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Kruse CJ, Dieu M, Renaud B, François AC, Stern D, Demazy C, Burteau S, Boemer F, Art T, Renard P, Votion DM. New Pathophysiological Insights from Serum Proteome Profiling in Equine Atypical Myopathy. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6505-6526. [PMID: 38371826 PMCID: PMC10870397 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Equine atypical myopathy (AM) is a severe environmental intoxication linked to the ingestion of protoxins contained in seeds and seedlings of the sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) in Europe. The toxic metabolites cause a frequently fatal rhabdomyolysis syndrome in grazing horses. Since these toxic metabolites can also be present in cograzing horses, it is still unclear as to why, in a similar environmental context, some horses show signs of AM, whereas others remain clinically healthy. Label-free proteomic analyses on the serum of 26 diseased AM, 23 cograzers, and 11 control horses were performed to provide insights into biological processes and pathways. A total of 43 and 44 differentially abundant proteins between "AM vs cograzing horses" and "AM vs control horses" were found. Disease-linked changes in the proteome of different groups were found to correlate with detected amounts of toxins, and principal component analyses were performed to identify the 29 proteins representing a robust AM signature. Among the pathway-specific changes, the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, the coagulation/complement cascade, and the biosynthesis of amino acids were affected. Sycamore maple poisoning results in a combination of inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lipid metabolism, which is trying to be counteracted by enhanced glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline-J. Kruse
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Physiology
and Sport Medicine, Fundamental and Applied
Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège 1, Belgium
| | - Marc Dieu
- Namur
Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
- MaSUN,
Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of
Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Benoît Renaud
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied
Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège 1, Belgium
| | - Anne-Christine François
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied
Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège 1, Belgium
| | - David Stern
- GIGA
Bioinformatics Platform, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Demazy
- Namur
Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
- MaSUN,
Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of
Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Sophie Burteau
- Namur
Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
- MaSUN,
Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of
Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical
Genetics Lab, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liège, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Art
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Physiology
and Sport Medicine, Fundamental and Applied
Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège 1, Belgium
| | - Patricia Renard
- Namur
Research Institute for Life Sciences (Narilis), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
- MaSUN,
Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of
Namur (UNamur), Namur 5000, Belgium
| | - Dominique-M. Votion
- Department
of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied
Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège 1, Belgium
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Sander J, Terhardt M, Janzen N, Renaud B, Kruse CJ, François AC, Wouters CP, Boemer F, Votion DM. Tissue Specific Distribution and Activation of Sapindaceae Toxins in Horses Suffering from Atypical Myopathy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2410. [PMID: 37570219 PMCID: PMC10417358 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine atypical myopathy is caused by hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPrG), the known protoxins of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). Various tissues from five atypical myopathy cases were analyzed but only HGA was found. Whether deamination of MCPrG has already occurred in the intestine as the first stage of metabolization has not been investigated. Activation of the protoxins to methylenecyclopropylacetyl (MCPA)-CoA and methylenecyclopropylformyl (MCPF)-CoA, respectively, occurred mainly in the skeletal muscles, as evidenced by very high concentrations of MCPA-carnitine and MCPF-carnitine in this tissue. Inhibition of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases of short- and medium-chain as well as branched-chain fatty acids by the toxins led to a strong increase in the corresponding acylcarnitines, again preferentially in skeletal muscles. An accumulation of the long-chain acylcarnitines beyond the level of the control samples could not be detected in the tissues. As a high amount of HGA was always found unmetabolized in the organs, we speculate that targeting the interruption of further metabolization might be a way to stop the progression of intoxication. Inhibition of the mitochondrial branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, i.e., the first enzyme responsible for the activation of sycamore maple protoxins, could be a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover, 30952 Ronnenberg, Germany; (M.T.); (N.J.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael Terhardt
- Screening-Labor Hannover, 30952 Ronnenberg, Germany; (M.T.); (N.J.)
| | - Nils Janzen
- Screening-Labor Hannover, 30952 Ronnenberg, Germany; (M.T.); (N.J.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Benoît Renaud
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
| | - Caroline-Julia Kruse
- Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Anne-Christine François
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
| | - Clovis P. Wouters
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Human Genetics, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.R.); (A.-C.F.); (C.P.W.); (D.-M.V.)
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Wouters CP, Toquet MP, Renaud B, François AC, Fortier-Guillaume J, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Boemer F, De Tullio P, Richard EA, Votion DM. Metabolomic Signatures Discriminate Horses with Clinical Signs of Atypical Myopathy from Healthy Co-grazing Horses. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4681-4692. [PMID: 34435779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atypical myopathy (AM) is a severe rhabdomyolysis syndrome that occurs in grazing horses. Despite the presence of toxins in their blood, all horses from the same pasture are not prone to display clinical signs of AM. The objective of this study was to compare the blood metabolomic profiles of horses with AM clinical signs with those of healthy co-grazing (Co-G) horses. To do so, plasma samples from 5 AM horses and 11 Co-G horses were investigated using untargeted metabolomics. Metabolomic data were evaluated using unsupervised, supervised, and pathway analyses. Unsupervised principal component analysis performed with all detected features separated AM and healthy Co-G horses. Supervised analyses had identified 1276 features showing differential expression between both groups. Among them, 46 metabolites, belonging predominantly to the fatty acid, fatty ester, and amino acid chemical classes, were identified by standard comparison. Fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, organic dicarboxylic acids, and fatty esters were detected with higher intensities in AM horses in link with the toxins' pathological mechanism. The main relevant pathways were lipid metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism; and glycine metabolism. This study revealed characteristic metabolite changes in the plasma of clinically affected horses, which might ultimately help scientists and field veterinarians to detect and manage AM. The raw data of metabolomics are available in the MetaboLights database with the access number MTBLS2579.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis P Wouters
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.,Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,Pommier-Nutrition, 28170 Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Toquet
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Benoit Renaud
- Service of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Christine François
- Service of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Lab, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal De Tullio
- Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines, Metabolomics group, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric A Richard
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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In Vitro Assays for the Assessment of Impaired Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Equine Atypical Myopathy. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070719. [PMID: 34357091 PMCID: PMC8307747 DOI: 10.3390/life11070719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine atypical myopathy is a seasonal intoxication of grazing equids. In Europe, this poisoning is associated with the ingestion of toxins contained in the seeds and seedlings of the sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). The toxins involved in atypical myopathy are known to inhibit ß-oxidation of fatty acids and induce a general decrease in mitochondrial respiration, as determined by high-resolution respirometry applied to muscle samples taken from cases of atypical myopathy. The severe impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics induced by the toxins may explain the high rate of mortality observed: about 74% of horses with atypical myopathy die, most within the first two days of signs of poisoning. The mechanism of toxicity is not completely elucidated yet. To improve our understanding of the pathological process and to assess therapeutic candidates, we designed in vitro assays using equine skeletal myoblasts cultured from muscle biopsies and subjected to toxins involved in atypical myopathy. We established that equine primary myoblasts do respond to one of the toxins incriminated in the disease.
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Hirz M, Gregersen HA, Sander J, Votion DM, Schänzer A, Köhler K, Herden C. Atypical myopathy in 2 Bactrian camels. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:961-965. [PMID: 34092152 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211020721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical myopathy (AM) is an acute seasonal rhabdomyolysis seen primarily in equids, caused by the ingestion of sycamore maple samaras containing hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropyl-glycine (MCPG). Toxic metabolites inhibit acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and enoyl-CoA hydratases, causing selective hyaline degeneration of type I muscle fibers. Two zoo-kept Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) with a fatal course of AM had sudden onset of muscle pain and weakness, recumbency, and dysphagia, accompanied by increased serum creatine kinase activity and detection in serum of HGA, MCPG, and metabolites. Medical treatment was ineffective. At postmortem examination, sycamore maple tree material was found within the first gastric compartment of the 2-y-old gelding. Although musculature was macroscopically normal, histologically, monophasic hyaline degeneration was marked within type I fibers of intercostal and hypoglossal muscles of the gelding, and in neck, tongue, and masticatory muscles of the cow. The ingestion of sycamore maple material can cause AM in Bactrian camels, and trees of the Sapindaceae family should be avoided in enclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Hirz
- Institutes for Veterinary-Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Dominique M Votion
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kernt Köhler
- Institutes for Veterinary-Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institutes for Veterinary-Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Renaud B, François AC, Boemer F, Kruse C, Stern D, Piot A, Petitjean T, Gustin P, Votion DM. Grazing Mares on Pasture with Sycamore Maples: A Potential Threat to Suckling Foals and Food Safety through Milk Contamination. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010087. [PMID: 33466424 PMCID: PMC7824825 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine atypical myopathy is seasonal poisoning resulting from the ingestion of seeds and seedlings of the sycamore maple that contains toxins. Literature mentions several cases of intoxication among gravid mares and in unweaned foals. The objective of this study was to determine whether the toxins responsible for atypical myopathy could pass to the foal via suckling. Four mares that were pasturing with sycamore in the vicinity were milked. Analysis revealed the presence of toxins in milk. This unprecedented observation could partially explain cases of unweaned foals suffering from atypical myopathy. However, a transplacental transfer of the toxin cannot be excluded for newborn cases. Besides being a source of contamination for offspring, milk contamination by toxins from fruits of trees of the Sapindaceae family might constitute a potential risk for food safety regarding other species’ raw milk or dairy products. Abstract Equine atypical myopathy (AM) is seasonal intoxication resulting from the ingestion of seeds and seedlings of the sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) that contain toxins, among them, hypoglycin A (HGA). Literature mentions several cases of AM among gravid mares and in unweaned foals. The objective of this study was to determine whether HGA and/or its metabolite are present in milk from grazing mares exposed to sycamore maple trees as confirmed by detection of HGA and its metabolite in their blood. Four mare/foal couples were included in the study. Both HGA and its metabolite were detectable in all but one of the milk samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing transfer of HGA to the milk. This unprecedented observation could partially explain cases of unweaned foals suffering from AM. However, a transplacental transfer of the toxin cannot be excluded for newborn foals. Besides being a source of contamination for offspring, milk contamination by toxins from fruits of trees of the Sapindaceae family might constitute a potential risk for food safety regarding other species’ raw milk or dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Renaud
- Department of Functional Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.-C.F.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne-Christine François
- Department of Functional Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.-C.F.); (P.G.)
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (F.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Caroline Kruse
- Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology and Sport Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - David Stern
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (D.S.); (D.-M.V.)
| | - Amandine Piot
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (F.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Thierry Petitjean
- Association Régionale de Santé et d’Identification Animales (ARSIA—ASBL), Animal Health Department, 5590 Ciney, Belgium;
| | - Pascal Gustin
- Department of Functional Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.-C.F.); (P.G.)
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (D.S.); (D.-M.V.)
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Aboling S, Scharmann F, Bunzel D. Equine atypical myopathy: consumption of sycamore maple seedlings ( Acer pseudoplatanus) by pastured horses is driven by seedling maturity and might be associated with phenolic compounds. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e116. [PMID: 32862135 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poisoning with Acer pseudoplatanus L. in horses contradicts the hypothesis of coexistence between plants and vertebrate herbivores being mediated through antipastoral traits as toxins. However, incidental observations showed that horses evaded Acer seedlings with primary leaves. The objective of the present cross-discipline study was (i) to analyse whether developmental stages of A. pseudoplatanus L. differed as to phenolics hypothesised as antipastoral traits, and (ii) to observe systematically the selection behaviour of pastured horses towards A. pseudoplatanus seedlings. METHODS Phenolic profiles of five developmental stages from fruits to seedlings of progressing age up to adult leaves of A. pseudoplatanus and Acer campestre L. were characterised. Video recordings of grazing behaviour of 29 pastured horses towards seedlings of A. pseudoplatanus resulted into 117 sequences as additional field data. RESULTS The horses ingested 19.1 per cent of juvenile seedlings with cotyledons (1.65 mg total phenolics/g fresh weight (FW), 82 compounds, 0.02 mg total gallic acid/g FW) yet only 5.46 per cent of older seedlings with primary leaves (8.48 mg total phenolics/g FW, 120 compounds, 3.13 mg total gallic acid/g FW). CONCLUSION Horses distinguished between seedlings in distinct stages that could be chemically distinguished, too. Acer seedlings with primary leaves provide a strong, but not complete antipastoral effect that correlates with dramatic changes in phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Aboling
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Scharmann
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institute Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Diana Bunzel
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institute Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Bunert C, Langer S, Votion DM, Boemer F, Müller A, Ternes K, Liesegang A. Atypical myopathy in Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) associated with ingestion of hypoglycin A. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3537-3547. [PMID: 29762728 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2004 until 2016, 21 Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) have died for unknown reason at Zoo Duisburg. These deer, also known as milu, have succumbed from a myopathy that occurred seasonally in autumn and in spring. The clinical signs shown by the animals closely resembles those of a disease called equine atypical myopathy (EAM), which is formerly known in horses. The cause for EAM in Europe was found in the ingestion of hypoglycin A, contained in samaras and seedlings of the sycamore maple tree (Acer pseudoplatanus). To test the hypothesis that the mortality of milus was caused by ingestion of hypoglycin A, 79 sera from all zoos and wildlife parks that have kept milus in Germany and Austria, including 19 diseased and 60 healthy animals, were used. Selected biochemical values and additionally hypoglycin A, methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid-carnitine (MCPA-carnitine), and acylcarnitines, which have been found in horses suffering from EAM, were determined. The results showed greater values of serum activities of creatine kinase (P < 0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.001) in diseased milus comparing to healthy ones confirming a myopathy in affected animals. Moreover, hypoglycin A and MCPA-carnitine were found in the blood of Père David's deer and thus, hypoglycin A intoxication was considered to be a potential cause for the myopathies by ingestion of sycamore maple samaras that were present in the enclosure of the affected animals. Hypoglycin A values were greater in diseased animals (P < 0.01) as well as MCPA-carnitine levels (P < 0.05). Additionally, affected milus showed greater C5-OH-carnitine (P < 0.01) and C6-carnitine (P < 0.001) values. Until now hypoglycin A intoxication was only known in the family of Equidae, in humans, and in laboratory rats, and it has not been previously described in other zoological families. Comparing to horses, ruminants do have a different digestive tract and it will need further investigation to find out if several factors are involved to trigger an outbreak in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Bunert
- Zoo Duisburg AG, Department of Zoo Veterinary Medicine, Duisburg, Germany.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Langer
- Kölner Zoo, Department of Zoo Veterinary Medicine, Köln, Germany
| | - Dominque M Votion
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Kerstin Ternes
- Zoo Duisburg AG, Department of Zoo Veterinary Medicine, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Annette Liesegang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Dunkel B, Ryan A, Haggett E, Knowles EJ. Atypical myopathy in the South‐East of England: Clinicopathological data and outcome in hospitalised horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- Department of Clinical Science and Services The Royal Veterinary College North Mymms Hertfordshire UK
| | - A. Ryan
- Department of Clinical Science and Services The Royal Veterinary College North Mymms Hertfordshire UK
| | - E. Haggett
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - E. J. Knowles
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Mereworth Maidstone Kent UK
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Fabius LS, Westermann CM. Evidence-based therapy for atypical myopathy in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. S. Fabius
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - C. M. Westermann
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan Utrecht The Netherlands
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Bauquier J, Stent A, Gibney J, Jerrett I, White J, Tennent-Brown B, Pearce A, Pitt J. Evidence for marsh mallow (Malva parviflora
) toxicosis causing myocardial disease and myopathy in four horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:307-313. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bauquier
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - A. Stent
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - J. Gibney
- Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - I. Jerrett
- Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - J. White
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - B. Tennent-Brown
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Werribee Victoria Australia
| | - A. Pearce
- Golden Plains Equine; Bannockburn Victoria Australia
| | - J. Pitt
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services; Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Lemieux H, Boemer F, van Galen G, Serteyn D, Amory H, Baise E, Cassart D, van Loon G, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Votion DM. Mitochondrial function is altered in horse atypical myopathy. Mitochondrion 2016; 30:35-41. [PMID: 27374763 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Equine atypical myopathy in Europe is a fatal rhabdomyolysis syndrome that results from the ingestion of hypoglycin A contained in seeds and seedlings of Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple). Acylcarnitine concentrations in serum and muscle OXPHOS capacity were determined in 15 atypical myopathy cases. All but one acylcarnitine were out of reference range and mitochondrial respiratory capacity was severely decreased up to 49% as compared to 10 healthy controls. The hallmark of atypical myopathy thus consists of a severe alteration in the energy metabolism including a severe impairment in muscle mitochondrial respiration that could contribute to its high death rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Lemieux
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Human Genetics, CHU Liege, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Gaby van Galen
- (c)Equine Clinic, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- (c)Equine Clinic, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium; Centre of Oxygen, Research and Development, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Hélène Amory
- (c)Equine Clinic, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Etienne Baise
- (e)Department of Animal Productions: Biostatistics, Economy and Animal Selection, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Dominique Cassart
- Department of Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | - Dominique-M Votion
- (i)Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium.
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Bochnia M, Scheidemann W, Ziegler J, Sander J, Vollstedt S, Glatter M, Janzen N, Terhardt M, Zeyner A. Predictive value of hypoglycin A and methylencyclopropylacetic acid conjugates in a horse with atypical myopathy in comparison to its cograzing partners. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bochnia
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences; Group Animal Nutrition; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | | | - J. Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing; Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - J. Sander
- Screening Labor Hanover; Ronnenberg Germany
| | - S. Vollstedt
- Traditional Chinese Equine Medicine; Bokholt-Hanredder Germany
| | - M. Glatter
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences; Group Animal Nutrition; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - N. Janzen
- Screening Labor Hanover; Ronnenberg Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Hanover Medical School; Hanover Germany
| | | | - A. Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences; Group Animal Nutrition; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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Westermann CM, van Leeuwen R, van Raamsdonk LWD, Mol HGJ. Hypoglycin A Concentrations in Maple Tree Species in the Netherlands and the Occurrence of Atypical Myopathy in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:880-4. [PMID: 26995161 PMCID: PMC4913566 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical myopathy (AM) in horses is caused by the plant toxin hypoglycin A, which in Europe typically is found in the sycamore maple tree (Acer pseudoplatanus). Owners are concerned about whether their horses are in danger if they graze near maple trees. Hypothesis/Objectives To measure hypoglycin A in the most common maple tree species in the Netherlands, and to determine whether concentration of toxin is a predictor of AM in horses. Methods A total of 278 samples of maple tree leaves, sprouts, and seeds were classified by species. Mean concentrations of hypoglycin A were compared for the type of sample, the season and the occurrence of AM in the pasture (non‐AM versus AM). Statistical analysis was performed using generalized a linear model (SPPS22). Results Almost all Acer pseudoplatanus samples contained hypoglycin A, with concentrations differing significantly among sources (P < .001). Concentrations were significantly higher in seeds from the AM group than in seeds from the non‐AM group (856 ± 677 and 456 ± 358 mg/kg, respectively; P = .039). In sprouts and leaves this was not the case. Acer platanoides and Acer campestre samples did not contain detectable concentrations of hypoglycin A. Conclusions and clinical importance Acer platanoides and campestre seem to be safe around paddocks and pastures, whereas almost all Acer pseudoplatanus samples contained hypoglycin A. In all AM cases, Acer pseudoplatanus was found. Despite significantly higher concentration of hypoglycin A in seeds of pastures where AM has occurred, individual prediction of AM cannot be made by measuring these concentrations because of the high standard deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Westermann
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - H G J Mol
- RIKILT-Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Hypoglycin A Content in Blood and Urine Discriminates Horses with Atypical Myopathy from Clinically Normal Horses Grazing on the Same Pasture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136785. [PMID: 26378918 PMCID: PMC4574941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycin A (HGA) in seeds of Acer spp. is suspected to cause seasonal pasture myopathy in North America and equine atypical myopathy (AM) in Europe, fatal diseases in horses on pasture. In previous studies, this suspicion was substantiated by the correlation of seed HGA content with the concentrations of toxic metabolites in urine and serum (MCPA-conjugates) of affected horses. However, seed sampling was conducted after rather than during an outbreak of the disease. The aim of this study was to further confirm the causality between HGA occurrence and disease outbreak by seed sampling during an outbreak and the determination of i) HGA in seeds and of ii) HGA and MCPA-conjugates in urine and serum of diseased horses. Furthermore, cograzing healthy horses, which were present on AM affected pastures, were also investigated. AM-pastures in Germany were visited to identify seeds of Acer pseudoplatanus and serum (n = 8) as well as urine (n = 6) from a total of 16 diseased horses were analyzed for amino acid composition by LC-ESI-MS/MS, with a special focus on the content of HGA. Additionally, the content of its toxic metabolite was measured in its conjugated form in body fluids (UPLC-MS/MS). The seeds contained 1.7–319.8 μg HGA/g seed. The content of HGA in serum of affected horses ranged from 387.8–8493.8 μg/L (controls < 10 μg/L), and in urine from 143.8–926.4 μg/L (controls < 10 μg/L), respectively. Healthy cograzing horses on AM-pastures showed higher serum (108.8 ± 83.76 μg/L) and urine concentrations (26.9 ± 7.39 μg/L) compared to control horses, but lower concentrations compared to diseased horses. The range of MCPA-carnitine and creatinine concentrations found in diseased horses in serum and urine were 0.17–0.65 mmol/L (controls < 0.01), and 0.34–2.05 μmol/mmoL (controls < 0.001), respectively. MCPA-glycine levels in urine of cograzing horses were higher compared to controls. Thus, the causal link between HGA intoxication and disease outbreak could be further substantiated, and the early detection of HGA in cograzing horses, which are clinically normal, might be a promising step in prophylaxis.
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Van Der Vekens N, van Dievoet MA, De Puydt H, Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, Deprez P, van Loon G. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:504-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715593601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cardiac troponin T (cTnT) assays have been used to detect myocardial damage in horses, a cTnT assay has not been analytically validated, to our knowledge. The aims of this study were to estimate the precision of a high-sensitivity cTnT assay in horses and determine the effect of hemolysis on the measured cTnT concentration. Serum samples from horses were mixed in 3 different pools. Pool 1 consisted of samples from 3 healthy horses, pool 2 from 6 horses with heart failure or atypical myopathy, and pool 3 from 10 horses with atypical myopathy. The within- and between-run coefficients of variation were determined for each pool. Pools 2 and 3 were diluted to estimate linearity. To study the influence of sample hemolysis, serum was collected from 4 horses with a high cTnT concentration, in which hemolysis was mechanically induced. In addition, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid blood tubes were collected from 3 other horses, from which hemolysate was prepared and added to plasma at different concentrations. The within- and between-run coefficients of variation of all pools were <10%, and a good linearity was found. Three out of 4 hemolyzed serum samples had a decreased serum cTnT concentration. Plasma samples with a high hemolysis index showed a negative interference, resulting in a lower cTnT concentration. Results of the high-sensitivity cTnT assay were highly reproducible. Because samples from horses with musculoskeletal damage were included, further studies should test the possible cross-reactivity between troponin T of musculoskeletal and cardiac origin before the assay can be used in equine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Van Der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Marie-Astrid van Dievoet
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Hendrik De Puydt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Annelies Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Sofie Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Dominique De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Gunther van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
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Żuraw A, Dietert K, Kühnel S, Sander J, Klopfleisch R. Equine atypical myopathy caused by hypoglycin A intoxication associated with ingestion of sycamore maple tree seeds. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:418-21. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Żuraw
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Freie Universität Berlin; Germany
| | - K. Dietert
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Freie Universität Berlin; Germany
| | - S. Kühnel
- Tierärztliche Klinik für Pferde; Dallgow-Döberitz OT Seeburg; Germany
| | - J. Sander
- Screening-Labor Hannover; Ronnenberg Germany
| | - R. Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Freie Universität Berlin; Germany
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Evaluation of assays for troponin I in healthy horses and horses with cardiac disease. Vet J 2015; 203:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Van Driessche K, Ducatelle R, Chiers K, Van Coster R, van der Kolk JH, van der Kolk H. Ultrastructural mitochondrial alterations in equine myopathies of unknown origin. Vet Q 2014; 35:2-8. [PMID: 25365353 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.983681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very few mitochondrial myopathies have been described in horses. OBJECTIVE To examine the ultrastructure of muscle mitochondria in equine cases of myopathy of unknown origin. MATERIALS & METHODS Biopsies of vastus lateralis of the Musculus quadriceps femoris were taken predominantly immediately post mortem and processed for transmission electron microscopy. As a result, electron micrographs of 90 horses in total were available for analysis comprising 4 control horses, 16 horses suffering from myopathy and 70 otherwise diseased horses. RESULTS Following a thorough clinical and laboratory work-up, four out of five patients that did not fit into the usual algorithm to detect known causes of myopathy showed ultrastructural mitochondrial alterations. Small mitochondria with zones with complete disruption of cristae associated with lactic acidemia were detected in a 17-year-old pony mare, extremely long and slender mitochondria with longitudinal cristae in a 5-year-old Quarter horse stallion, a mixture of irregular extremely large mitochondria (measuring 2500 by 800 nm) next to smaller ones in an 8-year-old Hanoverian mare and round mitochondria with only few cristae in a 11-year-old pony gelding. It remains uncertain whether the subsarcolemmal mitochondrial accumulations observed in the fifth patient have any pathological significance. CONCLUSIONS Ultrastructural alterations in mitochondria were detected in at least four horses. To conclude that these are due to mitochondrial dysfuntions, biochemical tests should be performed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The possibility of a mitochondrial myopathy should be included in the differential diagnosis of muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Driessche
- a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
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McKenzie RK, Gibson IR, Ritmeester A. Three cases of a presumptive atypical myopathy in New Zealand horses. N Z Vet J 2013; 61:367-72. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.796436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wakitani S, Torisu S, Yoshino T, Hattanda K, Yamato O, Tasaki R, Fujita H, Nishino K. Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenation Deficiency (Glutaric Aciduria Type II) with a Novel Mutation of Electron Transfer Flavoprotein-Dehydrogenase in a Cat. JIMD Rep 2013; 13:43-51. [PMID: 24142280 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2013_268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency (MADD; also known as glutaric aciduria type II) is a human autosomal recessive disease classified as one of the mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation disorders. MADD is caused by a defect in the electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or ETF dehydrogenase (ETFDH) molecule, but as yet, inherited MADD has not been reported in animals. Here we present the first report of MADD in a cat. The affected animal presented with symptoms characteristic of MADD including hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, vomiting, diagnostic organic aciduria, and accumulation of medium- and long-chain fatty acids in plasma. Treatment with riboflavin and L-carnitine ameliorated the symptoms. To detect the gene mutation responsible for MADD in this case, we determined the complete cDNA sequences of feline ETFα, ETFβ, and ETFDH. Finally, we identified the feline patient-specific mutation, c.692T>G (p.F231C) in ETFDH. The affected animal only carries mutant alleles of ETFDH. p.F231 in feline ETFDH is completely conserved in eukaryotes, and is located on the apical surface of ETFDH, receiving electrons from ETF. This study thus identified the mutation strongly suspected to have been the cause of MADD in this cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Wakitani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Votion DM, van Galen G, Sweetman L, Boemer F, de Tullio P, Dopagne C, Lefère L, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Patarin F, Rouxhet S, van Loon G, Serteyn D, Sponseller BT, Valberg SJ. Identification of methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid in serum of European horses with atypical myopathy. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:146-9. [PMID: 23773055 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY It is hypothesised that European atypical myopathy (AM) has a similar basis as seasonal pasture myopathy in North America, which is now known to be caused by ingestion of hypoglycin A contained in seeds from the tree Acer negundo. Serum from horses with seasonal pasture myopathy contained the conjugated toxic metabolite of hypoglycin A, methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid (MCPA). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study on archived samples. OBJECTIVES 1) To determine whether MCPA-carnitine was present in serum of European horses confirmed to have AM; 2) to determine whether Acer negundo or related Acer species were present on AM pastures in Europe. METHODS Concentrations of MCPA-carnitine were analysed in banked serum samples of 17 AM horses from Europe and 3 diseased controls (tetanus, neoplasia and exertional rhabdomyolysis) using tandem mass spectrometry. Atypical myopathy was diagnosed by characteristic serum acylcarnitine profiles. Pastures of 12 AM farms were visited by experienced botanists and plant species were documented. RESULTS Methylenecyclopropyl acetic acid-carnitine at high concentrations (20.39 ± 17.24 nmol/l; range 0.95-57.63 nmol/l; reference: <0.01 nmol/l) was identified in serum of AM but not disease controls (0.00 ± 0.00 nmol/l). Acer pseudoplatanus but not Acer negundo was present on all AM farms. CONCLUSIONS Atypical myopathy in Europe, like seasonal pasture myopathy in North America, is highly associated with the toxic metabolite of hypoglycin A, MCPA-carnitine. This finding coupled with the presence of a tree of which seeds are known to also contain hypoglycin A indicates that ingestion of Acer pseudoplatanus is the probable cause of AM. This finding has major implications for the prevention of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-M Votion
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
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Contribution to the Understanding of Unexplained Death of Pasturing Horses in the North of Spain: A Retrospective Case Series. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sifre L, Coton JP, André B, Rezáčová-Lukášková Z. Optimization of a quantitative method for muscle histology assessment. J Microsc 2013; 250:50-6. [PMID: 23410149 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Optical microscopy offers the simplest way to obtain magnified images of biological tissues. The assessment of the muscle destructuration level can be performed by a method called Meat Destruction Indicator (MDI), which combines optical microscopy and image analysis. MDI can be used for evaluation of food quality and for considering mechanically separated meat (meat raw material with an MDI value above 58.1% contained muscle fibres sufficiently destructured). This paper is particularly focused on the metrological optimization of a quantitative image analysis method around the example of MDI measurement by microscopy, especially on the digital acquisition calibration focusing and analysis work-flow. Ten different samples (45 sections) were examined with variable settings of microscope and camera to define the optimal configuration. The tests were performed with different observers to define rules and criteria for results validation. Based on the obtained results, we suggest choosing objective rules to set the light and colour of the camera and the microscope focus. To control the results of the automatic segmentation emerged also as a key step, and objective rules for observers to select or discard wrong segmented images should be defined. The adjusted MDI measurement by microscope can be used as a reliable method with good repeatability, thanks to this metrological assessment, which could and should be applied to all image analysis applications whatever the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sifre
- Histalim, 126 Rue Emile Baudot, 34000 Montpellier, France.
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van Galen G, Cerri S, Porter S, Saegerman C, Lefere L, Roscher K, Marr C, Amory H, Votion DM. Traditional and quantitative assessment of acid-base and shock variables in horses with atypical myopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2012. [PMID: 23193982 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Descriptions of acid-base disturbances in atypical myopathy (AM) are limited. OBJECTIVES Describe and compare traditional and quantitative acid-base abnormalities and cardiovascular shock status in horses with AM at admission. ANIMALS 34 horses with AM, 15 healthy controls. METHODS Retrospective case-control study. Records were searched for shock variables (packed cell volume [PCV], blood urea nitrogen [BUN], heart and respiratory rate) and acid-base variables (venous blood gas analysis, electrolytes, total protein, lactate) on admission. Base excess (BE) of free water (BEfw), chloride (BEcl), total protein (BEtp), and unidentified anions (BEua), anion gap (AG), measured strong ion difference (SIDm), and concentration of total nonvolatile weak acids ([Atot]) were calculated. Acid-base classifications, using simplified strong ion model and traditional approach, and shock grades were assigned. A 2-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Bonferroni correction compared variables in AM cases versus control horses. Significance was P < .05/16 for acid-base and P < .05/5 for shock variables. RESULTS Tachycardia, tachypnea, and normal to increased PCV and BUN were common in AM cases. Respiratory, metabolic acid-base alterations, or both were mainly caused by respiratory alkalosis, lactic acidosis, and SIDm alkalosis, alone or in combination. Evaluated variables (except pH, potassium concentration, total protein, and related calculations) were significantly different (P < .001) between AM cases and control horses. The strong ion model provided a more accurate assessment than the traditional approach and identified mixed derangements. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Acid-base derangements should be evaluated in horses with AM and this preferably with the strong ion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van Galen
- Department of Epidemiology, Unité de recherche en epidémiologie et analyse de risques appliquées aux sciences vétérinaires, FMV University of Liege, Belgium.
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Valberg SJ, Sponseller BT, Hegeman AD, Earing J, Bender JB, Martinson KL, Patterson SE, Sweetman L. Seasonal pasture myopathy/atypical myopathy in North America associated with ingestion of hypoglycin A within seeds of the box elder tree. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:419-26. [PMID: 23167695 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY We hypothesised that seasonal pasture myopathy (SPM), which closely resembles atypical myopathy (AM), was caused by ingestion of a seed-bearing plant abundant in autumn pastures. OBJECTIVES To identify a common seed-bearing plant among autumn pastures of horses with SPM, and to determine whether the toxic amino acid hypoglycin A was present in the seeds and whether hypoglycin metabolites were present in SPM horse serum or urine. METHODS Twelve SPM cases, 11 SPM pastures and 23 control farms were visited to identify a plant common to all SPM farms in autumn. A common seed was analysed for amino acid composition (n = 7/7) by GC-MS and its toxic metabolite (n = 4/4) identified in conjugated form in serum [tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)] and urine [gas chromatography (GC) MS]. Serum acylcarnitines and urine organic acid profiles (n = 7) were determined for SPM horses. RESULTS Seeds from box elder trees (Acer negundo) were present on all SPM and 61% of control pastures. Hypoglycin A, known to cause acquired multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), was found in box elder seeds. Serum acylcarnitines and urine organic acid profiles in SPM horses were typical for MADD. The hypoglycin A metabolite methylenecyclopropylacetic acid (MCPA), known to be toxic in other species, was found in conjugated form in SPM horse serum and urine. Horses with SPM had longer turn-out, more overgrazed pastures, and less supplemental feeding than control horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE For the first time, SPM has been linked to a toxin in seeds abundant on autumn pastures whose identified metabolite, MCPA, is known to cause acquired MADD, the pathological mechanism behind SPM and AM. Further research is required to determine the lethal dose of hypoglycin A in horses, as well as factors that affect annual seed burden and hypoglycin A content in Acer species in North America and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Valberg
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA.
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Votion DM. The story of equine atypical myopathy: a review from the beginning to a possible end. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:281018. [PMID: 23762581 PMCID: PMC3671727 DOI: 10.5402/2012/281018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Atypical myopathy (AM) is a frequently fatal seasonal pasture myopathy that emerges in Europe. Outbreaks are of an acute and unexpected nature and practitioners should be prepared to handle these critically ill patients. This review retraces the history of AM and describes results of epidemiological investigations that were conducted to raise hypotheses concerning the etiology of this devastating disease as well as to be able to suggest potential preventive measures. Also, clinical studies have contributed to a better definition and recognition of the syndrome, whereas elucidation of the pathological process, identified as a multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), was a great step forward improving medical management of AM and guiding the search for the etiological agent towards toxins that reproduce the identified defect. Treatment plans can be extrapolated from the described clinical signs and metabolic problems, but they remain limited to supportive care until the causative agent has been identified with certainty. Since treatment is still unsuccessful in the majority of cases, the main emphasis is currently still on prevention. This paper aims at being a practical support for equine clinicians dealing with AM and is based on discussion and comparison of the currently available scientific data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique-Marie Votion
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B41, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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van Galen G, Votion DM. Management of cases suffering from atypical myopathy: Interpretations of descriptive, epidemiological and pathophysiological findings. Part 2: Muscular, urinary, respiratory and hepatic care, and inflammatory/infectious status. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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van Galen G, Votion DM. Management of cases suffering from atypical myopathy: Interpretations of descriptive, epidemiological and pathophysiological findings. Part 1: First aid, cardiovascular, nutritional and digestive care. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sponseller BT, Valberg SJ, Schultz NE, Bedford H, Wong DM, Kersh K, Shelton GD. Equine multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) associated with seasonal pasture myopathy in the midwestern United States. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1012-8. [PMID: 22708588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal pasture myopathy (SPM) is a highly fatal form of nonexertional rhabdomyolysis that occurs in pastured horses in the United States during autumn or spring. In Europe, a similar condition, atypical myopathy (AM), is common. Recently, a defect of lipid metabolism, multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), has been identified in horses with AM. OBJECTIVE To determine if SPM in the United States is caused by MADD. ANIMALS Six horses diagnosed with SPM based on history, clinical signs, and serum creatine kinase activity, or postmortem findings. METHODS Retrospective descriptive study. Submissions to the Neuromuscular Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Minnesota were reviewed between April 2009 and January 2010 to identify cases of SPM. Inclusion criteria were pastured, presenting with acute nonexertional rhabdomyolysis, and serum, urine, or muscle samples available for analysis. Horses were evaluated for MADD by urine organic acids, serum acylcarnitines, muscle carnitine, or histopathology. RESULTS Six horses had clinical signs and, where performed (4/6 horses), postmortem findings consistent with SPM. Affected muscle (4/4) showed degeneration with intramyofiber lipid accumulation, decreased free carnitine concentration, and increased carnitine esters. Serum acylcarnitine profiles (3/3) showed increases in short- and medium-chain acylcarnitines and urinary organic acid profiles (3/3) revealed increased ethylmalonic and methylsuccinic acid levels, and glycine conjugates, consistent with equine MADD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Similar to AM, the biochemical defect causing SPM is MADD, which causes defective muscular lipid metabolism and excessive myofiber lipid content. Diagnosis can be made by assessing serum acylcarnitine and urine organic acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Verheyen T, Decloedt A, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Cardiac changes in horses with atypical myopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1019-26. [PMID: 22646196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical myopathy (AM) is an acute, fatal rhabdomyolysis in grazing horses that mainly affects skeletal muscles. Postmortem examinations have shown that myocardial damage also occurs. Limited information is available on the effect of AM on cardiac function in affected and surviving horses. OBJECTIVES To describe electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes associated with AM in the acute stage of the disease and after follow-up. ANIMALS Horses (n = 12) diagnosed with AM in which cardiac ultrasound examination and ECG recording were available. METHODS All horses underwent clinical examinations, serum biochemistry, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. Four surviving horses underwent the same examinations after 2-10 weeks. RESULTS All but 1 horse had increased cardiac troponin I concentrations and 10 horses had ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs). All horses had prolonged corrected QT (QT(cf) ) intervals on the day of admission and abnormal myocardial wall motion on echocardiography. One of the surviving horses still had VPDs and prolonged QT(cf) at follow-up after 10 weeks. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The AM results in characteristic electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes and may be associated with increased cardiac troponin I concentrations and VPDs. In survivors, abnormal cardiac function still may be found at follow-up after 10 weeks. Additional research in a larger group of horses is necessary to identify the long-term effects of AM on cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Verheyen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Votion DM, Gnaiger E, Lemieux H, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Serteyn D. Physical fitness and mitochondrial respiratory capacity in horse skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34890. [PMID: 22529950 PMCID: PMC3329552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the animal kingdom, horses are among the most powerful aerobic athletic mammals. Determination of muscle respiratory capacity and control improves our knowledge of mitochondrial physiology in horses and high aerobic performance in general. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We applied high-resolution respirometry and multiple substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration protocols to study mitochondrial physiology in small (1.0-2.5 mg) permeabilized muscle fibres sampled from triceps brachii of healthy horses. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity (pmol O(2) • s(-1) • mg(-1) wet weight) with combined Complex I and II (CI+II) substrate supply (malate+glutamate+succinate) increased from 77 ± 18 in overweight horses to 103 ± 18, 122 ± 15, and 129 ± 12 in untrained, trained and competitive horses (N = 3, 8, 16, and 5, respectively). Similar to human muscle mitochondria, equine OXPHOS capacity was limited by the phosphorylation system to 0.85 ± 0.10 (N = 32) of electron transfer capacity, independent of fitness level. In 15 trained horses, OXPHOS capacity increased from 119 ± 12 to 134 ± 37 when pyruvate was included in the CI+II substrate cocktail. Relative to this maximum OXPHOS capacity, Complex I (CI)-linked OXPHOS capacities were only 50% with glutamate+malate, 64% with pyruvate+malate, and 68% with pyruvate+malate+glutamate, and ~78% with CII-linked succinate+rotenone. OXPHOS capacity with glutamate+malate increased with fitness relative to CI+II-supported ETS capacity from a flux control ratio of 0.38 to 0.40, 0.41 and 0.46 in overweight to competitive horses, whereas the CII/CI+II substrate control ratio remained constant at 0.70. Therefore, the apparent deficit of the CI- over CII-linked pathway capacity was reduced with physical fitness. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The scope of mitochondrial density-dependent OXPHOS capacity and the density-independent (qualitative) increase of CI-linked respiratory capacity with increased fitness open up new perspectives of integrative and comparative mitochondrial respiratory physiology.
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van Galen G, Marcillaud Pitel C, Saegerman C, Patarin F, Amory H, Baily JD, Cassart D, Gerber V, Hahn C, Harris P, Keen JA, Kirschvink N, Lefere L, McGorum B, Muller JMV, Picavet MTJE, Piercy RJ, Roscher K, Serteyn D, Unger L, van der Kolk JH, van Loon G, Verwilghen D, Westermann CM, Votion DM. European outbreaks of atypical myopathy in grazing equids (2006-2009): spatiotemporal distribution, history and clinical features. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:614-20. [PMID: 22448904 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Improved understanding of the epidemiology of atypical myopathy (AM) will help to define the environmental factors that permit or support the causal agent(s) to exert toxicity. OBJECTIVES This European survey of AM aimed to describe spatiotemporal distribution, survival, clinical signs, circumstances in which AM develops and its different expressions between countries and over time. METHODS The spatiotemporal distribution, history and clinical features of AM cases reported to the Atypical Myopathy Alert Group from 2006 to 2009 were described. Comparisons of data from the most severely affected countries and from the large outbreaks were made with Fisher's exact and Welch's tests with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS Of 600 suspected cases, 354 met the diagnostic criteria for confirmed or highly probable AM. The largest outbreaks occurred during the autumns of 2006 and 2009 in Belgium, France and Germany. For the first time, donkeys, zebras and old horses were affected, and clinical signs such as gastrointestinal impaction, diarrhoea, penile prolapse, buccal ulceration and renal dysfunction were observed. Affected horses spent >6 h/day on pastures that almost always contained or were surrounded by trees. The latency period was estimated at up to 4 days. Overall survival rate was 26%. Although differences between countries in affected breeds, body condition, horse management and pasture characteristics were recognised, the common presenting clinical signs and mortality were similar between countries. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study describes new data on case details, history and clinical course of AM that is of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic value. However, the true impact of the findings of this study on the development of or severity of AM should be tested with case-control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van Galen
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium.
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van Galen G, Saegerman C, Marcillaud Pitel C, Patarin F, Amory H, Baily JD, Cassart D, Gerber V, Hahn C, Harris P, Keen JA, Kirschvink N, Lefere L, McGorum B, Muller JMV, Picavet MTJE, Piercy RJ, Roscher K, Serteyn D, Unger L, van der Kolk JH, van Loon G, Verwilghen D, Westermann CM, Votion DM. European outbreaks of atypical myopathy in grazing horses (2006-2009): determination of indicators for risk and prognostic factors. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:621-5. [PMID: 22413891 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Appropriate management of atypical myopathy (AM) requires the establishment of an accurate diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, preventive measures to avoid AM need to be refined. OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were as follows: 1) to improve the diagnosis of AM; 2) to identify prognostic predictors; and 3) to refine recommended preventive measures based on indicators of risk factors. METHODS An exploratory analysis of cases in Europe between 2006 and 2009 reported to the Atypical Myopathy Alert Group was conducted. Based on clinical data, reported cases were allocated into 2 groups: confirmed or highly probable AM (AM group; further divided into survivors and nonsurvivors); and cases with a low probability of having AM or with another final diagnosis (non-AM group). Using Welch's test and odds ratios corrected for multiple comparisons, the AM vs. non-AM groups were compared to identify indicators for diagnosis and risk factors, and survivors vs. nonsurvivors in the AM group were compared to identify prognostic factors. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were calculated for specific clinical signs related to final diagnosis and outcome. RESULTS From 600 reported cases, 354 AM cases (survival rate of 26%) and 69 non-AM cases were identified, while there were insufficient data to categorise the remainder. Variables valuable for diagnosing AM compared with similar diseases were as follows: presence of dead leaves and wood and/or trees on pastures; sloping pastures; full-time pasture access; no food supplementation; normal body condition; pigmenturia; normothermia; and congested mucous membranes. Nonsurvival was associated with recumbency, sweating, anorexia, dyspnoea, tachypnoea and/or tachycardia. Survival was associated with remaining standing most of the time, normothermia, normal mucous membranes, defaecation and vitamin and antioxidant therapy. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study refines the list of risk factors for AM. Clinical signs valuable for diagnosis and prognosis have been identified, enabling clinicians to improve management of AM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van Galen
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium.
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Westermann CM, Dorland L, van Diggelen OP, Schoonderwoerd K, Bierau J, Waterham HR, van der Kolk JH. Decreased oxidative phosphorylation and PGAM deficiency in horses suffering from atypical myopathy associated with acquired MADD. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:273-8. [PMID: 21843962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Earlier research on ten horses suffering from the frequently fatal disorder atypical myopathy showed that MADD (multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency) is the biochemical derangement behind atypical myopathy. From five horses that died as a result of this disease and seven healthy control horses, urine and plasma were collected ante mortem and muscle biopsies were obtained immediately post-mortem (2 patients and 7 control horses), to analyse creatine, purine and carbohydrate metabolism as well as oxidative phosphorylation. In patients, the mean creatine concentration in urine was increased 17-fold and the concentration of uric acid approximately 4-fold, compared to controls. The highest degree of depletion of glycogen was observed in the patient with the most severe myopathy clinically. In this patient, glycolysis was more active than in the other patients and controls, which may explain this depletion. One patient demonstrated very low phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM) activity, less than 10% of reference values. Most respiratory chain complex activity in patients was 20-30% lower than in control horses, complex II activity was 42% lower than normal, and one patient had severely decrease ATP-synthase activity, more than 60% lower than in control horses. General markers for myopathic damage are creatine kinase (CK) and lactic acid in plasma, and creatine and uric acid in urine. To obtain more information about the cause of the myopathy analysis of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism as well as oxidative phosphorylation is advised. This study expands the diagnostic possibilities of equine myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Westermann
- Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Van Galen G, Amory H, Busschers E, Cassart D, De Bruijn M, Gerber V, Keen J, Lefere L, Pitel CM, Marr C, Müller JMV, Pineau X, Saegerman C, Sandersen C, Serteyn D, Torfs S, Unger L, Verwilghen D, Votion DM. European outbreak of atypical myopathy in the autumn 2009. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20:528-32. [PMID: 20955305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical myopathy is an acute, severe rhabdomyolysis occurring in grazing horses. In the beginning of October 2009, a new outbreak occurred in several European countries. Geographic, demographic and clinical data of the reported cases in the month October 2009 are described. KEY FINDINGS The survival rate in this outbreak was 25%. The most frequently observed clinical signs were congested mucous membranes, dyspnea, tachycardia, depression, weakness, stiffness, recumbency, trembling, sweating, and myoglobinuria. Nonsurvivors were significantly more likely to be recumbent than survivors. Prognostic factors, symptomatic treatment, and preventive measures are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE Differences were encountered during the described outbreak of atypical myopathy in October 2009 compared with previous outbreaks reported. Equine practitioners should be aware that previous epidemiological studies have shown that after a high prevalence in the autumn, new cases are likely to occur in the following spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Van Galen
- Equine Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liege University, Liege, Belgium.
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Unger-Torroledo L, Straub R, Lehmann AD, Graber F, Stahl C, Frey J, Gerber V, Hoppeler H, Baum O. Lethal toxin of Clostridium sordellii is associated with fatal equine atypical myopathy. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:487-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Vercauteren G, van der Heyden S, Lefère L, Chiers K, Laevens H, Ducatelle R. Concurrent atypical myopathy and equine dysautonomia in two horses. Equine Vet J 2010; 39:463-5. [PMID: 17910273 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x206409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This report concerns 2 horses that suffered typical clinical signs of atypical myopathy (AM) and equine grass sickness (EGS) concurrently. Clinical details and pathological lesions of the cases are described. EGS and AM are relatively rare diseases and the concurrency of the diseases in the same animals is therefore considered unlikely to be a coincidence. However, it is not suggested that the evidence shows a common aetiology but rather the existence of common predisposing causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vercauteren
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Votion DM, Hahn CN, Milne EM. Concurrent conditions in single cases: The need to differentiate equine dysautonomia (grass sickness) and atypical myopathy. Equine Vet J 2010; 39:390-2. [PMID: 17910260 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x229468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Votion
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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Veterinary science and the Internet: Tangible help for a better understanding of equine atypical myopathy. Vet J 2009; 180:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Finno CJ, Spier SJ. Prevention and treatment of equine atypical myopathy - an acute, highly fatal disease of unknown etiology. Vet J 2008; 178:163-4. [PMID: 18554966 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Westermann CM, Dorland L, Votion DM, de Sain-van der Velden MGM, Wijnberg ID, Wanders RJA, Spliet WGM, Testerink N, Berger R, Ruiter JPN, van der Kolk JH. Acquired multiple Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in 10 horses with atypical myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:355-64. [PMID: 18406615 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to assess lipid metabolism in horses with atypical myopathy. Urine samples from 10 cases were subjected to analysis of organic acids, glycine conjugates, and acylcarnitines revealing increased mean excretion of lactic acid, ethylmalonic acid, 2-methylsuccinic acid, butyrylglycine, (iso)valerylglycine, hexanoylglycine, free carnitine, C2-, C3-, C4-, C5-, C6-, C8-, C8:1-, C10:1-, and C10:2-carnitine as compared with 15 control horses (12 healthy and three with acute myopathy due to other causes). Analysis of plasma revealed similar results for these predominantly short-chain acylcarnitines. Furthermore, measurement of dehydrogenase activities in lateral vastus muscle from one horse with atypical myopathy indeed showed deficiencies of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (0.66 as compared with 2.27 and 2.48 in two controls), medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (0.36 as compared with 4.31 and 4.82 in two controls) and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (0.74 as compared with 1.43 and 1.61 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) in two controls). A deficiency of several mitochondrial dehydrogenases that utilize flavin adenine dinucleotide as cofactor including the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases of fatty acid beta-oxidation, and enzymes that degrade the CoA-esters of glutaric acid, isovaleric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, isobutyric acid, and sarcosine was suspected in 10 out of 10 cases as the possible etiology for a highly fatal and prevalent toxic equine muscle disease similar to the combined metabolic derangements seen in human multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency also known as glutaric acidemia type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Westermann
- Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Votion DM, Linden A, Delguste C, Amory H, Thiry E, Engels P, van Galen G, Navet R, Sluse F, Serteyn D, Saegerman C. Atypical myopathy in grazing horses: a first exploratory data analysis. Vet J 2008; 180:77-87. [PMID: 18396430 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, atypical myopathy (AM) in grazing horses has emerged in several European countries. An exploratory analysis was conducted to determine horse- and pasture-level indicators or factors associated with AM in Belgium. Belgian cases of AM confirmed by histology (n=57) were compared to their healthy co-grazing horses (n=77) and to pastured horses not involved with AM as controls (n=386). The pastures where confirmed cases were grazing (42 pastures; 38 sites; 44 incidences of AM) were compared with those of the controls (216 pastures; 96 sites; no incidence of AM). Statistically significant (P< or =0.05) exploratory variables, identified by means of adjusted odds ratios, suggested that indicators or factors associated with individual horses (young age, inactivity, body condition poor to normal), management practices (permanent pasturing, spreading of manure) and pasture characteristics (humid, sloping pastures, accumulated dead leaves, presence of waterway) may increase the risk of AM. Specific interventions based on these factors might help to reduce the incidence of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique-M Votion
- Equine Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Aleman M. A review of equine muscle disorders. Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:277-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Equine atypical myopathy: a review. Vet J 2008; 178:185-90. [PMID: 18375157 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atypical myopathy (AM) is an acute rhabdomyolysis syndrome that occurs at irregular intervals in grazing equines. An increasing number of outbreaks have been reported in recent years, including some from countries where the disease has not previously been diagnosed. In this review, clinical and other details of outbreaks of AM are analysed to better define its epidemiological profile. Potential aetiologies are discussed, the short clinical course of AM is described and the main biochemical and pathological findings are considered. Recommendations for medical management are suggested, based on a review of clinical reports. Biochemical and histopathological findings have been integrated in order to characterise the physiopathology of AM. There is an ongoing requirement to record new cases of this syndrome, ideally through an epidemiological network.
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Votion DM, Linden A, Saegerman C, Engels P, Erpicum M, Thiry E, Delguste C, Rouxhet S, Demoulin V, Navet R, Sluse F, Serteyn D, Galen G, Amory H. History and Clinical Features of Atypical Myopathy in Horses in Belgium (2000-2005). J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Cassart D, Fett T, Sarlet M, Baise E, Coignoul F, Desmecht D. Flow cytometric probing of mitochondrial function in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Vet Res 2007; 3:25. [PMID: 17903245 PMCID: PMC2045081 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-3-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morphopathological picture of a subset of equine myopathies is compatible with a primary mitochondrial disease, but functional confirmation in vivo is still pending. The cationic dye JC-1 exhibits potential-dependent accumulation in mitochondria that is detectable by a fluorescence shift from green to orange. As a consequence, mitochondrial membrane potential can be optically measured by the orange/green fluorescence intensity ratio. A flow cytometric standardized analytic procedure of the mitochondrial function of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells is proposed along with a critical appraisal of the crucial questions of technical aspects, reproducibility, effect of time elapsed between blood sampling and laboratory processing and reference values. RESULTS The JC-1-associated fluorescence orange and green values and their ratio were proved to be stable over time, independent of age and sex and hypersensitive to intoxication with a mitochondrial potential dissipator. Unless time elapsed between blood sampling and laboratory processing does not exceed 5 hours, the values retrieved remain stable. Reference values for clinically normal horses are given. CONCLUSION Whenever a quantitative measurement of mitochondrial function in a horse is desired, blood samples should be taken in sodium citrate tubes and kept at room temperature for a maximum of 5 hours before the laboratory procedure detailed here is started. The hope is that this new test may help in confirming, studying and preventing equine myopathies that are currently imputed to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Cassart
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Thomas Fett
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Michaël Sarlet
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Baise
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Freddy Coignoul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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