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Siphambili S, Moloney AP, O’Riordan EG, McGee M, Harrison SM, Monahan FJ. Partial substitution of barley with maize meal or flaked meal in bovine diets: effects on fatty acid and α-tocopherol concentration and the oxidative stability of beef under simulated retail display. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an20627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ContextDifferent cereal grain sources may be used in beef production but little is known about their effects on beef quality.AimsThis study evaluated fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol concentration and oxidative stability of beef from bulls fed barley or a combination of barley and either ground or toasted flaked maize.MethodsFatty acid composition, α-tocopherol concentration, lipid oxidation and colour stability were measured in beef from late maturing bulls finished on a barley-based concentrate (BC) or on the concentrate with barley partially replaced by either maize meal (MM) or flaked meal (FM). Samples of M. longissimus thoracis were subjected to simulated retail display (4°C) for 3, 7, 10 and 14 days in modified atmosphere packs (O2:CO2; 80:20). Muscle was analysed for fatty acid and α-tocopherol concentrations, colour stability and lipid oxidation.Key resultsThere were differences in the fatty acid concentrations. Total fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids were higher (P<0.05) in muscle from BC compared to FM bulls but neither were different to MM bulls. A decrease (P<0.05) in concentration following display was observed across all treatments for α-tocopherol, C15:1, C18:2n-6c, C18:3n-3, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, C22:2, C20:5n-3, C22:5n-3, C22:6n-3, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA and highly peroxidisable PUFA. Lipid oxidation in muscle was higher (P<0.01) in muscle of FM compared to MM bulls after 14 days of refrigerated storage but neither were different to BC bulls. There was no difference (P>0.05) in colour stability of muscle due to dietary treatment.ConclusionsPartial replacement of barley with maize in the diet of bulls influences muscle fatty acid concentration and profile, leading to a marginal increase in lipid oxidation with no detrimental effect on colour stability.ImplicationsToasted-flaked or ground maize may partially substitute for rolled barley in a concentrate ration without affecting colour stability of meat under retail display conditions. The slight increase in lipid oxidation, after prolonged storage, in beef from bulls fed flaked toasted maize is unlikely to be of significance from a product acceptability perspective.
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Ata M, Obeidat BS. The impact of lamb diets containing either barley or corn on growth performance and carcass quality. Vet World 2021; 14:1487-1491. [PMID: 34316196 PMCID: PMC8304426 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1487-1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Grains, such as barley (BAR) and corn (CORN), are major energy sources for small ruminants. This study aimed to assess the impact of feeding either BAR or CORN-based diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Awassi male lambs, average body weight of 20.4±0.49 kg, were chosen randomly. Lambs were acclimated for 10 days and assigned to one of two diets (1) BAR and (2) CORN. Feeding continued for 70 days with 60 days of data collection. Daily intake was recorded. Measurements of body weight were taken starting from day 1 then once per week throughout the study period. On day 40, six lambs were randomly chosen from each group and placed in metabolism cages to assess digestibility and N balance. Lambs were slaughtered on the last day of the study to evaluate carcass characteristics and meat quality. RESULTS Neutral and acid detergent fiber and ether extract intake were greater (p≤0.05) for lambs fed the BAR diets. Nitrogen loss in feces tended to be greater (p=0.09) for the CORN diet. Eye muscle depth (mm) tended to be greater (p=0.07) for the BAR diet. Nutrient digestibility, daily weight gain, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were not different (p≥0.1) between diets. CONCLUSION The results herein demonstrate that feeding BAR grain improved nutrient intake efficiency and consistency and did not affect weight gain and carcass traits. BAR-based diets might be a useful alternative to CORN for feeding growing lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ata
- Department of Animal Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Jerash University, Jerash 26150, Jordan
| | - Belal S. Obeidat
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Authentication of barley-finished beef using visible and near infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) and different discrimination approaches. Meat Sci 2020; 172:108342. [PMID: 33080567 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) to authenticate barley-finished beef using different discrimination approaches. Dietary grain source (barley, corn, or blend-50% barley/50% corn) did not affect (P > 0.05) meat quality but influenced (P < 0.05) fatty acid profiles. The longissimus thoracis (LT) from barley-fed steers had lower n-6 fatty acid content and n-6/n-3 ratio compared to LT from corn and blended grain-fed steers. Vis-NIRS coupled with partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine in the linear (L-SVM) kernel classified with approximately 70% overall accuracy subcutaneous fat and intact LT samples, respectively, from barley, corn, and blended-fed cattle. When only barley and corn samples were considered, fat and intact LT samples were correctly classified with overall accuracy >94% with PLS-DA and radial/L-SVM, and approximately 90% with PLS-DA and L-SVM, respectively. Ground LT samples were classified with ≤70% overall accuracy. Vis-NIRS measurements on fat and intact LT have potential to discriminate between corn and barley-fed beef.
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Johnson JA, Sutherland BD, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA, Penner GB. Use of barley or corn silage when fed with barley, corn, or a blend of barley and corn on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 4:129-140. [PMID: 32704973 PMCID: PMC6994044 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the source of silage, cereal grain, and their interaction on growth performance, digestibility, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Using a completely randomized design within an 89-d finishing study, 288 steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 24 pens (12 steers/pen) with average steer body weight (BW) within a pen of 464 kg ± 1.7 kg (mean ± SD). Diets were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with corn silage (CS) or barley silage (BS) included at 8% (dry matter [DM] basis). Within each silage source, diets contained dry-rolled barley grain (BG; 86% of DM), dry-rolled corn grain (CG; 85% of DM), or an equal blend of BG and CG (BCG; 85% of DM). Total tract digestibility of nutrients was estimated from fecal samples using near-infrared spectroscopy. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit using the Mixed Model of SAS with the fixed effects of silage, grain, and the two-way interaction. Carcass and fecal kernel data were analyzed using GLIMMIX utilizing the same model. There were no interactions detected between silage and grain source. Feeding CG increased (P < 0.01) DM intake by 0.8 and 0.6 kg/d relative to BG and BCG, respectively. Gain-to-feed ratio was greater (P = 0.04) for BG (0.172 kg/kg) than CG (0.162 kg/kg) but did not differ from BCG (0.165 kg/kg). Furthermore, average daily gain (2.07 kg/d) and final body weight did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.25). Hot carcass weight (HCW) was 6.2 kg greater (372.2 vs. 366.0 kg; P < 0.01) and dressing percentage was 0.57 percentage units greater (59.53 vs. 58.96 %; P = 0.04) for steers fed CS than BS, respectively. There was no effect of dietary treatment on the severity of liver abscesses (P ≥ 0.20) with 72.0% of carcasses having clear livers, 24.4% with minor liver abscesses, and 3.6% with severe liver abscesses. Digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and starch were greater for BG (P < 0.01) than CG or BCG. As expected, grain source affected the appearance of grain kernels in the feces (P ≤ 0.04). Feeding CS silage increased the appearance of fractured corn kernels (P = 0.04), while feeding BS increased fiber appearance in the feces (P = 0.02). Current results indicate that when dry rolled, feeding BG resulted in improved performance and digestibility compared with CG and BCG. Even at low inclusion levels (8% of DM), CS resulted in improved carcass characteristics relative to BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brittney D Sutherland
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John J McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Bowman JGP, Boss DL, Surber LMM, Blake TK. Estimation of the net energy value of barley for finishing beef steers. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1550-1560. [PMID: 32704918 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify barley grain characteristics measured by laboratory procedures that could be used to predict barley energy content for finishing beef steers. Twenty-eight different barley genotypes were evaluated including 18 cultivars and 10 experimental lines. Laboratory analysis of barley samples included bulk density, particle size, N, ADF, starch, and ISDMD (in situ DM disappearance after 3 h of ruminal incubation). Animal performance data (BW, DMI, ADG, steer NEm, and NEg requirements) were collected from 26 feedlot experiments conducted in Montana and Idaho during a 10-yr period and were used to estimate barley NEm and NEg content. A total of 80 experimental units were available with each experimental unit being a diet mean from an individual feedlot experiment. Fifty-eight of the 80 experimental units were randomly selected and used in the development data set and the remaining 22 experimental units were used in the validation data set. Forward, backward, and stepwise selection methods were used to identify variables to be included in regression equations for NEm using PROC REG of SAS. Barley samples in the model development data set represented a wide range in concentrations (DM basis): N (1.6% to 2.8%), ISDMD (25.7% to 58.7%), ADF (3.6% to 8.0%), starch (44.1% to 62.4%), particle size (1,100 to 2,814 µm), and bulk density (50.8 to 69.4 kg/hL). The barley grain characteristics of particle size, ISDMD, starch, and ADF were the most important variables in six successful models (R 2 = 0.48 to 0.60; P = 0.001). The six prediction equations gave mean predicted values for NEm ranging from 1.99 to 2.05 Mcal/kg (average 2.04 Mcal/kg; 0.45% CV). The mean actual NEm values from animal performance trials ranged from 1.75 to 2.48 Mcal/kg (average 2.03 Mcal/kg; 6.5% CV). The mean bias or difference in predicted vs. actual values ranged from -0.001 to 0.005 Mcal/kg. Barley NEg values calculated from animal performance ranged from 1.13 to 1.78 Mcal/kg (average 1.39 Mcal/kg; 8.4% CV). Average predicted barley NEm and NEg were 0.02 and 0.01 Mcal/kg less, respectively, than the 2.06 Mcal/kg NEm and 1.40 Mcal/kg NEg reported by NRC. Barley NE can be predicted from simple laboratory procedures which will aid plant breeders developing new feed varieties and nutritionists formulating finishing rations for beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G P Bowman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Darrin L Boss
- Department of Research Centers, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Lisa M M Surber
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Tom K Blake
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
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Sustainability of feeding plant by-products: A review of the implications for ruminant meat production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Čolović D, Rakita S, Banjac V, Đuragić O, Čabarkapa I. Plant food by-products as feed: Characteristics, possibilities, environmental benefits, and negative sides. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1573431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dušica Čolović
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Slađana Rakita
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vojislav Banjac
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Olivera Đuragić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Čabarkapa
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Duynisveld JL, Charmley E. Potato processing waste in beef finishing diets; effects on performance, carcass and meat quality. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Potato by-products are frequently fed to cattle in many parts of the World. This paper considered the effect of feeding very high proportions of potato processing waste (PPW) to finishing beef cattle. One-hundred crossbred steers (Continental × British) were assigned to one of five finishing diets where rolled barley was replaced by PPW to give diets containing 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% or 80% PPW in the dry matter. Diets were fed ad libitum for 79, 107 or 135 days before steers were slaughtered and assessed for carcass and meat quality characteristics. Increasing the proportion of PPW in the diet resulted in a positive quadratic response in liveweight gain (P = 0.027). Inclusion level of PPW had no effect on carcass traits, although carcass weights declined linearly from 327 to 312 kg as PPW level in the diet increased (P = 0.016). Overall, effects of increasing the level of PPW on physical and sensory characteristics of meat were small and considered unlikely to affect consumer acceptance. Potentially due to inherent genetic variation in the cattle, some grew more slowly and were on feed for longer. Thus there was a linear decline in liveweight gain (P = 0.001) and a linear increase in grade fat (P = 0.039) as days to finish increased. Steers finished after 107 days had smaller loin eye area and lean meat yield, which resulted in negative quadratic effects for these characteristics (P = 0.014 and 0.024, respectively). We conclude that PPW can fully substitute for rolled barley in finishing diets without any negative implications for growth performance or meat quality and that the effect of days to finish were more important than the effect of the proportion of PPW in the diet.
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Ncobela C, Kanengoni A, Hlatini V, Thomas R, Chimonyo M. A review of the utility of potato by-products as a feed resource for smallholder pig production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rodenhuis M, Keomanivong F, Gaspers J, Gilbery T, Underdahl S, Bauer M, Anderson V, Engel C, Swanson K. INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SOURCE AND DRIED CORN DISTILLERS GRAINS PLUS SOLUBLES OIL CONCENTRATION ON FINISHING CATTLE PERFORMANCE AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2016-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Faithe Keomanivong
- North Dakota State University, Animal Sciences, 4466 47th Street South Apartment 102, Fargo, North Dakota, United States, 58104, ,
| | | | | | | | - Marc Bauer
- North Dakota State University, Animal Sciences, 155 Hultz Hall, Fargo, North Dakota, United States, 58108-6050
| | - Vern Anderson
- North Dakota State University, Carrington Research Center, Box 219, Carrington, North Dakota, United States, 58421, ,
| | | | - Kendall Swanson
- North Dakota State University, Animal Sciences, Dept 7630, PO Box 6050, Fargo, North Dakota, United States, 58108-6060, ,
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Thornton KJ, Richard RP, Colle MJ, Doumit ME, de Veth MJ, Hunt CW, Murdoch GK. Effects of dietary potato by-product and rumen-protected histidine on growth, carcass characteristics and quality attributes of beef. Meat Sci 2015; 107:64-74. [PMID: 25965965 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that variable composition in finishing rations, more specifically; the proportion of potato-by-product (PBP) and rumen protected histidine (His) supplementation may influence growth and meat quality attributes. Two different diets were fed (1) finishing ration with corn and barley as grains (CB, n = 20) and (2) substitution of 10% corn, DM basis, with PBP (PBP, n = 20). Additionally, half of each dietary treatment received 50 g/hd/d rumen protected His (HS, n= 20) while the other half received no supplement (NS, n = 20). Inclusion of 10% PBP or HS did not affect growth or carcass traits. Color stability was analyzed using Hunter color values as well as AMSA visual appraisal in both longissimus thoracis (LT) and gluteus medius (GM) muscles. The LT, but not the GM, of CB steers was more color stable over a 9 d simulated retail display compared to those fed a PB diet. Steers receiving HS produced significantly (P < 0.05) more color stable LT and GM steaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Thornton
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, United States.
| | - R P Richard
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, United States
| | - M J Colle
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, United States
| | - M E Doumit
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, United States
| | - M J de Veth
- Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY 10958, United States
| | - C W Hunt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, United States
| | - G K Murdoch
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, United States
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Buttar BS, Nelson ML, Busboom JR, Hancock DD, Walsh DB, Jasmer DP. Effect of ensilation of potato on viability of Taenia hydatigena eggs. Exp Parasitol 2013; 133:483-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The use of culled potatoes was investigated in Belgian Blue double-muscled finishing cows, confined in tie stalls. The control diet (Treatment 1) consisted of concentrate and maize silage (50/50 on a dry matter (DM) basis). Potatoes either replaced 60% maize silage (Treatment 2) or 60% concentrate (Treatment 3). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. They were fed ad libitum. Approximately 18 kg potatoes were fed daily in Treatments 2 and 3. Daily gain was not significantly altered; it decreased from 1.09 kg (Treatment 1) to 1.04 kg (Treatment 2) or increased to 1.20 kg (Treatment 3), although potatoes stimulated DM intake by 5% to 8% (P < 0.05). Feed conversion was unaffected in comparison with the control diet, when expressed in terms of DM, but energy efficiency (MJ/kg live weight gain) was substantially lower for Treatment 2 compared with Treatment 1 (89.9 v. 79.0; P = 0.046). Carcass weight, grading and composition were not affected by treatments, but potatoes increased dressing percentage (P = 0.009). Treatment had no significant effect on meat quality parameters. However, potatoes (Treatments 2 and 3) tended to decrease moisture content (P = 0.090) and tended to increase drip loss (P = 0.059) compared with Treatment 1. Because of a better animal performance and a lower feed cost, it is most appropriate to use potatoes as a replacement for concentrate. Feeding large amounts of potatoes besides concentrate may have an adverse effect on the fibrousness of the diet, resulting in a tendency (-5%) for a reduced daily gain and a lower energy efficiency (P < 0.05).
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Segers JR, Stewart RL, Lents CA, Pringle TD, Froetschel MA, Lowe BK, McKeith RO, Stelzleni AM. Effect of long-term corn by-product feeding on beef quality, strip loin fatty acid profiles, and shelf life. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3792-802. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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SUGIMOTO M, SAITO W, OOI M, SATO Y, SAITO T. The effects of inclusion levels of urea-treated potato pulp silage in concentrate and roughage sources on finishing performance and carcass quality in cull beef cows. Anim Sci J 2009; 80:280-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wismer W, Okine E, Stein A, Seibel M, Goonewardene L. Physical and sensory characterization and consumer preference of corn and barley-fed beef. Meat Sci 2008; 80:857-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gill RK, VanOverbeke DL, Depenbusch B, Drouillard JS, DiCostanzo A. Impact of beef cattle diets containing corn or sorghum distillers grains on beef color, fatty acid profiles, and sensory attributes1,2. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:923-35. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nelson ML, Busboom JR, Ross CF, O'Fallon JV. Effects of supplemental fat on growth performance and quality of beef from steers fed corn finishing diets1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:936-48. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wright ADG, Auckland CH, Lynn DH. Molecular diversity of methanogens in feedlot cattle from Ontario and Prince Edward Island, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:4206-10. [PMID: 17483285 PMCID: PMC1932772 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00103-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular diversity of rumen methanogens in feedlot cattle and the composition of the methanogen populations in these animals from two geographic locations were investigated using 16S rRNA gene libraries prepared from pooled PCR products from 10 animals in Ontario (127 clones) and 10 animals from Prince Edward Island (114 clones). A total of 241 clones were examined, with Methanobrevibacter ruminantium accounting for more than one-third (85 clones) of the clones identified. From these 241 clones, 23 different 16S rRNA phylotypes were identified. Feedlot cattle from Ontario, which were fed a corn-based diet, revealed 11 phylotypes (38 clones) not found in feedlot cattle from Prince Edward Island, whereas the Prince Edward Island cattle, which were fed potato by-products as a finishing diet, had 7 phylotypes (42 clones) not found in cattle from Ontario. Five sequences, representing the remaining 161 clones (67% of the clones), were common in both herds. Of the 23 different sequences, 10 sequences (136 clones) were 89.8 to 100% similar to those from cultivated methanogens belonging to the orders Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales, and Methanosarcinales, and the remaining 13 sequences (105 clones) were 74.1 to 75.8% similar to those from Thermoplasma volcanium and Thermoplasma acidophilum. Overall, nine possible new species were identified from the two clone libraries, including two new species belonging to the order Methanobacteriales and a new genus/species within the order Methanosarcinales. From the present survey, it is difficult to conclude whether the geographical isolation between these two herds or differences between the two finishing diets directly influenced community structure in the rumen. Further studies are warranted to properly assess the differences between these two finishing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- André-Denis G Wright
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Nelson ML, Marks DJ, Busboom JR, Cronrath JD, Falen L. Effects of supplemental fat on growth performance and quality of beef from steers fed barley-potato product finishing diets: I. Feedlot performance, carcass traits, appearance, water binding, retail storage, and palatability attributes. J Anim Sci 2006; 82:3600-10. [PMID: 15537781 DOI: 10.2527/2004.82123600x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To measure the effects of dietary fat on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and beef appearance, moisture binding, shelf life, and palatability, 168 crossbred beef steers (317 +/- 1.0 kg) were allotted randomly, within weight blocks, to a randomized complete block design with a 3 x2 + 1 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. Main effects were level of yellow restaurant grease (RG; 0, 3, or 6%) and level of alfalfa hay (AH; 3.5 or 7%), with the added treatment of 6% tallow and 7% AH in barley-based diets containing 15% potato by-product and 7% supplement fed for 165 d (all dietary levels on a DM basis). Dietary treatment did not (P >0.10) affect DMI, LM area, beef brightness, or beef texture. Level of RG linearly increased (P <0.05) ADG from 1.48 to 1.60 kg/d, diet NE(m) from 2.4 to 2.6 Mcal/kg, diet NE(g) from 1.7 to 1.9 Mcal/kg, and internal fat from 2.1 to 2.4%. Level of RG linearly increased (P <0.05) G:F from 0.184 to 0.202, but decreased (P <0.05) beef firmness score from 3.0 to 2.8 and fat luster score from 3.1 to 2.8. Level of AH did not (P >0.10) affect any of the measurements; however, AH interacted with level of RG on fat thickness and yield grade (linear; P <0.05), as well as marbling score and percentage of carcasses grading USDA Choice (quadratic; P <0.05). Fat thickness and yield grade increased with increasing RG level in 3.5%, but not in 7%, AH diets. In steers fed 3.5% RG, marbling scores and percentage of carcasses grading Choice were greatest when fed with 3.5% AH, and least when fed 7% AH. Steers fed tallow had lower marbling scores (P = 0.01) and percentage of carcasses grading Choice (P = 0.066) than those fed RG. Retail storage attributes, including visual and instrumental color, decreased during storage (P <0.01), but were not (P >0.10) affected by diet. Trained sensory panel scores for initial tenderness increased quadratically (P = 0.07) as dietary RG increased, but diet did not (P >0.10) affect drip loss, cooking loss, or trained sensory panel scores for sustained tenderness, initial and sustained juiciness, and beef flavor. Therefore, RG increased diet energy, improved performance, and increased carcass fatness; however, dietary fat and AH did not affect most measurements of water retention, color stability, or palatability of beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6351, USA.
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Effects of Including Malting Industry Byproducts in Feedlot Diets on Performance and Beef Quality11Funded by MN AES project 16-044 and Rahr Malting, Co., Shakopee, MN. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Marks DJ, Nelson ML, Busboom JR, Cronrath JD, Falen L. Effects of supplemental fat on growth performance and quality of beef from steers fed barley-potato product finishing diets: II. Fatty acid composition of muscle and subcutaneous fat1. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:3611-6. [PMID: 15537782 DOI: 10.2527/2004.82123611x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred sixty-eight crossbred steers (317.1 +/- 1.0 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat in finishing diets on the fatty acid composition, including the 9,11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid, of beef. Steers were allotted within three weight blocks to a randomized complete block design with a 3 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. Main effects were level of yellow restaurant grease (RG; 0, 3, and 6%), and level of alfalfa hay (AH; 3.5 and 7%) with an added treatment containing 6% tallow (T) and 7% AH in barley-based diets containing 15% potato by-product and 7% supplement (all dietary levels are on a DM basis) fed for an average of 165 d. Fatty acids of the LM and s.c. fat from four randomly selected steers per pen were quantified using GC after methylation with sodium methoxide. Dietary treatment did not (P > 0.10) affect total fatty acid (FA) content of the LM (143 +/- 5.2 mg/g) or fat (958 +/- 7.9 mg/g). Myristic acid increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing RG from 3.1 to 3.7 +/- 0.1 g/100 g of FA in muscle. Stearic acid increased linearly (P < 0.05) as RG increased in the diet, from 11.4 to 12.9 +/- 0.4 g/100 g of FA in LM and from 9.9 to 12.2 +/- 0.3 g/100 g of FA in fat. Compared with T, steers fed 6% RG had more (P < 0.05) oleic acid in LM (42.7 vs. 40.3 +/- 0.5 g/100g FA) and in fat (43.0 vs. 40.9 +/- 0.5 g/100g FA). The cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) increased quadratically (P < 0.01) with increasing dietary RG in LM from 0.45 to 0.64 to 0.62 +/- 0.03 g/100 g of FA and increased in fat from 0.61 to 0.84 to 0.83 +/- 0.04 g/100 g of FA. Moreover, cis-9, trans-11 CLA was higher (P < 0.05) in fat from steers fed RG compared with T (0.81 vs. 0.69 +/- 0.04 g/100 g of FA), and tended to be higher (P = 0.07) in muscle (0.62 vs. 0.54 +/- 0.03 g/100 g of FA. Feeding yellow restaurant grease increased content of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in beef without an increase total FA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Marks
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6351, USA
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Boles JA, Bowman JG, Surber LMM, Boss DL. Effects of barley variety fed to steers on carcass characteristics and color of meat. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:2087-91. [PMID: 15309956 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8272087x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of barley varieties in the diets of finishing steers on carcass composition, fat, and lean color and the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous fat. Crossbred steers (391 kg initial BW) were assigned randomly to one of five finishing diets composed primarily of corn (n = 9), Morex barley (n = 9), Steptoe barley, (n = 9), or two experimental barley varieties SM3 (n = 9) and SM5 (n = 9). Grains were cracked prior to feeding. Diets were formulated (DM basis) to be isonitrogenous (2.24% N) and isocaloric (2.01 Mcal/kg NEm and 1.35 Mcal/kg NEg). Steers were slaughtered according to industry-accepted procedures when it was visually estimated that 70% of carcasses would grade USDA Choice. After a 24-h chill at 4 degrees C, carcass quality and yield grade data were collected by trained, experienced university personnel. Objective color (L*, a*, and b*) of both the LM and subcutaneous fat were measured, and samples of subcutaneous fat were removed from the 10th- to 12th-rib region for fatty acid analysis. Diet did not affect hot carcass weight (P = 0.15), fat thickness (P = 0.58), LM area (P = 0.57), percentage of internal fat (P = 0.52), yield grade (P = 0.96), marbling (P = 0.73), or quality grade (P = 0.10). However, the LM from steers fed diets formulated with Morex and SM5 barley varieties tended to be lighter (higher L* values, P = 0.08) than the LM from steers fed the corn-based diet. Additionally, fat from steers fed corn tended to be more yellow (higher Hunter b* values, P = 0.09) than fat from steers fed barley-based diets. Although grain source had only minimal effects on the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat samples, pentadecanoic acid (15:0) was greater (P < 0.05) in fat from steers fed SM3 and Steptoe barley varieties than in fat from steers fed corn. Stearic acid (18:0) concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in fat samples from steers fed corn than in those fed the experimental barley lines (SM3 and SM5). Conversely, fat samples from steers fed Steptoe and SM5 barley had greater (P < 0.05) gadoleic acid (20:1) concentrations than fat from steers fed corn or Morex variety. Although the variety/line of barley included in the finishing diet may affect LM and fat color, grain-source (barley vs. corn) had little effect on beef carcass quality and yield grades and did not greatly alter the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boles
- Animal and Range Sciences Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MO 59717-2900, USA.
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Radunz AE, Lardy GP, Bauer ML, Marchello MJ, Loe ER, Berg PT. Influence of steam-peeled potato-processing waste inclusion level in beef finishing diets: Effects on digestion, feedlot performance, and meat quality1. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:2675-85. [PMID: 14601870 DOI: 10.2527/2003.81112675x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of potato-processing waste (PW) from the frozen potato products industry in high-grain beef cattle finishing diets was evaluated in two studies. In a randomized complete block design, 125 crossbred yearling heifers (365 +/- 0.3 kg initial BW; five pens per treatment; five heifers per pen) were used to evaluate PW level on feedlot performance and meat quality. Heifers were fed for 85 (two blocks) or 104 d (three blocks). In a digestion study, four ruminally, duodenally, and ileally cannulated Holstein steers (474.7 +/- 26.6 kg initial BW) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to evaluate effects of PW level on ruminal fermentation, site of digestion, and microbial protein synthesis. The control diet for both studies contained 80% corn, 10% alfalfa hay, 5% concentrated separator by-product (CSB), and 5% supplement (DM basis). Potato waste replaced corn and separator by-product (DM basis) in the diet at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% in the feedlot study, and at 0, 13, 27, and 40% in the digestion study. In the feedlot study, DMI decreased (linear; P = 0.007) with increasing inclusion of PW. Increasing PW decreased ADG and feed efficiency from 0 to 30% and then increased at 40% (quadratic; P < 0.01). Calculated dietary NEg concentrations did not differ among treatments (P = 0.18). Hot carcass weight decreased as PW increased from 0 to 30% and then increased at 40% PW (cubic; P < 0.01). Fat thickness and longissimus muscle area decreased with increasing PW (linear; P < 0.05). Level of PW did not affect marbling or liver scores (P > 0.30). No difference (P > 0.20) was observed for Warner-Bratzler shear force at 0, 10, 20, and 30% PW levels; however, 40% PW resulted in lower (P = 0.05) shear force values. Taste panel scores for juiciness and flavor intensity did not differ with increasing PW (P > 0.30). Steaks from cattle fed 0% were scored less tender than 10 and 40% PW (cubic; P < 0.05). In the digestion study, DMI decreased (quadratic; P < 0.01) with increasing PW. Ruminal pH and total VFA concentration increased (linear; P < 0.05) and true N disappearance from the stomach complex and apparent total-tract N disappearance decreased with increasing level of PW (linear; P < 0.01). Starch intake and ruminal disappearance decreased with increasing level of PW (quadratic; P < 0.05). Inclusion of PW decreased feedlot performance, with little effect on carcass characteristics or meat quality. Optimal inclusion of PW in finishing diets may depend on the cost of transportation and other dietary ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Radunz
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA
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