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Delamare H, Septfons A, Alfandari S, Mailles A. Freshwater sports and infectious diseases: A narrative review. Infect Dis Now 2024; 54:104883. [PMID: 38849257 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2024.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater sports involve a wide range of practices leading to contact with soil and water that can entail exposure to agents of potential infectious diseases. The pathogens can be multiple (bacteria, parasites, viruses, fungi), and be either well-known or more unfamiliar and exotic. We conducted a literature review to describe various infections contracted following exposure to water and mud during freshwater sport activities. Out of the 1011 articles identified, 50 were finally included. Our findings encompassed bacterial infections (leptospirosis and gastrointestinal infections); parasitic infections (schistosomiasis, cercarial dermatitis); viral infections (norovirus and other gastrointestinal viruses; seaweed contamination; and fungal infections. These infections were reported in various countries worldwide among diverse freshwater sport activities, including swimming, surfing, kayaking, as well as extreme sports such as adventure races and mud runs. Water sports in freshwater can expose participants to infectious risks according to geographical location and type of sport. Because regular sport practice is beneficial for health, freshwater sports should not be avoided due to potential exposure to pathogens; that much said, certain precautions should be taken. In addition to adoption of preventive measures, participants should be informed about infectious risks and seek medical advice if symptoms appear after exposure. Current guidelines for assessment of bathing water quality do not suffice to ensure comprehensive evaluation of freshwater quality. Event organizers are called upon to pay close attention to environmental factors and meteorological events, to conduct timely sensitization campaigns, and to enforce appropriate safety measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Delamare
- Direction des Maladies Infectieuses, Santé publique France, Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - Alexandra Septfons
- Direction des Maladies Infectieuses, Santé publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Serge Alfandari
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses, CH Gustave Dron, Tourcoing, France
| | - Alexandra Mailles
- Direction des Maladies Infectieuses, Santé publique France, Saint-Maurice, France.
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Pasquier J, Olive C, Hurtrel G, Turmel JM, Cabié A. Melioidosis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:1057. [PMID: 31559959 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Pasquier
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Martinique, 97261 Fort de France, Martinique France; Equipe d'Accueil, Université des Antilles, Fort de France, Martinique France.
| | - Claude Olive
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU de Martinique, 97261 Fort de France, Martinique France
| | - Guillaume Hurtrel
- Service de Médecine Polyvalente, CHU de Martinique, 97261 Fort de France, Martinique France
| | - Jean-Marie Turmel
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Martinique, 97261 Fort de France, Martinique France
| | - André Cabié
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Martinique, 97261 Fort de France, Martinique France; Equipe d'Accueil, Université des Antilles, Fort de France, Martinique France
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Sanchez-Villamil JI, Torres AG. Melioidosis in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:24. [PMID: 29780897 PMCID: PMC5958912 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an endemic disease in tropical areas around the world. Cumulative human cases have demonstrated that melioidosis is prevalent and increasingly recognized in the American continent. Even though the first reports of melioidosis in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Islands date back to the late 1940s, the potential of the disease as a public health concern in the region has not been fully appreciated. Unfortunately, recent studies predicting the global distribution of the disease and the demonstration of melioidosis endemicity in Puerto Rico have not increased recognition of the disease by health professionals in this region. Furthermore, a lack of both diagnostic capacity and awareness of the disease has resulted in a limited number of studies that have attempted to accurately determine its prevalence and geographical distribution. In this review, a summary of reported cases in the countries of this region are presented, as well as recommendations to increase the diagnosis and awareness of the disease as an important public health problem in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier I. Sanchez-Villamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Sarovich DS, Garin B, De Smet B, Kaestli M, Mayo M, Vandamme P, Jacobs J, Lompo P, Tahita MC, Tinto H, Djaomalaza I, Currie BJ, Price EP. Phylogenomic Analysis Reveals an Asian Origin for African Burkholderia pseudomallei and Further Supports Melioidosis Endemicity in Africa. mSphere 2016; 1:e00089-15. [PMID: 27303718 PMCID: PMC4863585 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00089-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, an environmental bacterium that causes the deadly disease melioidosis, is endemic in northern Australia and Southeast Asia. An increasing number of melioidosis cases are being reported in other tropical regions, including Africa and the Indian Ocean islands. B. pseudomallei first emerged in Australia, with subsequent rare dissemination event(s) to Southeast Asia; however, its dispersal to other regions is not yet well understood. We used large-scale comparative genomics to investigate the origins of three B. pseudomallei isolates from Madagascar and two from Burkina Faso. Phylogenomic reconstruction demonstrates that these African B. pseudomallei isolates group into a single novel clade that resides within the more ancestral Asian clade. Intriguingly, South American strains reside within the African clade, suggesting more recent dissemination from West Africa to the Americas. Anthropogenic factors likely assisted in B. pseudomallei dissemination to Africa, possibly during migration of the Austronesian peoples from Indonesian Borneo to Madagascar ~2,000 years ago, with subsequent genetic diversity driven by mutation and recombination. Our study provides new insights into global patterns of B. pseudomallei dissemination and adds to the growing body of evidence of melioidosis endemicity in Africa. Our findings have important implications for melioidosis diagnosis and management in Africa. IMPORTANCE Sporadic melioidosis cases have been reported in the African mainland and Indian Ocean islands, but until recently, these regions were not considered areas where B. pseudomallei is endemic. Given the high mortality rate of melioidosis, it is crucial that this disease be recognized and suspected in all regions of endemicity. Previous work has shown that B. pseudomallei originated in Australia, with subsequent introduction into Asia; however, the precise origin of B. pseudomallei in other tropical regions remains poorly understood. Using whole-genome sequencing, we characterized B. pseudomallei isolates from Madagascar and Burkina Faso. Next, we compared these strains to a global collection of B. pseudomallei isolates to identify their evolutionary origins. We found that African B. pseudomallei strains likely originated from Asia and were closely related to South American strains, reflecting a relatively recent shared evolutionary history. We also identified substantial genetic diversity among African strains, suggesting long-term B. pseudomallei endemicity in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Sarovich
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - Benoit Garin
- Bacteriological Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Birgit De Smet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mirjam Kaestli
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - Mark Mayo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marc C. Tahita
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS-CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Bart J. Currie
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - Erin P. Price
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
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Hogan C, Wilmer A, Badawi M, Hoang L, Chapman M, Press N, Antonation K, Corbett C, Romney M, Murray M. Melioidosis in Trinidad and Tobago. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:902-4. [PMID: 25897877 PMCID: PMC4412226 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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Dan M. Melioidosis in Travelers: Review of the Literature. J Travel Med 2015; 22:410-4. [PMID: 26503093 DOI: 10.1111/jtm.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis is a bacterial infection endemic essentially in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. In temperate areas, the infection is extremely rare and is almost always imported by travelers or immigrants. The infection may affect almost any organ in the body, with various degrees of severity. METHODS We reviewed the literature on melioidosis in travelers. For this purpose we searched PubMed and Google for relevant articles up to July 2015. RESULTS We have identified 72 cases of melioidosis in travelers published in the literature. Melioidosis in travelers was acquired mostly in Thailand (46% of cases). The mean duration of stay in the endemic area was 36 days (range 7-330 days). Symptoms usually started at 23 days (range 1-360 days) after leaving the endemic area. The clinical presentation was varied, sepsis being the most common (34%) followed by pneumonia (29%) and abscess formation (25%). Melioidosis in travelers was less often associated with predisposing risk factors (37.5%), diabetes mellitus being the most common (21%), and had lower mortality (17%) than had the infection in autochthonous cases in Southeast Asia. CONCLUSIONS Melioidosis in travelers has its own characteristics, which distinguish it from other autochthonous diseases in indigenous populations. The possibility of melioidosis should be considered not only in patients originating from endemic areas, but also in patients returning from travel in those regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dan
- Infectious Disease Clinic, Maccabi Health Services, Bat Yam, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Benoit TJ, Blaney DD, Doker TJ, Gee JE, Elrod MG, Rolim DB, Inglis TJJ, Hoffmaster AR, Bower WA, Walke HT. A Review of Melioidosis Cases in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:1134-9. [PMID: 26458779 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram-negative saprophytic bacillus. Cases occur sporadically in the Americas with an increasing number of cases observed among people with no travel history to endemic countries. To better understand the incidence of the disease in the Americas, we reviewed the literature, including unpublished cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Of 120 identified human cases, occurring between 1947 and June 2015, 95 cases (79%) were likely acquired in the Americas; the mortality rate was 39%. Burkholderia pseudomallei appears to be widespread in South, Central, and North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina J Benoit
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David D Blaney
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas J Doker
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jay E Gee
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mindy G Elrod
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dionne B Rolim
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy J J Inglis
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alex R Hoffmaster
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - William A Bower
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Henry T Walke
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
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Monecke S, Friedrichs A, Pöhlmann C, Hochauf K, Gunzer F, Wiesner D, Sickert W, Steinmetz I, Scholz H, Ehricht R, Schmoock G, Jacobs E. An imported case of melioidosis presenting as pyelonephritis/urosepsis. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Monecke
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Löbstedter Strasse 103-105, D-07749 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anette Friedrichs
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse12, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Pöhlmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Auerbachstraße 110, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kristina Hochauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Gunzer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Diana Wiesner
- Deaconesses' Hospital Dessau, Gropiusallee 3, D-06846 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Ivo Steinmetz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Lutherstrasse 6, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Holger Scholz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, D-80937 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Löbstedter Strasse 103-105, D-07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Gernot Schmoock
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Strasse 96a, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Enno Jacobs
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Saïdani N, Griffiths K, Million M, Gautret P, Dubourg G, Parola P, Brouqui P, Lagier JC. Melioidosis as a travel-associated infection: Case report and review of the literature. Travel Med Infect Dis 2015; 13:367-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jensenius M, Han PV, Schlagenhauf P, Schwartz E, Parola P, Castelli F, von Sonnenburg F, Loutan L, Leder K, Freedman DO. Acute and potentially life-threatening tropical diseases in western travelers--a GeoSentinel multicenter study, 1996-2011. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88:397-404. [PMID: 23324216 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a descriptive analysis of acute and potentially life-threatening tropical diseases among 82,825 ill western travelers reported to GeoSentinel from June of 1996 to August of 2011. We identified 3,655 patients (4.4%) with a total of 3,666 diagnoses representing 13 diseases, including falciparum malaria (76.9%), enteric fever (18.1%), and leptospirosis (2.4%). Ninety-one percent of the patients had fever; the median time from travel to presentation was 16 days. Thirteen (0.4%) patients died: 10 with falciparum malaria, 2 with melioidosis, and 1 with severe dengue. Falciparum malaria was mainly acquired in West Africa, and enteric fever was largely contracted on the Indian subcontinent; leptospirosis, scrub typhus, and murine typhus were principally acquired in Southeast Asia. Western physicians seeing febrile and recently returned travelers from the tropics need to consider a wide profile of potentially life-threatening tropical illnesses, with a specific focus on the most likely diseases described in our large case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mogens Jensenius
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Meckenstock R, Therby A, Marque-Juillet S, Monnier S, Khau D, Pangon B, Greder-Belan A. Cutaneous melioidosis in adolescent returning from Guadeloupe. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:359-60. [PMID: 22305492 PMCID: PMC3310477 DOI: 10.3201/eid1802.111603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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12
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Comparison of TaqMan PCR assays for detection of the melioidosis agent Burkholderia pseudomallei in clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:2059-62. [PMID: 22442327 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06737-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease caused by the soil bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. In diagnostic and forensic settings, molecular detection assays need not only high sensitivity with low limits of detection but also high specificity. In a direct comparison of published and newly developed TaqMan PCR assays, we found the TTS1-orf2 assay to be superior in detecting B. pseudomallei directly from clinical specimens. The YLF/BTFC multiplex assay (targeting the Yersinia-like fimbrial/Burkholderia thailandensis-like flagellum and chemotaxis region) also showed high diagnostic sensitivity and provides additional information on possible geographic origin.
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Meckenstock R, Therby A, Marque-Juillet S, Monnier S, Khau D, Pangon B, Greder-Belan A. Cutaneous Melioidosis in Adolescent Returning from Guadeloupe. Emerg Infect Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.3201/eid1802111603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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