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Ahlin R, Nybacka S, Josefsson A, Stranne J, Steineck G, Hedelin M. The effect of a phytoestrogen intervention and impact of genetic factors on tumor proliferation markers among Swedish patients with prostate cancer: study protocol for the randomized controlled PRODICA trial. Trials 2022; 23:1041. [PMID: 36544211 PMCID: PMC9768998 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high intake of phytoestrogens, found in soy, rye, and seeds, is associated with a reduced risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis. Previously, we found that the overall decreased risk of prostate cancer diagnosis in males with a high intake of phytoestrogens was strongly modified by a nucleotide sequence variant in the estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) gene. However, we do not know if phytoestrogens can inhibit the growth of prostate cancer in males with established diseases. If there is an inhibition or a delay, there is reason to believe that different variants of the ERβ gene will modify the effect. Therefore, we designed an intervention study to investigate the effect of the addition of foods high in phytoestrogens and their interaction with the ERβ genotype on prostate tumor proliferation in patients with prostate cancer. METHOD The PRODICA trial is a randomized ongoing intervention study in patients with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer with a Gleason score < 8, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < 20, and scheduled for radical prostatectomy. The study is conducted at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden. The intervention consists of a daily intake of soybeans and flaxseeds (~ 200 mg of phytoestrogens) until the surgery, approximately 6 weeks. The aim is to recruit 200 participants. The primary outcome is the difference in the proliferation marker Ki-67 between the intervention and the control groups. The genotype of ERβ will be investigated as an effect-modifying factor. Secondary outcomes include, e.g., concentrations of PSA and steroid hormones in the blood. DISCUSSION The results of the PRODICA trial will contribute important information on the relevance of increasing the intake of phytoestrogens in patients with prostate cancer who want to make dietary changes to improve the prognosis of their cancer. If genetic factors turn out to influence the effect of the intervention diet, dietary advice can be given to patients who most likely benefit from it. Dietary interventions are cost-effective, non-invasive, and result in few mild side effects. Lastly, the project will provide basic pathophysiological insights which could be relevant to the development of treatment strategies for patients with prostate cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION CLINICALTRIALS gov NCT02759380. Registered on 3 May 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Ahlin
- Department of Oncology, Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 423, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sanna Nybacka
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Josefsson
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Urology and Andrology, Institute of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Stranne
- Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Steineck
- Department of Oncology, Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 423, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedelin
- Department of Oncology, Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 423, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Regional Cancer Center West, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Rahimi N, Azizi M, Bahari G, Narouie B, Hashemi M. Association of EGLN2 rs10680577 Polymorphism with the Risk and Clinicopathological Features of Patients with Prostate Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1221-1226. [PMID: 32458625 PMCID: PMC7541883 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.5.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have evaluated the association between EGLN2 4-bp insertion/deletion (ins/del) polymorphism (rs10680577) and many cancers. However, up to date, no study has inspected the impact of rs10680577 polymorphism on prostate cancer (PCa) risk. This case-control study was achieved on 170 pathologically confirmed PCa patients and 196 cancer free men to inspect whether rs10680577 variant is related to the risk and clinicopathological features of patients with PCa. Genotyping was performed by mismatched polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The findings did not support an association between the variant with the risk and clinicopathological characteristics of PCa patients. When we pooled our results with six preceding studies, the findings suggested that rs10680577 variant significantly augmented the risk of overall cancer in heterozygous (OR=1.38, 95 % CI=1.26-1.52, p<0.00001, ins/del vs ins/ins), homozygous (OR=1.66, 95 % CI=1.05-2.61, p=0.029, del/del vs ins/ins), codominant (OR=1.44, 95%CI=1.32-1.58, p<0.00001, ins/del+del/del vs ins/ins), and allele (OR=1.32, 95%CI=1.18-1.49, p<0.00001, del vs ins) genetic models. Additional well designed studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Rahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Azizi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahari
- Children and Adolescent Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Behzad Narouie
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Genetics of Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Sattarifard H, Hashemi M, Hassanzarei S, Basiri A, Narouie B, Ghavami S. Long non-coding RNA POLR2E gene polymorphisms increased the risk of prostate cancer in a sample of the Iranian population. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 38:1-11. [PMID: 30587086 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2017.1391394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the impact of POLR2E rs1046040 and rs3787016 polymorphisms on prostate cancer (PCa) risk in a sample of southeast Iranian population. The present case-control study was performed on 178 patients with PCa and 180 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Genotyping of the variants was done by mismatch PCR-RFLP. The findings showed that the rs3787016 C > T variant significantly increased the risk of PCa in codominant (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.12-3.03, P = 0.018, CT vs CC), dominant (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.63-3.05, P = 0.011, CT + TT vas CC) and allele (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.52-2.72, P = 0.010, T vs C) inheritance model. Regarding rs1046040 C > T polymorphism, the findings revealed that the CT genotype significantly increased the risk of PCa compared to the CC genotype (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.03-2.49, P = 0.043). Furthermore, rs3787016 CT/rs1046040 CC as well as rs3787016 CT/rs1046040 CT increased the risk of PCa compared to the CC/CC genotype (p = 0.029 and p = 0.014, respectively). Haplotype analysis proposed that rs3787016 T/rs1046040 C significantly increased the risk of PCa compared to C/C (p = 0.037). No significant association was observed between POLR2E variants and clinicopathological characteristics of PCa patients. In conclusion, the findings propose that POLR2E variants may be a risk factor for susceptibility to PCa in a sample of Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Sattarifard
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran.,b Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran.,b Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Hassanzarei
- b Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine , Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran
| | - Abbas Basiri
- c Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Behzad Narouie
- c Department of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- d Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada.,e Health Policy Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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Association between three genetic variants in kallikrein 3 and prostate cancer risk. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181151. [PMID: 30413614 PMCID: PMC6265624 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological studies have assessed the association between kallikrein 3 (KLK3) polymorphisms and prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility. However, published data on this association are somewhat inconclusive. Methods: Articles investigating the association between three KLK3 (rs1058205, rs2735839, and rs266882) variants and PCa susceptibility were searched from online databases, which included 35,838 patients and 36,369 control participants. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to demonstrate the strength of the association. We also utilized ELISA to detect serum expression of KLK3. In addition, in silico tools were adopted to evaluate the relationship of KLK3 expression and PCa survival time. Results: The overall results indicated that polymorphism T>C of rs1058205 was associated with decreased risk of PCa (allele contrast: OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.64–0.88, Pheterogeneity < 0.001; homozygote comparison: OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.42–0.81, Pheterogeneity < 0.001), particularly in Caucasian population (allele contrast: OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.65–0.91, Pheterogeneity < 0.001; homozygote comparison: OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.41–0.82, Pheterogeneity < 0.001). No association was observed between the polymorphism A>G of rs2735839 and risk of PCa. In addition, no association was observed between polymorphism A>G of rs266882 and risk of PCa. Serum KLK3 levels in PCa patients carrying CC/CT genotypes were statistically lower than those carrying TT genotypes. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that rs1058205 polymorphism of KLK3 is a risk factor for PCa development, polymorphism T>C of rs1058205 is associated with decreased susceptibility to PCa particularly in Caucasian population.
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Hashemi M, Bahari G, Sarhadi S, Eskandari E, Narouie B, Taheri M, Ghavami S. 4‐bp insertion/deletion (rs3783553) polymorphism within the 3′UTR of IL1A contributes to the risk of prostate cancer in a sample of Iranian population. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2627-2635. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of MedicineZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | - Gholamreza Bahari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of MedicineZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | - Shamim Sarhadi
- Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Department of Medical BiotechnologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Ebrahim Eskandari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of MedicineZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | - Behzad Narouie
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center; Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohsen Taheri
- Genetics of Non Communicable Disease Research CenterZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
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Hashemi M, Bahari G, Sattarifard H, Narouie B. Evaluation of a 3-base pair indel polymorphism within pre-microRNA-3131 in patients with prostate cancer using mismatch polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:696-700. [PMID: 28856004 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the impact of a 3-bp indel (rs57408770) polymorphism within the pre-microRNA (miR)-3131 polymorphism on prostate cancer (PCa) risk in a sample of an Iranian population. In total, 340 subjects, including 177 patients with PCa and 170 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, were enrolled in the present case-control study. A mismatch polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was designed for genotyping the 3-bp indel (rs57408770) polymorphism. The present findings demonstrated that the indel variant significantly increased the risk of PCa in codominant [odds ratio (OR)=2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.13-4.37; P=0.021, insertion (ins)/ins vs. deletion (del)/del] and recessive (OR=2.33, 95% CI=1.25-4.36; P=0.009, ins/ins vs. del/del + del/ins). In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the present findings for the first time proposed that a 3-bp indel variant of miR-3131 may be a risk factor for susceptibility to PCa in a sample of an Iranian population. Further studies with different ethnicities and larger sample sizes are required to validate the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Hedieh Sattarifard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran
| | - Behzad Narouie
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
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Narouie B, Ziaee SAM, Basiri A, Hashemi M. Functional polymorphism at the miR-502-binding site in the 3' untranslated region of the SETD8 gene increased the risk of prostate cancer in a sample of Iranian population. Gene 2017; 626:354-357. [PMID: 28578017 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, bind to the 3' untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of target mRNAs and regulate gene expression. Genetic variations in miRNA binding domains influence the susceptibility to several diseases such as cancer. Several studies investigated the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs16917496 T>C within the 3'-UTR of SETD8 on cancer susceptibility, but the results were controversial. In addition, no study has been conducted to inspect the impact of this SNP in prostate cancer (PCa). Thus, the present study aimed to find out the possible association between rs16917496 polymorphism at the 3'UTR of SETD8 and PCa risk. This case-control study was done on 169 patients with pathologically confirmed PCa and 182 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Genotyping was done using PCR-RFLP method. The findings revealed that rs16917496 variant significantly increased the risk of PCa in codominant (OR=2.54, 95%CI=1.50-4.30, p<0.001, TC VS TT and OR=3.03, 95%CI=1.63-5.66, p<0.001, CC vs TT), dominant (OR=2.86, 95%CI=1.62-4.43, p<0.001, p<0.001). The C allele significantly increased the risk of PCa (OR=1.72, 95%CI=1.28-2.33, p<0.001) compared to T allele. In conclusion, the findings indicated that rs16917496 polymorphism may be a risk for predisposition to PCa in an Iranian population. Further studies with larger sample sizes and different ethnicities are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Narouie
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Mohsen Ziaee
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Abbas Basiri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43181, Iran.
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Hashemi M, Moradi N, Ziaee SAM, Narouie B, Soltani MH, Rezaei M, Shahkar G, Taheri M. Association between single nucleotide polymorphism in miR-499, miR-196a2, miR-146a and miR-149 and prostate cancer risk in a sample of Iranian population. J Adv Res 2016; 7:491-8. [PMID: 27222754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are involved in numerous physiological processes. Accumulating evidence suggests that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human miRNA genes may affect miRNA biogenesis pathway and influence the susceptibility to several diseases such as cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of miR-499 rs3746444, miR-196a2 rs11614913, miR-149 rs2292832, and miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphisms on prostate cancer (PCa) risk in a sample of Iranian population. This case-control study was done on 169 patients with pathologically confirmed PCa and 182 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The genotyping assays were done using T-ARMS-PCR or PCR-RFLP methods. The findings indicated that CC genotype of miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism increased the risk of PCa (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.12-2.79, P = 0.019) compared to TT genotype. No statistically significant association was found between miR-196a2 rs11614913, miR-149 rs2292832, and miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphisms and PCa risk. In summary, the findings indicated that miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism increased the risk of PCa in an Iranian population. Further studies with larger sample sizes and different ethnicities are necessary to verify the findings of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nazanin Moradi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Mohsen Ziaee
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Narouie
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Soltani
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Shahkar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taheri
- Genetics of Non Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Schenk JM, Till C, Hsing AW, Stanczyk FZ, Gong Z, Neuhouser ML, Reichardt JK, Hoque AM, Figg WD, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Thompson IM. Serum androgens and prostate cancer risk: results from the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:175-82. [PMID: 26589415 PMCID: PMC4724283 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compelling and long-standing data suggest that androgens play an important role in the development of both normal prostate epithelium and prostate cancer. Although testosterone administration can induce prostate cancer (PCA) in laboratory animals, serum-based epidemiologic studies examining androgens in humans have not consistently supported a role for androgens in prostate carcinogenesis. We examined whether pre-diagnostic serum androgens were associated with PCA risk in the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. METHODS In this nested case-control study, cases (n = 1,032) were primarily local-stage, biopsy-detected cancers, and controls (n = 1,025) were biopsy-confirmed to be PCA-free. Pre-diagnostic serum androgens (total testosterone, 3α-androstanediol glucuronide, free testosterone), estrogen-to-testosterone ratio, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations were measured in pooled (baseline and year 3) blood samples. RESULTS We found no significant associations between serum androgens, estrogen-to-testosterone ratios, or SHBG and risk of total, low (Gleason <7) or high-grade (Gleason 7-10) PCA. CONCLUSION Much remains to be learned about the role of androgens in prostate carcinogenesis. Further research is needed to evaluate the role of androgens, timing of exposure, genetic modulators of androgen metabolism, or environmental exposures that may affect androgen influence on prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette M Schenk
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Cathee Till
- Cancer Prevention Program, SWOG, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Ann W Hsing
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA, USA.
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Zhihong Gong
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Juergen K Reichardt
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
- YachayTech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Eduador.
| | - Ashraful M Hoque
- Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - William D Figg
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- Cancer Prevention Program, SWOG, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Catherine M Tangen
- Cancer Prevention Program, SWOG, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Ian M Thompson
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Zhou QX, Tang JQ, Zhao F, Wei FL, Huang Y. The P275A Polymorphism in the Macrophage Scavenger Receptor 1 Gene and Prostate Cancer Risk: a Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015. [PMID: 26225686 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.13.5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Published data regarding associations between the P275A polymorphism in the macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) gene and prostate cancer (PCa) risk are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the genetic risk of P275A polymorphism in MSR1 gene for PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature search was carried out in Pubmed, Medline (Ovid), Embase, CBM, CNKI, Weipu, and Wanfang databases, covering all available publications (last search was performed on Apr 27, 2015). Statistical analysis was performed using Revman 5.2 and STATA 10.1 software. RESULTS A total of 5,017 cases and 4,869 controls in 12 case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. When all groups were pooled, there was no evidence that the P275A polymorphism had a significant association with PCa under dominant (OR=0.93, 95%CI=0.81-1.06, and p=0.28), co-dominant (homogeneous OR=0.97, 95%CI=0.56-1.68, and p=0.92; heterogeneous OR=0.93, 95%CI=0.74-1.15, and p=0.49), recessive (OR=1.10, 95%CI=0.65-1.87, and p=0.73), over-dominant (OR=0.93, 95%CI=0.75-1.15, and p=0.50), and allelic (OR=0.95, 95%CI=0.77-1.16, and p=0.61) genetic models. For stratified analyses by ethnicity and study design, no significant associations were found in the white race, the yellow race, the black race and mixed ethnicity, and the population-based case-control (PCC) and hospital-based case-control (HCC) studies under all genetic models. CONCLUSIONS Based on our meta-analysis, the P275A polymorphism in the MSR1 gene is unlikely to be a risk factor for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Xia Zhou
- West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, China E-mail :
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Androgen glucuronides analysis by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry: could it raise new perspectives in the diagnostic field of hormone-dependent malignancies? J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 940:24-34. [PMID: 24140653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Breast and prostate constitute organs of intense steroidogenic activity. Clinical and epidemiologic data provide strong evidence on the influence of androgens and estrogens on the risk of typical hormone-dependent malignancies, like breast and prostate cancer. Recent studies have focused on the role of androgen metabolites in regulating androgen concentrations in hormone-sensitive tissues. Steroid glucuronidation has been suggested to have a prominent role in controlling the levels and the biological activity of unconjugated androgens. It is well-established that serum levels of androgen glucuronides reflect androgen metabolism in androgen-sensitive tissues. Quantitative analysis of androgen metabolites in blood specimens is the only minimally invasive approach permitting an accurate estimate of the total pool of androgens. During the past years, androgen glucuronides analysis most often involved radioimmunoassays (RIA) or direct immunoassays, both methods bearing serious limitations. However, recent impressive technical advances in mass spectrometry, and particularly in high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have overcome these drawbacks enabling the simultaneous, quantitative analysis of multiple steroids even at low concentrations. Blood androgen profiling by LC-MS/MS, a robust and reliable technique of high selectivity, sensitivity, specificity, precision and accuracy emerges as a promising new approach in the study of human pathology. The present review offers a contemporary insight in androgen glucuronides profiling through the application of LC-MS/MS, highlighting new perspectives in the study of steroids and their implication in hormone-dependent malignancies.
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Ma Y, Liang D, Liu J, Wen JG, Servoll E, Waaler G, Sæter T, Axcrona K, Vlatkovic L, Axcrona U, Paus E, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Kvalheim G, Nesland JM, Suo Z. SHBG is an important factor in stemness induction of cells by DHT in vitro and associated with poor clinical features of prostate carcinomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70558. [PMID: 23936228 PMCID: PMC3728318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen plays a vital role in prostate cancer development. However, it is not clear whether androgens influence stem-like properties of prostate cancer, a feature important for prostate cancer progression. In this study, we show that upon DHT treatment in vitro, prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 were revealed with higher clonogenic potential and higher expression levels of stemness related factors CD44, CD90, Oct3/4 and Nanog. Moreover, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was also simultaneously upregulated in these cells. When the SHBG gene was blocked by SHBG siRNA knock-down, the induction of Oct3/4, Nanog, CD44 and CD90 by DHT was also correspondingly blocked in these cells. Immunohistochemical evaluation of clinical samples disclosed weakly positive, and areas negative for SHBG expression in the benign prostate tissues, while most of the prostate carcinomas were strongly positive for SHBG. In addition, higher levels of SHBG expression were significantly associated with higher Gleason score, more seminal vesicle invasions and lymph node metastases. Collectively, our results show a role of SHBG in upregulating stemness of prostate cancer cells upon DHT exposure in vitro, and SHBG expression in prostate cancer samples is significantly associated with poor clinicopathological features, indicating a role of SHBG in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dongming Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jian-Guo Wen
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Einar Servoll
- Department of Surgery, Soerlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
| | - Gudmund Waaler
- Department of Surgery, Soerlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
| | | | - Karol Axcrona
- Departments of Urology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ljiljana Vlatkovic
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrika Axcrona
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Paus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yue Yang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Cell Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Departments of Cell Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jahn M. Nesland
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zhenhe Suo
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
- * E-mail:
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Fu G, Tang J, Wang M, Qin C, Yan F, Ding Q, Yin C, Wang X, Zhang Z. CASP8 promoter polymorphism, mRNA expression and risk of prostate cancer among Chinese men. J Biomed Res 2013; 25:128-34. [PMID: 23554680 PMCID: PMC3596704 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(11)60016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-8 (CASP8) plays a key role in apoptosis. We examined by genotyping whether the -652 six-nucleotide insertion-deletion (6N ins/del) polymorphism in the CASP8 promoter region was associated with prostate cancer risk in a hospital-based case-control study of 406 Chinese prostate cancer patients and 408 age-matched cancer-free controls. Additionally, 23 prostate cancer tissues were analyzed for CASP8 mRNA expression. We found a significantly decreased prostate cancer risk for the 6N ins/del genotype [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=0.68; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.51-0.92] and del/del genotype (OR=0.34; 95% CI=0.19-0.63) compared with the ins/ins genotype. The 6N del allele was associated dose-dependently with decreased prostate cancer risk (Ptrend = 0.001). RT-PCR showed that individuals with the 6N del allele had lower CASP8 mRNA levels than those with the ins/ins genotype (P = 0.024). These findings suggested that the CASP8-652 6N ins/del polymorphism may affect the susceptibility to prostate cancer and reduce prostate cancer risk among Chinese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Fu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Urology, Huai-An First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai-An, Jiangsu 211000, China
| | - Jialin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention & Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Molecular & Genetic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention & Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Molecular & Genetic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Fu Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention & Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Molecular & Genetic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Qi Ding
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Changjun Yin
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- *Corresponding authors: Zhengdong Zhang, Ph.D, Department of Molecular & Genetic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Tel/Fax: +86-25-86862937/+86-25-86527613, ; Xinru Wang, Ph.D, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Tel/Fax: +86-25-86862863/+86-25-86662863,
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention & Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Molecular & Genetic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- *Corresponding authors: Zhengdong Zhang, Ph.D, Department of Molecular & Genetic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Tel/Fax: +86-25-86862937/+86-25-86527613, ; Xinru Wang, Ph.D, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Tel/Fax: +86-25-86862863/+86-25-86662863,
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A perspective on the role of estrogen in hormone-induced prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2012; 334:28-33. [PMID: 22939996 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are thought to cause prostate cancer, but the precise mechanisms by which they do so are unclear. Data, mostly from animal studies, suggest that for androgens to cause prostate cancer they must be aromatized to estrogen and act in concert with these estrogen metabolites. Androgen-receptor mediated activity of androgens and estrogen receptor-mediated effects of estrogen metabolites are likely to be necessary, but estrogen genotoxicity appears to be a probable critical factor as well. Only when all these mechanisms are active, may prostate carcinogenesis result. Convincing proof-of-concept studies are needed to definitively test this concept which, if proven, may lead to clinically feasible chemoprevention approaches interfering with these mechanisms.
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Meyer TE, Chu LW, Li Q, Yu K, Rosenberg PS, Menashe I, Chokkalingam AP, Quraishi SM, Huang WY, Weiss JM, Kaaks R, Hayes RB, Chanock SJ, Hsing AW. The association between inflammation-related genes and serum androgen levels in men: the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian study. Prostate 2012; 72:65-71. [PMID: 21520164 PMCID: PMC3156884 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgens and inflammation have been implicated in the etiology of several cancers, including prostate cancer. Serum androgens have been shown to correlate with markers of inflammation and expression of inflammation-related genes. METHODS In this report, we evaluated associations between 9,932 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) marking common genetic variants in 774 inflammation-related genes and four serum androgen levels (total testosterone [T], bioavailable T [BioT]; 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol glucuronide [3αdiol G], and 4-androstene-3,17-dione [androstenedione]), in 560 healthy men (median age 64 years) drawn from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Baseline serum androgens were measured by radioimmunoassay. Genotypes were determined as part of the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility Study genome-wide scan. SNP-hormone associations were evaluated using linear regression of hormones adjusted for age. Gene-based P values were generated using an adaptive rank truncated product (ARTP) method. RESULTS Suggestive associations were observed for two inflammation-related genes and circulating androgen levels (false discovery rate [FDR] q-value <0.1) in both SNP and gene-based tests. Specifically, T was associated with common variants in MMP2 and CD14, with the most significant SNPs being rs893226G > T in MMP2 and rs3822356T > C in CD14 (FDR q-value = 0.09 for both SNPs). Other genes implicated in either SNP or gene-based tests were IK with T and BioT, PRG2 with T, and TNFSF9 with androstenedione. CONCLUSION These results suggest possible cross-talk between androgen levels and inflammation pathways, but larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and to further clarify the interrelationship between inflammation and androgens and their effects on cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamra E Meyer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Xu B, Feng NH, Li PC, Tao J, Wu D, Zhang ZD, Tong N, Wang JF, Song NH, Zhang W, Hua LX, Wu HF. A functional polymorphism in Pre-miR-146a gene is associated with prostate cancer risk and mature miR-146a expression in vivo. Prostate 2010; 70:467-72. [PMID: 19902466 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A G > C polymorphism (rs2910164) which is located in the sequence of miR-146a precursor, results in a change from a G:U pair to a C:U mismatch in its stem region. To explore whether rs2910164 plays any role in prostate cancer (CaP), we analyzed the association between miR-146a polymorphism and risk of CaP and the expression of miR-146a with different genotypes in CaP tissues in southern Chinese Han population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred fifty-one CaP and 280 control subjects were included in the cancer association study, and 15 CaP tissue samples were used to test the expression of the miRNA precursors by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS We found that subjects carrying CC homozygotes had a 0.65-fold reduced risk (95% CI = 0.43-0.99) than those carrying GG/GC genotypes (P = 0.03), and the C allele displayed a lower prevalence of CaP compared with the G allele (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.57-0.94, P = 0.01). Moreover, hsa-miR-146a quantification showed that homozygous carriers of the C-variant had significantly decreased miRNA levels compared to the carriers of the GG/GC genotype. CONCLUSIONS The natural genetic variation in pre-miR-146a affects the amount of mature miR-146a, contributes to the genetic predisposition to CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Korbakis D, Gregorakis AK, Scorilas A. Quantitative Analysis of Human Kallikrein 5 (KLK5) Expression in Prostate Needle Biopsies: An Independent Cancer Biomarker. Clin Chem 2009; 55:904-13. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.103788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Kallikrein 5 (KLK5), a recently cloned member of the kallikrein family, codes for the secreted protein KLK5. Active KLK5 protein has a trypsin activity, and the expression of KLK5 gene seems to be regulated by steroid hormones. We performed an expression analysis and clinical evaluation of the KLK5 gene, at the mRNA level, in prostate needle biopsies.
Methods: We examined KLK5 mRNA concentrations in 103 prostate tissue specimens. After testing of RNA quality, cDNA was prepared by reverse transcription. A highly sensitive quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method for KLK5 mRNA quantification was developed using the SYBR Green chemistry. GAPDH was used as a housekeeping gene.
Results: Specimens from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) showed higher levels of KLK5 mRNA expression than those from patients with prostate cancer (PCa) (P = 0.024). ROC analysis demonstrated that KLK5 expression had significant discriminatory value between BPH and PCa (AUC 0.64; P = 0.016). KLK5 mRNA expression showed a statistically significant negative correlation with the total PSA serum concentration in the PCa patients (P = 0.003). Early-stage tumors showed higher KLK5 expression than late-stage ones (P = 0.014), whereas KLK5 expression was negatively correlated to Gleason score (P = 0.005).
Conclusions: KLK5 mRNA, analyzed by quantitative PCR in prostate needle biopsies, could be an independent biomarker for the differential diagnosis and prognosis in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Korbakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alkiviades K Gregorakis
- 2nd Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Chu LW, Zhu Y, Yu K, Zheng T, Chokkalingam AP, Stanczyk FZ, Gao YT, Hsing AW. Correlation between circadian gene variants and serum levels of sex steroids and insulin-like growth factor-I. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 17:3268-73. [PMID: 18990770 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of biological processes, including steroid hormone secretion, have circadian rhythms, which are influenced by nine known circadian genes. Previously, we reported that certain variants in circadian genes were associated with risk for prostate cancer. To provide some biological insight into these findings, we examined the relationship of five variants of circadian genes, including NPAS2 (rs2305160:G > A), PER1 (rs2585405:G > C), CSNK1E (rs1005473:A > C), PER3 (54-bp repeat length variant), and CRY2 (rs1401417:G > C), with serum levels of sex steroids and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) in 241 healthy elderly Chinese men (mean age of 71.5). Age-adjusted and waist-to-hip ratio-adjusted ANOVA followed by likelihood ratio tests (LRT) showed that the NPAS2 variant A allele was associated with lower free and bioavailable testosterone (P(LRT) = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively) compared with the GG genotype. In addition, the PER1 variant was associated with higher serum levels of sex hormone-binding globulin levels (Ptrend = 0.03), decreasing 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol glucuronide levels (Ptrend = 0.02), and decreasing IGFBP3 levels (Ptrend = 0.05). Furthermore, the CSNK1E variant C allele was associated with higher testosterone to dihydrotestosterone ratios (P(LRT) = 0.01) compared with the AA genotype, whereas the longer PER3 repeat was associated with higher serum levels of IGF-I (P(LRT) = 0.03) and IGF-I to IGFBP3 ratios (P(LRT) = 0.04). The CRY2 polymorphism was not associated with any biomarkers analyzed. Our findings, although in need of confirmation, suggest that variations in circadian genes are associated with serum hormone levels, providing biological support for the role of circadian genes in hormone-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa W Chu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 6120 Executive Boulevard, MSC 7234, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Moore SC, Leitzmann MF, Albanes D, Weinstein SJ, Snyder K, Virtamo J, Ahn J, Mayne ST, Yu H, Peters U, Gunter MJ. Adipokine genes and prostate cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:869-76. [PMID: 19035456 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adiposity and adipocyte-derived cytokines have been implicated in prostate carcinogenesis. However, the relationship of adipokine gene variants with prostate cancer risk has not been thoroughly investigated. We therefore examined common variants of the IL6, LEP, LEPR, TNF and ADIPOQ genes in relation to prostate cancer in a case-control study nested within a large cohort of Finnish men. The study sample consisted of 1,053 cases of prostate cancer, diagnosed over an average 11 years of follow up, and 1,053 controls matched to the cases on age, intervention group and date of baseline blood draw. Logistic regression was used to model the relative odds of prostate cancer. We also examined genotypes in relation to serum insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-1:IGFBP-3 among 196 controls. Variant alleles at three loci (-14858A>G, -13973A>C, -13736C>A) in a potential regulatory region of the LEP gene conferred a statistically significant 20% reduced risk of prostate cancer. For example, at the -14858A>G locus, heterozygotes and homozygotes for the A allele had an odds ratio (OR) of prostate cancer of 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62, 0.93] and 0.79 (95% CI 0.60, 1.04), respectively. At 13288G>A, relative to the GG genotype, the AA genotype was associated with a suggestive increased risk of prostate cancer (OR = 1.29; 95% CI 0.99,1.67; p(trend) = 0.05). Polymorphisms in the IL6, LEPR, TNF and ADIPOQ genes were not associated with prostate cancer. Allelic variants in the LEP gene are related to prostate cancer risk, supporting a role for leptin in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Hsing AW, Chu LW, Stanczyk FZ. Androgen and prostate cancer: is the hypothesis dead? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2525-30. [PMID: 18842992 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from animal, clinical, and prevention studies support the role of androgen in prostate cancer growth, proliferation, and progression. However, results serum-based epidemiologic studies in humans have been inconclusive. Part of the inconsistency in these findings stems from differences in study population, assay accuracy, intraperson variation, and limited sample size. Recently, data from a large pooled analysis of 18 prospective studies (3,886 cases and 6,438 healthy controls) showed no association between serum androgen and prostate cancer risk. It is not surprising that the pooled analysis did not find a positive link between circulating levels of total testosterone and prostate cancer risk because, individually, few of the 18 studies included in the pooled analysis reported a substantial positive association. The null result, however, does not pronounce a death sentence for the androgen hypothesis; rather, it underscores the importance of a better understanding of androgen action within the prostate, including the relationship between tissue and serum levels of androgen. In this commentary, we explain why circulating levels of testosterone may not reflect androgen action in the prostate and why tissue levels of androgen, in particular dihydrotestosterone, and the androgen receptor and its coregulators are critical to androgen action in the prostate and should be incorporated in future studies. It is timely to integrate system thinking into our research and use an interdisciplinary approach that involves different disciplines, including epidemiology, endocrinology, pathology, and molecular biology, to help dissect the complex interplay between sex steroids and genetic and lifestyle factors in prostate cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Hsing
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza South 5024, MSC 7234, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Androgens have been implicated in prostate tumourigenesis. However, no association between circulating levels of androgens and prostate cancer risk was found in a recent large pooled analysis of prospective studies. A decreased risk of prostate cancer among men treated with finasteride, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor which reduces levels of dihydrotestosterone, was observed in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), a large clinical trial. In the PCPT, a higher number of high-grade tumours was found in the finasteride group than in the control group; the reason for this finding is still unclear. Treatment of symptoms of late-onset hypogonadism - such as decreased muscle and bone mass and decreased cognition and libido - has become more prevalent with the advent of new forms of administration of testosterone replacement therapy. One small placebo-controlled study showed no increase in incidence of prostate cancer after 6 months of testosterone therapy, but data on the safety of testosterone replacement therapy remain limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wirén
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite clinical and experimental evidence that show androgens are important in prostate carcinogenesis, epidemiologic studies of serum androgens have been inconclusive. In this review, we summarize the current state of the literature and provide insights and direction for epidemiologic research on androgens and prostate cancer. RECENT FINDINGS To date, data on serum androgens in prostate cancer remain inconclusive. Large studies on variants in some androgen-metabolizing genes [SRD5A2, CYP17A1, and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)17B1] do not show a convincing links to prostate cancer, though there are insufficient data to draw conclusions on other genes related to androgen metabolism, including UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT), sulfotransferases (SULT), CYP3A, and estrogen-related genes. There is some evidence, although controversial, suggesting that select variants may confer risk to certain subtypes of prostate cancer. The most notable finding in 2007 is the highly reproducible link between the chromosome 8q24 risk region and prostate cancer susceptibility. SUMMARY Besides the link between the 8q24 region and prostate cancer risk, population studies do not convincingly show that polymorphisms in androgen metabolism genes are associated with prostate cancer risk. Large epidemiologic studies with comprehensive gene coverage and reliable exposure data are needed to clarify further the role of androgens and their related genes in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa W Chu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Weiss JM, Huang WY, Rinaldi S, Fears TR, Chatterjee N, Hsing AW, Crawford ED, Andriole GL, Kaaks R, Hayes RB. Endogenous sex hormones and the risk of prostate cancer: a prospective study. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2345-50. [PMID: 18172860 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones influence prostate development and maintenance through their roles in prostate cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Although suspected to be involved in prostate carcinogenesis, an association between circulating androgens and prostate cancer has not been clearly established in epidemiologic studies. We conducted a nested case-control study with prospectively collected samples in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, to examine associations of prostate cancer with androstenedione (Delta4-A), testosterone (T), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and 3alpha-androstanediol glucuronide (3alpha-diolG). A total of 727 incident Caucasian prostate cancer cases (age >/= 65 years, N = 396) and 889 matched controls were selected for this analysis. Overall, prostate cancer risks were unrelated to serum T, estimated free and bioavailable T, and SHBG; however, risks increased with increasing T:SHBG ratio (p(trend) = 0.01), mostly related to risk in older men (>/=65 years, p(trend) = 0.001), particularly for aggressive disease [highest versus lowest quartile: odds ratio (OR) 2.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50-5.09]. No clear patterns were noted for Delta4-A and 3alpha-diolG. In summary, our large prospective study did not show convincing evidence of a relationship between serum sex hormones and prostate cancer. T:SHBG ratio was related to risk in this older population of men, but the significance of this ratio in steroidal biology is unclear. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Weiss
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Olsson M, Lindström S, Häggkvist B, Adami HO, Bälter K, Stattin P, Ask B, Rane A, Ekström L, Grönberg H. The UGT2B17 gene deletion is not associated with prostate cancer risk. Prostate 2008; 68:571-5. [PMID: 18247404 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deletion polymorphism of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) gene has been associated with an increased prostate cancer risk in two previous independent studies. Here we determine the risk in a large-scale population-based case-control study. METHODS Genotyping was conducted with a 5'-nuclease activity assay to distinguish those with one or two UGT2B17 gene copies (ins/del and ins/ins) from individuals homozygous for the deletion (del/del) allele. RESULTS In contrast to previous findings, no association between the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism and prostate cancer risk was found. Furthermore the UGT2B17 gene deletion did not affect the risk for prostate cancer specific death. CONCLUSION The UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism does not play a major role in prostate cancer susceptibility as previously indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Olsson
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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25
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Singh A, Massoud TF, Deroose C, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging of reporter gene expression in prostate cancer: an overview. Semin Nucl Med 2008; 38:9-19. [PMID: 18096460 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains an important and growing health problem. Advances in imaging of prostate cancer may help to achieve earlier and more accurate diagnosis and treatment. We review the various strategies using reporter genes for molecular imaging of prostate cancer. These approaches are emerging as valuable tools for monitoring gene expression in laboratory animals and humans. Further development of more sensitive and selective reporters, combined with improvements in detection technology, will consolidate the position of reporter gene imaging as a versatile method for understanding of intracellular biological processes and the underlying molecular basis of prostate cancer, as well as potentially establishing a future role in the clinical management of patients afflicted with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Singh
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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Variants in circadian genes and prostate cancer risk: a population-based study in China. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2007; 11:342-8. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4501024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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