2, 30 Iranian Baluchi male lambs weaned at 65 days of age (BW 32 ± 2.3 kg) were divided into five equal weight groups (6 animals per group) in a complete randomised design. Lambs received a mixed diet in the form of total mixed rations (TMR), consisting of 32.5% alfalfa hay [89% DM, 43% natural detergent fibre (NDF) and 16% crude protein (CP) in diet DM basis] and 67.5% of the respective concentrates. The five iso-caloric (10.73 MJ ME/kg) and iso-nitrogenous (14% CP/kg DM) concentrates with different sources of starch used in the study were (1) barley, as the control cereal source for starch, and in the other treatments barley substituted with (2) 30% corn (LC), (3) 30% sorghum (LS), (4) 70% corn (HC) and (5) 70% sorghum (HS). Lambs in HC and HS diets recorded increases of 20 and 50 g/day in average daily gain, respectively, compared with lambs in B. Substitution of B with 70% C and S significantly (P < 0.01) improved ruminal pH and, presumably, resulted in higher starch outflow for post-ruminal digestion, as reflected by a higher blood glucose concentration, particularly for lambs in the HS diet. Results of the present study reaffirmed the advantages of feeding a mixture of grains with differing fermentation rates and, as previously reported, also suggested that the inclusion rate of slowly degradable grains should be ~70% so as to enhance animal performance.
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Girard C, Desrochers A. Net flux of nutrients across splanchnic tissues of lactating dairy cows as influenced by dietary supplements of biotin and vitamin B12. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1644-54. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kristensen NB, Danfær A, Tetens V, Agergaard N. Portal Recovery of Intraruminally Infused Short-chain Fatty Acids in Sheep. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09064709609410921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lemosquet S, Delamaire E, Lapierre H, Blum J, Peyraud J. Effects of glucose, propionic acid, and nonessential amino acids on glucose metabolism and milk yield in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:3244-57. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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The relationships between intake and net portal fluxes of energy metabolites in ruminants: A meta-analysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Abstract
We investigated whether short-term underfeeding could induce adaptative mechanisms in portal-drained viscera (PDV) that would allow nutrients to be spared for vital functions in adult ewes. Six ewes (three of them fitted with catheters in the mesenteric artery and portal and mesenteric veins) were fed, in a double 3×3 Latin square design (2 weeks per experimental period), a regrowth of natural grassland hay at 143 (high; H), 88 (medium; M) and 51 (low; L) % of their energy maintenance requirements. The digestibility of the diet was measured in all six ewes and the net portal fluxes of nutrients in the three catheterized ewes. The organic matter content and N digestibility of the diet were not affected by underfeeding. Urinary and faecal N losses and N balance were linearly related to feed intake. Arterial concentration of acetate was linearly related to feed intake. Arterial concentrations of the other volatile fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, glucose, NH3, urea and total amino acids were not affected by underfeeding. Arterial concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased with underfeeding. The portal net release of all volatile fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate and NH3were linearly related to intake. The portal net flux of both essential and non-essential amino acids, and thus total amino acids, remained unchanged between levels H and M, and decreased between levels M and L. A significant net uptake for glycine and total non-essential amino acids occurred at level L. The portal net uptake of glucose, urea, glutamate and glutamine, and the portal net release of lactate and NEFA were not affected by underfeeding. Summation of portal energy fluxes indicated that 51 % of the metabolizable energy intake was recovered in the portal blood with the three levels of intake. In conclusion, no quantitative adaptation to spare energy, in terms of percentage of intake, occurred in PDV of short-term underfed ruminants, but the pattern of absorption of energetic nutrients was modified.
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Savary-Auzeloux IC, Majdoub L, LeFloc'h N, Ortigues-Marty I. Effects of intraruminal propionate supplementation on nitrogen utilisation by the portal-drained viscera, the liver and the hindlimb in lambs fed frozen rye grass. Br J Nutr 2007; 90:939-52. [PMID: 14667187 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2003987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The influence of propionate supplementation on the splanchnic metabolism of amino acids (AA) and other N compounds (urea-N and NH3-N) and the supply of AA and NH3-N to the hindlimb was investigated in growing lambs. Six rumen-cannulated and multicatheterised lambs (32·2kg) were fed frozen rye grass at 690kJ metabolisable energy intake/d per kg average metabolic body weight. They were infused intraruminally with a salt solution (control) or with propionate solutions at 0·23mol/l (P1) or 0·41mol/l (P2) infused at a maximal rate of 1·68 (sd 0·057) ml/min according to a repeated Latin square design. The propionate infusion did not increase the net portal appearance of total AA (TAA)-N but increased that of some branched-chain AA (valine and to a lesser extent isoleucine). Simultaneously, the propionate treatment (especially P2) induced an increased TAA utilisation by the liver. This was due mainly to an increased (+79%;P<0·07) utilisation of the essential AA and particularly the branched-chain AA. A stimulation of protein synthesis in the liver is hypothesised since (1) propionate stimulated insulin secretion and (2) utilisation of non-essential AA were less influenced by the propionate treatment in the liver (except for alanine), suggesting that the AA utilised by the liver were directed towards protein synthesis rather than towards oxidation or urea synthesis. At the splanchnic level, the propionate treatment did not have any effect on the TAA, non-essential AA and essential AA, except for a net splanchnic release that was decreased for leucine (P<0·02) and methionine (P<0·01) and increased for threonine (P<0·05). The propionate treatment did not have any effect on the hindlimb uptake of AA (essential and non-essential). As a consequence, even though the propionate treatment induced some major alterations in the splanchnic metabolism of AA, there were no changes in the net AA balance in the hindlimb (and hence probably on muscle growth). The role of the splanchnic tissues in the regulation of the AA supply to the peripheral tissues (such as muscle) therefore appears to be prominent in the regulation of muscle growth. Whether the peripheral tissues regulate their own supply by interacting with the splanchnic tissues (and especially the liver) or the liver is the only regulator of the AA supply to the muscle remains in doubt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Savary-Auzeloux
- Unité de Recherche sur les Herbivores, Equipe Nutriments et Métabolismes, INRA Clermont Ferrand-Theix, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France.
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21
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Effect of composition of ruminally-infused short-chain fatty acids on net fluxes of nutrients across portal-drained viscera in underfed ewes. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114500000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Four ewes, each fitted with a rumen cannula and with catheters in the mesenteric artery and portal and mesenteric veins, received continuous intrarumen infusions of water or of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). SCFA infusions were isoenergetic (83 kJ/h) and provided rumen molar proportions (acetate : propionate : butyrate) of 70 : 20 : 10, 50 : 40 : 10 or 50 : 20 : 30. The rumen SCFA production rate with the basal diet was 90·0, 23·1 and 8·8 mmol/h for acetate, propionate and butyrate respectively. Portal net fluxes indicated that 74, 67 and 22–30 % of infused acetate, propionate and butyrate respectively, reached the portal vein. Portal net release of β-hydroxybutyrate increased with SCFA infusions, irrespective of the amount of butyrate infused. Portal net release of lactate decreased with high-butyrate infusion. Portal net uptake of glucose increased with the SCFA infusions. In ewes infused with water, a portal net uptake of total amino acids (AA) was observed. SCFA infusions decreased the uptake of nonessential AA (glutamate, glycine, but not glutamine) and increased the net release of tyrosine and essential AA (isoleucine, leucine). Portal net fluxes of AA were similar with both high-acetate and high-propionate infusions. Lower net uptake of glutamine and net release of most essential AA and some nonessential AA were observed with the high-butyrate infusion. Energetic summation of portal net release was not significantly different between the three SCFA infusions, although it tended to be lower with high-butyrate infusion. This may be related to the higher trophic effect of butyrate on the digestive mucosa.
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22
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Nozière P, Rémond D, Lemosquet S, Chauveau B, Durand D, Poncet C. Effect of site of starch digestion on portal nutrient net fluxes in steers. Br J Nutr 2007; 94:182-91. [PMID: 16115351 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Processing of maize grain is known to modulate the site of starch digestion, thus the nature and amount of nutrients delivered for absorption. We assessed the effect of site of starch digestion on nutrient net fluxes across portal-drained viscera (PDV). Three steers, fitted with permanent digestive cannulas and blood catheters, successively received two diets containing 35 % starch as dent maize grain. Diets differed according to maize presentation: dry and cracked (by-pass, BP)v. wet and ground (control, C). Ruminal physicochemical parameters were not significantly affected. Between C and BP, the decrease in ruminal starch digestion was compensated by an increase in starch digestion in the small intestine. The amount of glucose and soluble α-glucoside reaching the ileum was not affected. The amount of glucose disappearing in the small intestine increased from 238 to 531 g/d between C and BP, but portal net flux of glucose remained unchanged (−97 g/d). The portal O2consumption and net energy release were not significantly affected, averaging 16 % and 57 % of metabolizable energy intake, respectively. The whole-body glucose appearance rate, measured by jugular infusion of [6, 6-2H2]glucose, averaged 916 g/d. The present study shows that the increase in the amount of glucose disappearing in the small intestine of conventionally fed cattle at a moderate intake level induces no change in portal net flux of glucose, reflecting an increase in glucose utilization by PDV. That could contribute to the low response of whole-body glucose appearance rate observed at this moderate level of intestinal glucose supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nozière
- Unité de Recherche sur les Herbivores, INRA Theix, 63122 St Genès Champanelle, France.
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23
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Physiology, regulation and multifunctional activity of the gut wall: a rationale for multicompartmental modelling. Nutr Res Rev 2006; 19:227-53. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422407334094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A rationale is given for a modelling approach to identify the mechanisms involved in the functioning and metabolic activity of tissues in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. Maintenance and productive functions are discussed and related to the distinct compartments of the gastrointestinal tract and the metabolic costs involved. Functions identified are: tissue turnover; tissue proliferation; ion transport; nutrient transport; secretions of digestive enzymes, mucus and immunoglobulins; production of immune cells. The major nutrients involved include glucose, amino acids and volatile fatty acids.In vivomeasurements of net portal fluxes of these nutrients in pigs and ruminants are evaluated to illustrate the complexity of physiology and metabolic activity of the gastrointestinal tract. Experimental evidence indicates that high, but variable and specific, nutrient costs are involved in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.
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24
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Chapter 17 Splanchnic carbohydrate and energy metabolism in growing ruminants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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25
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Mohamed T, Oikawa S, Iwasaki Y, Mizunuma Y, Takehana K, Endoh D, Kurosawa T, Sato H. Metabolic profiles and bile acid extraction rate in the liver of cows with fasting-induced hepatic lipidosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:113-8. [PMID: 15214850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to monitor lipid profile in the portal and hepatic blood of cows with fasting-induced hepatic lipidosis, and to compare the results with those in the jugular blood. The work was also carried out to investigate bile acid (BA) in these vessels, and further to investigate BA extraction rate in the liver. Five cows were equipped with catheters in the portal, hepatic and jugular veins (day 0), fasted for 4 days (day 1-day 4) and then refed (day 5-day 11). Before morning feeding, blood was sampled before, during and after fasting from the catheterized vessels. In the portal blood, the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) showed a progressive increase and at day 5 there was an approximate twofold rise. Increased NEFA concentrations were also found similarly in the other two veins. At day 5, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in the portal, hepatic and jugular blood rose to 197, 190 and 186% of the pre-fasting value, respectively. However, the concentrations of NEFA and BHBA in the three veins gradually returned to pre-fasting concentration during the refeeding period. Compared with the pre-fasting value at day 0, the content of liver triglyceride (TG) increased significantly at day 5 (P < 0.01). In the liver, the hepatic extraction rate of BA dropped from 3.1 times pre-fasting to 2.2 times during fasting. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of glucose, TG, total cholesterol, cholesterol esters, free cholesterol and phospholipids. The results of the current study show that metabolic alterations occur in the portal, hepatic and jugular veins during induction of hepatic lipidosis in cows, and mostly metabolites, with exception of BA concentration, run parallel. The decreased BA extraction rate in the liver of fasted cows was considered to reflect hepatic cell impairment caused by TG accumulation. Hopefully, the findings, at least in part, contribute to the explanation of the pathophysiology of hepatic lipidosis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mohamed
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University 582 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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26
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Oba M, Baldwin RL, Bequette BJ. Oxidation of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine by isolated ovine enterocytes in vitro is decreased by the presence of other metabolic fuels. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:479-86. [PMID: 14974546 DOI: 10.2527/2004.822479x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate oxidative metabolism of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine by isolated ovine enterocytes in the presence of other metabolic fuels in vitro. A mixed mucosal primary cell culture containing enterocytes was isolated from crossbred wether sheep (n = 6) fed a mixed forage-concentrate diet and incubated for 90 min with 1 mM U-14C-glucose, -glutamate, or -glutamine and additional substrates (water as negative control, acetate, propionate, butyrate, glucose, glutamate, or glutamine) at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM. Oxidation of labeled substrates to CO2 and net production of lactate and pyruvate in incubation media were measured. Oxidation of glucose and glutamine to CO2 was decreased (P < 0.05) by 5 to 40% in the presence of additional substrates except acetate. Our observation that glutamine oxidation can be decreased by the presence of additional substrates is contrary to observations in the literature using enterocytes from nonruminants, indicating that ruminant enterocytes might rely on glutamine to a lesser extent as an energy source. Net glucose utilization was decreased (P < 0.05) 16% by propionate (10 mM) compared with control but was not affected by the other additional substrates. Glutamate oxidation to CO2 was decreased 28% (P < 0.05) in the presence of propionate (10 mM) or by 17 and 33% in the presence of glutamine (1.0 and 10 mM, respectively), but not by that of the other additional substrates. Acetate did not affect the oxidation of glucose, glutamate, and glutamine. Propionate decreased (P < 0.05) the oxidation of glucose and glutamate only at the highest concentration (10 mM), indicating that the sparing effects of propionate on substrate oxidation are affected by its concentration in the incubation media. These observations indicate that ruminant enterocytes possess metabolic flexibility for oxidative metabolism of glucose, glutamine, and glutamate depending on the type and concentration of available additional substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oba
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA
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27
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Lemosquet S, Rigout S, Bach A, Rulquin H, Blum JW. Glucose Metabolism in Lactating Cows in Response to Isoenergetic Infusions of Propionic Acid or Duodenal Glucose. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:1767-77. [PMID: 15453491 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A bibliographical study showed that increasing supplies of glucogenic nutrients lead to a curvilinear increase in milk and protein yield. Increased post-hepatic glucose availability may be involved in the increase in milk yield. In the present experiment, 5 dairy cows were arranged in a 5 x 5 Latin square design to compare the respective effects of 2 amounts of either duodenal glucose or ruminal propionic acid (C3) on glucose metabolism. Treatment consisted of a grass silage-based diet supplemented with glucogenic nutrients infused into the rumen as a mixture of volatile fatty acids (control) or C3 (6.5 and 13 mol/d) or as glucose (3.4 and 6.9 mol/d) infused into the duodenum. Treatments were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and contained 100 and 115% of energy and protein requirements, respectively, according to the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Glucose appearance rate (Ra) tended to increase with the level of infusions of both glucogenic materials and with the high dose of duodenal glucose. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentration increased with the infusion of glucogenic materials compared with the control and was significantly higher with glucose than with C3 treatments. This experiment did not indicate whether the increased Ra was the key mechanism to increased milk yield because milk yield only tended to increase and the standard error for Ra was high. With the high dose of glucose infused into the duodenum, the Ra increase was greater than the increased lactose production in milk. Because of that connection, IGF-I may also be involved by favoring the glucose utilization by the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lemosquet
- Unité Mixte de Recherches sur la Production du Lait, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 35590 Saint Gilles, France.
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28
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Majdoub L, Vermorel M, Ortigues-Marty I. Ryegrass-based diet and barley supplementation: partition of energy-yielding nutrients among splanchnic tissues and hind limbs in finishing lambs. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:1068-79. [PMID: 12723097 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8141068x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Splanchnic metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients and their uptake by the hind limb were studied in finishing lambs receiving ryegrass harvested at grazing stage (ear at 10 cm) with or without barley supplementation. Six ruminally cannulated and multicatherized lambs (40.2 +/- 1.5 kg) were fed with frozen ryegrass (RG) at 690 kJ of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) x d(-1) x BW(-0.75) successively with and without barley supplementation (RG + B), according to a triplicated Latin square design. Barley supplementation represented 21% of DM intake and increased the MEI by 32% (P < 0.002). In ruminal fluid, barley supplementation increased the acetate and butyrate concentrations by 21.2 and 49.6%, respectively (P < 0.04), without modifying those of propionate. Thus, molar proportions of acetate and butyrate were not modified, and those of propionate tended (P < 0.06) to decrease from 26 to 23%. As a result, the net portal appearance of propionate was not modified. Net portal appearance of butyrate and beta-hydroxybutyrate increased (P < 0.03), and that of acetate was not modified. Consequently, hepatic uptake of butyrate increased and probably spared acetate from hepatic metabolism. The hepatic fractional extraction of propionate decreased (P < 0.03), whereas the net flux of lactate switched from a net release to a net uptake, suggesting an alteration in the contribution of gluconeogenic substrates to glucose synthesis without modification in net hepatic glucose release. As a consequence, barley supplementation increased net splanchnic release of acetate (P < 0.02), propionate (P < 0.001), and beta-hydroxybutyrate (P < 0.01) by 60, 157, and 78%, respectively. In addition, the net splanchnic release of insulin increased (P < 0.03) because of a decrease (P < 0.02) in its hepatic extraction. Despite those changes, the net uptake of nutrients by the hind limb was not modified and even decreased in the case of glucose (P < 0.02), suggesting a stimulation of lipogenesis in adipose tissues. Results from the present study suggested that supplementation of a ryegrass-based diet would likely have little effect on the orientation of muscle energy metabolism and on meat quality because the net uptake of nutrients by the hind limb was unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Majdoub
- Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, INRA, Theix, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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29
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Braun U, Camenzind D, Wanner M, Haessig M. The influence of a fermentation-resistant glucose diet on the glucose concentration and other metabolites in portal and jugular blood in cows. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2003; 50:8-13. [PMID: 12650502 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the effect of fermentation-resistant glucose on the glucose concentration and other metabolites in portal and jugular blood in 15 non-lactating cows. In all cows, an indwelling catheter was placed in the left jugular vein and the portal vein for collection of blood samples. Five control cows were fed hay as a normal diet, five control cows were fed straw to induce an energy deficit and five cows were fed hay and they received additionally 2000 g of a fermentation-resistant D-glucose product. The glucose concentration in jugular and portal blood was not influenced by feeding. The concentration of urea and bile acids were significantly higher in portal blood than jugular blood. There was no difference between portal and jugular blood of glucose and total solids. Diet had a significant effect on the concentrations of ammonia, urea, free fatty acids and triglycerides. The concentrations of ammonia and urea were higher in blood of cows fed straw than in blood of cows fed either hay or a fermentation-resistant glucose product. The concentration of urea remained constant in cows fed hay, but increased in cows fed straw and decreased in cows fed a fermentation-resistant glucose product. The concentration of free fatty acids and triglycerides were significantly higher in cows fed a fermentation-resistant glucose product than in cows fed hay. In the present study, a single administration of 300 g of fermentation-resistant glucose did not affect the concentration of blood glucose. Therefore, despite ongoing promotion of such products, there is no indication at this time that administration of fermentation-resistant glucose to cows at the start of lactation results in an increase in blood glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Braun
- Department of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Majdoub L, Vermorel M, Ortigues-Marty I. Intraruminal propionate supplementation modifies hindlimb energy metabolism without changing the splanchnic release of glucose in growing lambs. Br J Nutr 2003; 89:39-50. [PMID: 12568663 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2002740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The influence of propionate supplementation on the splanchnic metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients and the supply of glucose to the hindlimb was investigated in growing lambs. Six rumen-cannulated and multicatheterized lambs (32.2 kg), fed frozen rye grass at 690 kJ metabolizable energy intake/d per kg body weight0.75, were infused intraruminally with a salt solution (control) or with propionate solutions at 0.55 mol/d (P1) or 0.98 mol/d (P2) according to a replicated Latin square design. In the rumen fluid, supplementation decreased the acetate:propionate molar ratio from 2.36:1 to 1.37:1, without modifying the ruminal concentrations of acetate and NH4. As a result, the portal appearance of propionate increased by 51 and 72 % with P1 and P2, respectively, and that of l-lactate doubled. Across the liver, net extraction of propionate increased by 47 and 67 % with P1 and P2, respectively. However, the net hepatic production of glucose remained unchanged, probably as the result of a substantial rise in insulin secretion and its hepatic extraction. Overall, the net splanchnic release of acetate, glucose and butyrate was not modified while that of l-lactate increased. Despite this, the net uptake of acetate, glucose, l-lactate and non-esterified fatty acids by the hindlimb increased. Propionate probably enhanced the storage of energy-yielding nutrients in the hindlimb, despite their unchanged release by the splanchnic tissues and the unmodified insulinaemia. Regulatory mechanisms are not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Majdoub
- Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, INRA Theix, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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31
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Blouin JP, Bernier JF, Reynolds CK, Lobley GE, Dubreuil P, Lapierre H. Effect of supply of metabolizable protein on splanchnic fluxes of nutrients and hormones in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:2618-30. [PMID: 12416816 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the supply of metabolizable protein on splanchnic fluxes of nutrients and hormones was measured in six catheterized late-lactation Holstein cows in a crossover design. Two isonitrogenous diets (16.3% CP), but differing in rumen protein degradability and estimated metabolizable protein (MP) supply (1654 g/ d, Lo-MP; 1930 g/d, Hi-MP) were fed, each over a 35-d experimental period. On d 34 or 35, net fluxes of nutrients and hormones across the portal-drained viscera, the liver, and total splanchnic tissues were determined. Portal absorption of total, essential, nonessential, and branched-chain amino acids (AA) increased with the Hi-MP diet. Approximately 76% of the additional metabolizable protein supply was recovered as extra AA-N absorption in the portal vein. Liver removal of AA was not different between diets, and this resulted in a greater net release across the splanchnic tissues for the Hi-MP diet. This extra AA supply provided substrates for the observed increased milk protein yield for the Hi-MP diet. Fractional efficiencies of conversion of absorbed individual essential AA into milk protein ranged from 0.42 to 0.68. The corresponding efficiencies for utilization of postsplanchnic AA supply were 0.42 to 1.80. Provision of methionine, phenylalanine, and histidine beyond the liver were similar to outputs in milk protein but the other essential AA were supplied to peripheral tissues in excess of milk output, indicative of oxidative mechanisms in nonhepatic tissues. Net fluxes of glucose, NH3-N, and urea were not affected by the diets. Neither arterial concentrations of insulin, somatotropin, or IGF-1, nor net transfers across the portal-drained viscera or liver of insulin, were affected by the diets. Although portal release of glucagon was not different between the diets, a smaller proportion was removed by the liver on the Hi-MP diet. Metabolism of AA across the splanchnic tissue bed is a major determinant of the quantity and the profile of AA delivered to peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Blouin
- Département des sciences animales, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Qc, Canada
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32
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Gäbel G, Aschenbach JR, Müller F. Transfer of energy substrates across the ruminal epithelium: implications and limitations. Anim Health Res Rev 2002; 3:15-30. [PMID: 12400867 DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ruminal epithelium has an enormous capacity for the absorption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This not only delivers metabolic energy to the animal but is also an essential regulatory mechanism that stabilizes the intraruminal milieu. The epithelium itself, however, is endangered by the influx of SCFAs because the intracellular pH (pHi) may drop to a lethal level. To prevent severe cytosolic acidosis, the ruminal epithelium is able to extrude (or buffer) protons by various mechanisms: (i) a Na+/H+ exchanger, (ii) a bicarbonate importing system and (iii) an H+/monocarboxylate cotransporter (MCT). Besides pHi regulation, the MCT also provides the animal with ketone bodies derived from the intraepithelial breakdown of SCFAs. Ketone bodies, in turn, can serve as an energy source for extrahepatic tissues. In addition to SCFA uptake, glucose absorption has recently been identified as a potential way of eliminating acidogenic substrates from the rumen. At least with respect to SCFAs, absorption rates can be elevated when adapting animals to energy-rich diets. Although they are very effective under physiological conditions, the absorptive and regulatory mechanisms of the ruminal epithelium also have their limits. An increased number of protons during the state of ruminal acidosis can be eliminated neither from the lumen nor the cytosol, thus worsening dysfermentation and finally leading to functional and morphological alterations of the epithelial lining.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gäbel
- Veterinär-Physiologisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, Germany.
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33
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Puga DC, Galina HM, Pérez-Gil RF, Sanginés GL, Aguilera BA, Haenlein GF. Effect of a controlled-release urea supplement on rumen fermentation in sheep fed a diet of sugar cane tops (Saccharum officinarum), corn stubble (Zea mays) and King grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Small Rumin Res 2001; 39:269-276. [PMID: 11230963 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(00)00196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Four cannulated sheep were used to study ruminal fermentation of a diet consisting of 60% sugar cane tops (Saccharum officinarum), 30% corn stubble (Zea mays), 10% King grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and 0% (control), 10, 20 or 30% controlled-release urea supplement (CRUS) (diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively). Average ruminal pH did not differ among diets (P>0.05), but during the first 6h of sampling tended to be higher for CRUS diets. Ammonia concentrations were higher (P<0.01) in all treatments over controls, indicating microbial protein generation. Acetic acid production (mM/1) decreased (P<0.05), propionic acid increased (P<0.05), while butyric acid production did not differ among CRUS diets and controls (P>0.05). Total amounts of ruminal VFA were lowest (P<0.01) in controls, while CRUS diets produced more of these energy sources. Supplementation of the high fiber diets with 10, 20 or 30% CRUS increasingly improved rumen fermentation, ammonia supply and VFA production. The results show that low quality forages (up to 70% DMI) can be used efficiently by sheep when conditions for ruminal microorganism are improved with a controlled-release urea supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C. Puga
- Posgrado Interinstitucional en Ciencias Pecuarias, FMVZ, CUIDA Universidad de Colima, AP 22, C.P. 28000, Colima, Mexico
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Braun U, Koller-Wild K, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous portocentesis in 21 cows. Vet Rec 2000; 147:623-6. [PMID: 11128075 DOI: 10.1136/vr.147.22.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasound-guided portocentesis was performed in 21 clinically healthy cows, and blood was collected for haematological, biochemical and blood-gas analyses. At the same time blood samples were collected from the left jugular vein of each cow for the same analyses. Immediately after the centesis, portal blood pressure was measured. The cows were examined daily thereafter for eight days and then slaughtered for postmortem examination of the internal organs. The mean (sd) portal blood pressure was 37.1 (5.47) mmHg, and ranged from 24 to 49 mmHg. There were small but significant differences between many of the haematological and biochemical parameters in jugular and portal blood, and the concentration of bile acids was on average 2.7 times higher, and the concentration of ammonia was 19.3 times higher in portal blood. The demeanour and behaviour of the cows, and their appetite and rectal temperature remained normal during the eight-day observation period. The haematocrit, total and differential leucocyte counts, and the concentrations of total solids and fibrinogen were not affected by portocentesis. On postmortem examination, no lesions were apparent in the peritoneum, liver and portal vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Braun
- Clinic of Veterinary Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Kristensen NB, Danfaer A, Agergaard N. Absorption and metabolism of short-chain fatty acids in ruminants. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1998; 51:165-75. [PMID: 9672714 DOI: 10.1080/17450399809381916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), viz. acetate, propionate and butyrate are quantitatively important substrates in ruminant energy metabolism. In the reviewed literature, 16 44% of ME intake was recovered as portal appearance of SCFA. This is considerably lower than expected when related to the estimated intragastric flux of SCFA. The discrepancy is caused by portal drained viscera metabolism of arterially abundant metabolites e.g., acetate and the metabolism of acetate and butyrate to acetoacetate and D-3-hydroxybutyrate in the absorptive epithelia. Even though considerable variations between experiments on acetate and propionate appearance are found, there seems to be a great deal of evidence that the proportion of gastrointestinally produced acetate and propionate absorbed to the portal blood is 50-75%. The portal recovery of butyrate has been found to be between 10 and 36% dependent on intraruminal infusion rate. It is concluded that major parts of acetate and propionate are directly absorbed to the portal vein. The true absorption rate of acetate can only be estimated by taking the portal drained viscera metabolism of arterial acetate into account. Butyrate is generally found to have a low recovery in the portal vein, but the production of D-3-hydroxybutyrate seems to be underestimated in major parts of the literature. It is therefore necessary to measure portal appearance as well as portal drained viscera metabolism to assess the quantitative as well as the qualitative contribution of SCFA and SCFA metabolites to whole animal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Kristensen
- Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition, Tjele, Denmark
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Cappelli FP, Seal CJ, Parker DS. Glucose and [13C]leucine metabolism by the portal-drained viscera of sheep fed on dried grass with acute intravenous and intraduodenal infusions of glucose. Br J Nutr 1997; 78:931-46. [PMID: 9497444 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19970210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of exogenous glucose supply by either intrajugular (IJG) or intraduodenal (IDG) infusion at 2.0 mg glucose/kg body weight per min was investigated in four wether sheep (average weight 44 (SD 4) kg) chronically catheterized in the carotid artery and portal veins. Sheep were fed on a dried grass pellet diet hourly using continuous belt feeders. Whole-body glucose irreversible loss (IL) rate, measured with [6-3H]glucose, was increased by 0.5 and 0.8 of exogenous supply for IJG and IDG infusions respectively. Portal glucose utilization, measured by isotope dilution across the portal-drained viscera, was unaffected by additional glucose regardless of the route of glucose supply (P = 0.76 for control v. glucose infusions) and was a constant proportion of glucose IL (0.28) for all treatments. Portal plasma flow was higher during IDG infusions compared with IJG infusions (1.65 v. 1.44 litres/min, P = 0.055). Circulating total free amino acid concentrations fell during glucose infusions (2146, 1808 and 1683 mumol/l for control, IJG and IDG treatments respectively, P = 0.067 for treatment effect) but net portal absorption was not affected by increased glucose supply. Recovery in the portal vein of [1-13C]leucine infused into the duodenum averaged 0.65 and was not affected by increasing glucose supply to the gut tissues. The results show that glucose utilization by gut tissues is responsive to changes in both vascular and luminal glucose supply. The effects of changing gut tissue use of glucose and increased whole body glucose IL on metabolism of nutrients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Cappelli
- Department of Biological and Nutritional Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne
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Patil AR, Goetsch AL, Park KK, Kouakou B, Galloway DL, Johnson ZB. Influence of grass source on net flux of nutrients across splanchnic tissues in sheep with restricted intake. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1995; 48:257-69. [PMID: 8585799 DOI: 10.1080/17450399509381846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Crossbred wethers (22 months old; 46 +/- 1.3 kg body weight), with catheters in a hepatic vein, the portal vein and a mesenteric vein and artery, consumed warm (W; bermudagrass hay) or cool season grass hay (C; ryegrass-wheat) at 1.6% body weight (dry matter basis) in a crossover design experiment. Warm and cool season grasses were 13.6 and 9.9% crude protein, 77 and 66% neutral detergent fibre and 4.6 and 4.0% acid detergent lignin, respectively. Neutral detergent fibre digestibility (70.3 and 77.4%) and digestible energy intake (8.5 and 9.3 mJ/d) were greater (P < 0.02) for C than for W, and digestible nitrogen intake (11.5 and 8.0 g/d for W and C, respectively) was greater (P < 0.01) for W. Ruminal fluid concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total volatile fatty acids were not altered by grass source, and acetate: propionate was greater (P < 0.02) for W (3.80) than for the C (3.54). Portal-drained viscera blood flow (118 and 119 l/h; SE 8.0), oxygen consumption (141 and 142 mM/h; SE 3.7), alpha-amino nitrogen release (13.4 and 13.1 mM/h; SE 3.42), urea nitrogen uptake (22.8 and 22.5 mM/h; SE 4.97), ammonia nitrogen release (14.9 and 15.7 mM/h; SE 3.36), glucose uptake (10.0 and 6.5 mM/h; SE 1.30), propionate release (14.5 and 16.4 mM/h; SE 1.88), lactate release (4.64 and 5.03 mM/h; SE 1.908) and acetate release (54.8 and 55.4 mM/h for W and C, respectively; SE 8.82) were similar between grasses. Energy consumption by the portal-drained viscera accounted for a slightly greater (P < 0.01) percentage of digestible energy intake with W vs C (18.8 vs 17.0%; SE 0.10). In conclusion, with restricted consumption of W or C by mature sheep, grass source had little impact on net flux of oxygen and nutrients across the portal-drained viscera and splanchnic bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Patil
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rémond
- Station de Recherches sur la Nutrition des Herbivores, INRA, St Genès-Champanelle, France
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