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Sultana R, Butterfield DA. Protein Oxidation in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:574. [PMID: 38790679 PMCID: PMC11117785 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins are essential molecules that play crucial roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and carrying out biological functions such as catalyzing biochemical reactions, structural proteins, immune response, etc. However, proteins also are highly susceptible to damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In this review, we summarize the role of protein oxidation in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The major emphasis of this review article is on the carbonylation and nitration of proteins in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The oxidatively modified proteins showed a strong correlation with the reported changes in brain structure, carbohydrate metabolism, synaptic transmission, cellular energetics, etc., of both MCI and AD brains compared to the controls. Some proteins were found to be common targets of oxidation and were observed during the early stages of AD, suggesting that those changes might be critical in the onset of symptoms and/or formation of the pathological hallmarks of AD. Further studies are required to fully elucidate the role of protein oxidation and nitration in the progression and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA;
| | - D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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2
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Qiu F, Liu Y, Liu Z. The Role of Protein S-Nitrosylation in Mitochondrial Quality Control in Central Nervous System Diseases. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0099. [PMID: 38739938 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosylation is a reversible covalent post-translational modification. Under physiological conditions, S-nitrosylation plays a dynamic role in a wide range of biological processes by regulating the function of substrate proteins. Like other post-translational modifications, S-nitrosylation can affect protein conformation, activity, localization, aggregation, and protein interactions. Aberrant S-nitrosylation can lead to protein misfolding, mitochondrial fragmentation, synaptic damage, and autophagy. Mitochondria are essential organelles in energy production, metabolite biosynthesis, cell death, and immune responses, among other processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction can result in cell death and has been implicated in the development of many human diseases. Recent evidence suggests that S-nitrosylation and mitochondrial dysfunction are important modulators of the progression of several diseases. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the aberrant S- nitrosylation of mitochondrial proteins that regulate mitochondrial biosynthesis, fission and fusion, and autophagy. Specifically, we discuss the mechanisms by which S-nitrosylated mitochondrial proteins exercise mitochondrial quality control under pathological conditions, thereby influencing disease. A better understanding of these pathological events may provide novel therapeutic targets to mitigate the development of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qiu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Ma CT, Lee SB, Cho IH, Yu JS, Huang T, Lee TM, Ly TL, Kwon SW, Park JH, Yang HO. Agarperoxinols A and B: Two Unprecedented Tricyclic 6/6/7 Rearranged Humulene-Type Sesquiterpenoids That Attenuated the Neuroinflammation in LPS-Stimulated Microglial Models. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43873-43882. [PMID: 38027354 PMCID: PMC10666226 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Agarperoxinols A and B (1-2), two naturally occurring humulene-type sesquiterpenoids with an unprecedented tricyclic 6/6/7 ring, were discovered from the agarwood of Aquilaria malaccensis. Their structures were unambiguously determined by various spectroscopic data, experimental ECD calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Agarperoxinol B showed significant and dose-dependent neuroinflammatory inhibitory effects on various proinflammatory mediators, including NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and suppressed iNOS and COX-2 enzymes in LPS-activated microglial cells. A mechanistic study demonstrated that agarperoxinol B remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of the Akt and JNK signaling pathways. Agarperoxinol B also significantly reduced the expression of the microglial markers Iba-1, COX-2, and TNF-α in the mouse cerebral cortex. Our findings introduce a bioactive compound from natural products that decreases proinflammatory factor production and has application for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Thanh Ma
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and
Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 41-43 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, Dist. 1, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bin Lee
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Cho
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tianqi Huang
- Korea
Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Wolgok 2(i)-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Min Lee
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tu Loan Ly
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho
Chi Minh City, 19 Nguyen
Huu Tho Street, Dist. 7, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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4
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Ozkizilcik A, Sharma A, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Nozari A, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nanowired delivery of antibodies to tau and neuronal nitric oxide synthase together with cerebrolysin attenuates traumatic brain injury induced exacerbation of brain pathology in Parkinson's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 171:83-121. [PMID: 37783564 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Concussive head injury (CHI) is one of the major risk factors for developing Parkinson's disease in later life of military personnel affecting lifetime functional and cognitive disturbances. Till date no suitable therapies are available to attenuate CHI or PD induced brain pathology. Thus, further exploration of novel therapeutic agents are highly warranted using nanomedicine in enhancing the quality of life of veterans or service members of US military. Since PD or CHI induces oxidative stress and perturbs neurotrophic factors regulation associated with phosphorylated tau (p-tau) deposition, a possibility exists that nanodelivery of agents that could enhance neurotrophic factors balance and attenuate oxidative stress could be neuroprotective in nature. In this review, nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin-a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments together with monoclonal antibodies to neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) with p-tau antibodies was examined in PD following CHI in model experiments. Our results suggest that combined administration of nanowired antibodies to nNOS and p-tau together with cerebrolysin significantly attenuated CHI induced exacerbation of PD brain pathology. This combined treatment also has beneficial effects in CHI or PD alone, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya Ozkizilcik
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United Staes
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; ''RoNeuro'' Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Mircea Eliade Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Dept. Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Albany str, Boston MA, United States
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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The opposite effect of convulsant drugs on neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase - A possible explanation for the dual proconvulsive/anticonvulsive action of nitric oxide. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:59-74. [PMID: 36692466 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) participates in processes such as endothelium-dependent vasodilation and neurotransmission/neuromodulation. The role of NO in epilepsy is controversial, attributing it to anticonvulsant but also proconvulsant properties. Clarification of this dual effect of NO might lead to the development of new antiepileptic drugs. Previous results in our laboratory indicated that this contradictory role of NO in seizures could depend on the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoform involved, which could play opposite roles in epileptogenesis, one of them being proconvulsant but the other anticonvulsant. The effect of convulsant drugs on neuronal NO (nNO) and endothelial NO (eNO) levels was investigated. Considering the distribution of neuronal and endothelial NOS in neurons and astrocytes, resp., primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes were used as a study model. The effects of convulsant drugs pentylenetetrazole, thiosemicarbazide, 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline on NO levels were studied, using a spectrophotometric method. Their effects on NO levels in neurons and astrocytes depend on the concentration and time of treatment. These convulsant drugs caused an increase in nNO, but a decrease in eNO was proportional to the duration of treatment in both cases. Apparently, nNO possesses convulsant properties mediated by its effect on the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems, probably through GABAA receptors. Anticonvulsant properties of eNO may be the consequence of its effect on endothelial vasodilation and its capability to induce angiogenesis. Described effects last as seizures do. Considering the limitations of these kinds of studies and the unexplored influence of inducible NO, further investigations are required.
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Sikorska M, Antosik-Wójcińska AZ, Dominiak M. Probiotics as a Tool for Regulating Molecular Mechanisms in Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043081. [PMID: 36834489 PMCID: PMC9963932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the main mental disorders. Pharmacological treatment of depression is often associated with delayed effects or insufficient efficacy. Consequently, there is a need to discover new therapeutic methods to cope with depression faster and more effectively. Several lines of evidence indicate that the use of probiotic therapy reduces depressive symptoms. Nonetheless, the exact mechanisms linking the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, as well as the potential mechanisms of action for probiotics, are still not entirely clarified. The aim of this review was to systematically summarize the available knowledge according to PRISMA guidelines on the molecular mechanisms linking probiotics and healthy populations with subclinical depression or anxiety symptoms, as well as depressed patients with or without comorbid somatic illnesses. The standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated. Twenty records were included. It has been found that probiotic administration is linked to a significant increase in BDNF levels during probiotic treatment compared to the placebo (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI [0.07, 0.68], p = 0.02) when considering the resolution of depressive symptoms in depressed patients with or without comorbid somatic illnesses. CRP levels were significantly lower (SMD = -0.47, 95% CI [0.75, -0.19], p = 0.001), and nitric oxide levels were significantly higher (SMD = 0.97, 95% CI [0.58, 1.36], p < 0.0001) in probiotic-treated patients compared to the placebo, however, only among depressed patients with somatic co-morbidities. There were no significant differences in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and cortisol levels after probiotic administration between the intervention and control groups (all p > 0.05). Firm conclusions on the effectiveness of probiotics and their possible association with inflammatory markers in the healthy population (only with subclinical depressive or anxiety symptoms) cannot be drawn. The advent of clinical trials examining the long-term administration of probiotics could evaluate the long-term effectiveness of probiotics in treating depression and preventing its recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Sikorska
- Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Z. Antosik-Wójcińska
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Woycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dominiak
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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7
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Di Benedetto G, Burgaletto C, Serapide MF, Caltabiano R, Munafò A, Bellanca CM, Di Mauro R, Bernardini R, Cantarella G. TRAIL-R Deficient Mice Are Protected from Neurotoxic Effects of Amyloid-β. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911625. [PMID: 36232931 PMCID: PMC9569968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAIL, a member of TNF superfamily, is a potent inducer of neuronal death. Neurotoxic effects of TRAIL appear mediated by its death receptor TRAIL-R2/DR5. To assess the role of TRAIL/TRAIL-R2 pathway in AD-related neurodegeneration, we studied the impact of the treatment with amyloid-β (Aβ) upon cell viability and inflammation in TRAIL-R-deficient mice (TRAIL-R−/−). Here, we demonstrate that the lack of TRAIL-R2 protects from death cultured TRAIL-R−/− mouse embryonic hippocampal cells after treatment with either Aβ1-42 or TRAIL. Consistently, stereotaxic injection of Aβ1-42 resulted in blunted caspase activation, as well as in reduction of JNK phosphorylation and increased AKT phosphorylation in TRAIL-R−/− mice. Moreover, the lack of TRAIL-R2 was associated with blunted constitutive p53 expression in mice that have undergone Aβ1-42 treatment, as well as in decrease of phosphorylated forms of tau and GSK3β proteins. Likewise, TRAIL-R2 appears essential to both TRAIL and Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity and inflammation. Indeed, hippocampi of TRAIL-R−/− mice challenged with Aβ1-42, showed a slight expression of microglial (Iba-1) and astrocytic (GFAP) markers along with attenuated levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, NOS2 and COX2. In conclusion, the bulk of these results demonstrate that the constitutive lack of TRAIL-R2 is associated with a substantial reduction of noxious effects of Aβ1-42, providing further evidence on the prominent role played by TRAIL in course of Aβ-related neurodegeneration and confirming that the TRAIL system represents a potential target for innovative AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Di Benedetto
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Burgaletto
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Serapide
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Munafò
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Bellanca
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosaria Di Mauro
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, University Hospital of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, University Hospital of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0954781190
| | - Giuseppina Cantarella
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Martignon C, Pedrinolla A, Laginestra FG, Giuriato G, Saggin P, Tinazzi M, Schena FF, Venturelli M. Does Parkinson's disease affect peripheral circulation and vascular function in physically active patients? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1223-1231. [PMID: 35421316 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00030.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that aging, neurodegeneration, and the level of physical activity are associated with vascular alterations. However, in Parkinson's disease (PD) only cerebral vascular function has been investigated; instead, the contribution of PD on systemic vascular function and skeletal muscle circulation remains a matter of debate. In this study, the hyperemic response during the single passive leg movement test (sPLM), largely nitric oxide dependent, was examined at the level of the common femoral artery with an ultrasound Doppler system to assess systemic vascular function in 10 subjects with PD (PDG), compared with 10 aged-sex and physically active matched healthy elderly (EHG), and 10 physically active young healthy individuals (YHG). Interestingly, femoral blood flow at rest, normalized for the thigh volume, was similar in PDG (64±15 mL min-1 L-1), EHG (44±8 mL min-1 L-1) and YHG (58±11 mL min-1 L-1, all p > 0.05). The sPLM-induced hyperemic response appeared markedly lower in PDG and EHG compared to YHG (8.3±0.1 vs 9.8±0.8 vs 17.3±3.0 mL min-1 L-1; p < 0.05) but the difference between PDG and EHG was negligible (p > 0.05). The results of our study indicate that peripheral circulation and vascular function are not reduced in physically active patients with PD, suggesting that these vascular changes could resemble the physiological adjustments of aging, without any impact from the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Martignon
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Pedrinolla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | - Gaia Giuriato
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Saggin
- Division of Radiology and Imaging, San Francesco Clinical Diagnostic Center, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Federico F Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Uhl M, Schmeisser MJ, Schumann S. The Sexual Dimorphic Synapse: From Spine Density to Molecular Composition. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:818390. [PMID: 35250477 PMCID: PMC8894598 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.818390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A synaptic sexual dimorphism is relevant in the context of multiple neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Many of these disorders show a different prevalence and progression in woman and man. A similar variance is also present in corresponding animal models. To understand and characterize this dimorphism in pathologies it is important to first understand sex differences in unaffected individuals. Therefore, sexual differences have been studied since 1788, first focusing on brain weight, size, and volume. But as these measures are not directly related to brain function, the investigation of sexual dimorphism also expanded to other organizational levels of the brain. This review is focused on sexual dimorphism at the synaptic level, as these specialized structures are the smallest functional units of the brain, determining cell communication, connectivity, and plasticity. Multiple differences between males and females can be found on the levels of spine density, synaptic morphology, and molecular synapse composition. These differences support the importance of sex-disaggregated data. The specificity of changes to a particular brain region or circuit might support the idea of a mosaic brain, in which each tile individually lies on a continuum from masculinization to feminization. Moreover, synapses can be seen as the smallest tiles of the mosaic determining the classification of larger areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Uhl
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael J. Schmeisser
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael J. Schmeisser,
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Sven Schumann,
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10
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Al-Harbi NO, Imam F, Matar Al-Harbi M, Al-Jeryan K, Al-Shabanah OA, Alhosaini KA, Saif Alqahtani L, Afzal M, Khalid Anwer MD, Aldossari AA, Alanazi MM, Alsanea S, Assiri MA. Protective effect of Apremilast against LPS-induced acute lung injury via modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation: Possible involvement of Akt and ERK signaling pathways. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3414-3424. [PMID: 35844406 PMCID: PMC9280219 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung injuries are attributed due to exposure to Drugs or chemicals. One of the important challenging situations for the clinicians is to manage treatments of different diseases with acute lung injury (ALI). The objective of this study was to investigate the possible protective mechanisms and action of a novel Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor “Apremilast” (AP) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury. Blood sample from each animals were collected in a vacuum blood collection tube. The rat lungs were isolated for oxidative stress assessment, western blot analysis and their mRNA expressions using RT-PCR. Exposure of LPS in rats causes significant increase in oxidative stress, activates the pro-inflammatory cytokines release like tissue necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), modulated gene expression, protein expression and histopathological changes which were reversed by administration of AP. Finding of the research enlighten the protective role of AP against LPS-induced ALI.
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11
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Mitra S, Anand U, Sanyal R, Jha NK, Behl T, Mundhra A, Ghosh A, Radha, Kumar M, Proćków J, Dey A. Neoechinulins: Molecular, cellular, and functional attributes as promising therapeutics against cancer and other human diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112378. [PMID: 34741824 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoechinulins are fungal and plant-derived chemicals extracted from Microsporum sp., Eurotium rubrum, Aspergillus sp., etc. Two analogues of neoechinulin, i.e., A and B, exerted extensive pharmacological properties described in this review. Neoechinulin is an indole alkaloid and has a double bond between C8/C9, which tends to contribute to its cytoprotective nature. Neoechinulin A exhibits protection to PC12 cells against nitrosative stress via increasing NAD(P)H reserve capacity and decreasing cellular GSH levels. It also confers protection via rescuing PC12 cells from rotenone-induced stress by lowering LDH leakage. This compound has great positive potential against neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting SIN-1 induced cell death in neuronal cells. Together with these, neoechinulin A tends to inhibit Aβ42-induced microglial activation and confers protection against neuroinflammation. Alongside, it also inhibits cervical cancer cells by caspase-dependent apoptosis and via upregulation of apoptosis inducing genes like Bax, it suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and acts as an antidepressant. Whereas, another analogue, Neoechinulin B tends to interfere with the cellular mechanism thereby, inhibiting the entry of influenza A virus and it targets Liver X receptor (LXR) and decreases the infection rate of Hepatitis C. The present review describes the pharmaceutical properties of neoechinulins with notes on their molecular, cellular, and functional basis and their therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicon Mitra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Rupa Sanyal
- Department of Botany, Bhairab Ganguly College (affiliated to West Bengal State University), Feeder Road, Belghoria, Kolkata 700056, West Bengal, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Avinash Mundhra
- Department of Botany, Rishi Bankim Chandra College (Affiliated to the West Bengal State University), East Kantalpara, North 24 Parganas, Naihati 743165, West Bengal, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR - Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India.
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12
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Mondal P, Tolbert GB, Wijeratne GB. Bio-inspired nitrogen oxide (NO x) interconversion reactivities of synthetic heme Compound-I and Compound-II intermediates. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 226:111633. [PMID: 34749065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dioxygen activating heme enzymes have long predicted to be powerhouses for nitrogen oxide interconversion, especially for nitric oxide (NO) oxidation which has far-reaching biological and/or environmental impacts. Lending credence, reactivity of NO with high-valent heme‑oxygen intermediates of globin proteins has recently been implicated in the regulation of a variety of pivotal physiological events such as modulating catalytic activities of various heme enzymes, enhancing antioxidant activity to inhibit oxidative damage, controlling inflammatory and infectious properties within the local heme environments, and NO scavenging. To reveal insights into such crucial biological processes, we have investigated low temperature NO reactivities of two classes of synthetic high-valent heme intermediates, Compound-II and Compound-I. In that, Compound-II rapidly reacts with NO yielding the six-coordinate (NO bound) heme ferric nitrite complex, which upon warming to room temperature converts into the five-coordinate heme ferric nitrite species. These ferric nitrite complexes mediate efficient substrate oxidation reactions liberating NO; i.e., shuttling NO2- back to NO. In contrast, Compound-I and NO proceed through an oxygen-atom transfer process generating the strong nitrating agent NO2, along with the corresponding ferric nitrosyl species that converts to the naked heme ferric parent complex upon warmup. All reaction components have been fully characterized by UV-vis, 2H NMR and EPR spectroscopic methods, mass spectrometry, elemental analyses, and semi-quantitative determination of NO2- anions. The clean, efficient, potentially catalytic NOx interconversions driven by high-valent heme species presented herein illustrate the strong prospects of a heme enzyme/O2/NOx dependent unexplored territory that is central to human physiology, pathology, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States
| | - Garrett B Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States
| | - Gayan B Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry and O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States.
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13
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Lim HJ, Jie EY, Park IS, Kim SJ, Ahn WS, Jeong SI, Kim SW, Jung CH. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Weigela subsessilis Callus Extract via Suppression of MAPK and NF-κB Signaling. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081635. [PMID: 34451680 PMCID: PMC8400516 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Weigela subsessilis is used in folk medicine to treat pain and allergic syndromes in Korea. However, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of W. subsessilis callus extract remain unexplored. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the W. subsessilis callus of pharmacological activity. Therefore, we first established in vitro calluses of W.subsessilis via plant tissue culture methods. We then evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of W. subsessilis callus extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The W. subsessilis callus extract showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These effects were regulated via suppression of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling through LPS-induced translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. W. subsessilis callus extract also showed antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities in Propionibacterium acnes-treated HaCaT keratinocyte cells. These results indicate that W. subsessilis callus extract has antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting its possible application in the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ji Lim
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si 54810, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (I.-S.P.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-I.J.)
| | - Eun Yee Jie
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Jeoneup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (E.Y.J.); (W.S.A.)
| | - In-Sun Park
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si 54810, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (I.-S.P.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-I.J.)
| | - Sang-Jun Kim
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si 54810, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (I.-S.P.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-I.J.)
| | - Woo Seok Ahn
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Jeoneup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (E.Y.J.); (W.S.A.)
| | - Seung-Il Jeong
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si 54810, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (I.-S.P.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-I.J.)
| | - Suk Weon Kim
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Jeoneup-si 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (E.Y.J.); (W.S.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.K.); (C.-H.J.); Tel.: +82-63-570-5650 (S.W.K.); +82-63-711-1026 (C.-H.J.)
| | - Chan-Hun Jung
- Jeonju AgroBio-Materials Institute, Jeonju-si 54810, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (I.-S.P.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-I.J.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.K.); (C.-H.J.); Tel.: +82-63-570-5650 (S.W.K.); +82-63-711-1026 (C.-H.J.)
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14
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Lorettu L, Carpita B, Nivoli A, Milia P, De Iorio G, Cremone IM, DellʼOsso L. Lithium Use During Pregnancy in a Patient With Bipolar Disorder and Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Neuropharmacol 2021; 43:158-161. [PMID: 32947427 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although lithium is widely used as a first-line treatment for mood disorders, its mood-stabilizing effects remain not fully understood. A growing body of data are stressing that lithium seems to show broader properties, including neuroprotective effects. Lithium's ability to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase 3β, an enzyme that participates in the phosphorylation of τ, a microtubule-associated protein, stimulated interest in its possible therapeutic role in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Preliminary data also support exploration of lithium's potential therapeutic role in multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disorder that is associated with co-occurring mood disorders. Lithium is associated with teratogenic risks to the developing fetus; however, recently revised downward estimates of its teratogenic risk of causing fetal cardiac malformation suggest that its potential therapeutic benefit to both mothers with bipolar disorder and their offspring should be considered in at least some cases. A 43-year-old woman previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder and MS was treated with lithium and thyroid hormone supplementation as her sole medications during her pregnancy. The patient remained euthymic throughout her pregnancy and over the course of her 5-year follow-up evaluations on this medication regimen. In addition to her stable mood, there has been no symptomatic progression or relapse of her MS, and her daughter continues to develop normally.The case supports consideration of balancing lithium's mood-stabilizing benefit with its known teratogenic risk during pregnancy. The case also supports exploration of possible additional benefit in the context of MS co-occurring with bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Lorettu
- Clinica Psichiatrica-Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Sassari-AOU Sassari, Sassari
| | - Barbara Carpita
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nivoli
- Clinica Psichiatrica-Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Sassari-AOU Sassari, Sassari
| | - Paolo Milia
- Clinica Psichiatrica-Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Sassari-AOU Sassari, Sassari
| | - Giovanni De Iorio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ivan Mirko Cremone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liliana DellʼOsso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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15
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Romero-Cordero S, Noguera-Julian A, Cardellach F, Fortuny C, Morén C. Mitochondrial changes associated with viral infectious diseases in the paediatric population. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2232. [PMID: 33792105 PMCID: PMC9286481 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases occur worldwide with great frequency in both adults and children, causing 350,000 deaths in 2017, according to the latest World Health Organization reports. Both infections and their treatments trigger mitochondrial interactions at multiple levels: (i) incorporation of damaged or mutated proteins into the complexes of the electron transport chain; (ii) impact on mitochondrial genome (depletion, deletions and point mutations) and mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission); (iii) membrane potential impairment; (iv) apoptotic regulation; and (v) generation of reactive oxygen species, among others. Such alterations may result in serious adverse clinical events with considerable impact on the quality of life of the children and could even cause death. Herein, we use a systematic review to explore the association between mitochondrial alterations in paediatric infections including human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes viruses, various forms of hepatitis, adenovirus, T-cell lymphotropic virus and influenza. We analyse how these paediatric viral infectious processes may cause mitochondrial deterioration in this especially vulnerable population, with consideration for the principal aspects of research and diagnosis leading to improved disease understanding, management and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Romero-Cordero
- Faculty of Medicine, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Noguera-Julian
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d´Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Pediatria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, RITIP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clàudia Fortuny
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d´Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Pediatria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, RITIP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Gage MC, Thippeswamy T. Inhibitors of Src Family Kinases, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and NADPH Oxidase as Potential CNS Drug Targets for Neurological Diseases. CNS Drugs 2021; 35:1-20. [PMID: 33515429 PMCID: PMC7893831 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases share common neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. Both phenotypic and molecular changes in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons contribute to the progression of disease and present potential targets for disease modification. Src family kinases (SFKs) are present in both neurons and glial cells and are upregulated following neurological insults in both human and animal models. In neurons, SFKs interact with post-synaptic protein domains to mediate hyperexcitability and neurotoxicity. SFKs are upstream of signaling cascades that lead to the modulation of neurotransmitter receptors and the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as producers of free radicals through the activation of glia. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS-II) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2), the major mediators of reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (RNS/ROS) production in the brain, are also upregulated along with the pro-inflammatory cytokines following neurological insult and contribute to disease progression. Persistent neuronal hyperexcitability, RNS/ROS, and cytokines can exacerbate neurodegeneration, a common pathognomonic feature of the most prevalent neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Using a wide variety of preclinical disease models, inhibitors of the SFK-iNOS-NOX2 signaling axis have been tested to cure or modify disease progression. In this review, we discuss the SFK-iNOS-NOX2 signaling pathway and their inhibitors as potential CNS targets for major neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C. Gage
- Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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17
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Ledo A, Lourenço CF, Cadenas E, Barbosa RM, Laranjinha J. The bioactivity of neuronal-derived nitric oxide in aging and neurodegeneration: Switching signaling to degeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:500-513. [PMID: 33186742 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The small and diffusible free radical nitric oxide (•NO) has fascinated biological and medical scientists since it was promoted from atmospheric air pollutant to biological ubiquitous signaling molecule. Its unique physical chemical properties expand beyond its radical nature to include fast diffusion in aqueous and lipid environments and selective reactivity in a biological setting determined by bioavailability and reaction rate constants with biomolecules. In the brain, •NO is recognized as a key player in numerous physiological processes ranging from neurotransmission/neuromodulation to neurovascular coupling and immune response. Furthermore, changes in its bioactivity are central to the molecular pathways associated with brain aging and neurodegeneration. The understanding of •NO bioactivity in the brain, however, requires the knowledge of its concentration dynamics with high spatial and temporal resolution upon stimulation of its synthesis. Here we revise our current understanding of the role of neuronal-derived •NO in brain physiology, aging and degeneration, focused on changes in the extracellular concentration dynamics of this free radical and the regulation of bioenergetic metabolism and neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - C F Lourenço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E Cadenas
- Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA, USA
| | - R M Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J Laranjinha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Song SY, Kim IS, Koppula S, Park JY, Kim BW, Yoon SH, Choi DK. 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzoic Anhydride Inhibits Neuroinflammation in Cellular and Experimental Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218195. [PMID: 33147699 PMCID: PMC7662568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the key mechanisms involved in acute brain injury and chronic neurodegeneration. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of 2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic anhydride (HMA), a novel synthetic derivative of HTB (3-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid) on neuroinflammation and underlying mechanisms in activated microglia in vitro and an in vivo mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In vitro studies revealed that HMA significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated excessive release of nitric oxide (NO) in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, HMA significantly suppressed both inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the mRNA and protein levels in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia cells. Moreover, HMA significantly inhibited the proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Furthermore, mechanistic studies ensured that the potent anti-neuroinflammatory effects of HMA (0.1, 1.0, and 10 μM) were mediated by phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. In vivo evaluations revealed that intraperitoneal administration of potent neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 20 mg/kg, four times a 1 day) in mice resulted in activation of microglia in the brain in association with severe behavioral deficits as assessed using a pole test. However, prevention of microglial activation and attenuation of Parkinson’s disease (PD)-like behavioral changes was obtained by oral administration of HMA (30 mg/kg) for 14 days. Considering the overall results, our study showed that HMA exhibited strong anti-neuroinflammatory effects at lower concentrations than its parent compound. Further work is warranted in other animal and genetic models of PD for evaluating the efficacy of HMA to develop a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders, including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeol Song
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (I.-S.K.); (S.K.); (B.-W.K.)
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (I.-S.K.); (S.K.); (B.-W.K.)
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (I.-S.K.); (S.K.); (B.-W.K.)
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea; (J.-Y.P.); (S.-H.Y.)
| | - Byung-Wook Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (I.-S.K.); (S.K.); (B.-W.K.)
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea; (J.-Y.P.); (S.-H.Y.)
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (I.-S.K.); (S.K.); (B.-W.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-840-3616
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19
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Prasad EM, Hung SY. Behavioral Tests in Neurotoxin-Induced Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1007. [PMID: 33081318 PMCID: PMC7602991 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, neurodegenerative diseases are a major cause of disability around the world. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-leading cause of neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. In PD, continuous loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes dopamine depletion in the striatum, promotes the primary motor symptoms of resting tremor, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and postural instability. The risk factors of PD comprise environmental toxins, drugs, pesticides, brain microtrauma, focal cerebrovascular injury, aging, and hereditary defects. The pathologic features of PD include impaired protein homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, nitric oxide, and neuroinflammation, but the interaction of these factors contributing to PD is not fully understood. In neurotoxin-induced PD models, neurotoxins, for instance, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), paraquat, rotenone, and permethrin mainly impair the mitochondrial respiratory chain, activate microglia, and generate reactive oxygen species to induce autooxidation and dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis. Since no current treatment can cure PD, using a suitable PD animal model to evaluate PD motor symptoms' treatment efficacy and identify therapeutic targets and drugs are still needed. Hence, the present review focuses on the latest scientific developments in different neurotoxin-induced PD animal models with their mechanisms of pathogenesis and evaluation methods of PD motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Maruthi Prasad
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Ya Hung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
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20
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Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the activation of Src-Caveolin-1-endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17078. [PMID: 33051481 PMCID: PMC7555539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BPC 157-activated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is associated with tissue repair and angiogenesis as reported in previous studies. However, how BPC 157 regulates the vasomotor tone and intracellular Src-Caveolin-1 (Cav-1)-eNOS signaling is not yet clear. The present study demonstrated a concentration-dependent vasodilation effect of BPC 157 in isolated rat aorta. Attenuation of this vasodilation effect in the absence of endothelium suggested an endothelium-dependent vasodilation effect of BPC 157. Although slightly increased vasorelaxation in aorta without endothelium was noticed at high concentration of BPC 157, there was no direct relaxation effect on three-dimensional model made of vascular smooth muscle cells. The vasodilation effect of BPC 157 was nitric oxide mediated because the addition of L-NAME or hemoglobin inhibited the vasodilation of aorta. Nitric oxide generation was induced by BPC 157 as detected by intracellular DFA-FM DA labeling which was capable of promoting the migration of vascular endothelial cells. BPC 157 enhanced the phosphorylation of Src, Cav-1 and eNOS which was abolished by pretreatment with Src inhibitor, confirming the upstream role of Src in this signal pathway. Activation of eNOS required the released binding with Cav-1 in advance. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that BPC 157 could reduce the binding between Cav-1 and eNOS. Together, the present study demonstrates that BPC 157 can modulate the vasomotor tone of an isolated aorta in a concentration- and nitric oxide-dependent manner. BPC 157 can induce nitric oxide generation likely through the activation of Src-Cav-1-eNOS pathway.
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21
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Zhang YY, Zhang QQ, Zhang J, Song JL, Li JC, Han K, Huang JT, Jiang CS, Zhang H. Synthesis and evaluation of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Kim Y, Lee J. Advanced molecular recognition of 3-nitro-L-tyrosine: The use of zwitterion embedded molecularly imprinted mesoporous organosilica with sub-nanomolar sensitivity. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 160:112216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Du J, Liu D, Zhang X, Zhou A, Su Y, He D, Fu S, Gao F. Menthol protects dopaminergic neurons against inflammation-mediated damage in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Evoked model of Parkinson's disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106679. [PMID: 32559722 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases, neuronal damage caused by neuroinflammation is very important. Many studies have suggested that the activation of microglia is critical for the neuroinflammatory process. Therefore, inhibiting neuroinflammation is considered to be a hopeful target for curing neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore whether menthol can protect the dopaminergic neurons by exerting anti-inflammatory effects in vivo or in vitro. The results showed that menthol had an inhibitory effect on impaired dopaminergic neurons and LPS-induced microglial activation. Further, menthol can inhibit the expression of related pro-inflammatory enzymes and pro-inflammatory factors. Both in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies showed that menthol inhibited the neuroinflammatory response through the MAPK, NF-κB and AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Dianfeng Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ang Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yingchun Su
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Dewei He
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shoupeng Fu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Fei Gao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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24
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Lontay B, Kiss A, Virág L, Tar K. How Do Post-Translational Modifications Influence the Pathomechanistic Landscape of Huntington's Disease? A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124282. [PMID: 32560122 PMCID: PMC7349273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of motor control and cognitive ability, which eventually leads to death. The mutant huntingtin protein (HTT) exhibits an expansion of a polyglutamine repeat. The mechanism of pathogenesis is still not fully characterized; however, evidence suggests that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of HTT and upstream and downstream proteins of neuronal signaling pathways are involved. The determination and characterization of PTMs are essential to understand the mechanisms at work in HD, to define possible therapeutic targets better, and to challenge the scientific community to develop new approaches and methods. The discovery and characterization of a panoply of PTMs in HTT aggregation and cellular events in HD will bring us closer to understanding how the expression of mutant polyglutamine-containing HTT affects cellular homeostasis that leads to the perturbation of cell functions, neurotoxicity, and finally, cell death. Hence, here we review the current knowledge on recently identified PTMs of HD-related proteins and their pathophysiological relevance in the formation of abnormal protein aggregates, proteolytic dysfunction, and alterations of mitochondrial and metabolic pathways, neuroinflammatory regulation, excitotoxicity, and abnormal regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Lontay
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Andrea Kiss
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Tar
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.L.); (A.K.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-412345
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25
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Glutamate and Nitric Oxide as biomarkers for disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 38:101873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Li Y, Zeng Y, Meng T, Gao X, Huang B, He D, Ran X, Du J, Zhang Y, Fu S, Hu G. Farrerol protects dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced Parkinson's disease by suppressing the activation of the AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105739. [PMID: 31351366 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, characterized by the activation of microglia, is one of the major pathologic processes of Parkinson's disease (PD). Overactivated microglia can release many pro-inflammatory cytokines, which cause an excessive inflammatory response and eventually damage dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, the inhibition of neuroinflammation that results from the overactivation of microglia may be an method for the treatment of PD. Farrerol is a 2,3-dihydro-flavonoid obtained from Rhododendron, and it possesses various biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. However, the effect of farrerol on neuroinflammation has not been investigated. The present study uncovered a neuroprotective role for farrerol. In vitro, farrerol markedly decreased the production of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV-2 cells. This anti-inflammatory effect was regulated via inhibiting NF-κB p65 and AKT phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found that farrerol alleviated microglial activation and dopaminergic neuronal death in rats with LPS-induced PD. Pretreatment with farrerol markedly improved motor deficits in rats with LPS-induced PD. Taken together, our results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of the farrerol, which prevents microglial overactivation in rats with LPS-induced PD, may provide a potential therapy for patients suffering from PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yalong Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Tianyu Meng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xiyu Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Bingxu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Dewei He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xin Ran
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Jian Du
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yufei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shoupeng Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Guiqiu Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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27
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Peterson AR, Binder DK. Post-translational Regulation of GLT-1 in Neurological Diseases and Its Potential as an Effective Therapeutic Target. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:164. [PMID: 31338020 PMCID: PMC6629900 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is a Na+-dependent transporter that plays a key role in glutamate homeostasis by removing excess glutamate in the central nervous system (CNS). GLT-1 dysregulation occurs in various neurological diseases including Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and epilepsy. Downregulation or dysfunction of GLT-1 has been a common finding across these diseases but how this occurs is still under investigation. This review aims to highlight post-translational regulation of GLT-1 which leads to its downregulation including sumoylation, palmitoylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, and subcellular localization. Various therapeutic interventions to restore GLT-1, their proposed mechanism of action and functional effects will be examined as potential treatments to attenuate the neurological symptoms associated with loss or downregulation of GLT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Peterson
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Devin K Binder
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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28
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Yan A, Liu Z, Song L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wu N, Lin J, Liu Y, Liu Z. Idebenone Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Modulates Microglial Polarization in LPS-Stimulated BV2 Cells and MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:529. [PMID: 30687016 PMCID: PMC6333870 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Idebenone is an antioxidant and a coenzyme Q10 analog that has been used to treat neurodegeneration disease. Some studies show idebenone exerts anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether idebenone can be used to reduce the neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been little studied. Methods: The study investigated the potential anti-inflammatory effects of idebenone in vitro and in vivo, using cell models of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-simulated BV2 cells and animal models of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD with or without idebenone. To verify how idebenone exerts its effects on the BV2 cell activation and PD model, we performed the mechanistic studies in vitro and in vivo. Results:In vitro study showed that pretreatment with idebenone could attenuate the production of pro-inflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells and promoted a phenotypic switch from the M1 state to the M2 state. Mechanistically, idebenone reduced the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway upon LPS stimulation. Furthermore, in vivo experiments confirmed that pretreatment with idebenone could ameliorate MPTP-induced neurodegeneration and modulate microglia phenotypes through inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in the SN. Conclusion: These results suggest that idebenone ameliorates the neurological deficits related to PD and this effect is partly mediated by inhibiting the neuroinflammation and modulating microglia phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijuan Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingya Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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29
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Zhang L, Chen J. Biological Effects of Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside: An Active Component of a Rhizome Extracted from Polygonum multiflorum. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3641960. [PMID: 30524653 PMCID: PMC6247474 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3641960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used in the Orient as a tonic and antiaging agent. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG, C20H22O9, FW = 406.38928) is one of the active components extracted from PM. TSG is an antioxidant agent, which exhibits remarkable antioxidative activities in vivo and in vitro. The antioxidant effect of TSG is achieved by its radical-scavenging effects. TSG can inhibit apoptosis and protect neuronal cells against injury through multifunctional cytoprotective pathways. TSG performs prophylactic and therapeutic activities against Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. It is also antiatherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory. However, the mechanisms underlying these pharmacological activities are unclear. This study aimed at reviewing experimental studies and describing the effectiveness and possible mechanisms of TSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jianzong Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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30
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Farag AK, Hassan AHE, Jeong H, Kwon Y, Choi JG, Oh MS, Park KD, Kim YK, Roh EJ. First-in-class DAPK1/CSF1R dual inhibitors: Discovery of 3,5-dimethoxy-N-(4-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-2-((6-morpholinopyridin-3-yl)amino)pyrimidin-5-yl)benzamide as a potential anti-tauopathies agent. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:161-175. [PMID: 30445265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Kinase irregularity has been correlated with several complex neurodegenerative tauopathies. Development of selective inhibitors of these kinases might afford promising anti-tauopathy therapies. While DAPK1 inhibitors halt the formation of tau aggregates and counteract neuronal death, CSF1R inhibitors could alleviate the tauopathies-associated neuroinflammation. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, biological evaluation, mechanistic study, and molecular docking study of novel CSF1R/DAPK1 dual inhibitors as multifunctional molecules inhibiting the formation of tau aggregates and neuroinflammation. Compound 3l, the most potent DAPK1 inhibitor in the in vitro kinase assay (IC50 = 1.25 μM) was the most effective tau aggregates formation inhibitor in the cellular assay (IC50 = 5.0 μM). Also, compound 3l elicited potent inhibition of CSF1R in the in vitro kinase assay (IC50 = 0.15 μM) and promising inhibition of nitric oxide production in LPS-induced BV-2 cells (55% inhibition at 10 μM concentration). Kinase profiling and hERG binding assay anticipated the absence of off-target toxicities while the PAMPA-BBB assay predicted potentially high BBB permeability. The mechanistic study and selectivity profile suggest compound 3l as a non-ATP-competitive DAPK1 inhibitor and an ATP-competitive CSF1R inhibitor while the in silico calculations illustrated binding of compound 3l to the substrate-binding site of DAPK1. Hence, compound 3l might act as a protein-protein interaction inhibitor by hindering DAPK1 kinase reaction through preventing the binding of DAPK1 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Karam Farag
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed H E Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeanjeong Jeong
- Brain Science Institute, Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02791, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngji Kwon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gyu Choi
- BK21 PLUS Integrated Education and Research Center for Nature-inspired Drug Development Targeting Healthy Aging, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Kim
- Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Brain Science Institute, Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02791, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science &Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Dehhaghi M, Tan V, Heng B, Braidy N, Mohammadipanah F, Guillemin GJ. Neuroprotective Effect of Myxobacterial Extracts on Quinolinic Acid-Induced Toxicity in Primary Human Neurons. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:281-290. [PMID: 30267267 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is a neurotoxin, gliotoxin, and proinflammatory molecule involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases. Myxobacteria have been known as a rich source of secondary metabolites with diverse structures and mode of actions. In this study, we examined the potential neuroprotective effects of myxobacterial extracts on QUIN-induced excitotoxicity in primary human neurons. For this purpose, primary cultures of human neurons were pre-incubated with myxobacterial extracts and subsequently treated with QUIN at a pathophysiological concentration of 550 nM. The results showed that some myxobacterial extracts can significantly attenuate formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) production, and extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of human neurons. Moreover, myxobacterial extracts were also able to reduce neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity. Some extracts prevented cell death by reducing the activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) by QUIN, therefore by maintaining NAD+ levels. In addition, myxobacterial extracts ameliorated oxidative stress by increasing the intracellular levels of glutathione after treatment with QUIN. The results showed that extracts of Stigmatella sp. UTMC 4072 and Archangium sp. UTMC 4070 and were the most effective in reducing QUIN-induced excitotoxicity in primary human neurons. Due to their antioxidative activity, myxobacterial extracts represent an underexplored source of potential new drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa Tan
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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32
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Kim N, Yoo HS, Ju YJ, Oh MS, Lee KT, Inn KS, Kim NJ, Lee JK. Synthetic 3',4'-Dihydroxyflavone Exerts Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects in BV2 Microglia and a Mouse Model. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:210-217. [PMID: 29462849 PMCID: PMC5839500 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an immune response within the central nervous system against various proinflammatory stimuli. Abnormal activation of this response contributes to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington disease. Therefore, pharmacologic modulation of abnormal neuroinflammation is thought to be a promising approach to amelioration of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we evaluated the synthetic flavone derivative 3′,4′-dihydroxyflavone, investigating its anti-neuroinflammatory activity in BV2 microglial cells and in a mouse model. In BV2 microglial cells, 3′,4′-dihydroxyflavone successfully inhibited production of chemokines such as nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 and proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interleukin 6 in BV2 microglia. It also inhibited phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. This indicates that the anti-inflammatory activities of 3′,4′-dihydroxyflavone might be related to suppression of the proinflammatory MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Similar anti-neuroinflammatory activities of the compound were observed in the mouse model. These findings suggest that 3′,4′-dihydroxyflavone is a potential drug candidate for the treatment of microglia-related neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namkwon Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Yoo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Joo Ju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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33
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Constructing a novel composite of molecularly imprinted polymer-coated AuNPs electrochemical sensor for the determination of 3-nitrotyrosine. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Chen G, Liu J, Jiang L, Ran X, He D, Li Y, Huang B, Wang W, Fu S. Galangin Reduces the Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in an LPS-Evoked Model of Parkinson's Disease in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010012. [PMID: 29267220 PMCID: PMC5795964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra (SN). Neuroinflammation, which is marked by microglial activation, plays a very important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Pro-inflammatory mediators produced by activated microglia could damage DA neurons. Hence, the inhibition of microglial activation may provide a new approach for treating PD. Galangin has been shown to inhibit inflammation in a variety of diseases, but not PD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of galangin and the underlying mechanisms in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced PD models. We first examined the protective effect of galangin in the LPS-induced PD rat model. Specifically, we investigated the effects on motor dysfunction, microglial activation, and the loss of DA neurons. Then, galangin was used to detect the impact on the inflammatory responses and inflammatory signaling pathways in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. The in vivo results showed that galangin dose-dependently attenuates the activation of microglia, the loss of DA neurons, and motor dysfunction. In vitro, galangin markedly inhibited LPS-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) via associating with the phosphorylation of c-JUN N-terminal Kinase (JNK), p38, protein kinase B (AKT), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65. Collectively, the results indicated that galangin has a role in protecting DA neurons by inhibiting microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Juxiong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Liqiang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xin Ran
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Dewei He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yuhang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Bingxu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shoupeng Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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35
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Choi H, Koh SH. Understanding the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 14:83-90. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1417387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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36
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Zinc Potentiates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Nitric Oxide Production in Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:363-374. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Karimi A, Bahrampour K, Momeni Moghaddam MA, Asadikaram G, Ebrahimi G, Torkzadeh-Mahani M, Esmaeili Tarzi M, Nematollahi MH. Evaluation of lithium serum level in multiple sclerosis patients: A neuroprotective element. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017; 17:244-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Licochalcone A Prevents the Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons by Inhibiting Microglial Activation in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Parkinson's Disease Models. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102043. [PMID: 28937602 PMCID: PMC5666725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of Licochalcone A (Lico.A), a flavonoid isolated from the herb licorice, in Parkinson's disease (PD) have not been elucidated. The prominent pathological feature of PD is the loss of dopaminergic neurons. The crucial role of neuroinflammation induced by activated microglia in dopaminergic neurodegeneration has been validated. In this study, we explore the therapeutic effects of Lico.A in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PD models in vivo and in vitro. We find that Lico.A significantly inhibits LPS-stimulated production of pro-inflammatory mediators and microglial activation by blocking the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 in BV-2 cells. In addition, through cultured primary mesencephalic neuron-glia cell experiments, we illustrate that Lico.A attenuates the decrease in [³H] dopamine (DA) uptake and the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in LPS-induced PD models in vitro. Furthermore, LPS intoxication in rats results in microglial activation, dopaminergic neurodegeneration and significant behavioral deficits in vivo. Lico.A treatment prevents microglial activation and reduction of dopaminergic neuron and ameliorates PD-like behavioral impairments. Thus, these results demonstrate for the first time that the neuroprotective effects of Lico.A are associated with microglia and anti-inflammatory effects in PD models.
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Abdel-Salam OME, Youness ER, Mohammed NA, Yassen NN, Khadrawy YA, El-Toukhy SE, Sleem AA. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors protect against brain and liver damage caused by acute malathion intoxication. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:773-786. [PMID: 28942826 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a selective neuronal NOS inhibitor, on oxidative stress and tissue damage in brain and liver and on DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes in malathion intoxicated rats. METHODS Malathion (150 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) along with l-NAME or 7-NI (10 or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) and rats were euthanized 4 h later. The lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (nitrite), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity were measured in both brain and liver. Moreover, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glucose concentrations were determined in brain. Liver enzyme determination, Comet assay, histopathological examination of brain and liver sections and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunohistochemistry were also performed. RESULTS (i) Rats treated with only malathion exhibited increased nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) accompanied with a decrease in GSH content, and PON-1 activity in brain and liver. Glutathione peroxidase activity, TAC, glucose concentrations, AChE and BChE activities were decreased in brain. There were also raised liver aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and increased DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes (Comet assay). Malathion caused marked histopathological changes and increased the expression of iNOS in brain and liver tissues. (ii) In brain of malathion-intoxicated rats, l-NAME or 7-NI resulted in decreased nitrite and MDA contents while increasing TAC and PON1 activity. Reduced GSH and GPx activity showed an increase by l-NAME. AChE activity increased by 20 mg/kg l-NAME and 10 mg/kg 7-NI. AChE activity decreased by the higher dose of 7-NI while either dose of 7-NI resulted in decreased BChE activity. (iii) In liver of malathion-intoxicated rats, decreased MDA content was observed after l-NAME or 7-NI. Nitrite level was unchanged by l-NAME but increased after 7-NI which also resulted in decreased GSH concentration and PON1 activity. Either inhibitor resulted in decreased liver ALT activity. (iv) DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes was markedly inhibited by l-NAME or 7-NI treatment. (v) iNOS expression in brain and liver decreased by l-NAME or 7-NI. (vi) More marked improvement of the histopathological alterations induced by malathion in brain and liver was observed after 7-NI compared with l-NAME. CONCLUSIONS In malathion intoxicated rats, the neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-NI and to much less extent l-NAME were able to protect the brain and liver tissue integrity along with improvement in oxidative stress parameters. The decrease in DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes by NOS inhibitors also suggests the involvement of nitric oxide in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman R Youness
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia A Mohammed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha N Yassen
- Department of Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Amany A Sleem
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Park J, Kwak CH, Ha SH, Kwon KM, Abekura F, Cho SH, Chang YC, Lee YC, Ha KT, Chung TW, Kim CH. Ganglioside GM3 suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in rAW 264.7 macrophage cells through NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPKs signaling. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1173-1182. [PMID: 28708322 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are known to specifically inhibit vascular leukocyte recruitment and consequent interaction with the injured endothelium, the basic inflammatory process. In this study, we have found that the production of nitric oxide (NO), a main regulator of inflammation, is suppressed by GM3 on murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, when induced by LPS. In addition, GM3 attenuated the increase in cyclooxyenase-2 (COX-2) protein and mRNA levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, GM3 inhibited the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. At the intracellular level, GM3 inhibited LPS-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and activator protein (AP)-1 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. We, therefore, investigated whether GM3 affects mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, a process known as the upstream signaling regulator. GM3 dramatically reduced the expression levels of the phosphorylated forms of ERK, JNK, and p38 in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that GM3 is a promising suppressor of the vascular inflammatory responses and ganglioside GM3 suppresses the LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 macrophages by suppression of NF-κB, AP-1, and MAPKs signaling. Accordingly, GM3 is suggested as a beneficial agent for the treatment of diseases that are associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyoung Park
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Hwan Kwak
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Ha
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kwon
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute, Davinch-K Co., Ltd, Geumcheon-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chae Chang
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Choon Lee
- Faculty of Medicinal Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Saha-Gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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Rozzi SJ, Avdoshina V, Fields JA, Trejo M, Ton HT, Ahern GP, Mocchetti I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Promotes Mitochondrial Toxicity. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:723-733. [PMID: 28695547 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) have had remarkable success in reducing morbidity and mortality among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, mild forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), characterized by loss of synapses, remain. cART may maintain an undetectable HIV RNA load but does not eliminate the expression of viral proteins such as trans-activator of transcription (Tat) and the envelope glycoprotein gp120 in the brain. These two viral proteins are known to promote synaptic simplifications by several mechanisms, including alteration of mitochondrial function and dynamics. In this review, we aim to outline the many targets and pathways used by viral proteins to alter mitochondria dynamics, which contribute to HIV-induced neurotoxicity. A better understanding of these pathways is crucial for the development of adjunct therapies for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer J Rozzi
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Valeria Avdoshina
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Jerel A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Margarita Trejo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hoai T Ton
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Gerard P Ahern
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Italo Mocchetti
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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Yan A, Cai G, Xia W, Fu Y. Thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist SQ29548 suppresses the LPS‑induced release of inflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglia cells via suppressing MAPK and NF‑κB signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2491-2496. [PMID: 28677768 PMCID: PMC5548048 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the brain, characterized by the activation of microglia, is hypothesized to participate in the pathogenesis of neuronal disorders. It is proposed that thromboxane A2 receptor (TXA2R) activation is involved in thrombosis/hemostasis and inflammation responses. In the present study, the anti‑inflammatory effects of SQ29548 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated BV2 microglial cells and its molecular mechanisms were investigated. In the BV2 cell line, LPS‑stimulated nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokine release, and the phosphorylation of mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the nuclear factor (NF)‑κB were assessed using an NO assay kit, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. In vitro studies demonstrated that SQ29548 inhibited LPS‑stimulated BV2 activation and reduced the mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, tumor necrosis factor‑α and inducible NO synthase via inhibition of MAPKs and the NF‑κB signaling pathway. SQ29548 inhibited the LPS‑induced inflammatory response by blocking MAPKs and NF‑κB activation in BV2 microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijuan Yan
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Gaoyu Cai
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med‑X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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Ampelopsin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response through the inhibition of the NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways in microglia. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 44:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Lima C, Pinto S, Napoleão P, Pronto-Laborinho AC, Barros MA, Freitas T, de Carvalho M, Saldanha C. Identification of erythrocyte biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 63:423-437. [PMID: 27258202 DOI: 10.3233/ch-162066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of the motor system. It has been hypothesised that red blood cells (RBCs) may be involved in the disease process by the release of damaging molecules. OBJECTIVE The aim of this ex vivo study is to compare RBCs biochemical and hemorheological parameters between ALS patients and healthy donors to identify novel biomarkers of the ALS disease. METHODS We included 82 ALS patients and 40 gender age-matched healthy donors. We performed quantification of erythrocyte aggregation and deformability, nitric oxide (NO) efflux from RBCs, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity and intraerythrocytic concentration of nitrite, nitrate and S-nitrosogluthatione (GSNO). RESULTS Erythrocyte deformability and AChE activity were increased in patients with ALS in comparison to healthy donors. NO efflux from RBCs and concentration of intraerythrocytic nitrite were lower in ALS patients. In patients, we found that for higher NO range of values the respiratory function is worse and that for higher AChE range of values the RBCs nitrite content increase. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that NO efflux from RBCs and RBCs AChE should be further explored as potential biomarkers for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lima
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Pinto
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Napoleão
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Pronto-Laborinho
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Amparo Barros
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Freitas
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mamede de Carvalho
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Neurociências. Hospital de Santa Maria-CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlota Saldanha
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Duarte C, Napoleão P, Freitas T, Saldanha C. An ex vivo study of nitric oxide efflux from human erythrocytes in both genders. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 64:951-955. [PMID: 27767976 DOI: 10.3233/ch-168023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is located on outer surface of erythrocyte membrane. Gender-related differences in erythrocyte AChE enzyme activity had been verified in young adults. It is also known that binding of acetylcholine (ACh) with AChE on erythrocyte membrane initiates a signal transduction mechanism that stimulates nitric oxide (NO) efflux. AIMS This ex vivo study was done to compare the amount of NO efflux obtained from erythrocytes of healthy donors in males and females. METHODS We included 66 gender age-matched healthy donors (40-60 years old). We performed quantification of erythrocyte NO efflux from erythrocytes and of the membrane AChE enzyme activity. RESULTS There are no significant differences in NO efflux from erythrocytes between men and women. Regarding AChE enzyme activity values, in this range of age, no differences between genders were obtained. However, the values of AChE enzyme activity in the third quartile of NO efflux values were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in women than in men. CONCLUSIONS The efflux of NO from erythrocyte of healthy humans did not change with gender. For the same range of values of NO efflux from erythrocytes, in both gender, it was verified higher values of AChE enzyme activity in women.
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Hu H, Zhu X, Lin R, Li Z, Chen L. Suppressive effects of Gua Lou Gui Zhi decoction on MCAO-induced NO and PGE2 production are dependent on the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5141-5147. [PMID: 27779673 PMCID: PMC5355744 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects, and underlying mechanisms, of Gua Lou Gui Zhi decoction (GLGZD) in a rat model of neuroinflammation. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with GLGZD following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Neurological function and infarct volume were evaluated to confirm successful generation of the rat model. Subsequently, brain tissues and blood samples were collected for further analysis. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were evaluated in peripheral blood samples using the Griess reagent assay and an ELISA, respectively. The relative expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cylooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2) were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The associated pathways, including nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) and mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways, were detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and western blotting. The results demonstrated that treatment with GLGZD significantly inhibited MCAO-induced inflammation; GLGZD suppressed the production of NO and PGE2, and the expression of iNOS and COX‑2, by inhibiting NF‑κB activation and MAPK phosphorylation. These findings suggest that GLGZD, a potential agent for post‑stroke treatment, may exert anti‑inflammatory effects, thus providing neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Hu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Ruhui Lin
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Zuanfang Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Lidian Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
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Džoljić E, Grbatinić I, Kostić V. Why is nitric oxide important for our brain? FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2016; 30:159-63. [PMID: 26910176 DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2015.30.3.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The freely diffusible gaseous compound nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to be an important messenger in many organ systems throughout the body, and particularly in the central nervous system (CNS). The importance of NO as an intermediary in cell communication in the brain is highlighted by the fact that the excitatory amino acid glutamate, the most abundant CNS neurotransmitter, is an initiator of the reaction that forms NO. Because of its numerous physiological and pathophysiological roles, the impact of NO on clinical medicine is developing. NO can act as a "double-edged sword" and it has been demonstrated that clarification of the dual effect of NO might have implications for clinical medicine, and could lead to the emergence of therapeutic opportunities. Accordingly, NO was proclaimed "Mole cule of the Year" in 1992 by the journal Science, while discovery of the pathways and roles of NO was acknowledged with the Nobel Prize in 1998. Additionally, the ubiquity of NO in the CNS implies that drugs designed to modify the biological activity of NO may have distinct effects. Thus, further clinical applications of NO, of its analogs or of newly developed NOS inhibitors are forthcoming. The therapeutic challenge would be to succeed in manipulating the NO pathways selectively.
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González-León MC, Soares-Schanoski A, del Fresno C, Cimadevila A, Goméz-Piña V, Mendoza-Barberá E, García F, Marín E, Arnalich F, Fuentes-Prior P, López-Collazo E. Nitric oxide induces SOCS-1 expression in human monocytes in a TNF-α-dependent manner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the thoroughly characterized mechanisms of positive regulation within cytokine signaling pathways, our knowledge of negative feedback loops is comparatively sparse. We and others have previously reported that IRAK-M down-regulates inflammatory responses to multiple stimuli. In particular, we could show that the nitric oxide (NO) donor, GSNO, induces IRAK-M overexpression in human monocytes. Here we study the expression of another important negative regulator of cytokine signaling, SOCS-1, in human monocytes exposed to GSNO. The NO donor induced significant levels of SOCS-1 mRNA and protein, 6 h and 16 h after stimulation, respectively. Monocytes stimulated with GSNO for longer periods (24 h and 48 h) failed to express IL-6 and IP-10 upon LPS challenge. In addition, and in line with previous reports of NO-mediated induction of TNF-α, we have found that exposure to this cytokine induces SOCS-1 mRNA in human monocytes. A blocking antibody against TNF-α impaired SOCS-1 expression upon GSNO treatment and re-instated IL-6 and IP-10 mRNA levels after LPS challenge in cultures pretreated with the NO donor. We conclude that NO stimulates SOCS-1 overexpression in a pathway at least partially regulated by TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Felipe García
- Discover Unit, EMPIREO Molecular Diagnostic, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Arnalich
- Department of Medicine, “La Paz' Hospital Medical School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Modulation of gamma-irradiation and carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress in the brain of female rats by flaxseed oil. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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The Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Mechanisms of Eupafolin in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in RAW264.7 Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158662. [PMID: 27414646 PMCID: PMC4945065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eupafolin is a flavone isolated from Artemisia princeps Pampanini (family Asteraceae). The aim of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of eupafolin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 macrophages and LPS-induced mouse skin and lung inflammation models and to identify the mechanism underlying these effects. Eupafolin decreased the LPS-induced release of inflammatory mediators (iNOS, COX-2 and NO) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) from the RAW264.7 macrophages. Eupafolin inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK, AKT and p65 and the nuclear translocation of p65 and c-fos. These effects were mainly mediated by the inhibition of JNK. In the mouse paw and lung models, eupafolin effectively suppressed the LPS-induced edema formation and down-regulated iNOS and COX-2 expression. These results demonstrated that eupafolin exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and suggested that eupafolin can be developed as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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