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Horan K, Price H, Day P, Mackechnie-Guire R, Pfau T. Timing Differences in Stride Cycle Phases in Retired Racehorses Ridden in Rising and Two-Point Seat Positions at Trot on Turf, Artificial and Tarmac Surfaces. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2563. [PMID: 37627354 PMCID: PMC10451298 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries to racehorses and their jockeys are not limited to the racetrack and high-speed work. To optimise racehorse-jockey dyads' health, well-being, and safety, it is important to understand their kinematics under the various exercise conditions they are exposed to. This includes trot work on roads, turf and artificial surfaces when accessing gallop tracks and warming up. This study quantified the forelimb hoof kinematics of racehorses trotting over tarmac, turf and artificial surfaces as their jockey adopted rising and two-point seat positions. A convenience sample of six horses was recruited from the British Racing School, Newmarket, and the horses were all ridden by the same jockey. Inertial measurement units (HoofBeat) were secured to the forelimb hooves of the horses and enabled landing, mid-stance, breakover, swing and stride durations, plus stride length, to be quantified via an in-built algorithm. Data were collected at a frequency of 1140 Hz. Linear Mixed Models were used to test for significant differences in the timing of these stride phases and stride length amongst the different surface and jockey positions. Speed was included as a covariate. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Hoof landing and mid-stance durations were negatively correlated, with approximately a 0.5 ms decrease in mid-stance duration for every 1 ms increase in landing duration (r2 = 0.5, p < 0.001). Hoof landing duration was significantly affected by surface (p < 0.001) and an interaction between jockey position and surface (p = 0.035). Landing duration was approximately 4.4 times shorter on tarmac compared to grass and artificial surfaces. Mid-stance duration was significantly affected by jockey position (p < 0.001) and surface (p = 0.001), speed (p < 0.001) and jockey position*speed (p < 0.001). Mean values for mid-stance increased by 13 ms with the jockey in the two-point seat position, and mid-stance was 19 ms longer on the tarmac than on the artificial surface. There was no significant difference in the breakover duration amongst surfaces or jockey positions (p ≥ 0.076) for the ridden dataset. However, the mean breakover duration on tarmac in the presence of a rider decreased by 21 ms compared to the in-hand dataset. Swing was significantly affected by surface (p = 0.039) and speed (p = 0.001), with a mean swing phase 20 ms longer on turf than on the artificial surface. Total stride duration was affected by surface only (p = 0.011). Tarmac was associated with a mean stride time that was significantly reduced, by 49 ms, compared to the turf, and this effect may be related to the shorter landing times on turf. Mean stride length was 14 cm shorter on tarmac than on grass, and stride length showed a strong positive correlation with speed, with a 71 cm increase in stride length for every 1 m s-1 increase in speed (r2 = 0.8, p < 0.001). In summary, this study demonstrated that the durations of the different stride cycle phases and stride length can be sensitive to surface type and jockey riding position. Further work is required to establish links between altered stride time variables and the risk of musculoskeletal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Horan
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookmans Park AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK;
| | - Haydn Price
- Little Pastures, Gwehelog, Usk NP15 1RD, Gwent, UK;
| | - Peter Day
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Brookmans Park AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK;
| | | | - Thilo Pfau
- Faculties of Kinesiology and Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
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Rohlf CM, Garcia TC, Marsh LJ, Acutt EV, le Jeune SS, Stover SM. Effects of Jumping Phase, Leading Limb, and Arena Surface Type on Forelimb Hoof Movement. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2122. [PMID: 37443919 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the stance phase of equine locomotion, ground reaction forces are exerted on the hoof, leading first to rapid deceleration ("braking") and later to acceleration ("propulsion") as the hoof leaves the ground. Excessive hoof deceleration has been identified as a risk factor for musculoskeletal injury and may be influenced by arena surface properties. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effect of arena surface type (dirt, synthetic) on hoof translation of the leading and trailing forelimbs during jump takeoff and landing. Solar hoof angle, displacement, velocity, and deceleration were captured using kinematic markers and high-speed video for four horses jumping over a 1.1 m oxer at 12 different arenas (5 dirt, 7 synthetic). Surface vertical impact and horizontal shear properties were measured simultaneously. The effects of surface type (dirt, synthetic), jump phase (takeoff, landing), and limb (leading, trailing) on hoof movement were assessed using ANOVA (p < 0.05), while the relationships of hoof movement with surface mechanical properties were examined with correlation. Slide time (p = 0.032), horizontal velocity of the hoof (p < 0.001), and deceleration (p < 0.001) were greater in the leading limb, suggesting a higher risk of injury to the leading limb when braking. However, surface type and jump phase did not significantly affect deceleration during braking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Rohlf
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tanya C Garcia
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lyndsey J Marsh
- Animal Biology Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elizabeth V Acutt
- Clinical Large Animal Diagnostic Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah S le Jeune
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan M Stover
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Animal Biology Graduate Group, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Rohlf CM, Garcia TC, Fyhrie DP, le Jeune SS, Peterson ML, Stover SM. Arena surface vertical impact forces vary with surface compaction. Vet J 2023; 293:105955. [PMID: 36781018 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of arena surfaces are extrinsic factors for musculoskeletal injury. Vertical impact forces of harrowed and compacted cushion were measured at five locations on 12 arena surfaces (five dirt, seven synthetic [dirt and fiber]). Eight variables related to impact force, displacement, and acceleration were calculated. Surface temperature, cushion depth and moisture content were also measured. The effects of surface material type (dirt/synthetic) and cushion compaction (harrowed/compacted) on vertical impact properties were assessed using an analysis of variance. Relationships of manageable surface properties with vertical impact forces were examined through correlations. Compacted cushion exhibited markedly higher vertical impact force and deceleration with lower vertical displacement than harrowed cushion (P < 0.001), and the effect was greater on dirt than synthetic surfaces (P = 0.039). Vertical displacement (P = 0.021) and soil rebound (P = 0.005) were the only variables affected by surface type. Surface compaction (harrowed, compacted) had a significantly greater effect on vertical impact forces than surface type (dirt, synthetic). By reducing surface compaction through harrowing, extrinsic factors related to musculoskeletal injury risk are reduced. These benefits were more pronounced on dirt than synthetic surfaces. These results indicate that arena owners should regularly harrow surfaces, particularly dirt surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Rohlf
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of California-Davis, 1285 Veterinary Medicine Dr. Bldg. VM3A Rm, 4206, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - T C Garcia
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of California-Davis, 1285 Veterinary Medicine Dr. Bldg. VM3A Rm, 4206, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1275 Medical Science Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - D P Fyhrie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4860 Y Street, Suite 3800, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - S S le Jeune
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1275 Medical Science Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - M L Peterson
- Racing Surfaces Testing Laboratory, University of Kentucky, 907 National Ave, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - S M Stover
- JD Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of California-Davis, 1285 Veterinary Medicine Dr. Bldg. VM3A Rm, 4206, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1275 Medical Science Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hoof Impact and Foot-Off Accelerations in Galloping Thoroughbred Racehorses Trialling Eight Shoe-Surface Combinations. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172161. [PMID: 36077882 PMCID: PMC9454475 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The athletic performance and safety of racehorses is influenced by hoof−surface interactions. This intervention study assessed the effect of eight horseshoe−surface combinations on hoof acceleration patterns at impact and foot-off in 13 galloping Thoroughbred racehorses retired from racing. Aluminium, barefoot, GluShu (aluminium−rubber composite) and steel shoeing conditions were trialled on turf and artificial (Martin Collins Activ-Track) surfaces. Shod conditions were applied across all four hooves. Tri-axial accelerometers (SlamStickX, range ±500 g, sampling rate 5000 Hz) were attached to the dorsal hoof wall (x: medio-lateral, medial = positive; y: along dorsal hoof wall, proximal = positive; and z: perpendicular to hoof wall, dorsal = positive). Linear mixed models assessed whether surface, shoeing condition or stride time influenced maximum (most positive) or minimum (most negative) accelerations in x, y and z directions, using ≥40,691 strides (significance at p < 0.05). Day and horse−rider pair were included as random factors, and stride time was included as a covariate. Collective mean accelerations across x, y and z axes were 22−98 g at impact and 17−89 g at foot-off. The mean stride time was 0.48 ± 0.07 s (mean ±2 SD). Impact accelerations were larger on turf in all directions for forelimbs and hindlimbs (p ≤ 0.015), with the exception of the forelimb z-minimum, and in absolute terms, maximum values were typically double the minimum values. The surface type affected all foot-off accelerations (p ≤ 0.022), with the exception of the hindlimb x-maximum; for example, there was an average increase of 17% in z-maximum across limbs on the artificial track. The shoeing condition influenced all impact and foot-off accelerations in the forelimb and hindlimb datasets (p ≤ 0.024), with the exception of the hindlimb impact y-maximum. Barefoot hooves generally experienced the lowest accelerations. The stride time affected all impact and foot-off accelerations (p < 0.001). Identifying factors influencing hoof vibrations upon landing and hoof motion during propulsion bears implication for injury risk and racing outcomes.
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Caure S, Bonomelli N, Carro M, Leveillard D, Blanville F, Mortagne P, Cousty M, Weller R. Effects of sand, asphalt and 3-degree hind toe or heel elevation on horse kinematics. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e23. [PMID: 34651727 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the effects of both the surfaces and plantar angles on equine locomotion have been widely discussed, limited scientific data are available. METHODS Our objectives were to determine the effects of two surfaces (asphalt and sand) and of 3-degree hind toe or heel elevation on horse kinematics in an experimental study. Six saddle horses were shod with a reference shoeing (REF), characterized by a fore aluminium (REF F) and hind steel racehorse (REF H) shoeing. Two dimensional kinematic videos compared horse's kinematic parameters when walking and trotting on asphalt and sand. On asphalt, REF was also compared with REF F and a modified REF H with additional 3-degree hind-toe or -heel wedges. RESULTS On asphalt versus sand, horses had, at the trot, a shorter stride duration and forelimb maximal retraction, and at walk and trot, a greater fetlock, carpus, elbow and tarsus extension, a greater fore and hind limbs maximal protraction and a shorter hind limbs maximal retraction. Increasing the plantar angle decreased the tarsus and hind fetlock extension, in contrast to fore-limb, on asphalt during the stance phase. CONCLUSIONS These findings could be useful to adapt rehabilitation programs related to fore and hind limb pathologies, at slow gaits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Caure
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Equin de Livet, 1487, Route de Castillon, Livarot-Pays d'Auge 14 140, France
| | - Natacha Bonomelli
- Ontario Veterinary College, Large Animal Clinic, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Marielle Carro
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Noés, parc d'activité des Noés, Plelan Le Grand 35 380, France
| | - Denis Leveillard
- Continuing Education in Farriery, 6, Rue des Dolmens, Saint Piat 28 130, France
| | - Faustine Blanville
- Clinique Vétérinaire Equine de Méheudin, 12, rue des Peupliers, Ecouché Les Vallées 61 150, France
| | - Perrine Mortagne
- Greshippo, 209, Lot barde, Saint Vincent de Mercuze 38 660, France
| | - Matthieu Cousty
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Equin de Livet, 1487, Route de Castillon, Livarot-Pays d'Auge 14 140, France
| | - Renate Weller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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Osteoarticular radiographic findings of the distal forelimbs in Tbourida Horses. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02514. [PMID: 31687602 PMCID: PMC6819765 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tbourida is a traditional Moroccan equestrian sport in which 15 horses gallop 200 m in a line while riders fire into the sky with muskets. The stop is the finale and representative demands of this equestrian event. Such particular sudden stop after a fast gallop requires a hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Indeed, it is well known that Tbourida show predisposes horses to different injuries of the hard and soft tissues of the distal forelimbs. Yet, there is a paucity of research that examined such lesions. The aim of the present study was to investigate for the first time the type and the prevalence of osteoarticular findings in the distal forelimbs of Tbourida horses using radiographic images. The study was conducted on 127 Tbourida horses aged between 2.5 and 15 years old with 6-year-old horses being the most affected. Data analysis showed that 93,7% of horses exhibit degenerative joint lesions of the fetlock, 86,6% showed ossification of the ungual cartilage, 78,7% had enthesophytes associated with the deep digital flexor tendons, 81,1% had enthesophytes associated with the suspensory ligament branches, and 19,6% showed a particular exostosis on the first phalanx. This large number of lesions reflects how this sport is difficult for horses and also argues that animals are suffering from a lack of welfare and care in their husbandry management.
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Seghrouchni M, Bollo E, Piro M, Alyakine H, Bouayad H, Chakir J, Azrib R, Allali KE. Osteochondroma of the First Phalanx in Tbourida Horses. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:328. [PMID: 30671439 PMCID: PMC6331405 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at describing anatomo-histopathological and imaging features, using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging on six ex vivo forelimbs of Tbourida horses, that presented a particular bone exostosis on the dorsal and proximal part of the first phalanx, diagnosed by X-ray. Gross anatomy of the bone exostosis revealed an irregular surface with poly-lobulated tissue masses showing a cauliflower shape. The diameter/depth varied from 0.5 to 5.1 cm with a mean of 3.9 ± 0.9 cm. The capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint was hypertrophic and showed many invaginations in the inner part, in contact with the bone exostosis. Computed tomography revealed cortical and medullary continuity of the bone exostosis, with the underlying bone, and remodeling of the cortical surface of the dorsal and proximal part of the first phalanx. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an increased signal intensity of the bone exostosis on the T1- and T2*-weighted gradient fast echo. Histological examination of the bone exostosis revealed a cap of hyaline cartilage, including large foci of endochondral ossification with a base of cancellous bone surrounding marrow spaces, which confirmed the diagnosis of osteochondroma. The capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint showed a large amount of recently formed connective tissue fibers in its inner part, interspersed with mature connective tissue. The hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joint during a Tbourida show, which occurs on a hard ground surface, and the use of hobbles in horse stabling are most likely responsible for the outgrowth of an osteochondroma of different shapes and sizes, and fracture complications in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Seghrouchni
- Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary, Veterinary University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Enrico Bollo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Mohamed Piro
- Department of Medicine Reproduction and Surgery, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hassan Alyakine
- Department of Medicine Reproduction and Surgery, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hassan Bouayad
- Department of Medicine Reproduction and Surgery, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Rahma Azrib
- Department of Medicine Reproduction and Surgery, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Khalid El Allali
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Veterinary Sciences, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary, Rabat, Morocco
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Caure S, Mortagne P, Leveillard D, Blanville F, Carro M, Cousty M, Salazar D, Weller R. The Influence of Different Hind Shoes and Bare Feet on Horse Kinematics at a Walk and Trot on a Soft Surface. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Barstow A, Bailey J, Campbell J, Harris C, Weller R, Pfau T. Does 'hacking' surface type affect equine forelimb foot placement, movement symmetry or hoof impact deceleration during ridden walk and trot exercise? Equine Vet J 2018; 51:108-114. [PMID: 29665054 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both pleasure and competition horses regularly exercise on surfaces such as tarmac, gravel and turf during 'hacking'. Despite this, there is limited evidence relating to the effect of these surfaces upon foot-surface interaction. OBJECTIVES To investigate forelimb foot placement, hoof vibration and movement symmetry in pleasure horses on three commonly encountered hacking surfaces. STUDY DESIGN Quantitative gait study in a convenience sample. METHODS Six horses regularly partaking in hacking exercise were ridden in walk and trot on all surfaces. Horses were equipped with one hoof-mounted, accelerometer and four body-mounted inertial measurement units (IMUs) to measure foot impact and movement symmetry. High-speed (400 FPS) video footage of foot-placement was acquired (dorsal, palmar, lateral views). Foot-impact and movement symmetry were analysed with a mixed effects model and Bowker symmetry tests for foot-placement analysis. RESULTS Vibration power and frequency parameters increase as perceived surface firmness increases from grass, to gravel, to tarmac (P≤0.001). Vibration power parameters were consistently greater at trot compared with walk (P≤0.001), but the same was not true for vibration frequency (P≥0.2). Greatest movement asymmetry was recorded during grass surface trotting. No significant difference in foot-placement was detected between the three surfaces. MAIN LIMITATIONS This was a field study using three commonly encountered hacking surfaces. Surface properties change easily with water content and temperature fluctuations so care must be taken when considering other similar surfaces, especially at different times of the year. Six leisure horses were used so the results may not be representative of horses of all types. CONCLUSIONS Vibration parameters generally increase as perceived surface firmness increases. Increasing speed alters vibration power but not frequency. Further investigations are required to determine the role that this may play in the development of musculoskeletal disease in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barstow
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.,Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - J Bailey
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - J Campbell
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - C Harris
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - R Weller
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.,Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - T Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.,Structure and Motion Laboratory, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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Rosanowski SM, Chang YM, Stirk AJ, Verheyen KLP. Risk factors for race-day fatality, distal limb fracture and epistaxis in Thoroughbreds racing on all-weather surfaces in Great Britain (2000 to 2013). Prev Vet Med 2017; 148:58-65. [PMID: 29157375 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of race-day injuries in Great Britain (GB) is higher on all-weather (AW) surfaces than on turf. However, to date no studies have focused on identifying risk factors for injury specific to AW racing. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine risk factors for fatality, distal limb fracture (DLF) and episodes of epistaxis in flat racing Thoroughbreds racing on AW surfaces in GB. Data included all flat racing starts on AW surfaces (n=258,193) and race-day veterinary events recorded between 2000 and 2013. Information on additional course-level variables was gathered during face-to-face interviews with racecourse clerks. Horse-, race- and course-level risk factors for each outcome were assessed using mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression including horse as a random effect. A classification tree method was used to identify potential interaction terms for inclusion in the models. During the study period, there were 233 fatalities resulting in a fatality incidence of 0.90 per 1000 starts; 245 DLF with a resultant DLF incidence of 0.95 per 1000 starts and 410 episodes of epistaxis resulting in an epistaxis incidence of 1.59 per 1000 starts. Risk factors varied for each outcome, although some factors were similar across models including the going, racing intensity, horse age, age at first race start, horse and trainer performance variables. Generally, older horses and those that had started racing at an older age were at higher risk of an adverse outcome, albeit with an interaction between the two variables in the fatality model. Faster going increased the odds of epistaxis and DLF but not fatality. Increasing race distance increased the odds of fatality but reduced the odds of epistaxis. Epistaxis was associated with type of AW surface (Fibresand versus Polytrack®), but DLF and fatality were not. This study provides further evidence of the association between the risk of race-day injuries and fatalities and current age, age at first start, race distance, going and horse performance. These findings provide the racing industry with information to develop strategies to reduce the occurrence of race-day events on AW surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rosanowski
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Y M Chang
- Research Office, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - A J Stirk
- British Horseracing Authority, 75 High Holborn, London WC1 6LS, United Kingdom
| | - K L P Verheyen
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
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11
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Comparing subjective and objective evaluation of show jumping competition and warm-up arena surfaces. Vet J 2017; 227:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Symons JE, Hawkins DA, Fyhrie DP, Upadhyaya SK, Stover SM. Modelling the effect of race surface and racehorse limb parameters on in silico fetlock motion and propensity for injury. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:681-687. [PMID: 28128865 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock) is the most commonly affected site of racehorse injury, with multiple observed pathologies consistent with extreme fetlock dorsiflexion. Race surface mechanics affect musculoskeletal structure loading and injury risk because surface forces applied to the hoof affect limb motions. Race surface mechanics are a function of controllable factors. Thus, race surface design has the potential to reduce the incidence of musculoskeletal injury through modulation of limb motions. However, the relationship between race surface mechanics and racehorse limb motions is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of changing race surface and racehorse limb model parameters on distal limb motions. STUDY DESIGN Sensitivity analysis of in silico fetlock motion to changes in race surface and racehorse limb parameters using a validated, integrated racehorse and race surface computational model. METHODS Fetlock motions were determined during gallop stance from simulations on virtual surfaces with differing average vertical stiffness, upper layer (e.g. cushion) depth and linear stiffness, horizontal friction, tendon and ligament mechanics, as well as fetlock position at heel strike. RESULTS Upper layer depth produced the greatest change in fetlock motion, with lesser depths yielding greater fetlock dorsiflexion. Lesser fetlock changes were observed for changes in lower layer (e.g. base or pad) mechanics (nonlinear), as well as palmar ligament and tendon stiffness. Horizontal friction and fetlock position contributed less than 1° change in fetlock motion. MAIN LIMITATIONS Simulated fetlock motions are specific to one horse's anatomy reflected in the computational model. Anatomical differences among horses may affect the magnitude of limb flexion, but will likely have similar limb motion responses to varied surface mechanics. CONCLUSIONS Race surface parameters affected by maintenance produced greater changes in fetlock motion than other parameters studied. Simulations can provide evidence to inform race surface design and management to reduce the incidence of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Symons
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California - Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - D A Hawkins
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - D P Fyhrie
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California - Davis Medical Center Sacramento, Davis, California, USA
| | - S K Upadhyaya
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - S M Stover
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California - Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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13
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Walker VA, Tranquille CA, Newton JR, Dyson SJ, Brandham J, Northrop AJ, Murray RC. Comparison of limb kinematics between collected and lengthened (medium/extended) trot in two groups of dressage horses on two different surfaces. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:673-680. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Walker
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk UK
| | - C. A. Tranquille
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk UK
| | - J. R. Newton
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk UK
| | - S. J. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk UK
| | - J. Brandham
- College of West Anglia Milton, Cambridge Cambridgeshire UK
| | - A. J. Northrop
- Department of Life Sciences Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge Cambridgeshire UK
| | - R. C. Murray
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk UK
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14
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Schweizer C, Ramseyer A, Gerber V, Christen G, Burger D, Wohlfender FD. Retrospective evaluation of all recorded horse race starts in Switzerland during a four year period focusing on discipline-specific risk factors for clinical events. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:697-703. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Schweizer
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME; Agroscope and University of Berne; Switzerland
| | - A. Ramseyer
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME; Agroscope and University of Berne; Switzerland
| | - V. Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME; Agroscope and University of Berne; Switzerland
| | - G. Christen
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME; Agroscope and University of Berne; Switzerland
| | - D. Burger
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME; Agroscope and University of Berne; Switzerland
| | - F. D. Wohlfender
- Veterinary Public Health Institute; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Berne; Switzerland
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15
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Munoz-Nates F, Chateau H, Van Hamme A, Camus M, Pauchard M, Ravary-Plumioen B, Denoix JM, Pourcelot P, Crevier-Denoix N. Accelerometric and dynamometric measurements of the impact shock of the equine forelimb and hindlimb at high speed trot on six different tracks - preliminary study in one horse. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2015; 18 Suppl 1:2012-3. [PMID: 26247449 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2015.1069601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Munoz-Nates
- a Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France.,b INRA, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - H Chateau
- a Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France.,b INRA, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - A Van Hamme
- a Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France.,b INRA, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - M Camus
- a Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France.,b INRA, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - M Pauchard
- a Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France.,b INRA, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - B Ravary-Plumioen
- a Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France.,b INRA, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - J-M Denoix
- a Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France.,c Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, CIRALE , Goustranville , France
| | - P Pourcelot
- a Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France.,b INRA, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - N Crevier-Denoix
- a Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France.,b INRA, USC 957 BPLC , Maisons-Alfort , France
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16
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Parkes RSV, Witte TH. The foot-surface interaction and its impact on musculoskeletal adaptation and injury risk in the horse. Equine Vet J 2015; 47:519-25. [PMID: 25640598 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The equine limb has evolved for efficient locomotion and high-speed performance, with adaptations of bone, tendon and muscle. However, the system lacks the ability seen in some species to dynamically adapt to different circumstances. The mechanical interaction of the limb and the ground is influenced by internal and external factors including fore-hind mass distribution, lead limb, moving on a curve, shoeing and surface properties. It is unclear which of the components of limb loading have the largest effect on injury and performance but peak load, impact and vibration all play a role. Factors related to the foot-ground interface that limit performance are poorly understood. Peak performance varies vastly between disciplines but at high speeds such as racing and polo, force and grip are key limits to performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S V Parkes
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - T H Witte
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
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17
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Symons JE, Fyhrie DP, Hawkins DA, Upadhyaya SK, Stover SM. Modeling equine race surface vertical mechanical behaviors in a musculoskeletal modeling environment. J Biomech 2015; 48:566-572. [PMID: 25634662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Race surfaces have been associated with the incidence of racehorse musculoskeletal injury, the leading cause of racehorse attrition. Optimal race surface mechanical behaviors that minimize injury risk are unknown. Computational models are an economical method to determine optimal mechanical behaviors. Previously developed equine musculoskeletal models utilized ground reaction floor models designed to simulate a stiff, smooth floor appropriate for a human gait laboratory. Our objective was to develop a computational race surface model (two force-displacement functions, one linear and one nonlinear) that reproduced experimental race surface mechanical behaviors for incorporation in equine musculoskeletal models. Soil impact tests were simulated in a musculoskeletal modeling environment and compared to experimental force and displacement data collected during initial and repeat impacts at two racetracks with differing race surfaces - (i) dirt and (ii) synthetic. Best-fit model coefficients (7 total) were compared between surface types and initial and repeat impacts using a mixed model ANCOVA. Model simulation results closely matched empirical force, displacement and velocity data (Mean R(2)=0.930-0.997). Many model coefficients were statistically different between surface types and impacts. Principal component analysis of model coefficients showed systematic differences based on surface type and impact. In the future, the race surface model may be used in conjunction with previously developed the equine musculoskeletal models to understand the effects of race surface mechanical behaviors on limb dynamics, and determine race surface mechanical behaviors that reduce the incidence of racehorse musculoskeletal injury through modulation of limb dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Symons
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California - Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David P Fyhrie
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California - Davis Medical Center Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David A Hawkins
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shrinivasa K Upadhyaya
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Stover
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California - Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
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18
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Effect of superficial harrowing on surface properties of sand with rubber and waxed-sand with fibre riding arena surfaces: a preliminary study. Vet J 2015; 203:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Boye JK, Thomsen MH, Pfau T, Olsen E. Accuracy and precision of gait events derived from motion capture in horses during walk and trot. J Biomech 2014; 47:1220-4. [PMID: 24529754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to create an evidence base for detection of stance-phase timings from motion capture in horses. The objective was to compare the accuracy (bias) and precision (SD) for five published algorithms for the detection of hoof-on and hoof-off using force plates as the reference standard. Six horses were walked and trotted over eight force plates surrounded by a synchronised 12-camera infrared motion capture system. The five algorithms (A-E) were based on: (A) horizontal velocity of the hoof; (B) Fetlock angle and horizontal hoof velocity; (C) horizontal displacement of the hoof relative to the centre of mass; (D) horizontal velocity of the hoof relative to the Centre of Mass and; (E) vertical acceleration of the hoof. A total of 240 stance phases in walk and 240 stance phases in trot were included in the assessment. Method D provided the most accurate and precise results in walk for stance phase duration with a bias of 4.1% for front limbs and 4.8% for hind limbs. For trot we derived a combination of method A for hoof-on and method E for hoof-off resulting in a bias of -6.2% of stance in the front limbs and method B for the hind limbs with a bias of 3.8% of stance phase duration. We conclude that motion capture yields accurate and precise detection of gait events for horses walking and trotting over ground and the results emphasise a need for different algorithms for front limbs versus hind limbs in trot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Katrine Boye
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Hojbakkegaard Allé 5, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Maj Halling Thomsen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Hojbakkegaard Allé 5, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Thilo Pfau
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Emil Olsen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Hojbakkegaard Allé 5, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
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20
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Oosterlinck M, Royaux E, Back W, Pille F. A preliminary study on pressure‐plate evaluation of forelimb toe–heel and mediolateral hoof balance on a hard vs. a soft surface in sound ponies at the walk and trot. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:751-5. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Oosterlinck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - E. Royaux
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - W. Back
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
- Department of Equine Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University The Netherlands
| | - F. Pille
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
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21
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Crevier-Denoix N, Pourcelot P, Holden-Douilly L, Camus M, Falala S, Ravary-Plumioën B, Vergari C, Desquilbet L, Chateau H. Discrimination of two equine racing surfaces based on forelimb dynamic and hoof kinematic variables at the canter. Vet J 2013; 198 Suppl 1:e124-9. [PMID: 24360756 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The type and condition of sport surfaces affect performance and can also be a risk factor for injury. Combining the use a 3-dimensional dynamometric horseshoe (DHS), an accelerometer and high-speed cameras, variables reflecting hoof-ground interaction and maximal limb loading can be measured. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of two racing surfaces, turf and all-weather waxed (AWW), on the forelimbs of five horses at the canter. Vertical hoof velocity before impact was higher on AWW. Maximal deceleration at impact (vertical impact shock) was not significantly different between the two surfaces, whereas the corresponding vertical force peak at impact measured by the DHS was higher on turf. Low frequency (0-200 Hz) vibration energy was also higher on turf; however high frequency (>400 Hz) vibration energy tended to be higher on AWW. The maximal longitudinal force during braking and the maximal vertical force at mid-stance were lower on AWW and their times of occurrence were delayed. AWW was also characterised by larger slip distances and sink distances, both during braking and at maximal sink. On a given surface, no systematic association was found between maximal vertical force at mid-stance and either sink distance or vertical impact shock. This study confirms the damping properties of AWW, which appear to be more efficient for low frequency events. Given the biomechanical changes induced by equestrian surfaces, combining dynamic and kinematic approaches is strongly recommended for a reliable assessment of hoof-ground interaction and maximal limb loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Crevier-Denoix
- Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; INRA, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Philippe Pourcelot
- Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; INRA, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Laurène Holden-Douilly
- Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; INRA, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathieu Camus
- Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; INRA, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvain Falala
- Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; INRA, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bérangère Ravary-Plumioën
- Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; INRA, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claudio Vergari
- Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; INRA, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Loïc Desquilbet
- Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Henry Chateau
- Université Paris Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; INRA, USC 957 BPLC, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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22
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Smith R, McIlwraith W, Schweitzer R, Kadler K, Cook J, Caterson B, Dakin S, Heinegård D, Screen H, Stover S, Crevier-Denoix N, Clegg P, Collins M, Little C, Frisbie D, Kjaer M, van Weeren R, Werpy N, Denoix JM, Carr A, Goldberg A, Bramlage L, Smith M, Nixon A. Advances in the understanding of tendinopathies: A report on the Second Havemeyer Workshop on equine tendon disease. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:4-9. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Smith
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; UK
| | - W. McIlwraith
- Clinical Sciences; Orthopaedic Research Center; Colorado State University; USA
| | - R. Schweitzer
- SOM-Cell and Developmental Biology Department; Oregon Health and Science University; USA
| | - K. Kadler
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; UK
| | - J. Cook
- Department of Physiotherapy; School of Primary Health Care; Monash University; Victoria Australia
| | | | - S. Dakin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College; UK
| | | | - H. Screen
- The School of Engineering and Materials Science; Queen Mary, University of London; UK
| | | | - N. Crevier-Denoix
- Ecole Vétérinaire d'Alfort; UMR INRA-ENVA BPLC (Biomécanique du Cheval); France
| | | | - M. Collins
- Department of Human Biology; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM); South Africa
| | - C. Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories; Kolling Institute of Medical Research; E25 - Royal North Shore Hospital; University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
| | - D. Frisbie
- Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; USA
| | - M. Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Section of Orthopaedics and Internal Medicine; Bispejerg Hospital; Denmark
| | - R. van Weeren
- Equine Sciences; Utrecht University; the Netherlands
| | - N. Werpy
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery; University of Florida; USA
| | | | - A. Carr
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics; Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences; Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre; University of Oxford; UK
| | | | - L. Bramlage
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital; Kentucky USA
| | | | - A. Nixon
- Clinical Sciences; Cornell University; New York USA
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23
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Crevier-Denoix N, Falala S, Holden-Douilly L, Camus M, Martino J, Ravary-Plumioen B, Vergari C, Desquilbet L, Denoix JM, Chateau H, Pourcelot P. Comparative kinematic analysis of the leading and trailing forelimbs of horses cantering on a turf and a synthetic surface. Equine Vet J 2013:54-61. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Crevier-Denoix
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
- INRA; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - S. Falala
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
- INRA; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - L. Holden-Douilly
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
- INRA; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - M. Camus
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
- INRA; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J. Martino
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
- INRA; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - B. Ravary-Plumioen
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
- INRA; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - C. Vergari
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
- INRA; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - L. Desquilbet
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J.-M. Denoix
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; CIRALE; F-14430 Goustranville France
| | - H. Chateau
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
- INRA; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - P. Pourcelot
- Université Paris Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
- INRA; USC 957 BPLC; F-94700 Maisons-Alfort France
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24
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Hernlund E, Egenvall A, Peterson ML, Mahaffey CA, Roepstorff L. Hoof accelerations at hoof-surface impact for stride types and functional limb types relevant to show jumping horses. Vet J 2013; 198 Suppl 1:e27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Northrop AJ, Dagg LA, Martin JH, Brigden CV, Owen AG, Blundell EL, Peterson ML, Hobbs SJ. The effect of two preparation procedures on an equine arena surface in relation to motion of the hoof and metacarpophalangeal joint. Vet J 2013; 198 Suppl 1:e137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Symons JE, Garcia TC, Stover SM. Distal hindlimb kinematics of galloping Thoroughbred racehorses on dirt and synthetic racetrack surfaces. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:227-32. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Symons
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group; University of California; USA
- J. D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; University of California; USA
| | - T. C. Garcia
- J. D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; University of California; USA
| | - S. M. Stover
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group; University of California; USA
- J. D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory; University of California; USA
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Kruse L, Traulsen I, Krieter J. The Use of a Technical Device for Testing the Sport-Functional Properties of Riding Surfaces. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Setterbo JJ, Chau A, Fyhrie PB, Hubbard M, Upadhyaya SK, Symons JE, Stover SM. Validation of a laboratory method for evaluating dynamic properties of reconstructed equine racetrack surfaces. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50534. [PMID: 23227183 PMCID: PMC3515626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Racetrack surface is a risk factor for racehorse injuries and fatalities. Current research indicates that race surface mechanical properties may be influenced by material composition, moisture content, temperature, and maintenance. Race surface mechanical testing in a controlled laboratory setting would allow for objective evaluation of dynamic properties of surface and factors that affect surface behavior. Objective To develop a method for reconstruction of race surfaces in the laboratory and validate the method by comparison with racetrack measurements of dynamic surface properties. Methods Track-testing device (TTD) impact tests were conducted to simulate equine hoof impact on dirt and synthetic race surfaces; tests were performed both in situ (racetrack) and using laboratory reconstructions of harvested surface materials. Clegg Hammer in situ measurements were used to guide surface reconstruction in the laboratory. Dynamic surface properties were compared between in situ and laboratory settings. Relationships between racetrack TTD and Clegg Hammer measurements were analyzed using stepwise multiple linear regression. Results Most dynamic surface property setting differences (racetrack-laboratory) were small relative to surface material type differences (dirt-synthetic). Clegg Hammer measurements were more strongly correlated with TTD measurements on the synthetic surface than the dirt surface. On the dirt surface, Clegg Hammer decelerations were negatively correlated with TTD forces. Conclusions Laboratory reconstruction of racetrack surfaces guided by Clegg Hammer measurements yielded TTD impact measurements similar to in situ values. The negative correlation between TTD and Clegg Hammer measurements confirms the importance of instrument mass when drawing conclusions from testing results. Lighter impact devices may be less appropriate for assessing dynamic surface properties compared to testing equipment designed to simulate hoof impact (TTD). Potential Relevance Dynamic impact properties of race surfaces can be evaluated in a laboratory setting, allowing for further study of factors affecting surface behavior under controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Setterbo
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Anh Chau
- J. D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia B. Fyhrie
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Mont Hubbard
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Shrini K. Upadhyaya
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Symons
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Stover
- J. D. Wheat Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kruse L, Salau J, Traulsen I, Krieter J. Application of Wavelet Filtering to Analyze Acceleration-Time Curves of Horses Trotted on Different Surfaces. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dimock AN, Hoffman KD, Puchalski SM, Stover SM. Humeral stress remodelling locations differ in Thoroughbred racehorses training and racing on dirt compared to synthetic racetrack surfaces. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:176-81. [PMID: 22779946 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A N Dimock
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, USA
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Setterbo JJ, Fyhrie PB, Hubbard M, Upadhyaya SK, Stover SM. Dynamic properties of a dirt and a synthetic equine racetrack surface measured by a track-testing device. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:25-30. [PMID: 22587378 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Setterbo
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Orlande O, Hobbs S, Martin J, Owen A, Northrop A. Measuring hoof slip of the leading limb on jump landing over two different equine arena surfaces. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/cep11011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The amount of hoof slip at the moment of impact can cause musculoskeletal injuries to the horse. Risk of injury is influenced by surface properties, however there is limited understanding of the effect on hoof slip during jump landing. The objectives of this study were to compare hoof slip on two different surfaces and investigate relationships between hoof slip and surface properties. A contact mat and hoof reference marker were designed and validated, the former to indicate the moment of impact and the latter to provide a visible reference marker on the lateral hoof wall. The leading right forelimb of six horses was recorded during jump landing on two different surfaces. Five trials, plus one where the forelimb landed on a contact mat were recorded at 500 Hz using a calibrated high speed camera positioned perpendicular to landing. Surface hardness, penetrability and traction were measured between horses. Horizontal displacement of the hoof reference marker was plotted and smoothed with a Butterworth filter at 25 Hz cut-off. Hoof slip was measured from impact to mid-stance. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Pearson correlations. A significant difference in hoof slip (10% wax = 4.9�2.1 cm and 3% wax = 7.4±3.6 cm) was found between the two surfaces (P<0.01). In addition, hoof slip was correlated with all surface measurements (hardness, penetrability and traction) on the 10% wax surface, but none on the 3% wax surface. Wax content appears to influence hoof slip during jump landing as greater hoof slip was measured on a 3% wax surface and variability on this surface was greater for the group. The results suggest that wax content had an effect on surface properties and greater variability in hardness and traction on the 3% wax surface influenced the consistency with which the horses jumped upon it.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Orlande
- Sparsholt College, Westley Lane, Sparsholt, Winchester SO21 2NF, United Kingdom
| | - S.J. Hobbs
- School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - J.H. Martin
- Myerscough College, St Michaels Road, Bilsborrow, Preston, Lancashire PR3 0RY, United Kingdom
| | - A.G. Owen
- Myerscough College, St Michaels Road, Bilsborrow, Preston, Lancashire PR3 0RY, United Kingdom
| | - A.J. Northrop
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, United Kingdom
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López-Sanromán FJ, Holmbak-Petersen R, Santiago I, Gómez de Segura IA, Barrey E. Gait analysis using 3D accelerometry in horses sedated with xylazine. Vet J 2011; 193:212-6. [PMID: 22082509 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to verify the efficacy and sensitivity of an accelerometric device in detecting and quantifying the degree of movement alteration produced in horses sedated with xylazine. Horses (n=6) were randomly administered either xylazine or a control by intravenous injection, with at least 1 week between each treatment. A triaxial accelerometric device was used for the accelerometric gait assessment 15 min before (baseline) and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min after each treatment. Eight different accelerometric parameters were calculated, including speed, stride frequency, stride length, regularity, dorsoventral power, propulsion power, mediolateral power and total power, with the force of acceleration and the dorsoventral, mediolateral and craniocaudal (propulsive) parts of the power then calculated. Administration of xylazine decreased many of the parameters investigated, with significant differences for speed, stride frequency, dorsoventral power, propulsion power and total power at 5, 15, 30 and 45 min after injection. There were no significant differences in stride length values at any time point. Decreases in regularity values were evident with significant differences at every time point from 5 to 120 min following xylazine injection. Force values were also significantly reduced from 5 to 30 min after treatment and a redistribution of the total power was observed 5 min after injection as the mediolateral power increased significantly, while the dorsoventral power decreased. Accelerometry offers a practical, accurate, easy to use, portable and low cost method of objectively monitoring gait abnormalities at the walk in horses after sedation with xylazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J López-Sanromán
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Setterbo JJ, Yamaguchi A, Hubbard M, Upadhyaya SK, Stover SM. Effects of equine racetrack surface type, depth, boundary area, and harrowing on dynamic surface properties measured using a track-testing device in a laboratory setting. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-011-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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CHATEAU H, HOLDEN L, ROBIN D, FALALA S, POURCELOT P, ESTOUP P, DENOIX JM, CREVIER-DENOIX N. Biomechanical analysis of hoof landing and stride parameters in harness trotter horses running on different tracks of a sand beach (from wet to dry) and on an asphalt road. Equine Vet J 2010:488-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Development of a method to identify foot strike on an arena surface: application to jump landing. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s1755254010000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Crevier-Denoix N, Pourcelot P, Ravary B, Robin D, Falala S, Uzel S, Grison AC, Valette JP, Denoix JM, Chateau H. Influence of track surface on the equine superficial digital flexor tendon loading in two horses at high speed trot. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:257-61. [PMID: 19469232 DOI: 10.2746/042516409x394445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Crevier-Denoix
- UMR INRA-ENVA 957 de Biomécanique et Pathologie Locomotrice du Cheval, Ecole Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Robin D, Chateau H, Pacquet L, Falala S, Valette JP, Pourcelot P, Ravary B, Denoix JM, Crevier-Denoix N. Use of a 3D dynamometric horseshoe to assess the effects of an all-weather waxed track and a crushed sand track at high speed trot: Preliminary study. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:253-6. [PMID: 19469231 DOI: 10.2746/042516409x397965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Robin
- UMR INRA-ENVA 957 de Biomécanique et Pathologie Locomotrice du Cheval, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
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