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Sanigavatee K, Poochipakorn C, Huangsaksri O, Wonghanchao T, Rodkruta N, Chanprame S, Wiwatwongwana T, Chanda M. Comparison of daily heart rate and heart rate variability in trained and sedentary aged horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 137:105094. [PMID: 38750946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Athletic horses are usually retired from equestrian competition at an advanced age. Aged horses may then continue to have regular exercise or are sedentary. The comparison of autonomic regulation between sedentary aged horses (SAH) and trained aged horses (TAH) after retirement remains unpublished. This study compared daily heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability between 11 SAH and 11 TAH over 22 h (07.00 h to 05.00 h on an alternate day) and during the day and night. An increase in mean beat-to-beat (RR) intervals (p < 0.01-0.0001) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) index (p < 0.05-0.0001), corresponding to the decreased HR and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) index (p < 0.01-0.0001), was observed at night. Compared to SAH, lowered mean HR and SNS index, corresponding to elevated mean RR intervals and very-low-frequency bands, were marked in TAH during the day (p < 0.05 for all variables). Whereas the standard deviation of the RR intervals index was higher in TAH than in SAH during the day and night (p < 0.05 for both periods). It was suggested that aged horses with different physical activities revealed distinct autonomic responses. TAH demonstrated higher HRV than SAH during the day. A decreased HR in TAH is prone to result from a reduced SNS role, leading to a shift toward more PNS activity during the day. More research is warranted to determine to what extent the autonomic regulation is modulated by accompanying higher exercise volume or programmed exercise in aged horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokpan Sanigavatee
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Chanoknun Poochipakorn
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand; Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Onjira Huangsaksri
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand; Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Thita Wonghanchao
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand; Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Rodkruta
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Sarisa Chanprame
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Thanakorn Wiwatwongwana
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Metha Chanda
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand; Thailand Equestrian Federation, Sports Authority of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Burger D, Vidondo B, Gerber V, Deillon D, Müller A, Scheidegger M, Käser R, Ramseyer A. High-level competition exercise and related fatigue are associated with stride and jumping characteristics in eventing horses. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:631-641. [PMID: 37694590 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue and related injuries to the musculoskeletal system are among the most frequent reasons for the withdrawal of high-level eventing horses from the sport. The safety of both horse and rider is very important, and early detection of fatigue is crucial. OBJECTIVES To investigate elite eventing horses in competitive events focusing on biomechanical, cardiovascular and metabolic variables across the cross-country test and to identify their potential associations with fatigue. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational exploratory field study. METHODS Observations on 54 cross-country tests of 33 horses at five competitive, high-level events were evaluated using sternal accelerometric analysis of stride parameters between and at the jumps. Blood lactate concentration and heart rate were determined 10 min after finishing. The differences in kinematic parameters between the course start and end were analysed with mixed models for repeated measures. Associations between blood lactate and heart rate recovery with the kinematic variables were quantified with Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS We observed numerous stride characteristics between the jumps and the jumps changing over time during the courses. Blood lactate concentrations were positively correlated with the mean maximal strike power at the jumps in the last minute of the course (r = 0.41; p < 0.001), and the latter was negatively correlated with the mean stride height over the jumps (r = -0.41; p = 0.003). MAIN LIMITATIONS The sample contained horses of varying breeds, sexes and ages, and different horses participated in different events. CONCLUSIONS We identified several kinematic changes during a cross-country test depending on event, speed and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Burger
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, University of Bern, Avenches, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz Vidondo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, University of Bern, Avenches, Switzerland
| | | | - Antonia Müller
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, University of Bern, Avenches, Switzerland
| | - Milena Scheidegger
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, University of Bern, Avenches, Switzerland
| | - Rebekka Käser
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, University of Bern, Avenches, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Ramseyer
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, University of Bern, Avenches, Switzerland
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Schrurs C, Dubois G, Van Erck-Westergren E, Gardner DS. Cardiovascular Fitness and Stride Acceleration in Race-Pace Workouts for the Prediction of Performance in Thoroughbreds. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1342. [PMID: 38731345 PMCID: PMC11083884 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In-training racehorse physiological data can be leveraged to further explore race-day performance prediction. To date, no large retrospective, observational study has analysed whether in-training speed and heart rate recovery can predict racehorse success. Speed (categorised as 'slow' to 'fast' according to the time taken to cover the last 600 m from a virtual finish line) and heart rate recovery (from gallop to 1 min after exercise) of flat racehorses (n = 485) of varying age, sex and type according to distance (e.g., sprinter, miler and stayer) were obtained using a fitness tracker from a single racing yard in Australia. Race-pace training sessions on turf comprised 'fast gallop' (n = 3418 sessions) or 'jumpout' (n = 1419). A posteriori racing information (n = 3810 races) for all 485 racehorses was extracted and combined with training data. Race performance was categorised as win/not-win or podium or not, each analysed by logistic regression. Colts (p < 0.001), stayers (p < 0.001) and being relatively fast over the last 600 m of a benchmark test in training (p < 0.008) were all predictive of race performance. Heart rate recovery after exercise (p = 0.21) and speed recorded at 600 m of a 1 km benchmark test in training (p = 0.94) were not predictive. In-training physiological data analytics used along with subjective experience may help trainers identify promising horses and improve decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Schrurs
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | | | - David S. Gardner
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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Basal Reactivity Evaluated by Infrared Thermography in the "Caballo de Deporte Español" Horse Breed According to Its Coat Color. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192515. [PMID: 36230256 PMCID: PMC9559532 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses have been valued for their diversity of coat color since prehistoric times. In particular, the pleiotropic effect that coat color genes have on behavior determines the way the horse perceives and reacts to its environment. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of coat color on basal reactivity assessed with infrared thermography as eye temperature at rest (ETR), determine their relation with the results obtained by these horses in Show Jumping competitions and to estimate the genetic parameters for this variable to test its suitability for genetic selection. A General Linear Model (GLM) and Duncan post-hoc analysis indicated differences in ETR due to coat color, sex, age, location, and breed-group factors. A Spearman’s rank correlation of 0.11 (p < 0.05) was found with ranking, indicating that less reactive horses were more likely to achieve better rankings. Heritability values ranged from 0.17 to 0.22 and were computed with a model with genetic groups and a model with residual variance heterogeneity. Breeding values were higher with the last genetic model, thus demonstrating the pleiotropic effect of coat color. These results indicate that ETR has a suitable genetic basis to be used in the breeding program to select for basal reactivity due to coat color.
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Schrurs C, Dubois G, Patarin F, Cobb M, Gardner D, Van Erck-Westergren E. Cardiovascular and locomotory parameters during training in Thoroughbred racehorses: a multi-national study. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep210037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies assessing concurrent speed, cardiovascular physiology and biomechanical parameters in racehorses during training have been rarely reported, mostly due to a lack of available comprehensive technology. Here, using a validated device (the ‘Equimetre’™) that records all parameters simultaneously, we report the effect of increased training speed and thus intensity, from slow canter to hard gallop, on racehorse heart rate, heart rate recovery and on biomechanical parameters, such as stride length and frequency. We also demonstrate the effects of varying track surface, horse age and sex. Cohorts comprised a total of 509 Thoroughbred racehorses in-training in either Australia or France, completing a total of 1,124 and 6,016 training sessions, respectively. Horses varied by age (2-9 years old) and sex (including geldings) and were trained by either a single trainer (Australia) or two trainers (France); both using multiple training centres that varied by track surface (sand, turf or fibre). Data were analysed using Analysis of Variation (ANOVA) or linear mixed-effect models as appropriate. Racehorses increased speed predominantly by an increment in stride length, then frequency, both of which varied according to track surface (shorter stride on sand; P<0.001). Cardiovascular parameters (peak, and recovery of, heart rate) increased with training intensity, but not linearly (Ptrend<0.001). Older horses recorded lower heart rate at 15 mins after training (P=0.002), often due to lower achieved peak heart rate at most training intensities (P<0.001 for the cohort in Australia). In conclusion, this immersive field study demonstrates the value of technology for recording physiological and biomechanical parameters of racehorses-in-training. The data could inform trainers, jockeys and owners on aspects of individual racehorse health, welfare and suitability for certain races.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Schrurs
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - G. Dubois
- Arioneo, 94 Boulevard Auguste Blanqui, 75013 Paris, France
| | - F. Patarin
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - M. Cobb
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - D.S. Gardner
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Kirsch K, Fercher C, Horstmann S, von Reitzenstein C, Augustin J, Lagershausen H. Monitoring Performance in Show Jumping Horses: Validity of Non-specific and Discipline-specific Field Exercise Tests for a Practicable Assessment of Aerobic Performance. Front Physiol 2022; 12:818381. [PMID: 35095574 PMCID: PMC8795742 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.818381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Show jumping is a highly specialized equestrian discipline that requires technical skill but also power and fitness. Monitoring the horses’ aerobic performance is therefore essential in order to verify whether the training has induced the desired cardiovascular and muscular adaptations. This study therefore aimed at evaluating the validity of non-specific and discipline-specific field exercise tests for objective evaluation of aerobic performance in show jumpers. For this purpose, data obtained from horses competing at Junior and Young Rider level during show jumping competitions as well as field exercise tests were retrospectively analyzed. The effect of the level of difficulty, the horses’ age, the penalty score and the horses’ previous level of performance on blood lactate concentrations after show jumping competitions (100 observations in 49 horses) was evaluated by linear mixed effects models (horse as random effect). Estimated marginal means significantly increased from 140 (4.1 mmol/L) to 150 cm (5.2 mmol/L) classes (P = 0.02). Furthermore, post-exercise lactate values significantly increased with the horses’ age (P = 0.001). Another group of 12 horses performed a standardized incremental field exercise test on a track (SETtrack), a standardized show jumping course (SETcourse) and a standardized grid exercise (SETgrid) each on three consecutive days. Indices of aerobic performance, derived from the SETtrack [velocity at a heart rate of 140 bpm (V140) and at a lactate concentration of 2 mmol/L (VLa2)] were highly correlated with heart rate (V140: r = −0.75, P = 0.005; VLa2: r =−0.66, P = 0.02) and lactate (V140: r = −0.73, P = 0.02; VLa2: r = −0.72, P = 0.02) in response to SETcourse as well as heart rate during SETgrid (V140: r = −0.73, P = 0.02; VLa2: r = −0.76, P = 0.01). Subjective rating of muscular fatigue was significantly correlated to the mean heart rate during SETcourse (r = −0.64, P = 0.05) and SETgrid (r = −0.74, P = 0.02) but not to the aerobic indices calculated from SETtrack. Besides non-specific incremental field tests, performance monitoring in show jumpers should therefore also include discipline-specific tests that more closely reflect the internal load induced by show jumping competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kirsch
- German Olympic Committee for Equestrian Sports, Warendorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katharina Kirsch,
| | | | | | | | - Julia Augustin
- Olympic Training Center NRW/Westphalia, Warendorf, Germany
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Oliveira T, Bogossian P, Hilgert A, Fernandes W. Use of external nasal strip influences alveolar cell population of horses after exercise. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The nasal strip is widely used in horses during exercise, but effects of using a nasal strip are controversial and little is known about its effect on horses undergoing endurance events. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of nasal strips influences alveolar cell population assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), tidal volume, and nasal airflow rate. Six Arabian horses were subjected to two low intensity tests on a treadmill, with and without application of a commercial external nasal strip. Tidal volumes and airflow rates were measured during the test; two hours after the test, BAL was performed to assess cytology of pulmonary secretions. The lavage fluid showed increased neutrophil count after exercise in animals with the nasal strip (P<0.05). This suggests that turbulence of airflow through the nasal cavity may have diminished with nasal strip use, thus allowing larger particles to be deposited more distally in the respiratory system, inducing a more intense neutrophilic response. No differences in tidal volumes or airflow rates were observed between groups (with or without nasal strips) during the test (P>0.05). The use of nasal strips seems to influence alveolar cell population during and after exercise in horses after low intensity exercise tests. Further studies are needed to verify whether alveolar cell population is related to poor exercise performance in horses.
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Cabrera AMZ, Soto MJC, Aranzales JRM, Valencia NMC, Gutiérrez MPA. Blood lactate concentrations and heart rates of Colombian Paso horses during a field exercise test. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 13:100185. [PMID: 34189341 PMCID: PMC8219982 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart rate during the field exercise test increased according to the protocol used. The blood lactate concentration values during the test were remarkably dispersed. The mean blood lactate clearance percentage was 56.3 ± 16, similar in most animals. The heart rate at which a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/L was reached was notably different among individuals.
Information on performance indices in Paso horses is scarce. Field exercise tests are necessary to recreate the exertion that occurs during training and competition. To describe blood lactate concentrations and heart rates of untrained Colombian Paso horses (CPHs) in response to a field exercise test. A 30-minutes-long standardized field exercise test was carried out on 11 untrained adult CPHs of both sexes. Blood lactate concentration (BLConc) and heart rate (HR) were measured before, during each step of the test, and at recovery. The BLConc and HR were used to calculate the HR at which a BLConc of 4 mmol/L or anaerobic threshold (HRL4) was reached. The HR during the field exercise test increased according to the protocol used. The BLConc during the test was variable and, despite having been increasing like the HR, the distribution of the values in each step of the test was remarkably dispersed. The mean blood lactate clearance (BLClear) percentage was 56.3 ± 16, similar in most animals. The HRL4 was reached at a notably different HR among individuals (132 to 251 bpm). The field exercise test protocol used herein is useful to assess BLConc and HR changes in acute response to exercise in CPHs. It would be useful to evaluate training kinetics with other parameters including cell blood count and muscle enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Zuluaga Cabrera
- Centauro Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, AA 1226, Medellín Colombia
| | | | - José R Martínez Aranzales
- Centauro Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, AA 1226, Medellín Colombia
| | - Nathalia M Correa Valencia
- Centauro Research Group, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, AA 1226, Medellín Colombia
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Bartolomé E, Perdomo-González DI, Sánchez-Guerrero MJ, Valera M. Genetic Parameters of Effort and Recovery in Sport Horses Assessed with Infrared Thermography. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030832. [PMID: 33809482 PMCID: PMC8001494 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The way a horse activates (effort phase-EP) and recovers (recovery phase-RP) during a sport event can affect its sport performance. The aim of this manuscript was to test horses’ adaptation to sport performance and its genetic basis, using eye temperature assessed with infrared thermography. EP and RP were measured in 495 Spanish Sport Horses, during a performance test, considering sex (2) and genetic lines (5) as fixed effects. The ranking position obtained on the official sport competition celebrated the day after the performance test was also collected. Differences in variables due to genetic line and sex effects were found, showing that, regardless of the genetic line, stallions tended to recover better than mares after the sport test developed. High positive correlations were found between EP and RP for both fixed effects, so that, the higher the EP, the higher the RP. However, for the ranking position, a low negative correlation was found, so that the higher the eye temperature increase, the better the position. Heritabilities showed medium–high values with a medium positive genetic correlation between them. Thus, breed origins and sex influence horses’ effort and recovery during sport performance, showing a genetic basis adequate for selection. Abstract The way a horse activates (effort phase-EP) and recovers (recovery phase-RP) during a sport event can affect its sport performance. The aim of this manuscript was to test horses’ adaptation to sport performance and its genetic basis, using eye temperature assessed with infrared thermography. EP and RP were measured in 495 Spanish Sport Horses, during a performance test, considering sex (2) and genetic lines (5) as fixed effects. The ranking position obtained on an official sport competition was also collected. Differences in variables due to genetic line and sex effects were found, showing that, regardless of the genetic line, stallions tended to recover better than mares after the sport test developed. High positive intra-class correlations (p < 0.001) were found between EP and RP for both fixed effects, so that the higher the EP, the higher the RP. However, for the ranking position, a low negative correlation (p < 0.01) was found, so that the higher the eye temperature increase, the better the position. Heritabilities showed medium–high values with a medium positive genetic correlation between them. Thus, breed origins and sex influence horses’ effort and recovery during sport performance, showing a genetic basis adequate for selection.
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Bogossian PM, Di Filippo PA, Correia-Oliveira CR. Effect of racetrack surface on glycolytic activity of trained endurance horses. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1842625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Moreira Bogossian
- Department of Internal Medicine – School of Veterinary Medicine an Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Alessandra Di Filippo
- Clinical and Animal Surgery Laboratory – Science and Agricultural Technology Center, State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kirsch K, Horstmann S, Holzhausen H, Serteyn D, Sandersen C. Heart rate and blood lactate responses during the cross-country test of 2-star to 5-star eventing competitions. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the physiological demands of cross-country competitions at different levels. Heart rates (HR) and post exercise blood lactate concentrations (LAC) measured between 2010 and 2019 in response to 1,463 cross-country competitions (437 at 2-star, 703 at 3-star, 313 at 4-star and 10 at 5-star level) in 294 horses were analysed. The effect of competition level, mean velocity, height profile, total distance, number of jumping efforts, climate, age, sex, percentage of Thoroughbred blood and performance level on HR, LAC, HR recovery and LAC disappearance rates was evaluated by Linear Mixed Effects Models. Mean HR and LAC significantly increased from 2-star to 4-star level (P<0.001). Each 30 m/min increase in mean velocity was associated with a 3 beats/min increase in HR (P<0.001) and a 41% increase in LAC (P<0.001) and each 30 m increase in cumulative elevation with a 2 beats/min increase in HR (P<0.001) and a 32% increase in LAC (P<0.001). Each 20 m increase in mean distance per jumping effort was associated with a 1 beat/min decrease in HR (P<0.01) and a 13% decrease in LAC (P<0.001). Compared to Warmbloods, horses with 75% Thoroughbred blood had 4 beats/min lower HRs (P<0.05) and 34% lower LAC values (P<0.001). Each 5 years increase in age was associated with a 4 beats/min decrease in HR (P<0.001, only in mares) and an 11% decrease in LAC (P<0.01). The HRs during the first 3 minutes of recovery were higher at warmer and more humid conditions (P<0.05). The rate of LAC disappearance was higher in horses with higher percentages of Thoroughbred blood (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Kirsch
- University of Liège, Clinical Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B41, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
- German Olympic Committee for Equestrian Sports, Freiherr-von-Langen-Str. 15, 48231 Warendorf, Germany
| | - S. Horstmann
- German Olympic Committee for Equestrian Sports, Freiherr-von-Langen-Str. 15, 48231 Warendorf, Germany
| | - H. Holzhausen
- Olympic Centre Warendorf, Dr.-Rau-Alle 32, 48231 Warendorf, Germany
| | - D. Serteyn
- University of Liège, Clinical Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B41, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | - C. Sandersen
- University of Liège, Clinical Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B41, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium
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Greco-Otto P, Bond S, Sides R, Bayly W, Leguillette R. Conditioning equine athletes on water treadmills significantly improves peak oxygen consumption. Vet Rec 2020; 186:250. [PMID: 31511399 PMCID: PMC7057798 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Equine water treadmills (WT) were initially designed for rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries, but are also commonly used for conditioning sport horses, however the effects are not well documented. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of an 18-day WT conditioning programme on peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak). Nine unfit Thoroughbreds were used in a randomised controlled trial. Six horses worked daily for 18 days in stifle-height water (WT group), while 3 control horses worked without water (dry treadmill group (DT)). Preconditioning and postconditioning maximal exercise racetrack tests (800 m) were performed using a portable ergospirometry system. Measured outcomes were V̇O2, tidal volume, minute ventilation, breathing frequency, heart rate, blood lactate and instantaneous and average speed. The workload as assessed by V̇O2 was 21.7 per cent of preconditioning V̇O2peak values for WT horses. V̇O2peak on the racetrack increased by 16.1 per cent from preconditioning to postconditioning in the WT horses (P=0.03), but did not change in the DT horses. Therefore, exercising horses in high water heights may improve conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Greco-Otto
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephanie Bond
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raymond Sides
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Warwick Bayly
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Dunstan RH, Macdonald MM, Thorn B, Wood D, Roberts TK. Modelling of amino acid turnover in the horse during training and racing: A basis for developing a novel supplementation strategy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226988. [PMID: 31899789 PMCID: PMC6941815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses in heavy training in preparation for racing and competition have increased metabolic demands to support the more intensive levels of exercise and recovery. However, little is known at the metabolic level about amino acid turnover and the specific alterations of demand caused by high intensity exercise. During exercise, certain amino acids are required in greater quantities due to disproportionate losses via excretory systems and usage in biosynthetic pathways. This investigation has built a theoretical computer model in an attempt to bring together the published rates of protein intake and utilisation to try to understand how some amino acids might be in higher demand than others. The model indicated that after evaluation of the daily amino acid turnover, glutamine/glutamic acid (Glx), serine and ornithine were in negative nitrogen balance which identified these amino acids as critical limiting factors for anabolism. Adjustment of the modelling conditions to cater for high intensity training indicated that an additional demand was placed on eight amino acids, including GLx, valine, lysine, histidine and phenylalanine which could thus become limiting under these conditions. The modelling results indicated that an amino acid supplement with the correct amino acids to match demand could theoretically be beneficial to a 500Kg horse in quantities of 20-80g/day. These results open new avenues of research for specifically tailoring amino acid supplementation to meet demands for sports horses in heavy training and improving general well-being, especially in hotter climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hugh Dunstan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Margaret M. Macdonald
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Brittany Thorn
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - David Wood
- Horsepower Pty Ltd, Windsor, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy K. Roberts
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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Wilson G, McGowan C. Recovery heart rates as a predictor of race position in race-fit National Hunt racehorses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of race-fitness using the principles of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption is a potentially valuable applied exercise physiology tool. We hypothesised that horses with a faster heart rate recovery (HRR) after a field test would perform better in their subsequent race. Twenty mature (17 experienced, 3 unraced) National Hunt horses (15 geldings, 5 mares; 6.5±1.1 years; 489±33.5 kg), underwent 34 pre-race 3-interval field exercise tests using telemetric heart rate (HR) and global positioning satellite (GPS) monitoring on a 1,400 m track inclined 32 m. Horses were classified into 3 groups based on post-exercise HRR values obtained 1 minute after peak HR during interval 3 (>140 bpm; unfit; 120-140 bpm; fit-to-race; <120 bpm; fully fit). All horses were from the same yard, under the same management and in their final stage of training (race-ready). Horses were excluded if they were lame or clinically unwell. The outcome measure of finishing in the top third of the field was compared to classification using 2×2 tables (Statcalc, EpiInfo). Peak HR, peak speed and 1 min HRR were 213.4±5.1 bpm, 49.3±1.8 kph and 125.3±15.8 for interval 3. Horses classified as unfit (n=8) did not race. Fully fit and fit-to-race horses competed in 26 jump races (23 hurdles, 3 bumper; 3,200-5,000 m). Fully fit (n=16) horses were more likely to finish in the top 3rd of the field than fit-to-race (n=10) (odds ratio 12.0; 95% confidence interval 1.8-81.7; P=0.01). We conclude that HRR following interval exercise can be used as a predictor of race position in National Hunt racehorses and a useful guide for trainers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Wilson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - C.M. McGowan
- University of Liverpool Department of Equine Clinical Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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Daden R, Zarhouni FZ, Chakir J, Piro M, Achaâban MR, Ouassat M, El Allali K. Plasmapheresis Effect on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Athletic Horses Subjected to Exercise. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 81:102785. [PMID: 31668306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of plasmapheresis on clinical, hematological, and biochemical parameters after exercise, a plasmapheresis session was realized on six jumping horses (plasmapheresis group) that underwent three consecutive days of physical graded exercise. The control group (n = 6) went through the same exercise but not subjected to the plasmapheresis session. Seventeen milliliters of plasma/kg of body weight was harvested from each horse. The procedure was well tolerated by the horses. The plasmapheresis leads to a significant increase of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell, white blood cell, and lymphocytes counts. Plasmapheresis induced a very significant decrease (P < .001) of albumin and globulin levels and of total protein, which were reestablished 24 hours later. Plasmapheresis also generated a very significant increase (P < .001) in sodium levels and a significant decline of potassium (P < .05) and calcium (P < .01) levels. Several other biochemical variables remained unchanged. Results also showed that, after a significant rise of lactate, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase levels which are subsequent to the exercise, the plasmapheresis session induced a very significant continuous decrease (P < .001) of these parameters. The present work has demonstrated that the plasmapheresis is able to modify the physiology after exercise and to affect both the hematology and the biochemistry of the blood hematobiochemical parameters in horses subjected to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réda Daden
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Anatomy Unit/URAC49, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco; Jumenterie de Zouada, Veterinary Hospital- Royal Guard, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Fatima Zahraa Zarhouni
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Anatomy Unit/URAC49, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jamal Chakir
- Veterinary Hospital- Royal Guard, Rabat-Morocco, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Piro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, PMC- EC, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Rachid Achaâban
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Anatomy Unit/URAC49, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Ouassat
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Anatomy Unit/URAC49, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khalid El Allali
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Comparative Anatomy Unit/URAC49, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco.
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Navas de Solis C. Cardiovascular Response to Exercise and Training, Exercise Testing in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:159-173. [PMID: 30871829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiology of exercise and training is fascinating, and hundreds of interesting studies have given insight into its mechanisms. Exercise testing is a useful clinical tool that can help veterinarians assess poor performance, fitness, and performance potential and prevent injuries. The clinically applicable aspects of cardiovascular adaptions to training and exercise testing are highlighted in this review. Different exercise tests should be used to evaluate horses performing in different disciplines and levels. Exercise tests that simultaneously assess several body systems can be beneficial when assessing poor performance, because this is often a multifactorial problem with signs not detectable at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Navas de Solis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA.
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17
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Jäderkvist Fegraeus K, Velie BD, Axelsson J, Ang R, Hamilton NA, Andersson L, Meadows JRS, Lindgren G. A potential regulatory region near the EDN3 gene may control both harness racing performance and coat color variation in horses. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13700. [PMID: 29845762 PMCID: PMC5974718 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Swedish-Norwegian Coldblooded trotter and the heavier North-Swedish draught horse both descend from the North-Swedish horse, but the Coldblooded trotters have been selected for racing performance while the North-Swedish draught horse is mainly used for agricultural and forestry work. By comparing the genomes of Coldblooded trotters, North-Swedish draught horses and Standardbreds for a large number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the aim of the study was to identify genetic regions that may be under selection for racing performance. We hypothesized that the selection for racing performance, in combination with unauthorized crossbreeding of Coldblooded trotters and Standardbreds, has created regions in the genome where the Coldblooded trotters and Standardbreds are similar, but differ from the North-Swedish draught horse. A fixation index (Fst) analysis was performed and sliding window Delta Fst values were calculated across the three breeds. Five windows, where the average Fst between Coldblooded trotters and Standardbreds was low and the average Fst between Coldblooded trotters and North-Swedish draught horses was high, were selected for further investigation. Associations between the most highly ranked SNPs and harness racing performance were analyzed in 400 raced Coldblooded trotters with race records. One SNP showed a significant association with racing performance, with the CC genotype appearing to be negatively associated. The SNP identified was genotyped in 1915 horses of 18 different breeds. The frequency of the TT genotype was high in breeds typically used for racing and show jumping while the frequency of the CC genotype was high in most pony breeds and draught horses. The closest gene in this region was the Endothelin3 gene (EDN3), a gene mainly involved in melanocyte and enteric neuron development. Both functional genetic and physiological studies are needed to fully understand the possible impacts of the gene on racing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Jäderkvist Fegraeus
- Department of Animal Breeding & GeneticsSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Brandon D. Velie
- Department of Animal Breeding & GeneticsSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Jeanette Axelsson
- Department of Animal Breeding & GeneticsSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Rachel Ang
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | | | - Leif Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding & GeneticsSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyScience for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative BiosciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Jennifer R. S. Meadows
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyScience for Life LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Gabriella Lindgren
- Department of Animal Breeding & GeneticsSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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18
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Souza L, Hunka M, Nery P, Coelho C, Manso H, Filho HM. The effect of repeated barrel racing on blood biomarkers and physiological parameters in Quarter Horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate barrel horses undergoing a field test with one repetition. Quarter-Horses were used (14 males and females; average age: 6.5 years old), and they ran two times for 5 min in the same field. Six different periods were evaluated: rest (T-0), immediately after the first (T-1) and second races (T-2), and after 15 (T-15), 30 (T-30) and 240 min (T-240) of recovery. Heart rate (HR), speed, distance and duration were measured using a HR monitor with GPS during the races. Blood was collected to determinate glucose, lactate, total proteins (TP), albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, uric acid (UA), triglycerides, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), and cortisol concentrations, as well as to perform a haemogram. The results were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey’s tests using a P-value of 5%, and they showed a maximum HR>200 bpm after both races. The largest %HR>>170 bpm occurred in the second race (P<0.05). Glucose and lactate concentrations were elevated at T-2 (P<0.05). TP, creatinine, UA and triglycerides concentrations remained elevated at T-1, T-2 and T-30 (P<0.05). TP and creatinine concentrations returned to basal concentrations at T-30 (P>0.05), and UA and triglycerides returned to base concentrations at T-240 (P>0.05). NEFA, cholesterol, GGT and CK concentrations did not change (P>0.05). Cortisol concentrations were higher at T-2 (P<0.05) but at T-240 were similar to T-0 (P>0.05). Red blood cell concentrations and haematocrits had higher values after the second race (P<0.05). These results showed that barrel horses had intense exercise and that two races with a short rest interval between them produced similar metabolic and physiologic adaptations between races, showing that the proposed protocol may be a useful tool for field characterisation of horses’ training and may contribute to the implementation of adequate training and nutritional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.A. Souza
- Equine Research Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Recife, 52171-900 PE, Brazil
| | - M.M. Hunka
- Equine Research Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Recife, 52171-900 PE, Brazil
| | - P.C.R. Nery
- UNINASSAU, Rua Joaquim Nabuco 778, Recife, 50010-480 PE, Brazil
| | - C.S. Coelho
- Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n., Salvador, 40170-115 BA, Brazil
| | - H.E.C.C.C. Manso
- Equine Research Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Recife, 52171-900 PE, Brazil
| | - H.C. Manso Filho
- Equine Research Center, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Recife, 52171-900 PE, Brazil
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19
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Hines MT. Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems. EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7158300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44329-6.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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20
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Stefánsdóttir G, Gunnarsson V, Ragnarsson S, Jansson A. Physiological response to an experimental 100 m flying pace race in Icelandic horses and effect of rider. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the physiological response to an experimental 100 m flying pace race (EPR) in Icelandic horses with pace-competition experience, and whether there was an effect of rider. A cross-over design with nine horses and two riders was used. The EPR was performed twice (once with each rider) with four days of rest in-between. The EPR consisted of two runs (I and II), of which at least 100 m was in pace at full speed according to international competition rules. Plasma lactate concentration increased and was greater after pace run II than I (18.5±1.3 vs 11.9±0.7 mmol/l; P<0.001). Heart rate was higher during pace run I than II (207±3 vs 205±3; P=0.02). Heart rate and Lact had not recovered 30 min post exercise but Hct was back to resting level after 30 min recovery. Speed did not differ between riders and pace runs (pooled mean ± standard deviation of pace runs: 10.4±0.7 m/s, range 9.2-12.1 m/s) but HR and Lact were higher from warm-up and until 30 min recovery with rider 1 than 2 (P<0.001). There was a negative correlation between post EPR Lact with rider 1 and previous best record (r2=0.72, P=0.032). To conclude, a 100 m flying pace race in the Icelandic horse is a high-intensity exercise and anaerobic metabolism is crucial for performance. The rider had an effect on the physiological response but it is unclear if it was due to body weight, riding style or both. The practical relevance of the differences observed between riders remains to be proven but our results indicate that they may have limited impact on single day competitions since the speed was the same with the two riders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.J. Stefánsdóttir
- Department of Equine Science, Hólar University College, 551 Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7024, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - V.Þ. Gunnarsson
- Department of Equine Science, Hólar University College, 551 Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - S. Ragnarsson
- Department of Equine Science, Hólar University College, 551 Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - A. Jansson
- Department of Equine Science, Hólar University College, 551 Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Castejon-Riber C, Riber C, Rubio MD, Agüera E, Muñoz A. Objectives, Principles, and Methods of Strength Training for Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Jang HJ, Kim DM, Kim KB, Park JW, Choi JY, Oh JH, Song KD, Kim S, Cho BW. Analysis of metabolomic patterns in thoroughbreds before and after exercise. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1633-1642. [PMID: 28728374 PMCID: PMC5666199 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Evaluation of exercise effects in racehorses is important in horseracing industry and animal health care. In this study, we compared metabolic patterns between before and after exercise to screen metabolic biomarkers for exercise effects in thoroughbreds. Methods The concentration of metabolites in muscle, plasma, and urine was measured by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis and the relative metabolite levels in the three samples were compared between before and after exercise. Subsequently, multivariate data analysis based on the metabolic profiles was performed using orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and variable important plots and t-test was used for basic statistical analysis. Results From 1H NMR spectroscopy analysis, 35, 25, and 34 metabolites were detected in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Aspartate, betaine, choline, cysteine, ethanol, and threonine were increased over 2-fold in the muscle; propionate and trimethylamine were increased over 2-fold in the plasma; and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were increased over 2-fold whereas acetoacetate, arginine, citrulline, creatine, glutamine, glutarate, hippurate, lysine, methionine, phenylacetylglycine, taurine, trigonelline, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine N-oxide were decreased below 0.5-fold in the urine. The OPLS-DA showed clear separation of the metabolic patterns before and after exercise in the muscle, plasma, and urine. Statistical analysis showed that after exercise, acetoacetate, arginine, glutamine, hippurate, phenylacetylglycine trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and trigonelline were significantly decreased and alanine, glycerol, inosine, lactate, and pyruvate were significantly increased in the urine (p<0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, we analyzed integrated metabolic patterns in the muscle, plasma, and urine before and after exercise in racehorses. We found changed patterns of metabolites in the muscle, plasma, and urine of racehorses before and after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Duk-Moon Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jeong-Woong Park
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Choi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Jin Hyeog Oh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
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Bogossian P, Piffer M, Maschietto F, Bezerra K, Oliveira T, Fernandes G, Hilgert A, Stievani F, Martins T, Fernandes W. Effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on exercise performance in horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep160036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism related to the practice of oral carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation prior to intense exercise of a short duration (<30 min) for athletic horses remains unclear. Several studies in human athletes showed that the central nervous system played an important role in the enhancement of athletic performance due to CHO contact with undefined receptors in the oropharyngeal mucosa. This study aims to investigate the influence of CHO mouth rinse on the exercise performance of horses. In this double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study, seven Mangalarga Marchador horses underwent a standardised exercise test (SET) in a field. The following protocols involving a single mouthwash (1 litre) had been used: a mouth rinse of 6.4% maltodextrin-water solution (CHO test), and a mouth rinse of only water solution (placebo test). The mean plasma lactate concentration immediately after SET (lactate peak) was higher in the CHO test (24.33±3.72 mmol/l) than in the placebo test (18.19±4.01 mmol/l), (P<0.001). No difference was observed in the mean time-to-exhaustion, mean and maximum heart rate, plasma glucose concentration and serum creatinine-kinase activity. Several studies described that there were improvements in the time-trial performance of cyclists and runners after a mouth rinse of CHO solution, whereas some did not. Carbohydrate mouth rinse had no influence on exercise performance in this study. Further investigations are required, as the significance of an increased plasma lactate concentration due to a CHO mouth rinse has yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.M. Bogossian
- Department of Internal Medicine – School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, 87 Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 5508 270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M.L.T. Piffer
- Department of Internal Medicine – School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, 87 Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 5508 270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F.B. Maschietto
- Department of Internal Medicine – School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, 87 Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 5508 270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K.B. Bezerra
- Department of Internal Medicine – School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, 87 Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 5508 270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T. Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine – School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, 87 Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 5508 270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G.P.C. Fernandes
- Department of Internal Medicine – School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, 87 Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 5508 270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A.R. Hilgert
- Department of Internal Medicine – School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, 87 Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 5508 270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F.C. Stievani
- Department of Internal Medicine – School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, 87 Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 5508 270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T.R. Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine – School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, 87 Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 5508 270 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W.R. Fernandes
- Department of Internal Medicine – School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, 87 Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, 5508 270 São Paulo, Brazil
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de Bruijn CM, Houterman W, Ploeg M, Ducro B, Boshuizen B, Goethals K, Verdegaal EL, Delesalle C. Monitoring training response in young Friesian dressage horses using two different standardised exercise tests (SETs). BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:49. [PMID: 28196500 PMCID: PMC5309987 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most Friesian horses reach their anaerobic threshold during a standardized exercise test (SET) which requires lower intensity exercise than daily routine training. AIM to study strengths and weaknesses of an alternative SET-protocol. Two different SETs (SETA and SETB) were applied during a 2 month training period of 9 young Friesian dressage horses. SETB alternated short episodes of canter with trot and walk, lacking long episodes of cantering, as applied in SETA. Following parameters were monitored: blood lactic acid (BLA) after cantering, average heart rate (HR) in trot and maximum HR in canter. HR and BLA of SETA and SETB were analyzed using a paired two-sided T-test and Spearman Correlation-coefficient (p* < 0.05). RESULTS BLA after cantering was significantly higher in SETA compared to SETB and maximum HR in canter was significantly higher in SETA compared to SETB. The majority of horses showed a significant training response based upon longitudinal follow-up of BLA. Horses with the lowest fitness at start, displayed the largest training response. BLA was significantly lower in week 8 compared to week 0, in both SETA and SETB. A significantly decreased BLA level after cantering was noticeable in week 6 in SETA, whereas in SETB only as of week 8. In SETA a very strong correlation for BLA and average HR at trot was found throughout the entire training period, not for canter. CONCLUSIONS Young Friesian horses do reach their anaerobic threshold during a SET which requires lower intensity than daily routine training. Therefore close monitoring throughout training is warranted. Longitudinal follow up of BLA and not of HR is suitable to assess training response. In the current study, horses that started with the lowest fitness level, showed the largest training response. During training monitoring HR in trot rather than in canter is advised. SETB is best suited as a template for daily training in the aerobic window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Willem Houterman
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Stellingenweg 10, Oldeholtpade, 8474 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Ploeg
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Ducro
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berit Boshuizen
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Stellingenweg 10, Oldeholtpade, 8474 EA, The Netherlands.,Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Klaartje Goethals
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth-Lidwien Verdegaal
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - Catherine Delesalle
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
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Allen KJ, Young LE, Franklin SH. Evaluation of heart rate and rhythm during exercise. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Allen
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre; University of Bristol; Langford UK
| | - L. E. Young
- Specialist Equine Cardiology Services; Moat End Suffolk UK
| | - S. H. Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy Australia
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Allen KJ, van Erck-Westergren E, Franklin SH. Exercise testing in the equine athlete. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Allen
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre; University of Bristol; Langford UK
| | | | - S. H. Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia Australia
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Muñoz A, Roldán J, Trigo P, Gómez-Díez M, Satué K, Castejón-Riber C. Loss of Performance in an Endurance Horse With Erythrocytosis and Colic During Exercise. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mata F. Evaluation of Horse Fitness for Exercise: The Use of a Logit-Log Function to Model Horse Postexercise Heart Rate Recovery. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Prospection of genomic regions divergently selected in racing line of Quarter Horses in relation to cutting line. Animal 2014; 8:1754-64. [PMID: 25032727 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of Quarter Horses for different purposes has led to the formation of lines, including racing and cutting horses. The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions divergently selected in racing line of Quarter Horses in relation to cutting line applying relative extended haplotype homozygosity (REHH) analysis, an extension of extended haplotype homozygosity (EHH) analysis, and the fixation index (F ST) statistic. A total of 188 horses of both sexes, born between 1985 and 2009 and registered at the Brazilian Association of Quarter Horse Breeders, including 120 of the racing line and 68 of the cutting line, were genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. On the basis of 27 genomic regions identified as selection signatures by REHH and F ST statistics, functional annotations of genes were made in order to identify those that could have been important during formation of the racing line and that could be used subsequently for the development of selection tools. Genes involved in muscle growth (n=8), skeletal growth (n=10), muscle energy metabolism (n=15), cardiovascular system (n=14) and nervous system (n=23) were identified, including the FKTN, INSR, GYS1, CLCN1, MYLK, SYK, ANG, CNTFR and HTR2B.
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Oliveira KD, Santos VPD, Costa C, Faustino MG, Sá JCD, Heinrichs R, Meirelles PRDL. Parâmetros sanguíneos de cavalos alimentados com concentrados lipídicos submetidos a treinos aeróbicos montados. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402013000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se o fornecimento de concentrados com baixo e alto teor de óleo de soja a cavalos atletas, submetidos a duas intensidades de treinos aeróbicos montados, sobre a resposta metabólica de parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue, de importância ao desempenho esportivo. Foram utilizados quatro cavalos, em delineamento experimental quadrado latino, com tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x2 (duas inclusões de óleo de soja e duas rotinas de treinos aeróbicos). Os tratamentos foram compostos por teores de 5 e 15% de óleo de soja nos concentrados e duas intensidades de treinos montados por 40 e 60min, classificadas como aeróbicas. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas após o último treino de 40 ou 60min, de cada período experimental. Monitorou-se, após o exercício, os parâmetros bioquímicos, triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol total (CT), glicose (GLI) e lactato (LAC). Houve redução no teor TG (P<0,05) para cavalos consumindo 15% de óleo e treinados aerobicamente por 60 min., o CT elevou-se em função do aumento da inclusão de óleo (P<0,05), incremento LAC (P<0,05) em cavalos treinados por 60min., independente do nível de óleo ingerido (1,48mmol/L), bem como não se verificou efeito (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre GLI. Concluiu-se que, para cavalos atletas em atividade aeróbica, o oferecimento de concentrado com alto teor óleo de soja deve ser associado ao treino montado de maior intensidade.
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Genetic analysis of haematological and plasma biochemical parameters in the Spanish purebred horse exercised on a treadmill. Animal 2013; 7:1414-22. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Franklin SH, Van Erck-Westergren E, Bayly WM. Respiratory responses to exercise in the horse. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:726-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. H. Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; University of Adelaide; South Australia; Australia
| | | | - W. M. Bayly
- Office of the Provost; Washington State University; Washington; USA
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Bitschnau C, Wiestner T, Trachsel DS, Auer JA, Weishaupt MA. Performance parameters and post exercise heart rate recovery in Warmblood sports horses of different performance levels. Equine Vet J 2011:17-22. [PMID: 21058977 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Standardised exercise tests are used for fitness evaluation of sports horses. Standards are described for Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds; however, limited information is available for Warmbloods. OBJECTIVES To establish normative standards of performance parameters and heart rate recovery (HRR) in Warmblood riding horses of different levels of fitness using a submaximal incremental exercise test (SIET) performed on a treadmill. METHODS A SIET was carried out with 29 healthy and treadmill-accustomed Warmbloods: eleven 3-day event horses (TDE) and 18 horses from the National Equestrian Centre (NEC) competing in amateur jumping and/or dressage events. After a warm-up phase, horses performed 2 stages at trot and 3-5 stages at gallop at 6% incline. The first stage lasted 120 s, all others 90 s. Velocity (V) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously and blood lactate concentration (LAC) at the end of each exercise stage. V at HR 150 and 200 beats/min (V(150), V(200)), V and HR at 2 and 4 mmol/l LAC (V(2), V(4) and HR(2), HR(4), respectively) were calculated and compared between discipline groups. For reference values, horses were divided on the basis of the V(4) -results in good (GP) and average performers (AP) (performance groups). Five minute passive HRR was compared between performance groups. Fifteen NEC horses were retested within 1-3 months. Groups were compared with t tests and P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Three-day event horses had higher V(150), V(2) and V(4) values than NEC. GP had higher values in all performance parameters compared to AP. No differences were found between test and retest. GP mean recovery HR was different from that of AP from 120 s of recovery onwards. CONCLUSION Treadmill SIETs are suitable to objectify aerobic capacity in Warmblood riding horses. Normative standards were assessed for well and averagely-trained horses. The results can be referred to when diagnosing patients with exercise intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bitschnau
- Equine Department, Sports Medicine Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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FRANKLIN SH, BARAKZAI SZ, COUROUCÉ-MALBLANC A, DIXON P, NANKERVIS KJ, PERKINS JD, ROBERTS CA, VANERCK-WESTERGREN E, ALLEN KJ. Investigation of the incidence and type of injuries associated with high-speed treadmill exercise testing. Equine Vet J 2010:70-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Evans DL, Kiddell L, Smith CL. Pulmonary function measurements immediately after exercise are correlated with neutrophil percentage in tracheal aspirates in horses with poor racing performance. Res Vet Sci 2010; 90:510-5. [PMID: 20678784 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is common in racehorses, and is a cause of wastage in the industry. IAD has been diagnosed by measurement of percent neutrophils (N%) in tracheal aspirates (TA). The aim of this study was to investigate whether spirometric indices of pulmonary function were correlated with N% in TAs. Limits to breathing were measured by analyses of relationships between relative times and relative respiratory gas flows during inspiration and expiration in individual breaths recorded after exercise. Horses with higher N% had significantly lower relative gas flows at the same relative times during inspiration and expiration, suggesting a limit to breathing. These findings confirm a physiological basis for the measurement of N% in TA after exercise for diagnosis of IAD. Spirometric pulmonary function testing using analyses of individual breaths after exercise has application for assessment of pulmonary function and poor exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Evans
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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