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Bodega-Mayor I, Delgado-Wicke P, Arrabal A, Alegría-Carrasco E, Nicolao-Gómez A, Jaén-Castaño M, Espadas C, Dopazo A, Martín-Gayo E, Gaspar ML, de Andrés B, Fernández-Ruiz E. Tyrosine kinase 2 modulates splenic B cells through type I IFN and TLR7 signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:199. [PMID: 38683377 PMCID: PMC11058799 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is involved in type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling through IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1). This signaling pathway is crucial in the early antiviral response and remains incompletely understood on B cells. Therefore, to understand the role of TYK2 in B cells, we studied these cells under homeostatic conditions and following in vitro activation using Tyk2-deficient (Tyk2-/-) mice. Splenic B cell subpopulations were altered in Tyk2-/- compared to wild type (WT) mice. Marginal zone (MZ) cells were decreased and aged B cells (ABC) were increased, whereas follicular (FO) cells remained unchanged. Likewise, there was an imbalance in transitional B cells in juvenile Tyk2-/- mice. RNA sequencing analysis of adult MZ and FO cells isolated from Tyk2-/- and WT mice in homeostasis revealed altered expression of IFN-I and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling pathway genes. Flow cytometry assays corroborated a lower expression of TLR7 in MZ B cells from Tyk2-/- mice. Splenic B cell cultures showed reduced proliferation and differentiation responses after activation with TLR7 ligands in Tyk2-/- compared to WT mice, with a similar response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or anti-CD40 + IL-4. IgM, IgG, IL-10 and IL-6 secretion was also decreased in Tyk2-/- B cell cultures. This reduced response of the TLR7 pathway in Tyk2-/- mice was partially restored by IFNα addition. In conclusion, there is a crosstalk between TYK2 and TLR7 mediated by an IFN-I feedback loop, which contributes to the establishment of MZ B cells and to B cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bodega-Mayor
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Immunobiology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Delgado-Wicke
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Arrabal
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
- Immunobiology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Alegría-Carrasco
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Nicolao-Gómez
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Jaén-Castaño
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Espadas
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and IIS-Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Gaspar
- Immunobiology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén de Andrés
- Immunobiology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Ruiz
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Research Institute (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Haas KM. Noncanonical B Cells: Characteristics of Uncharacteristic B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1257-1265. [PMID: 37844278 PMCID: PMC10593487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes were originally described as a cell type uniquely capable of secreting Abs. The importance of T cell help in Ab production was revealed soon afterward. Following these seminal findings, investigators made great strides in delineating steps in the conventional pathway that B cells follow to produce high-affinity Abs. These studies revealed generalized, or canonical, features of B cells that include their developmental origin and paths to maturation, activation, and differentiation into Ab-producing and memory cells. However, along the way, examples of nonconventional B cell populations with unique origins, age-dependent development, tissue localization, and effector functions have been revealed. In this brief review, features of B-1a, B-1b, marginal zone, regulatory, killer, NK-like, age-associated, and atypical B cells are discussed. Emerging work on these noncanonical B cells and functions, along with the study of their significance for human health and disease, represents an exciting frontier in B cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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3
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Alotaibi MA. Empirical Study on Exploring the Role of CD180 and MD-1 Prognostic Indicators for the Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) Disease. Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:311-320. [PMID: 37902045 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.311.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) is a frequent type of leukaemia disease. This study was focused on investigating the role of prognostic indicators, such as CD180 and MD-1 for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) pathogenesis because they involve cell signalling and proliferation. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A total of 12 normal controls and 52 patients were taken to determine the expressions of CD180 and MD-1 with different variations in comparison with the IgVH (Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain variable region gene) mutational status, FISH (fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization) and Rai staging. <b>Results:</b> The quantitative data findings were evident that CD180 and MD-1 expressions showed insignificant differences among CLL patients at the protein level based on SPSS results. On the contrary, they resulted in significant differences for subgroups of established biomarkers like Rai staging (stages 0, I, II and III), FISH (13q and non-13q deletions) and IgVH (mutated and unmutated). <b>Conclusion:</b> The CD180 and MD-1 have been used as prognostic indicators to evaluate the outcomes relevant to the cell cycle and survival rate of CLL cells.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Prognosis
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Mutation
- Biomarkers
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
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4
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Carsetti R, Terreri S, Conti MG, Fernandez Salinas A, Corrente F, Capponi C, Albano C, Piano Mortari E. Comprehensive phenotyping of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes in healthy conditions. Cytometry A 2021; 101:131-139. [PMID: 34664397 PMCID: PMC9546334 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The B cell compartment provides innate and adaptive immune defenses against pathogens. Different B cell subsets, reflecting the maturation stages of B cells, have noninterchangeable functions and roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we provide an overview of the B cell subsets present in peripheral blood of healthy individuals. A specific gating strategy is also described to clearly and univocally identify B cell subsets based on the their phenotypic traits by flow cytometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carsetti
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Terreri
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Conti
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ane Fernandez Salinas
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrente
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Capponi
- Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Albano
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Diagnostic Immunology Research Unit, Multimodal Medicine Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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5
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Functional Role of B Cells in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020270. [PMID: 33572939 PMCID: PMC7911276 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven inflammatory disease of blood vessels, and both innate and adaptive immune responses are involved in its development. The impact of B cells on atherosclerosis has been demonstrated in numerous studies and B cells have been found in close proximity to atherosclerotic plaques in humans and mice. B cells exert both atheroprotective and pro-atherogenic functions, which have been associated with their B cell subset attribution. While B1 cells and marginal zone B cells are considered to protect against atherosclerosis, follicular B cells and innate response activator B cells have been shown to promote atherosclerosis. In this review, we shed light on the role of B cells from a different, functional perspective and focus on the three major B cell functions: antibody production, antigen presentation/T cell interaction, and the release of cytokines. All of these functions have the potential to affect atherosclerosis by multiple ways and are dependent on the cellular milieu and the activation status of the B cell. Moreover, we discuss B cell receptor signaling and the mechanism of B cell activation under atherosclerosis-prone conditions. By summarizing current knowledge of B cells in and beyond atherosclerosis, we are pointing out open questions and enabling new perspectives.
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Nicolai O, Pötschke C, Schmoeckel K, Darisipudi MN, van der Linde J, Raafat D, Bröker BM. Antibody Production in Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis-Kinetics and Key Players. Front Immunol 2020; 11:828. [PMID: 32425951 PMCID: PMC7205023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antigen-specific priming of antibody responses is impaired during sepsis, there is nevertheless a strong increase in IgM and IgG serum concentrations. Using colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP), a mouse model of polymicrobial abdominal sepsis, we observed substantial increases in IgM as well as IgG of all subclasses, starting at day 3 and peaking 2 weeks after sepsis induction. The dominant source of antibody-secreting cells was by far the spleen, with a minor contribution of the mesenteric lymph nodes. Remarkably, sepsis induction in splenectomized mice did not change the dynamics of the serum IgM/IgG reaction, indicating that the marginal zone B cells, which almost exclusively reside in the spleen, are dispensable in such a setting. Hence, in systemic bacterial infection, the function of the spleen as dominant niche of antibody-producing cells can be compensated by extra-splenic B cell populations as well as other lymphoid organs. Depletion of CD4+ T cells did not affect the IgM response, while it impaired IgG generation of all subclasses with the exception of IgG3. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the robust class-switched antibody response in sepsis encompasses both T cell-dependent and -independent components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Nicolai
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Pötschke
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katrin Schmoeckel
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Murthy N Darisipudi
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia van der Linde
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dina Raafat
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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7
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Peripheral B Cell Subsets in Autoimmune Diseases: Clinical Implications and Effects of B Cell-Targeted Therapies. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9518137. [PMID: 32280720 PMCID: PMC7125470 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9518137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) play a fundamental role in humoral immunity. The aberrant function of ASCs is related to a number of disease states, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Recent insights into activated B cell subsets, including naïve B cell to ASC stages and their resultant cellular disturbances, suggest that aberrant ASC differentiation occurs during autoimmune diseases and is closely related to disease severity. However, the mechanisms underlying highly active ASC differentiation and the B cell subsets in autoimmune patients remain undefined. Here, we first review the processes of ASC generation. From the perspective of novel therapeutic target discovery, prediction of disease progression, and current clinical challenges, we further summarize the aberrant activity of B cell subsets including specialized memory CD11chiT-bet+ B cells that participate in the maintenance of autoreactive ASC populations. An improved understanding of subgroups may also enhance the knowledge of antigen-specific B cell differentiation. We further discuss the influence of current B cell therapies on B cell subsets, specifically focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and myasthenia gravis.
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8
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IL-10-producing B cells are enriched in murine pericardial adipose tissues and ameliorate the outcome of acute myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21673-21684. [PMID: 31591231 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911464116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) provokes an inflammatory response in the heart that removes damaged tissues to facilitate tissue repair/regeneration. However, overactive and prolonged inflammation compromises healing, which may be counteracted by antiinflammatory mechanisms. A key regulatory factor in an inflammatory response is the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10, which can be produced by a number of immune cells, including subsets of B lymphocytes. Here, we investigated IL-10-producing B cells in pericardial adipose tissues (PATs) and their role in the healing process following acute MI in mice. We found that IL-10-producing B cells were enriched in PATs compared to other adipose depots throughout the body, with the majority of them bearing a surface phenotype consistent with CD5+ B-1a cells (CD5+ B cells). These cells were detected early in life, maintained a steady presence during adulthood, and resided in fat-associated lymphoid clusters. The cytokine IL-33 and the chemokine CXCL13 were preferentially expressed in PATs and contributed to the enrichment of IL-10-producing CD5+ B cells. Following acute MI, the pool of CD5+ B cells was expanded in PATs. These cells accumulated in the infarcted heart during the resolution of MI-induced inflammation. B cell-specific deletion of IL-10 worsened cardiac function, exacerbated myocardial injury, and delayed resolution of inflammation following acute MI. These results revealed enrichment of IL-10-producing B cells in PATs and a significant contribution of these cells to the antiinflammatory processes that terminate MI-induced inflammation. Together, these findings have identified IL-10-producing B cells as therapeutic targets to improve the outcome of MI.
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9
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Noviski M, Tan C, Huizar J, Vykunta V, Mueller JL, Zikherman J. Optimal Development of Mature B Cells Requires Recognition of Endogenous Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:418-428. [PMID: 31167773 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that highly autoreactive BCRs are actively removed from the developing B cell repertoire by Ag-dependent receptor editing and deletion. However, there is persistent debate about whether mild autoreactivity is simply tolerated or positively selected into the mature B cell repertoire as well as at what stage, to what extent, under what conditions, and into which compartments this occurs. In this study, we describe two minor, trackable populations of B cells in B1-8i Ig transgenic mice that express the VH186.2 H chain and recognize a common foreign Ag (the hapten 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl) but differ in L chain expression. We use the Nur77-eGFP reporter of BCR signaling to define their reactivity toward endogenous Ags. The less autoreactive of these two populations is strongly counterselected during the development of mature B1a, follicular, and marginal zone B cells. By genetically manipulating the strength of BCR signal transduction via the titration of surface CD45 expression, we demonstrate that this B cell population is not negatively selected but instead displays characteristics of impaired positive selection. We demonstrate that mild self-reactivity improves the developmental fitness of B cell clones in the context of a diverse population of B cells, and positive selection by endogenous Ags shapes the mature B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - John Huizar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Medical Research Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Vivasvan Vykunta
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James L Mueller
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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10
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Barbosa FMC, Dupin TV, Toledo MDS, Reis NFDC, Ribeiro K, Cronemberger-Andrade A, Rugani JN, De Lorenzo BHP, Novaes E Brito RR, Soares RP, Torrecilhas AC, Xander P. Extracellular Vesicles Released by Leishmania ( Leishmania) amazonensis Promote Disease Progression and Induce the Production of Different Cytokines in Macrophages and B-1 Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3056. [PMID: 30627118 PMCID: PMC6309564 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Leishmania can contribute to the establishment of infection and host immunomodulation. In this study, we characterized the shedding of EVs from Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes. This species is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and its role during interactions with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and peritoneal B-1 cells was evaluated. Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes cultivated in vitro at different times and temperatures spontaneously released EVs. EVs were purified using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and quantitated by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). NTA revealed that the average size of the EVs was approximately 180 nm, with concentrations ranging from 1.8 × 108 to 2.4 × 109 vesicles/mL. In addition, the presence of LPG and GP63 were detected in EVs obtained at different temperatures. Naïve BMDMs stimulated with EVs exhibited increased IL-10 and IL-6 expression. However, incubating B-1 cells with parasite EVs did not stimulate IL-10 expression but led to an increase in the expression of IL-6 and TNFα. After 7 weeks post-infection, animals infected with L. amazonensis promastigotes in the presence of parasite EVs had significant higher parasite load and a polarization to Th2 response, as compared to the group infected with the parasite alone. This work demonstrated that EVs isolated from L. amazonensis promastigotes were able to stimulate macrophages and B-1 cells to express different types of cytokines. Moreover, the immunomodulatory properties of EVs probably contributed to an increase in parasite burden in mice. These findings suggest that the functionality of L. amazonensis EVs on immune system favor of parasite survival and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Marins Costa Barbosa
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Talita Vieira Dupin
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Mayte Dos Santos Toledo
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Natasha Ferraz Dos Campos Reis
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Kleber Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, Diadema, Brazil
| | - André Cronemberger-Andrade
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, Diadema, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Patricia Xander
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, Diadema, Brazil
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11
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Teku GN, Vihinen M. Simulation of the Dynamics of Primary Immunodeficiencies in B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1785. [PMID: 30116248 PMCID: PMC6082931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a group of over 300 hereditary, heterogeneous, and mainly rare disorders that affect the immune system. Various aspects of immune system and PID proteins and genes have been investigated and facilitate systems biological studies of effects of PIDs on B cell physiology and response. We reconstructed a B cell network model based on data for the core B cell receptor activation and response processes and performed semi-quantitative dynamic simulations for normal and B cell PID failure modes. The results for several knockout simulations correspond to previously reported molecular studies and reveal novel mechanisms for PIDs. The simulations for CD21, CD40, LYN, MS4A1, ORAI1, PLCG2, PTPRC, and STIM1 indicated profound changes to major transcription factor signaling and to the network. Significant effects were observed also in the BCL10, BLNK, BTK, loss-of-function CARD11, IKKB, MALT1, and NEMO, simulations whereas only minor effects were detected for PIDs that are caused by constitutively active proteins (PI3K, gain-of-function CARD11, KRAS, and NFKBIA). This study revealed the underlying dynamics of PID diseases, confirms previous observations, and identifies novel candidates for PID diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauno Vihinen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC B13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Barlow-Anacker A, Bochkov Y, Gern J, Seroogy CM. Neonatal immune response to rhinovirus A16 has diminished dendritic cell function and increased B cell activation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180664. [PMID: 29045416 PMCID: PMC5646756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhinovirus infections during infancy account for the majority of respiratory illness health care utilization and are an associated risk factor for subsequent development of allergic asthma. Neonatal type I interferon production is diminished compared to adults after stimulation with TLR agonists. However, broad profiling of immune cell responses to infectious rhinovirus has not been undertaken and we hypothesized that additional immune differences can be identified in neonates. In this study, we undertook a comparative analysis of neonatal and adult blood immune cell responses after in vitro incubation with infectious RV-A16 for 6 and 24 hours. Methods Intracellular proinflammatory and type I interferon cytokines along with expression of surface co-stimulatory and maturation markers were measured using multi-parameter flow cytometry. Results Both circulating myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) frequency were lower in cord blood. Qualitative and quantitative plasmacytoid dendritic cell IFN-alpha + TNF- alpha responses to rhinovirus were significantly lower in cord pDCs. In cord blood samples, the majority of responsive pDCs were single-positive TNF-alpha producing cells, whereas in adult samples rhinovirus increased double-positive TNF-alpha+IFN-alpha+ pDCs. Rhinovirus upregulated activation and maturation markers on monocytes, mDCs, pDCs, and B cells, but CD40+CD86+ monocytes, mDCs, and pDCs cells were significantly higher in adult samples compared to cord samples. Surprisingly, rhinovirus increased CD40+CD86+ B cells to a significantly greater extent in cord samples compared to adults. Conclusions These findings define a number of cell-specific differences in neonatal responses to rhinovirus. This differential age-related immune response to RV may have implications for the immune correlates of protection to viral respiratory illness burden and determination of potential biomarkers for asthma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Barlow-Anacker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, & Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Yury Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, & Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - James Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, & Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Seroogy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, & Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Sindhava VJ, Oropallo MA, Moody K, Naradikian M, Higdon LE, Zhou L, Myles A, Green N, Nündel K, Stohl W, Schmidt AM, Cao W, Dorta-Estremera S, Kambayashi T, Marshak-Rothstein A, Cancro MP. A TLR9-dependent checkpoint governs B cell responses to DNA-containing antigens. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1651-1663. [PMID: 28346226 DOI: 10.1172/jci89931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature B cell pools retain a substantial proportion of polyreactive and self-reactive clonotypes, suggesting that activation checkpoints exist to reduce the initiation of autoreactive B cell responses. Here, we have described a relationship among the B cell receptor (BCR), TLR9, and cytokine signals that regulate B cell responses to DNA-containing antigens. In both mouse and human B cells, BCR ligands that deliver a TLR9 agonist induce an initial proliferative burst that is followed by apoptotic death. The latter mechanism involves p38-dependent G1 cell-cycle arrest and subsequent intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis and is shared by all preimmune murine B cell subsets and CD27- human B cells. Survival or costimulatory signals rescue B cells from this fate, but the outcome varies depending on the signals involved. B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) engenders survival and antibody secretion, whereas CD40 costimulation with IL-21 or IFN-γ promotes a T-bet+ B cell phenotype. Finally, in vivo immunization studies revealed that when protein antigens are conjugated with DNA, the humoral immune response is blunted and acquires features associated with T-bet+ B cell differentiation. We propose that this mechanism integrating BCR, TLR9, and cytokine signals provides a peripheral checkpoint for DNA-containing antigens that, if circumvented by survival and differentiative cues, yields B cells with the autoimmune-associated T-bet+ phenotype.
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14
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Lu M, Munford R. LPS stimulates IgM production in vivo without help from non-B cells. Innate Immun 2016; 22:307-15. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425916644675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial LPS induce murine B-cell activation and innate (polyclonal) Ab production. Mouse B cells express the LPS signaling receptor (TLR4), yet how LPS activates B-cell responses in vivo is not known. Can LPS directly stimulate B cells to induce innate Ab production? Is activation of non-B cells also required? To address these questions, we transfused LPS-responsive ( Tlr4+/+) or non-responsive ( Tlr4−/−) B cells into LPS-responsive or non-responsive mice. Increased expression of the early activation markers CD69 and CD86 could be induced on transfused Tlr4−/− B cells by injecting LPS subcutaneously into Tlr4+/+ mice, demonstrating indirect activation of B cells by TLR4-responsive non-B cells in vivo, but the Tlr4−/− B cells did not increase serum IgM levels. In contrast, when Tlr4−/− recipients were transfused with Tlr4+/+ B cells, LPS induced large amounts of serum IgM and LPS could also enhance specific Ab production to a protein that was co-injected with it (adjuvant response). Thus, LPS-exposed non-B cells mediated increased surface expression of early B-cell activation markers, but this response did not predict innate Ab responses or LPS adjuvanticity in vivo. Direct stimulation of B cells by LPS via TLR4 was necessary and sufficient to induce B cells to produce Ab in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Munford
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Popi AF, Longo-Maugéri IM, Mariano M. An Overview of B-1 Cells as Antigen-Presenting Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:138. [PMID: 27148259 PMCID: PMC4827000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of B cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) has been extensively studied, mainly in relation to the activation of memory T cells. Considering the B cell subtypes, the role of B-1 cells as APCs is beginning to be explored. Initially, it was described that B-1 cells are activated preferentially by T-independent antigens. However, some reports demonstrated that these cells are also involved in a T-dependent response. The aim of this review is to summarize information about the ability of B-1 cells to play a role as APCs and to briefly discuss the role of the BCR and toll-like receptor signals in this process. Furthermore, some characteristics of B-1 cells, such as natural IgM production and phagocytic ability, could interfere in the participation of these cells in the onset of an adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Popi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ieda M Longo-Maugéri
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mario Mariano
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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16
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Ali MF, Driscoll CB, Walters PR, Limper AH, Carmona EM. β-Glucan-Activated Human B Lymphocytes Participate in Innate Immune Responses by Releasing Proinflammatory Cytokines and Stimulating Neutrophil Chemotaxis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5318-26. [PMID: 26519534 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes play an essential regulatory role in the adaptive immune response through Ab production during infection. A less known function of B lymphocytes is their ability to respond directly to infectious Ags through stimulation of pattern recognition receptors expressed on their surfaces. β-Glucans are carbohydrates present in the cell wall of many pathogenic fungi that can be detected in the peripheral blood of patients during infection. They have been shown to participate in the innate inflammatory response, as they can directly activate peripheral macrophages and dendritic cells. However, their effect as direct stimulators of B lymphocytes has not been yet fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to examine the molecular mechanisms and cytokine profiles generated following β-glucan stimulation of B lymphocytes, compared with the well-established TLR-9 agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG), and study the participation of β-glucan-stimulated B cells in the innate immune response. In this article, we demonstrate that β-glucan-activated B lymphocytes upregulate proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8). Of interest, β-glucan, unlike CpG, had no effect on B lymphocyte proliferation or IgM production. When compared with CpG (TLR9 agonist), β-glucan-activated cells secreted significantly higher levels of IL-8. Furthermore, IL-8 secretion was partially mediated by Dectin-1 and required SYK, MAPKs, and the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. Moreover, we observed that conditioned media from β-glucan-stimulated B lymphocytes elicited neutrophil chemotaxis. These studies suggest that β-glucan-activated B lymphocytes have an important and novel role in fungal innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Ali
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; and
| | - Christopher B Driscoll
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; and
| | - Paula R Walters
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; and
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Eva M Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905; and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
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17
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Rolf N, Kariminia A, Ivison S, Reid GS, Schultz KR. Heterodimer-specific TLR2 stimulation results in divergent functional outcomes in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1980-90. [PMID: 25867213 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reports of spontaneous acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remissions following severe bacterial infections suggest that bacterial components may trigger elimination of ALL. To date, TLR2, which recognizes a broad range of bacterial pathogens through TLR1 or TLR6 heterodimerization, has not been fully evaluated for direct effects on ALL. Studies investigating TLR2 signaling in other tumor cell types utilizing single ligands have yielded contradictory results, and comparative, heterodimer-specific analyses of TLR2 stimulation are lacking. In this study, we report that two well-characterized heterodimer-specific TLR2 ligands, Pam3 CSK4 (TLR2/1), and Pam2 CSK4 (TLR2/6), induce ALL cell lines and primary ALL samples to upregulate CD40 expression. However, only Pam3 CSK4 triggers Caspase-8-mediated apoptosis and sensitizes cells to vincristine-mediated cytotoxicity. Consistent with this result, stimulation of ALL cells through TLR2/1 or TLR2/6 activates Mal, p38 and the NF-κB and PI3K signaling pathways with divergent kinetics that may underlie their distinct downstream effects. Our results reveal a novel branching in downstream responses to heterodimer-specific TLR2 stimulation in ALL cells and emphasize the need for comparative studies to determine differential biological effects observed in specific tumor cells. Based on our results, TLR2/1 ligand Pam3 CSK4 possesses potential for generating anti-ALL activity through its direct effects on leukemic blasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Rolf
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amina Kariminia
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sabine Ivison
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregor S Reid
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- The Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute and Division of Pediatric Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Baldan A, Gonen A, Choung C, Que X, Marquart TJ, Hernandez I, Bjorkhem I, Ford DA, Witztum JL, Tarling EJ. ABCG1 is required for pulmonary B-1 B cell and natural antibody homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5637-48. [PMID: 25339664 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many metabolic diseases, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and obesity, have a chronic inflammatory component involving both innate and adaptive immunity. Mice lacking the ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) develop chronic inflammation in the lungs, which is associated with the lipid accumulation (cholesterol, cholesterol ester, and phospholipid) and cholesterol crystal deposition that are characteristic of atherosclerotic lesions and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. In this article, we demonstrate that specific lipids, likely oxidized phospholipids and/or sterols, elicit a lung-specific immune response in Abcg1(-/-) mice. Loss of ABCG1 results in increased levels of specific oxysterols, phosphatidylcholines, and oxidized phospholipids, including 1-palmitoyl-2-(5'-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, in the lungs. Further, we identify a niche-specific increase in natural Ab (NAb)-secreting B-1 B cells in response to this lipid accumulation that is paralleled by increased titers of IgM, IgA, and IgG against oxidation-specific epitopes, such as those on oxidized low-density lipoprotein and malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein. Finally, we identify a cytokine/chemokine signature that is reflective of increased B cell activation, Ab secretion, and homing. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the accumulation of lipids in Abcg1(-/-) mice induces the specific expansion and localization of B-1 B cells, which secrete NAbs that may help to protect against the development of atherosclerosis. Indeed, despite chronic lipid accumulation and inflammation, hyperlipidemic mice lacking ABCG1 develop smaller atherosclerotic lesions compared with controls. These data also suggest that Abcg1(-/-) mice may represent a new model in which to study the protective functions of B-1 B cells/NAbs and suggest novel targets for pharmacologic intervention and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Baldan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Ayelet Gonen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christina Choung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Xuchu Que
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Tyler J Marquart
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Irene Hernandez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas - Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 28006; Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina IIBM-Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas 35016, Spain; and
| | | | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Elizabeth J Tarling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
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19
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In vitro analysis of nucleic acid recognition in B lymphocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1169:87-96. [PMID: 24957232 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0882-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to murine B cells, Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in human B cells is mainly restricted to endosomally localized TLR7 and -9, receptors for RNA and DNA, respectively. Most importantly, B lymphocytes lack classical phagocytic receptors and instead internalize antigen only via the B cell receptor (BCR), a surface immunoglobulin specific for a defined antigen. BCR ligation triggers internalization of particulate antigens and physically associated molecules among them bacterial DNA or RNA. Thereby, this process provides access to endosomal nucleic acid-sensing TLRs. Co-stimulation of BCR and TLR ultimately leads to T cell-independent B cell activation. Here, we explain how this process can be experimentally mimicked in human peripheral blood B cells, e.g., using a microsphere-based system that promotes uptake of nucleic acid-based TLR ligands via BCR engagement.
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20
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Deknuydt F, Nordström T, Riesbeck K. Diversion of the host humoral response: a novel virulence mechanism ofHaemophilus influenzaemediated via outer membrane vesicles. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:983-91. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1013527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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21
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TLR9 expressed on plasma membrane acts as a negative regulator of human B cell response. J Autoimmun 2014; 51:23-9. [PMID: 24582318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are positioned at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Unlike others, those such as TLR9, that recognize nucleic acids, are confined to the endosomal compartment and are scarce on the cell surface. Here, we present evidence for TLR9 expression on the plasma membrane of B cells. In contrast to endosomal TLR9, cell surface TLR9 does not bind CpG-B oligodeoxynucleotides. After B cell-receptor (BCR) stimulation, TLR9 was translocated into lipid rafts with the BCR, suggesting that it could serve as a co-receptor for BCR. Nevertheless, stimulation of B cells with anti-TLR9 antibodies did not modify the BCR-induced responses despite up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins. However, CpG-B activation of B cells, acting synergistically with BCR signals, was inhibited by anti-TLR9 stimulation. Induction of CD25 expression and proliferation of B cells were thus down-regulated by the engagement of cell surface TLR9. Overall, our results indicate that TLR9 expressed on the plasma membrane of B cells might be a negative regulator of endosomal TLR9, and could provide a novel control by which activation of autoreactive B cells is restrained.
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22
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Pötschke C, Kessler W, Maier S, Heidecke CD, Bröker BM. Experimental sepsis impairs humoral memory in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81752. [PMID: 24312349 PMCID: PMC3842948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with sepsis are often immune suppressed, and experimental mouse models of sepsis also display this feature. However, acute sepsis in mice is also characterized by a generalized B cell activation and plasma cell differentiation, resulting in a marked increase in serum antibody concentration. Its effects on humoral memory are not clearly defined. We measured the effects of experimental sepsis on long-term immunological memory for a defined antigen: we induced colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) 8 weeks after 2 rounds of immunization with ovalbumin. Four weeks later, the antigen-specific bone marrow plasma cell count had doubled in immunized non-septic animals, but remained unchanged in immunized septic animals. Sepsis also caused a decrease in antigen-specific serum antibody concentration. We conclude that sepsis weakens humoral memory by impeding the antigen-specific plasma cell pool's development, which is not complete 8 weeks after secondary immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pötschke
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfram Kessler
- Department of Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Maier
- Department of Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- E-mail:
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23
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Innate receptors for adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:296-302. [PMID: 23659869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are commonly known as sensor proteins crucial for the early detection of microbial or host-derived stress signals by innate immune cells. Interestingly, some PRRs are also expressed and functional in cells of the adaptive immune system. These receptors provide lymphocytes with innate sensing abilities; for example, B cells express Toll-like receptors, which are important for the humoral response. Strikingly, certain other NOD-like receptors are not only highly expressed in adaptive immune cells, but also exert functions related specifically to adaptive immune system pathways, such as regulating antigen presentation. In this review, we will focus particularly on the current understanding of PRR functions intrinsic to B and T lymphocytes; a developing aspect of PRR biology.
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24
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Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase initiates a program independent of the transcription factors RORγt and Ahr that leads to IL-17 production by activated B cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:514-22. [PMID: 23563688 PMCID: PMC3631452 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We identified B cells as a major source for rapid, innate-like interleukin 17 (IL-17) production in vivo in response to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. IL-17+ B cells exhibited a plasmablast phenotype, outnumbered TH17 cells and were required for optimal response to this pathogen. Using both murine and human primary B cells, we demonstrate that exposure to parasite-derived trans-sialidase in vitro was sufficient to trigger modification of the cell surface mucin, CD45, leading to Btk-dependent signaling and IL-17A or IL-17F production via an ROR-γt and AHR-independent transcriptional program. Our combined data suggest that generation of IL-17+ B cells may be an unappreciated feature of innate immune responses required for pathogen control or IL-17-mediated autoimmunity.
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25
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Clark AG, Fan Q, Brady GF, Mackin KM, Coffman ED, Weston ML, Foster MH. Regulation of basement membrane-reactive B cells in BXSB, (NZBxNZW)F1, NZB, and MRL/lpr lupus mice. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:188-204. [PMID: 23157336 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.746671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to diverse antigens escape regulation in systemic lupus erythematosus under the influence of a multitude of predisposing genes. To gain insight into the differential impact of diverse genetic backgrounds on tolerance mechanisms controlling autoantibody production in lupus, we established a single lupus-derived nephritis associated anti-basement membrane Ig transgene on each of four inbred murine lupus strains, including BXSB, (NZBxNZW)F1, NZB, and MRL/lpr, as approved by the Duke University and the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers' Animal Care and Use Committees. In nonautoimmune C57BL/6 mice, B cells bearing this anti-laminin Ig transgene are stringently regulated by central deletion, editing, and anergy. Here, we show that tolerance is generally intact in unmanipulated Ig transgenic BXSB, (NZBxNZW)F1, and NZB mice, based on absence of serum transgenic anti-laminin autoantibodies and failure to recover spontaneous anti-laminin monoclonal antibodies. Four- to six-fold depletion of splenic B cells in transgenic mice of these strains, as well as in MRL/lpr transgenic mice, and reduced frequency of IgM+ bone marrow B cells suggest that central deletion is grossly intact. Nonetheless the 4 strains demonstrate distinct transgenic B cell phenotypes, including endotoxin-stimulated production of anti-laminin antibodies by B cells from transgenic NZB mice, and in vitro hyperproliferation of both endotoxin- and BCR-stimulated B cells from transgenic BXSB mice, which are shown to have an enrichment of CD21-high marginal zone cells. Rare anti-laminin transgenic B cells spontaneously escape tolerance in MRL/lpr mice. Further study of the mechanisms underlying these strain-specific B cell fates will provide insight into genetic modification of humoral autoimmunity in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G Clark
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 103015, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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26
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Abstract
The discovery of host-encoded gene products that sense molecular patterns in infectious microbes, and the demonstration of their role in triggering innate and adaptive immune responses, has been a key milestone in our understanding of immunology. Twenty-three years after Janeway first outlined the fundamental concepts of the 'pattern recognition' model, and 15 years since the identification of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), new insights continue to be revealed, and questions remain. For example, innate immune responses to microbes that are mediated by PRRs have historically been viewed as the domain of innate immune cell populations such as dendritic cells and macrophages. New evidence, however, has pointed to the role of B-cell-intrinsic TLR activation in shaping antibody responses. These studies have revealed that TLRs regulate a complex transcriptional network that controls multiple steps in the development of antigen-specific antibodies. This review covers these recent developments regarding the role of TLRs in B-cell gene expression and function in vitro and in vivo, and highlights the remaining challenges in the field, with particular emphasis on the role of TLRs in antibody responses to viral infection. A more complete understanding of how TLRs regulate antibody responses will lead to improved vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Browne
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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