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Vivacqua G, Mancinelli R, Leone S, Vaccaro R, Garro L, Carotti S, Ceci L, Onori P, Pannarale L, Franchitto A, Gaudio E, Casini A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: A possible connection between intestinal inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14780. [PMID: 38462652 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different studies have shown the key role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders, as well as in neurodegenerative diseases. ER stress leads to the formation of misfolded proteins which affect the secretion of different cell types that are crucial for the intestinal homeostasis. PURPOSE In this review, we discuss the role of ER stress and its involvement in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases, chronic conditions that can cause severe damage of the gastrointestinal tract, focusing on the alteration of Paneth cells and goblet cells (the principal secretory phenotypes of the intestinal epithelial cells). ER stress is also discussed in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, in which protein misfolding represents the signature mechanism. ER stress in the bowel and consequent accumulation of misfolded proteins might represent a bridge between bowel inflammation and neurodegeneration along the gut-to-brain axis, affecting intestinal epithelial homeostasis and the equilibrium of the commensal microbiota. Targeting intestinal ER stress could foster future studies for designing new biomarkers and new therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Vivacqua
- Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Vaccaro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Garro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Carotti
- Integrated Research Center (PRAAB), Campus Biomedico University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Ceci
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Pannarale
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Casini
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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YONOICHI S, HARA Y, ISHIDA Y, SHODA A, KIMURA M, MURATA M, NUNOBIKI S, ITO M, YOSHIMOTO A, MANTANI Y, YOKOYAMA T, HIRANO T, IKENAKA Y, YOKOI Y, AYABE T, NAKAMURA K, HOSHI N. Effects of exposure to the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin on α-defensin secretion and gut microbiota in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:277-284. [PMID: 38267031 PMCID: PMC10963084 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin (CLO) disrupts the intestinal microbiota of experimental animals is unknown. We focused on α-defensins, which are regulators of the intestinal microbiota. Subchronic exposure to CLO induced dysbiosis and reduced short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of mice. Levels of cryptdin-1 (Crp1, a major α-defensin in mice) in feces and cecal contents were lower in the CLO-exposed groups than in control. In Crp1 immunostaining, Paneth cells in the jejunum and ileum of the no-observed-adverse-effect-level CLO-exposed group showed a stronger positive signal than control, likely due to the suppression of Crp1 release. Our results showed that CLO exposure suppresses α-defensin secretion from Paneth cells as part of the mechanism underlying CLO-induced dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura YONOICHI
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yukako HARA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yuya ISHIDA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Asuka SHODA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mako KIMURA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Midori MURATA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sarika NUNOBIKI
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Makiko ITO
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ayano YOSHIMOTO
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Youhei MANTANI
- Laboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi YOKOYAMA
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsushi HIRANO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori IKENAKA
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Yuki YOKOI
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi AYABE
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiminori NAKAMURA
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko HOSHI
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Morphology, Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
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3
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Jin X, You L, Qiao J, Han W, Pan H. Autophagy in colitis-associated colon cancer: exploring its potential role in reducing initiation and preventing IBD-Related CAC development. Autophagy 2024; 20:242-258. [PMID: 37723664 PMCID: PMC10813649 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2259214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS A. muciniphila: Akkermansia muciniphila; AIEC: adherent invasive Escherichia coli; AOM/DSS: azoxymethane-dextran sodium sulfate; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin1, autophagy related; CAC: colitis-associated colon cancer; CCDC50: coiled-coil domain containing 50; CLDN2: claudin 2; CoPEC: colibactin-producing Escherichia coli; CRC: colorectal cancer; DAMPs: danger/damage-associated molecular patterns; DC: dendritic cell; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; DTP: drug-resistant persistent; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1/IRE1α: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IECs: intestinal epithelial cells; IKK: IkappaB kinase; IL: interleukin; IRGM1: immunity-related GTPase family M member 1; ISC: intestinal stem cell; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDP: muramyl dipeptide; MELK: maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; miRNA: microRNA; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; NOD2: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2; NRBF2: nuclear receptor binding factor 2; PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PI3K: class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PYCARD/ASC: PYD and CARD domain containing; RALGAPA2/RalGAPα2: Ral GTPase activating protein protein, alpha subunit 2 (catalytic); RIPK2/CARD3: receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2; RIPK3: receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3; ROS: reactive oxygen species; sCRC: sporadic colorectal cancer; SMARCA4/BRG1: SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF/TNFA: tumor necrosis factor; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; UPR: unfolded protein response; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhong Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangkun You
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jincheng Qiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Prame Kumar K, Ooi JD, Goldberg R. The interplay between the microbiota, diet and T regulatory cells in the preservation of the gut barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1291724. [PMID: 38107848 PMCID: PMC10722198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1291724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming more common in the Western world due to changes in diet-related microbial dysbiosis, genetics and lifestyle. Incidences of gut permeability can predate IBD and continued gut barrier disruptions increase the exposure of bacterial antigens to the immune system thereby perpetuating chronic inflammation. Currently, most of the approved IBD therapies target individual pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathways. However, they fail in approximately 50% of patients due to their inability to overcome the redundant pro inflammatory immune responses. There is increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of T regulatory cells (Tregs) in inflammatory conditions due to their widespread capability to dampen inflammation, promote tolerance of intestinal bacteria, facilitate healing of the mucosal barrier and ability to be engineered for more targeted therapy. Intestinal Treg populations are inherently shaped by dietary molecules and gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Thus, understanding how these molecules influence Treg-mediated preservation of the intestinal barrier will provide insights into immune tolerance-mediated mucosal homeostasis. This review comprehensively explores the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and immune system in influencing the intestinal barrier function to attenuate the progression of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Prame Kumar
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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5
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Qazi A, Comiskey S, Calzadilla N, Amin F, Sharma A, Khin E, Holton N, Weber CR, Saksena S, Kumar A, Alrefai WA, Gill RK. Potential Dietary and Therapeutic Strategies Involving Indole-3-Carbinole in Preclinical Models of Intestinal Inflammation. Nutrients 2023; 15:4980. [PMID: 38068838 PMCID: PMC10708520 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet-microbiota interactions are emerging as important contributors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), characterized by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factor regulates xenobiotic metabolism and is activated by exogenous ligands, including indole-3-carbinole (I3C), which is found in cruciferous vegetables. However, studies investigating the impact of dietary I3C and AhR in preclinical models resembling human IBD are lacking. Mice (WT or AhR KO in IECs, 6-8 weeks) or SAMP/YitFC and AKR/J control (4 weeks, m/f) were fed an AhR ligand-depleted or I3C (200 ppm)-supplemented diet. There were increased levels of LPS and exacerbated inflammation, resulting in increased mortality in AhRΔIEC mice fed the AhR ligand-depleted diet in response to chronic DSS. The mechanisms underlying the protective effects of I3C supplementation during colonic colitis involved amelioration of intestinal inflammation and restoration of the altered gut microbiota, particularly the families of clostridicae and lachnospriaceae. Furthermore, the AhR-depleted diet led to the emergence of pathobiont Parvibacter caecicola in WT mice. SAMP/YitFc mice with spontaneous ileitis showed significant recovery in epithelial abnormalities when fed dietary I3C. These data demonstrate the critical role of AhR and the mechanisms of dietary I3C in maintaining epithelial homeostasis and ameliorating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Qazi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.Q.); (S.C.); (F.A.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Shane Comiskey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.Q.); (S.C.); (F.A.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Nathan Calzadilla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Fatimah Amin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.Q.); (S.C.); (F.A.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.Q.); (S.C.); (F.A.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Ei Khin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.Q.); (S.C.); (F.A.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Nathaniel Holton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.Q.); (S.C.); (F.A.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (W.A.A.)
| | | | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.Q.); (S.C.); (F.A.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (W.A.A.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.Q.); (S.C.); (F.A.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (W.A.A.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.Q.); (S.C.); (F.A.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (W.A.A.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.Q.); (S.C.); (F.A.); (A.S.); (E.K.); (N.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (W.A.A.)
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Scalia F, Carini F, David S, Giammanco M, Mazzola M, Rappa F, Bressan NI, Maida G, Tomasello G. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Updated Overview on the Heat Shock Protein Involvement. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12129. [PMID: 37569505 PMCID: PMC10419025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) represent chronic idiopathic disorders, including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), in which one of the trigger factors is represented by aberrant immune interactions between the intestinal epithelium and the intestinal microbiota. The involvement of heat shock proteins (HSPs) as etiological and pathogenetic factors is becoming of increasing interest. HSPs were found to be differentially expressed in the intestinal tissues and sera of patients with CD and UC. It has been shown that HSPs can play a dual role in the disease, depending on the stage of progression. They can support the inflammatory and fibrosis process, but they can also act as protective factors during disease progression or before the onset of one of the worst complications of IBD, colorectal cancer. Furthermore, HSPs are able to mediate the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and intestinal epithelial cells. In this work, we discuss the involvement of HSPs in IBD considering their genetic, epigenetic, immune and molecular roles, referring to the most recent works present in the literature. With our review, we want to shed light on the importance of further exploring the role of HSPs, or even better, the role of the molecular chaperone system (CS), in IBD: various molecules of the CS including HSPs may have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential, promoting the creation of new drugs that could overcome the side-effects of the therapies currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scalia
- Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics BIND, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.); (G.M.); (G.T.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Carini
- Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics BIND, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.); (G.M.); (G.T.)
- Hospital University School of Medicine, P. Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sabrina David
- Department Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (S.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Marco Giammanco
- Department Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (S.D.); (M.G.)
| | - Margherita Mazzola
- Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics BIND, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.); (G.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics BIND, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.); (G.M.); (G.T.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Section of Palermo, Italy National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Maida
- Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics BIND, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.); (G.M.); (G.T.)
| | - Giovanni Tomasello
- Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics BIND, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (F.R.); (G.M.); (G.T.)
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Wang Y, Song Y, Yan S, Hiramine R, Ohnishi Y, Yokoi Y, Nakamura K, Kikukawa T, Ayabe T, Aizawa T. Antimicrobial Properties and Mode of Action of Cryptdin-4, a Mouse α-Defensin Regulated by Peptide Redox Structures and Bacterial Cultivation Conditions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1047. [PMID: 37370366 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptdin-4 (crp4) is an enteric α-defensin derived from mice, and is a main mediator of immunity to oral infections and a determinant of the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Structurally, crp4 exists in two states: the oxidized form (crp4oxi), constrained by three invariant disulfide bonds, and the reduced form (crp4red) with six free thiol groups, both of which exist in the intestinal tract. In this study, the antibacterial mechanisms of crp4 in both forms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were investigated using Escherichia coli (E. coli), an anaerobic facultative bacterium, as a model. Fluorescent dye studies revealed that both crp4oxi and crp4red exhibited antimicrobial activity against cells cultured under aerobic conditions via rapid membrane depolarization. Furthermore, the antioxidant treatment experiments suggested that only crp4oxi exhibited antimicrobial activity by the induction and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, under anaerobic culture conditions, the ability of both forms to disrupt the function of bacterial membranes decreased and activity was greatly reduced, but crp4red maintained some antimicrobial activity. This activity may be due to the inhibition of intracellular functions by DNA binding. Altogether, these data indicate that, according to its redox structure and the environmental redox conditions, crp4 could perform different antimicrobial activities via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuchi Song
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shaonan Yan
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Rina Hiramine
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohnishi
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokoi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Laboratory of Biological Information Analysis Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Richard N, Savoye G, Leboutte M, Amamou A, Ghosh S, Marion-Letellier R. Crohn’s disease: Why the ileum? World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:3222-3240. [PMID: 37377591 PMCID: PMC10292140 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i21.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by immune-mediated flares affecting any region of the intestine alternating with remission periods. In CD, the ileum is frequently affected and about one third of patients presents with a pure ileal type. Moreover, the ileal type of CD presents epidemiological specificities like a younger age at onset and often a strong link with smoking and genetic susceptibility genes. Most of these genes are associated with Paneth cell dysfunction, a cell type found in the intestinal crypts of the ileum. Besides, a Western-type diet is associated in epidemiological studies with CD onset and increasing evidence shows that diet can modulate the composition of bile acids and gut microbiota, which in turn modulates the susceptibility of the ileum to inflammation. Thus, the interplay between environmental factors and the histological and anatomical features of the ileum is thought to explain the specific transcriptome profile observed in CD ileitis. Indeed, both immune response and cellular healing processes harbour differences between ileal and non-ileal CD. Taken together, these findings advocate for a dedicated therapeutic approach to managing ileal CD. Currently, interventional pharmacological studies have failed to clearly demonstrate distinct response profiles according to disease site. However, the high rate of stricturing disease in ileal CD requires the identification of new therapeutic targets to significantly change the natural history of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Richard
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- CHU Rouen, Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital-Charles Nicolle, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Guillaume Savoye
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- CHU Rouen, Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital-Charles Nicolle, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Mathilde Leboutte
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Asma Amamou
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Building, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Rachel Marion-Letellier
- University of Rouen Normandie, INSERM, ADEN UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Rouen F-76000, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen Normandie, Rouen F-76000, France
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Cui C, Wang F, Zheng Y, Wei H, Peng J. From birth to death: The hardworking life of Paneth cell in the small intestine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122258. [PMID: 36969191 PMCID: PMC10036411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are a group of unique intestinal epithelial cells, and they play an important role in host-microbiota interactions. At the origin of Paneth cell life, several pathways such as Wnt, Notch, and BMP signaling, affect the differentiation of Paneth cells. After lineage commitment, Paneth cells migrate downward and reside in the base of crypts, and they possess abundant granules in their apical cytoplasm. These granules contain some important substances such as antimicrobial peptides and growth factors. Antimicrobial peptides can regulate the composition of microbiota and defend against mucosal penetration by commensal and pathogenic bacteria to protect the intestinal epithelia. The growth factors derived from Paneth cells contribute to the maintenance of the normal functions of intestinal stem cells. The presence of Paneth cells ensures the sterile environment and clearance of apoptotic cells from crypts to maintain the intestinal homeostasis. At the end of their lives, Paneth cells experience different types of programmed cell death such as apoptosis and necroptosis. During intestinal injury, Paneth cells can acquire stem cell features to restore the intestinal epithelial integrity. In view of the crucial roles of Paneth cells in the intestinal homeostasis, research on Paneth cells has rapidly developed in recent years, and the existing reviews on Paneth cells have mainly focused on their functions of antimicrobial peptide secretion and intestinal stem cell support. This review aims to summarize the approaches to studying Paneth cells and introduce the whole life experience of Paneth cells from birth to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbin Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangke Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Peng,
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10
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Decreased Paneth cell α-defensins promote fibrosis in a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet-induced mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via disrupting intestinal microbiota. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3953. [PMID: 36894646 PMCID: PMC9998432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by fibrosis that develops from fatty liver. Disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, dysbiosis, is associated with fibrosis development in NASH. An antimicrobial peptide α-defensin secreted by Paneth cells in the small intestine is known to regulate composition of the intestinal microbiota. However, involvement of α-defensin in NASH remains unknown. Here, we show that in diet-induced NASH model mice, decrease of fecal α-defensin along with dysbiosis occurs before NASH onset. When α-defensin levels in the intestinal lumen are restored by intravenous administration of R-Spondin1 to induce Paneth cell regeneration or by oral administration of α-defensins, liver fibrosis is ameliorated with dissolving dysbiosis. Furthermore, R-Spondin1 and α-defensin improved liver pathologies together with different features in the intestinal microbiota. These results indicate that decreased α-defensin secretion induces liver fibrosis through dysbiosis, further suggesting Paneth cell α-defensin as a potential therapeutic target for NASH.
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11
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Moreira-Souza ACA, Nanini HF, Rangel TP, da Silva SRB, Damasceno BP, Ribeiro BE, Cascabulho CM, Thompson F, Leal C, Santana PT, Rosas SLB, de Andrade KQ, Silva CLM, Vommaro RC, de Souza HSP, Coutinho-Silva R. P2X7 Receptor Modulation of the Gut Microbiota and the Inflammasome Determines the Severity of Toxoplasma gondii-Induced Ileitis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020555. [PMID: 36831091 PMCID: PMC9952899 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In mice, oral Toxoplasma gondii infection induces severe ileitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7) on the inflammatory response to T. gondii-induced ileitis. Cysts of the ME49 strain of T. gondii were used to induce ileitis. The infected mice were euthanized on day 8 and ileal tissue and peripheral blood were collected for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Ileal contractility, inflammatory mediators, inflammasome activation, quantitative PCR analysis of gene expression, and fecal microbiota were assessed using appropriate techniques, respectively. The infected P2X7-/- mice had greater disease severity, parasitic burden, liver damage, and intestinal contractility than the infected wild-type (WT) mice. Infection increased serum IL-6 and IFN-γ and tissue caspase-1 but not NLRP3 in P2X7-/- mice compared to WT mice. Bacteroidaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Rhodospirillales increased while Muribaculaceae and Lactobacillaceae decreased in the infected WT and P2X7-/- mice. Bacteroidia and Tannerellaceae increased in the P2X7-/- mice with ileitis. By contrast, Clostridiales and Mollicutes were absent in the P2X7-/- mice but increased in the WT mice. P2X7 protects mice against T. gondii infection by activating the inflammasome and regulating the local and systemic immune responses. Specific gut bacterial populations modulated by P2X7 determine disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Cristina Abreu Moreira-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Hayandra Ferreira Nanini
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Thuany Prado Rangel
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Sthefani Rodrigues Batista da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Pêgo Damasceno
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Elias Ribeiro
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Cynthia M. Cascabulho
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Thompson
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Camille Leal
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Teixeira Santana
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Siane Lopes Bittencourt Rosas
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Kívia Queiroz de Andrade
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Claudia L. Martins Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rossiane Claudia Vommaro
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-170, Brazil
- Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Heitor Siffert Pereira de Souza
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-913, Brazil
- Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
- Correspondence: or (H.S.P.d.S.); (R.C.-S.); Tel.: +55-21-3938-2669 (H.S.P.d.S.); +55-21-3938-6565 (R.C.-S.)
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
- Correspondence: or (H.S.P.d.S.); (R.C.-S.); Tel.: +55-21-3938-2669 (H.S.P.d.S.); +55-21-3938-6565 (R.C.-S.)
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12
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Song Y, Wang Y, Yan S, Nakamura K, Kikukawa T, Ayabe T, Aizawa T. Efficient recombinant production of mouse-derived cryptdin family peptides by a novel facilitation strategy for inclusion body formation. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:9. [PMID: 36635697 PMCID: PMC9838031 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as new drugs owing to their potent bactericidal activity and because they are often refractory to the development of drug resistance. Cryptdins (Crps) are a family of antimicrobial peptides found in the small intestine of mice, comprising six isoforms containing three sets of disulfide bonds. Although Crp4 is actively being investigated, there have been few studies to date on the other Crp isoforms. A prerequisite for detailed characterization of the other Crp isoforms is establishment of efficient sample preparation methods. RESULTS To avoid degradation during recombinant expression of Crps in E. coli, co-expression of Crps with the aggregation-prone protein human α-lactalbumin (HLA) was used to promote the formation of stable inclusion bodies. Using this method, the production of Crp4 and Crp6 by the BL21 strain was effective, but the expression of other Crp isoforms was not as efficient. The results of a cell-free system study suggested that Crps were degraded, even though a substantial amounts of Crps were synthesized. Therefore, using the Origami™ B strain, we were able to significantly increase the expression efficiency of Crps by promoting the formation of erroneous intermolecular disulfide bonds between HLA and Crps, thereby promoting protein aggregation and inclusion body formation, which prevented degradation. The various Crp isoforms were successfully refolded in vitro and purified using reversed-phase HPLC. In addition, the yield was further improved by deformylation of formyl-Crps. We measured the antibacterial activity of Crps against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Each Crp isoform exhibited a completely different trend in antimicrobial activity, although conformational analysis by circular dichroism did not reveal any significant steric differences. CONCLUSION In this study, we established a novel and efficient method for the production of the cryptdin family of cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides. Additionally, we found that there were notable differences in the antibacterial activities of the various Crp family members. The expression system established in this study is expected to provide new insights regarding the mechanisms underlying the different antibacterial activities of the Crp family of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Song
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Yi Wang
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Shaonan Yan
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Biological Information Analysis Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
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Shimizu Y, Yamamura R, Yokoi Y, Ayabe T, Ukawa S, Nakamura K, Okada E, Imae A, Nakagawa T, Tamakoshi A, Nakamura K. Shorter sleep time relates to lower human defensin 5 secretion and compositional disturbance of the intestinal microbiota accompanied by decreased short-chain fatty acid production. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2190306. [PMID: 36945116 PMCID: PMC10038026 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2190306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is essential for our health. Short sleep is known to increase disease risks via imbalance of intestinal microbiota, dysbiosis. However, mechanisms by which short sleep induces dysbiosis remain unknown. Small intestinal Paneth cell regulates the intestinal microbiota by secreting antimicrobial peptides including α-defensin, human defensin 5 (HD5). Disruption of circadian rhythm mediating sleep-wake cycle induces Paneth cell failure. We aim to clarify effects of short sleep on HD5 secretion and the intestinal microbiota. Fecal samples and self-reported sleep time were obtained from 35 healthy middle-aged Japanese (41 to 60-year-old). Shorter sleep time was associated with lower fecal HD5 concentration (r = 0.354, p = 0.037), lower centered log ratio (CLR)-transformed abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers in the intestinal microbiota such as [Ruminococcus] gnavus group (r = 0.504, p = 0.002) and Butyricicoccus (r = 0.484, p = 0.003), and lower fecal SCFA concentration. Furthermore, fecal HD5 positively correlated with the abundance of these genera and SCFA concentration. These findings suggest that short sleep relates to disturbance of the intestinal microbiota via decreased HD5 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shimizu
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryodai Yamamura
- Division of Biomedical Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokoi
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Ukawa
- Department of Social Welfare Science and Clinical Psychology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koshi Nakamura
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Emiko Okada
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Akiko Tamakoshi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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14
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Wallaeys C, Garcia‐Gonzalez N, Libert C. Paneth cells as the cornerstones of intestinal and organismal health: a primer. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 15:e16427. [PMID: 36573340 PMCID: PMC9906427 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are versatile secretory cells located in the crypts of Lieberkühn of the small intestine. In normal conditions, they function as the cornerstones of intestinal health by preserving homeostasis. They perform this function by providing niche factors to the intestinal stem cell compartment, regulating the composition of the microbiome through the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides, performing phagocytosis and efferocytosis, taking up heavy metals, and preserving barrier integrity. Disturbances in one or more of these functions can lead to intestinal as well as systemic inflammatory and infectious diseases. This review discusses the multiple functions of Paneth cells, and the mechanisms and consequences of Paneth cell dysfunction. It also provides an overview of the tools available for studying Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Wallaeys
- Center for Inflammation Research‐VIBGhentBelgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Natalia Garcia‐Gonzalez
- Center for Inflammation Research‐VIBGhentBelgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research‐VIBGhentBelgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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15
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Ohira S, Yokoi Y, Ayabe T, Nakamura K. Efficient and simple genetic engineering of enteroids using mouse isolated crypts for investigating intestinal functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 637:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Lu Q, Yang MF, Liang YJ, Xu J, Xu HM, Nie YQ, Wang LS, Yao J, Li DF. Immunology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutics. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1825-1844. [PMID: 35310454 PMCID: PMC8928114 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s353038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a main digestive organ and an important immune organ, the intestine plays a vital role in resisting the invasion of potential pathogens into the body. Intestinal immune dysfunction remains important pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review, we explained the interactions among symbiotic flora, intestinal epithelial cells, and the immune system, clarified the operating mechanism of the intestinal immune system, and highlighted the immunological pathogenesis of IBD, with a focus on the development of immunotherapy for IBD. In addition, intestinal fibrosis is a significant complication in patients with long-term IBD, and we reviewed the immunological pathogenesis involved in the development of intestinal fibrogenesis and provided novel antifibrotic immunotherapies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei-feng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Yantian District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-jie Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital (School of Medicine of South China University of Technology), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao-ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital (School of Medicine of South China University of Technology), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-qiang Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital (School of Medicine of South China University of Technology), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-sheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jun Yao; De-feng Li, Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), No. 1017, Dongmen North Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 755 25533018, Email ;
| | - De-feng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Implication of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020289. [PMID: 35203499 PMCID: PMC8869546 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal barrier, also referred to as intestinal barrier, is widely recognized as a critical player in gut homeostasis maintenance as it ensures the complex crosstalk between gut microbes (both commensals and pathogens) and the host immune system. Highly specialized epithelial cells constantly cope with several protective and harmful agents to maintain the multiple physiological functions of the barrier as well as its integrity. However, both genetic defects and environmental factors can break such equilibrium, thus promoting gut dysbiosis, dysregulated immune-inflammatory responses, and even the development of chronic pathological conditions. Here, we review and discuss the molecular and cellular pathways underlying intestinal barrier structural and functional homeostasis, focusing on potential alterations that may undermine this fine balance.
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18
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Sato Y, Wang Y, Song Y, Geng W, Yan S, Nakamura K, Kikukawa T, Demura M, Ayabe T, Aizawa T. Potent bactericidal activity of reduced cryptdin-4 derived from its hydrophobicity and mediated by bacterial membrane disruption. Amino Acids 2022; 54:289-297. [PMID: 35037097 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defensin is a cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide with three disulphide bonds under normal oxidative conditions. Cryptdin-4 (Crp4) is a defensin secreted by Paneth cells in the small intestine of mice, and only reduced Crp4 (Crp4red) shows activity against enteric commensal bacteria, although both oxidised Crp4 (Crp4ox) and Crp4red can kill non-commensal bacteria. To investigate the molecular factors that affect the potent antimicrobial activity of Crp4red, the bactericidal activities of Crp4ox and Crp4red, Crp4 with all Cys residues substituted with Ser peptide (6C/S-Crp4), and Crp4 with all thiol groups modified by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM-Crp4) were assessed. All peptides showed bactericidal activity against non-commensal bacteria, whereas Crp4red and NEM-Crp4 showed bactericidal activity against commensal bacteria. These potent peptides exhibited high hydrophobicity, which was strongly correlated with membrane insertion. Intriguingly, Crp4ox formed electrostatic interactions with the membrane surface of bacteria, even without exerting bactericidal activity. Moreover, the bactericidal activity of both oxidised and reduced forms of Crp4 was abolished by inhibition of electrostatic interactions; this finding suggests that Crp4red targets bacterial membranes. Finally, a liposome leakage assay against lipids extracted from commensal bacteria demonstrated a correlation with bactericidal activity. These results suggest that the potent bactericidal activity of Crp4red is derived from its hydrophobicity, and the bactericidal mechanism involves disruption of the bacterial membrane. Findings from this study provide a better understanding of the bactericidal mechanism of both Crp4ox and Crp4red.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sato
- Protein Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yi Wang
- Protein Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuchi Song
- Protein Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Weiming Geng
- Protein Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shaonan Yan
- Protein Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Laboratory of Biological Information Analysis Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makoto Demura
- Laboratory of Biological Information Analysis Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Protein Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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19
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Gut Microbial Metabolite-Mediated Regulation of the Intestinal Barrier in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124259. [PMID: 34959809 PMCID: PMC8704337 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease. The disease has a multifactorial aetiology, involving genetic, microbial as well as environmental factors. The disease pathogenesis operates at the host-microbe interface in the gut. The intestinal epithelium plays a central role in IBD disease pathogenesis. Apart from being a physical barrier, the epithelium acts as a node that integrates environmental, dietary, and microbial cues to calibrate host immune response and maintain homeostasis in the gut. IBD patients display microbial dysbiosis in the gut, combined with an increased barrier permeability that contributes to disease pathogenesis. Metabolites produced by microbes in the gut are dynamic indicators of diet, host, and microbial interplay in the gut. Microbial metabolites are actively absorbed or diffused across the intestinal lining to affect the host response in the intestine as well as at systemic sites via the engagement of cognate receptors. In this review, we summarize insights from metabolomics studies, uncovering the dynamic changes in gut metabolite profiles in IBD and their importance as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of disease. We focus on gut microbial metabolites as key regulators of the intestinal barrier and their role in the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Secretory Sorcery: Paneth Cell Control of Intestinal Repair and Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1239-1250. [PMID: 34153524 PMCID: PMC8446800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells are professional secretory cells that classically play a role in the innate immune system by secreting antimicrobial factors into the lumen to control enteric bacteria. In this role, Paneth cells are able to sense cues from luminal bacteria and respond by changing production of these factors to protect the epithelial barrier. Paneth cells rely on autophagy to regulate their secretory capability and capacity. Disruption of this pathway through mutation of genes, such as Atg16L1, results in decreased Paneth cell function, dysregulated enteric microbiota, decreased barrier integrity, and increased risk of diseases such as Crohn's disease in humans. Upon differentiation Paneth cells migrate downward and intercalate among active intestinal stem cells at the base of small intestinal crypts. This localization puts them in a unique position to interact with active intestinal stem cells, and recent work shows that Paneth cells play a critical role in influencing the intestinal stem cell niche. This review discusses the numerous ways Paneth cells can influence intestinal stem cells and their niche. We also highlight the ways in which Paneth cells can alter cells and other organ systems.
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21
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Lower human defensin 5 in elderly people compared to middle-aged is associated with differences in the intestinal microbiota composition: the DOSANCO Health Study. GeroScience 2021; 44:997-1009. [PMID: 34105106 PMCID: PMC9135951 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, aging is considered a risk factor for various diseases. Although changes in the intestinal microbiota along with aging are thought to associate with the increased disease risk, mechanisms that cause age-related transition of the intestinal microbiota remain unknown. This study aims to clarify relationships between the amount of human defensin 5 (HD5), a Paneth cell α-defensin, which is known to regulate the intestinal microbiota, and age-related differences of the intestinal microbiota composition. Fecal samples from 196 healthy Japanese (35 to 81 years old) were collected and measured HD5 concentration. HD5 concentration in the elderly group (age > 70 years old) was significantly lower than the middle-aged group (age ≤ 70 years old). Furthermore, individual age was negatively correlated with HD5 concentration (r = - 0.307, p < 0.001). In β-diversity, the intestinal microbiota of the elderly showed a significantly different composition compared to the middle-aged. At the genus level, relative abundance of Collinsella, Alistipes, Peptococcaceae; unassigned, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Weissella, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Megasphaera, and [Eubacterium] eligens group was significantly higher, and Lachnospiraceae; unassigned, Blautia, Anaerostipes, Fusicatenibacter, Dorea, and Faecalibacterium was significantly lower in the elderly compared to the middle-aged. In addition, HD5 concentration was negatively correlated with Alistipes, Peptococcaceae; unassigned, and Christensenellaceae R-7 group and positively correlated with Lachnospiraceae; unassigned and Dorea. These results provide novel insights into the immunosenescence of enteric innate immunity, indicating low HD5 is suggested to contribute to the age-related differences in the intestinal microbiota and may relate to increased risk of diseases in elderly people.
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Suzuki K, Nakamura K, Shimizu Y, Yokoi Y, Ohira S, Hagiwara M, Wang Y, Song Y, Aizawa T, Ayabe T. Decrease of α-defensin impairs intestinal metabolite homeostasis via dysbiosis in mouse chronic social defeat stress model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9915. [PMID: 33972646 PMCID: PMC8110768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress has been reported to relate to dysbiosis, imbalance of the intestinal microbiota composition, and contribute to the onset and exacerbation of depression, though, underlying mechanisms of psychological stress-related dysbiosis have been unknown. It has been previously established that α-defensins, which are effector peptides of innate enteric immunity produced by Paneth cells in the small intestine, play an important role in regulation of the intestinal microbiota. However, the relationship between disruption of intestinal ecosystem and α-defensin under psychological stress is yet to be determined. Here we show using chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a mouse depression model that (1) the exposure to CSDS significantly reduces α-defensin secretion by Paneth cells and (2) induces dysbiosis and significant composition changes in the intestinal metabolites. Furthermore, (3) they are recovered by administration of α-defensin. These results indicate that α-defensin plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the intestinal ecosystem under psychological stress, providing novel insights into the onset mechanism of stress-induced depression, and may further contribute to discovery of treatment targets for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Suzuki
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yu Shimizu
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokoi
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shuya Ohira
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mizu Hagiwara
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuchi Song
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. .,Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
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23
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Bischoff SC, Kaden-Volynets V, Filipe Rosa L, Guseva D, Seethaler B. Regulation of the gut barrier by carbohydrates from diet - Underlying mechanisms and possible clinical implications. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151499. [PMID: 33864957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier has been recognized as being of relevance in the pathogenesis of multiple different diseases ranging from inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory joint disease, fatty liver disease, and cardiometabolic disorders. The regulation of the gut barrier is, however, poorly understood. Especially, the role of food components such as sugars and complex carbohydrates has been discussed controversially in this respect. More recently, the intestinal microbiota has been proposed as an important regulator of the gut barrier. Whether the microbiota affects the barrier by its own, or whether food components such as carbohydrates mediate their effects through alterations of the microbiota composition or its metabolites, is still not clear. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on this topic derived from both animal and human studies and discuss data for possible clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Bischoff
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Valentina Kaden-Volynets
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Acousia Therapeutics GmbH & Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Louisa Filipe Rosa
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Daria Guseva
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Seethaler
- Nstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Yokoi Y, Adachi T, Sugimoto R, Kikuchi M, Ayabe T, Nakamura K. Simultaneous real-time analysis of Paneth cell and intestinal stem cell response to interferon-γ by a novel stem cell niche tracking method. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 545:14-19. [PMID: 33529805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells and Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (Lgr5+ ISCs) constitute the stem cell niche and maintain small intestinal epithelial integrity by recognizing various niche factors derived from subepithelial cells and external antigens. Although it has been known that interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a Th1 cytokine, is associated with intestinal epithelial disruption during inflammation as a niche factor, dynamics of Paneth cells and Lgr5+ ISCs in response to IFN-γ remain to be understood. Here we show that CAG-tdTomato;Lgr5-EGFP (CT-LE) mice generated in this study enable to identify Paneth cells and Lgr5+ ISCs separately by fluorescence signals. Lgr5+ ISCs underwent cell death a little earlier than Paneth cells in response to IFN-γ by simultaneous tracking using CT-LE mice. In addition, the timing of cell death in most Paneth cells overlapped with Lgr5+ ISCs, suggesting that Paneth cell depletion is induced directly by IFN-γ. Taken together, we established a novel simultaneous stem cell niche tracking method and clarified the involvement of both Paneth cells and Lgr5+ ISCs in stem cell niche damage induced by IFN-γ, further contribute to understanding the mechanism for maintaining intestinal homeostasis by stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yokoi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takahiro Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Rina Sugimoto
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Mani Kikuchi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan; Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan; Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.
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25
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Nakamura K, Yokoi Y, Fukaya R, Ohira S, Shinozaki R, Nishida T, Kikuchi M, Ayabe T. Expression and Localization of Paneth Cells and Their α-Defensins in the Small Intestine of Adult Mouse. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570296. [PMID: 33154750 PMCID: PMC7590646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells contribute to intestinal innate immunity by sensing bacteria and secreting α-defensin. In Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice, α-defensin termed cryptdin (Crp) in Paneth cells consists of six major isoforms, Crp1 to 6. Despite accumulating evidences that α-defensin functions in controlling the intestinal microbiota, topographical localization of Paneth cells in the small intestine in relation to functions of α-defensin remains to be determined. In this study, we examined the expression level of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding six Crp-isoforms and Crp immunoreactivities using singly isolated crypts together with bactericidal activities of Paneth cell secretions from isolated crypts of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Here we showed that levels of Crp mRNAs in the single crypt ranged from 5 x 103 to 1 x 106 copies per 5 ng RNA. For each Crp isoform, the expression level in ileum was 4 to 50 times higher than that in duodenum and jejunum. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of isolated crypts revealed that the average number of Paneth cell per crypt in the small intestine increased from proximal to distal, three to seven-fold, respectively. Both Crp1 and 4 expressed greater in ileal Paneth cells than those in duodenum or jejunum. Bactericidal activities in secretions of ileal Paneth cell exposed to bacteria were significantly higher than those of duodenum or jejunum. In germ-free mice, Crp expression in each site of the small intestine was attenuated and bactericidal activities released by ileal Paneth cells were decreased compared to those in conventional mice. Taken together, Paneth cells and their α-defensin in adult mouse appeared to be regulated topographically in innate immunity to control intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Nakamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokoi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rie Fukaya
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuya Ohira
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryuga Shinozaki
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuto Nishida
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mani Kikuchi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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