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Dendani Chadi Z, Dib L, Zeroual F, Benakhla A. Usefulness of molecular typing methods for epidemiological and evolutionary studies of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103338. [PMID: 35813112 PMCID: PMC9257419 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In cattle, Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen of increasing importance due to its association with intramammary infections (IMIs), which are a primary cause of antibiotic use on farms and thus of the rise in antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which are frequently isolated from cases of bovine mastitis, represent a public health problem worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and the evolution of these strains relies on typing methods. Such methods were phenotypic at first, but more recently, molecular methods have been increasingly utilized. Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), a high-throughput molecular method for determining genetic diversity and the emergence of host- or udder-adapted clones, appears to be the most useful PCR-based method. Despite the difficulties present in reproducibility, interlaboratory reliability, and hard work, it is agreed that pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) remains the gold standard, particularly for short-term surveillance. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a good typing method for long-term and global epidemiological investigations, but it is not suitable for outbreak investigations. Staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing is the most widely used method today for first-line typing in the study of molecular evolution, and outbreaks investigations. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing has gained popularity for the evolutionary analysis of MRSA strains. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and DNA microarrays that represent relatively new DNA-based technologies, provide more information for tracking antibioresistant and virulent outbreak strains. They offer a higher discriminatory power, but are not suitable for routine use in clinical veterinary medicine at this time. Descriptions of the evolution of these methods, their advantages, and limitations are given in this review.
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Esener N, Maciel-Guerra A, Giebel K, Lea D, Green MJ, Bradley AJ, Dottorini T. Mass spectrometry and machine learning for the accurate diagnosis of benzylpenicillin and multidrug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009108. [PMID: 34115749 PMCID: PMC8221797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a serious human and animal pathogen threat exhibiting extraordinary capacity for acquiring new antibiotic resistance traits in the pathogen population worldwide. The development of fast, affordable and effective diagnostic solutions capable of discriminating between antibiotic-resistant and susceptible S. aureus strains would be of huge benefit for effective disease detection and treatment. Here we develop a diagnostics solution that uses Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and machine learning, to identify signature profiles of antibiotic resistance to either multidrug or benzylpenicillin in S. aureus isolates. Using ten different supervised learning techniques, we have analysed a set of 82 S. aureus isolates collected from 67 cows diagnosed with bovine mastitis across 24 farms. For the multidrug phenotyping analysis, LDA, linear SVM, RBF SVM, logistic regression, naïve Bayes, MLP neural network and QDA had Cohen's kappa values over 85.00%. For the benzylpenicillin phenotyping analysis, RBF SVM, MLP neural network, naïve Bayes, logistic regression, linear SVM, QDA, LDA, and random forests had Cohen's kappa values over 85.00%. For the benzylpenicillin the diagnostic systems achieved up to (mean result ± standard deviation over 30 runs on the test set): accuracy = 97.54% ± 1.91%, sensitivity = 99.93% ± 0.25%, specificity = 95.04% ± 3.83%, and Cohen's kappa = 95.04% ± 3.83%. Moreover, the diagnostic platform complemented by a protein-protein network and 3D structural protein information framework allowed the identification of five molecular determinants underlying the susceptible and resistant profiles. Four proteins were able to classify multidrug-resistant and susceptible strains with 96.81% ± 0.43% accuracy. Five proteins, including the previous four, were able to classify benzylpenicillin resistant and susceptible strains with 97.54% ± 1.91% accuracy. Our approach may open up new avenues for the development of a fast, affordable and effective day-to-day diagnostic solution, which would offer new opportunities for targeting resistant bacteria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Cattle
- Computational Biology
- Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/statistics & numerical data
- Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/veterinary
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
- Female
- Humans
- Mastitis, Bovine/diagnosis
- Mastitis, Bovine/drug therapy
- Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Models, Molecular
- Penicillin G/pharmacology
- Protein Interaction Maps
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis
- Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy
- Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary
- Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
- Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification
- Supervised Machine Learning
- United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Necati Esener
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Maciel-Guerra
- University of Nottingham School of Computer Science, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel Lea
- Digital Research Service, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Green
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Bradley
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
- Quality Milk Management Services ltd, Easton, United Kingdom
| | - Tania Dottorini
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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Maity S, Ambatipudi K. Mammary microbial dysbiosis leads to the zoonosis of bovine mastitis: a One-Health perspective. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6006870. [PMID: 33242081 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a prototypic emerging and reemerging bacterial disease that results in cut-by-cut torture to animals, public health and the global economy. Pathogenic microbes causing mastitis have overcome a series of hierarchical barriers resulting in the zoonotic transmission from bovines to humans either by proximity or remotely through milk and meat. The disease control is challenging and has been attributed to faulty surveillance systems to monitor their emergence at the human-animal interface. The complex interaction between the pathogens, the hidden pathobionts and commensals of the bovine mammary gland that create a menace during mastitis remains unexplored. Here, we review the zoonotic potential of these pathogens with a primary focus on understanding the interplay between the host immunity, mammary ecology and the shift from symbiosis to dysbiosis. We also address the pros and cons of the current management strategies and the extent of the success in implementing the One-Health approach to keep these pathogens at bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa Maity
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, , India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, , India
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4
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Ba X, Kalmar L, Hadjirin NF, Kerschner H, Apfalter P, Morgan FJ, Paterson GK, Girvan SL, Zhou R, Harrison EM, Holmes MA. Truncation of GdpP mediates β-lactam resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 74:1182-1191. [PMID: 30759229 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-level β-lactam resistance in MRSA is mediated in the majority of strains by a mecA or mecC gene. In this study, we identified 10 mec gene-negative MRSA human isolates from Austria and 11 bovine isolates from the UK showing high levels of β-lactam resistance and sought to understand the molecular basis of the resistance observed. METHODS Different antimicrobial resistance testing methods (disc diffusion, Etest and VITEK® 2) were used to establish the β-lactam resistance profiles for the isolates and the isolates were further investigated by WGS. RESULTS A number of mutations (including novel ones) in PBPs, AcrB, YjbH and the pbp4 promoter were identified in the resistant isolates, but not in closely related susceptible isolates. Importantly, a truncation in the cyclic diadenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase enzyme, GdpP, was identified in 7 of the 10 Austrian isolates and 10 of the 11 UK isolates. Complementation of four representative isolates with an intact copy of the gdpP gene restored susceptibility to penicillins and abolished the growth defects caused by the truncation. CONCLUSIONS This study reports naturally occurring inactivation of GdpP protein in Staphylococcus aureus of both human origin and animal origin, and demonstrates clinical relevance to a previously reported association between this truncation and increased β-lactam resistance and impaired bacterial growth in laboratory-generated mutants. It also highlights possible limitations of genomic determination of antibiotic susceptibility based on single gene presence or absence when choosing the appropriate antimicrobial treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Ba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lajos Kalmar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nazreen F Hadjirin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heidrun Kerschner
- National Reference Centre for Antibiotic Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
| | - Petra Apfalter
- National Reference Centre for Antibiotic Resistance and Nosocomial Infections, Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen, Linz, Austria
| | - Fiona J Morgan
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin K Paterson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Samantha L Girvan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and International Research Centre for Animal Disease (Ministry of Science & Technology), College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ewan M Harrison
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Anjum MF, Marco-Jimenez F, Duncan D, Marín C, Smith RP, Evans SJ. Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus From Animals and Animal Products in the UK. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2136. [PMID: 31572341 PMCID: PMC6751287 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is an emerging problem in many parts of the world. Although animal-adapted LA-MRSA has been known for many years, recent reports suggest a possible increasing trend in the zoonotic transmission of LA-MRSA in Europe. Since its emergence in the early 2000's, several investigations have indicated that persons in prolonged, repeated contact with affected livestock are at a higher risk of becoming colonized with LA-MRSA. LA-MRSA monitoring in livestock is voluntary under current EU legislation, and not all member states, including the UK, participate. UK LA-MRSA isolates have been detected through scanning surveillance, where samples are submitted from clinically diseased livestock for diagnostic investigation, and research studies. Surveys conducted on retail beef, pig and poultry meat on sale in the UK have also detected LA-MRSA. Taken together these results suggest that LA-MRSA is present in the UK, possibly at low prevalence level, as suggested by available evidence. In this review, we examine the data available from UK livestock and animal products, and make recommendations for future. We also review the findings from whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the possible lineage of some UK livestock isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna F. Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Marco-Jimenez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Duncan
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Marín
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Richard P. Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Evans
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
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Schnitt A, Tenhagen BA. Risk Factors for the Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Herds: An Update. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:585-596. [PMID: 31433237 PMCID: PMC7549011 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In dairy cows, Staphylococcus aureus is a major mastitis pathogen and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been reported from dairy farms around the world. The risk of foodborne zoonotic infections with bovine MRSA strains seems to be low since MRSA prevalence is low in dairy herds and milk is commonly heat treated before consumption. However, bovine mastitis caused by MRSA is an important issue in veterinary medicine since treatment options with non-β-lactam antibiotics are limited. For the development of effective MRSA prevention strategies, it is necessary to know which factors increase the risk for MRSA transmission into and within dairy herds. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the risk factors for the occurrence of MRSA in dairy herds and to identify the respective knowledge gaps. MRSA was more frequently detected in conventional dairy farms than in organic farms and in larger farms than in smaller farms. Dairy farms housing pigs along with cattle are more frequently affected by MRSA. Moreover, humans carrying MRSA can probably infect dairy cows. Consequently, pigs and humans may introduce new MRSA strains into dairy herds. MRSA transmission within dairy herds was associated with improper milking hygiene procedures. Furthermore, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) were repeatedly isolated from dairy farms. This is an important issue since MR-CoNS may transfer resistance genes to S. aureus. The role of antimicrobial exposure as a risk factor for the occurrence of MRSA within dairy herds needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schnitt
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Barberio A, Mazzolini E, Dall'Ava B, Rosa G, Brunetta R, Zandonà L, Drigo I, Moschioni C, Guolo A, Bonamico S, Busa A, Segalin C, Biasio L, Moroni P, Agnoletti F. A Longitudinal Case Study on Dissemination of ST398 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Within a Dairy Cow Herd. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:761-768. [PMID: 31225744 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to describe the dynamics of ST398 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on a dairy herd in northeastern Italy. MRSA was first identified in this herd of 120 cows in 2016, after which the herd was sampled once every 3 months for 1 year (April 2016-May 2017). Samples collected included nasal swabs and milk samples from cows and nasal swabs from farmworkers. In addition, pen fencing and teat milk liners were swabbed and air samples from cow pens and the milking parlor were collected. All samples were tested for MRSA using a selective medium; positive isolates were confirmed by mecA PCR. A representative set of MRSA isolates was genotyped using spa typing and multilocus sequence typing. Overall, 34 (mean 23%, range 16-30%) milking cows were found harboring MRSA in the mammary gland and only 6 recovered from infection or colonization. The mean incidence rate was 14% (range 8-20%), mean cure rate was 23% (range 13-43%), and estimated basic reproduction number (R0) was 1.08. The average of positive quarters found was 35.1% and most of the positive quarters (82.4%) developed subclinical mastitis. The mean duration of MRSA colonization in quarters during the study was 247 days, but quarters affected by subclinical mastitis harbored MRSA for a longer time than healthy ones (285 days vs. 131 days). After the second sampling, the farmer segregated MRSA-positive cows from the uninfected cows and milked them last. Despite segregation, 25 newly infected or colonized cows were detected. MRSA isolates from cows, environment, and two farmworkers belonged to the same sequence type (ST398) and spa type (t034). This study highlights the ability of ST398 MRSA to cause a persistent infection of the mammary gland and to survive in the farm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barberio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Elena Mazzolini
- Dipartimento di Epidemiologia Veterinaria, Osservatorio epidemiologico veterinario del Friuli Venezia Giulia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Udine, Italy
| | - Brunella Dall'Ava
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Giulia Rosa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Romina Brunetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Luca Zandonà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Ilenia Drigo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Chiara Moschioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Angela Guolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
| | - Sondra Bonamico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Busa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Segalin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Lara Biasio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Agnoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Treviso, Treviso, Italy
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8
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Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) along the production chain of dairy products in north-western Greece. Food Microbiol 2018; 69:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Silva JG, Alcântara AM, Mota RA. Mastite bovina causada por Staphylococcus spp. resistentes à meticilina: revisão de literatura. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-4996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: Staphylococcus spp. são os micro-organismos mais relacionados a casos de mastite bovina. Algumas cepas destes micro-organismos têm apresentado fatores de virulência como genes de resistência a antimicrobianos com destaque para a resistência à meticilina que é um problema de saúde pública. Esta revisão de literatura tem o objetivo de compilar dados sobre a mastite bovina causada por Staphylococcus spp. resistente à meticilina (MRS). Apesar desse antimicrobiano não ser comumente utilizado no tratamento das mastites, a frequência de casos de infecção da glândula mamária causada por MRS tem variado entre 1,34 a 47,6%. Acredita-se que o contato dos humanos com animais positivos para MRS e vice-versa favoreça a transmissão deste patógeno entre as espécies, contribuindo para a variação nas taxas de infecção. A detecção de MRS pode ser realizada por meio de provas fenotípicas, moleculares ou sorológicas e as medidas de controle devem contemplar a identificação dos casos, segregação dos animais, estudo epidemiológico da fonte de infecção do rebanho, além da constante limpeza e higienização do ambiente de confinamento, equipamentos e utensílios de ordenha. Casos de mastite ocasionados por esse patógeno assumem relevância para a saúde pública, pois a ingestão de leite e/ou derivados contaminados podem desencadear a transferência de MRS para seres humanos. Com isso, é necessário um alerta constante quanto à vigilância epidemiológica em fazendas leiteiras.
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10
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Bortolami A, Verin R, Chantrey J, Corrò M, Ashpole I, Lopez J, Timofte D. Characterization of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 and mecC-positive CC130 from Zoo Animals in the United Kingdom. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 23:908-914. [PMID: 28783429 PMCID: PMC5665089 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the characteristics and diseases associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nondomestic animals. Four presumptive MRSA isolates, obtained from clinical (n = 3) and surveillance specimens (n = 1) from dwarf (Helogale parvula) and yellow mongooses (Cynictis penicillata) from a United Kingdom zoo, were analyzed by PCR for detection of mecA and mecC-mediated methicillin resistance, and virulence genes. Isolates were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and spa sequence typing. Three isolates, obtained from the dwarf mongooses, carried mecA, tetK, and fexA resistance and virulence genes (icaA, icaD, and sec) and were typed to SCCmec IVa, spa type t899, and clonal complex (CC) 398. The fourth MRSA isolate, obtained from the femoral bone marrow of a yellow mongoose showing postmortem findings consistent with septicemia, carried mecC and was oxacillin/cefoxitin susceptible, when tested at 37°C but showed a characteristic MRSA susceptibility profile at 25°C ± 2°C. Furthermore, this isolate exhibited a different genetic background (SCCmecXI/t843/CC130) and had biofilm-associated genes (bap, icaA, and icaD) and tetK tetracycline resistance genes. This work describes the first isolation of livestock-associated MRSA CC398 from two zoo mongoose species where it was associated with both clinical disease and colonization, and the first isolation of mecC MRSA from a zoo species in the United Kingdom. Both reports highlight the potential for zoo species to act as reservoirs for these zoonotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Bortolami
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Chantrey
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Michela Corrò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Dorina Timofte
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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11
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Harrison EM, Coll F, Toleman MS, Blane B, Brown NM, Török ME, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ. Genomic surveillance reveals low prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the East of England. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7406. [PMID: 28785112 PMCID: PMC5547075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is an emerging problem in many parts of the world. LA-MRSA has been isolated previously from animals and humans in the United Kingdom (UK), but the prevalence is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and to describe the molecular epidemiology of LA-MRSA isolated in the East of England (broadly Cambridge and the surrounding area). We accessed whole genome sequence data for 2,283 MRSA isolates from 1,465 people identified during a 12-month prospective study between 2012 and 2013 conducted in the East of England, United Kingdom. This laboratory serves four hospitals and 75 general practices. We screened the collection for multilocus sequence types (STs) and for host specific resistance and virulence factors previously associated with LA-MRSA. We identified 13 putative LA-MRSA isolates from 12 individuals, giving an estimated prevalence of 0.82% (95% CI 0.47% to 1.43%). Twelve isolates were mecC-MRSA (ten CC130, one ST425 and one ST1943) and single isolate was ST398. Our data demonstrate a low burden of LA-MRSA in the East of England, but the detection of mecC-MRSA and ST398 indicates the need for vigilance. Genomic surveillance provides a mechanism to detect and track the emergence and spread of MRSA clones of human importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan M Harrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesc Coll
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle S Toleman
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Blane
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M Brown
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Box 236, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QW, United Kingdom
| | - M Estee Török
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Box 236, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QW, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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12
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Fox A, Pichon B, Wilkinson H, Doumith M, Hill R, McLauchlin J, Kearns A. Detection and molecular characterization of Livestock-Associated MRSA in raw meat on retail sale in North West England. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 64:239-245. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Fox
- Public Health England; Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Services; Preston Laboratory; Preston UK
| | - B. Pichon
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Infections Reference Unit; National Infection Service; Public Health England; London UK
| | - H. Wilkinson
- Public Health England; Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Services; Preston Laboratory; Preston UK
| | - M. Doumith
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Infections Reference Unit; National Infection Service; Public Health England; London UK
| | - R.L.R. Hill
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Infections Reference Unit; National Infection Service; Public Health England; London UK
| | - J. McLauchlin
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Services; London UK
- Institute of Infection and Global Health; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - A.M. Kearns
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Infections Reference Unit; National Infection Service; Public Health England; London UK
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13
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Locatelli C, Cremonesi P, Caprioli A, Carfora V, Ianzano A, Barberio A, Morandi S, Casula A, Castiglioni B, Bronzo V, Moroni P. Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cattle herds, related swine farms, and humans in contact with herds. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:608-619. [PMID: 27865508 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the circulation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 2 dairy cattle farms (farm A and B), previously identified as MRSA-positive in bulk tank milk samples, and epidemiologically related to swine farms. Collected specimens included quarter milk samples and nasal swabs from dairy cows, pig nasal swabs collected at both the farm and slaughterhouse level, environmental dust samples, and human nasal swabs from the farms' owners and workers. The prevalence of MRSA was estimated at the herd level by testing quarter milk samples. The prevalence of MRSA was 4.8% (3/63; 95% confidence interval=0-10.2%) and 60% (33/55; 95% confidence interval=47.05-72.95) in farm A and B, respectively. In farm A, MRSA was also isolated from humans, pigs sampled at both farm and slaughterhouse level, and from environmental samples collected at the pig facilities. The dairy cattle facilities of farm A tested negative for MRSA. In farm B, MRSA was isolated from environmental dust samples in both the cattle and pig facilities, whereas nasal swabs collected from cows and from humans tested negative. Sixty-three selected MRSA isolates obtained from different sources in farm A and B were genetically characterized by multilocus sequence typing, spa-typing, ribosomal spacer-PCR, and also tested for the presence of specific virulence genes and for their phenotypical antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution method. Different clonal complex (CC) and spa-types were identified, including CC398, CC97, and CC1, CC already reported in livestock animals in Italy. The MRSA isolates from quarter milk of farm A and B mostly belonged to CC97 and CC398, respectively. Both lineages were also identified in humans in farm A. The CC97 and CC398 quarter milk isolates were also identified as genotype GTBE and GTAF by ribosomal spacer-PCR respectively, belonging to distinct clusters with specific virulence and resistance patterns. The GTBE and GTAF clusters also included swine, environmental, and human isolates from both farms. A high heterogeneity in the genetic and phenotypic profiles was observed in environmental isolates, in particular from farm B. These results demonstrate the possibility of a dynamic sharing and exchange of MRSA lineages or genotypes between different species and farm compartments in mixed-species farms. The risk of transmission between swine and related dairy cattle herds should be considered. Our findings also confirm the zoonotic potential of livestock-associated MRSA and underline the importance of applying biosecurity measures and good hygiene practices to prevent MRSA spread at the farm level and throughout the food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, (IBBA-CNR), via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - A Caprioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - V Carfora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - A Ianzano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - A Barberio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Vicenza viale Fiume 78, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - S Morandi
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, (ISPA-CNR), via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - A Casula
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, (IBBA-CNR), via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - V Bronzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P Moroni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; Animal Heath Diagnostic Center, Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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14
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Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular typing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bulk tank milk from southern Italy. Food Microbiol 2016; 58:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Locatelli C, Cremonesi P, Bertocchi L, Zanoni M, Barberio A, Drigo I, Varisco G, Castiglioni B, Bronzo V, Moroni P. Short communication: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk of dairy cows and effect of swine population density. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2151-2156. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Caruso M, Latorre L, Santagada G, Fraccalvieri R, Miccolupo A, Sottili R, Palazzo L, Parisi A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in sheep and goat bulk tank milk from Southern Italy. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Lahuerta-Marin A, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, Pichon B, Allen A, Doumith M, Lavery JF, Watson C, Teale CJ, Kearns AM. First report of lukM-positive livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC30 from fattening pigs in Northern Ireland. Vet Microbiol 2015; 182:131-4. [PMID: 26711039 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of reports of livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) world-wide attests to the public health concern surrounding this pathogen in animal husbandry and in-contact humans. In Europe, LA-MRSA CC398 is predominant and generally regarded as being of low virulence for animals. Herein we report the recovery of a lineage of LA-MRSA, belonging to CC30, from three pigs in Northern Ireland and which encodes a marker of virulence (lukM and lukF-P83) restricted to animal-associated clones of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Pichon
- Public Health England (PHE), 61 Colindale Avenue, NW9 5EQ London, UK
| | - Adrian Allen
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, BT4 3SD Belfast, UK
| | - Michel Doumith
- Public Health England (PHE), 61 Colindale Avenue, NW9 5EQ London, UK
| | - John F Lavery
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, BT4 3SD Belfast, UK
| | - Conrad Watson
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, BT4 3SD Belfast, UK
| | - Christopher J Teale
- Animal Health and Plant Agency (APHA), Kendal Road, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY1 4HD, UK
| | - Angela M Kearns
- Public Health England (PHE), 61 Colindale Avenue, NW9 5EQ London, UK
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18
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Traversa A, Gariano GR, Gallina S, Bianchi DM, Orusa R, Domenis L, Cavallerio P, Fossati L, Serra R, Decastelli L. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food and wild animal carcasses in Italy. Food Microbiol 2015; 52:154-8. [PMID: 26338130 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in food-producing animals, both livestock and wildlife, and derived products, are considered potential sources of MRSA in humans. There is a paucity of data on MRSA in foods in Italy, and the data regarding wild animals are particularly scarce. A total of 2162 food samples collected during official monitoring activities in 2008 were analyzed for the detection of S. aureus. Also, samples from 1365 wild animals collected by the National Reference Center for Wild Animal Diseases in 2003-2009 were subjected to anatomopathological examination. S. aureus isolates were processed for phenotypic and molecular methicillin resistance determinations. S. aureus was found in 2.0% of wild animal carcasses and in 3.2% of wild boar lymph nodes: none showed methicillin resistance. The prevalence of S. aureus in food was 17.1%. Two MRSA strains, both from bulk tank milk (prevalence 0.77%) were isolated: the strains were resistant to tetracycline, had spa-type t899, and were negative for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene. The low prevalence of MRSA suggests that the risk of transmission to humans via food is limited. However, attention should be paid to the cattle food chain, which may be a potential route of transmission of LA-MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Traversa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per gli stafilococchi coagulasi positivi compreso S. aureus, S.C. Controllo Alimenti e Igiene delle Produzioni, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - G R Gariano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per gli stafilococchi coagulasi positivi compreso S. aureus, S.C. Controllo Alimenti e Igiene delle Produzioni, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - S Gallina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per gli stafilococchi coagulasi positivi compreso S. aureus, S.C. Controllo Alimenti e Igiene delle Produzioni, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - D M Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per gli stafilococchi coagulasi positivi compreso S. aureus, S.C. Controllo Alimenti e Igiene delle Produzioni, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - R Orusa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici, S.C. Valle d'Aosta, Regione Amerique 7G, 11020 Quart, Aosta, Italy
| | - L Domenis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici, S.C. Valle d'Aosta, Regione Amerique 7G, 11020 Quart, Aosta, Italy
| | - P Cavallerio
- AOU San Giovanni Battista, Laboratorio di Microbiologia, corso Bramante 88, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - L Fossati
- AOU San Giovanni Battista, Laboratorio di Microbiologia, corso Bramante 88, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - R Serra
- AOU San Giovanni Battista, Laboratorio di Microbiologia, corso Bramante 88, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - L Decastelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy; Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento per gli stafilococchi coagulasi positivi compreso S. aureus, S.C. Controllo Alimenti e Igiene delle Produzioni, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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19
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van Dijk J, Eagle SJ, Gillespie AV, Smith RF, Holman AN, Williams HJ. Visual weight estimation and the risk of underdosing dairy cattle. Vet Rec 2015; 177:75. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. van Dijk
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool; Leahurst, Chester High Road Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - S. J. Eagle
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool; Leahurst, Chester High Road Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - A. V. Gillespie
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst, Chester High Road Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - R. F. Smith
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst, Chester High Road Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - A. N. Holman
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst, Chester High Road Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
| | - H. J. Williams
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst, Chester High Road Cheshire CH64 7TE UK
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20
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Oliveira CJB, Tiao N, de Sousa FGC, de Moura JFP, Santos Filho L, Gebreyes WA. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Brazilian Dairy Farms and Identification of Novel Sequence Types. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:97-105. [PMID: 26178302 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic diversity and anti-microbial resistance among staphylococci of dairy herds that originated from Paraiba State, north-eastern Brazil, a region where such studies are rare. Milk samples (n = 552) were collected from 15 dairy farms. Isolates were evaluated for anti-microbial susceptibility by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Confirmation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was performed using multiplex PCR targeting mecA and nuc genes in addition to phenotypic assay based on PBP-2a latex agglutination. Clonal relatedness of isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) genotyping. Staphylococci were detected in 269 (49%) of the samples. Among these, 65 (24%) were S. aureus. The remaining 204 isolates were either coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 188; 70%) or coagulase positive other than S. aureus (n = 16; 6%). Staphylococci were cultured in seven (35%) of the 20 hand swab samples, from which five isolates were S. aureus. The isolates were most commonly resistant against penicillin (43%), ampicillin (38%) and oxacillin (27%). The gene mecA was detected in 21 S. aureus from milk and in one isolate from a milker's hand. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin. PFGE findings showed high clonal diversity among the isolates. Based on MLST, we identified a total of 11 different sequence types (STs 1, 5, 6, 83, 97, 126, 1583, 1622, 1623, 1624 and 1625) with four novel STs (ST1622-ST1625). The findings show that MRSA is prevalent in milk from semi-extensive dairy cows in north-eastern Brazil, and further investigation on its extent in various types of milk production systems and the farm-to-table continuum is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J B Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, Brazil.,Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - N Tiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - F G C de Sousa
- Department of Animal Science, Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - J F P de Moura
- Department of Animal Science, Centre for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - L Santos Filho
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - W A Gebreyes
- Veterinary Public Health and Biotechnology Global Consortium (VPH-Biotec), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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21
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Hadjirin NF, Lay EM, Paterson GK, Harrison EM, Peacock SJ, Parkhill J, Zadoks RN, Holmes MA. Detection of livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in retail pork, United Kingdom, February 2015. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:21156. [PMID: 26111237 PMCID: PMC4841384 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.24.21156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus belonging to clonal complex 398 (LA-MRSA CC398) is an important cause of zoonotic infections in many countries. Here, we describe the isolation of LA-MRSA CC398 from retail meat samples of United Kingdom (UK) farm origin. Our findings indicate that this lineage is probably established in UK pig farms and demonstrate a potential pathway for the transmission of LA-MRSA CC398 from livestock to humans in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Hadjirin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - E M Lay
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - G K Paterson
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - E M Harrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - S J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J Parkhill
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - M A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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22
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Riva A, Borghi E, Cirasola D, Colmegna S, Borgo F, Amato E, Pontello MM, Morace G. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Milk: Prevalence, SCCmec Typing, Enterotoxin Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1142-6. [PMID: 26038904 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a known major cause of foodborne illnesses, and raw milk and dairy products are often contaminated by enterotoxigenic and antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus strains. In the present study, 35 S. aureus strains were isolated from 383 raw milk samples collected from various dairy herds in the province of Milan (northern Italy). The isolates were characterized based on their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the presence of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed, and see). About half (45.7%) of the strains were enterotoxigenic, and 37.1% were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobial drugs tested. Seven (20%) of 35 isolates were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and SCCmec typing performed with a multiplex PCR assay revealed the presence of gene cassettes IV and V, typical of community-acquired MRSA, and I and II, characteristic of health care-associated MRSA. The MRSA strains were evaluated for the presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, but this gene was not found. The results of the present study revealed the presence of toxin-producing S. aureus and MRSA strains in raw milk. MRSA and enterotoxigenic S. aureus in dairy farms are an important risk factor for the spread of staphylococcal infections; therefore, further studies are needed to find strategies for monitoring and controlling the presence of S. aureus, especially MRSA, in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Riva
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniela Cirasola
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Colmegna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Celoria 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Borgo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Amato
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Maria Pontello
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Morace
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
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23
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Labro MT, Bryskier JM. Antibacterial resistance: an emerging ‘zoonosis’? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1441-61. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.976611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Time-Scaled Evolutionary Analysis of the Transmission and Antibiotic Resistance Dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7275-82. [PMID: 25239891 PMCID: PMC4249192 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01777-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398 (CC398) is associated with disease in humans and livestock, and its origins and transmission have generated considerable interest. We performed a time-scaled phylogenetic analysis of CC398, including sequenced isolates from the United Kingdom (Scotland), along with publicly available genomes. Using state-of-the-art methods for mapping traits onto phylogenies, we quantified transitions between host species to identify sink and source populations for CC398 and employed a novel approach to investigate the gain and loss of antibiotic resistance in CC398 over time. We identified distinct human- and livestock-associated CC398 clades and observed multiple transmissions of CC398 from livestock to humans and between countries, lending quantitative support to previous reports. Of note, we identified a subclade within the livestock-associated clade comprised of isolates from hospital environments and newborn babies, suggesting that livestock-associated CC398 is capable of onward transmission in hospitals. In addition, our analysis revealed significant differences in the dynamics of resistance to methicillin and tetracycline related to contrasting historical patterns of antibiotic usage between the livestock industry and human medicine. We also identified significant differences in patterns of gain and loss of different tetracycline resistance determinants, which we ascribe to epistatic interactions between the resistance genes and/or differences in the modes of inheritance of the resistance determinants.
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25
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Prenafeta A, Sitjà M, Holmes MA, Paterson GK. Short communication: biofilm production characterization of mecA and mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk in Great Britain. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4838-41. [PMID: 24881796 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of contagious intramammary infection in dairy cattle, and the ability to produce biofilm is considered to be an important virulence property in the pathogenesis of mastitis. The aim of this study was to characterize the biofilm formation capacity of methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA), encoding mecA or mecC, isolated from bulk tank milk in Great Britain. For this purpose, 20 MRSA isolates were grown on microtiter plates to determine the biofilm production. Moreover, the spa-typing and the presence of the intercellular adhesion genes icaA and icaD were analyzed by PCR. All MRSA isolates tested belonged to 9 spa-types and were PCR-positive for the ica genes; 10 of them (50%) produced biofilm in the microtiter plate assay. This is also the first demonstration of biofilm production by mecC MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prenafeta
- Research and Development Department, Hipra Scientific, Avda. La Selva 135, Amer 17170, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - M Sitjà
- Research and Development Department, Hipra Scientific, Avda. La Selva 135, Amer 17170, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - G K Paterson
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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Agnoletti F, Mazzolini E, Bacchin C, Bano L, Berto G, Rigoli R, Muffato G, Coato P, Tonon E, Drigo I. First reporting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in an industrial rabbit holding and in farm-related people. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:172-7. [PMID: 24602406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has been described in food-producing animals and farm or slaughterhouse workers involved in the primary industrial production of swine, bovine and poultry. This communication describes the first case of LA-MRSA (ST398, spa types t034 and t5210) occurring in rabbits raised intensively for meat production and involving farm workers or their family members. In 2012-2013, in a study involving 40 rabbit industrial holdings in Italy, one farm was found to have rabbits colonized or infected with MRSA. Four farm workers and one of their relatives were found to be carrying MRSA. In this case holding, rabbits, people and the holding environment were further investigated and followed up by a second sampling five months later. MRSA was found in 48% (11/23) and 25% (15/59) of the rabbits carrying S. aureus at first and second samplings, respectively. Five months after first detection, some farm workers or family members were still MRSA carriers. Surface samples (2/10) and air samples (2/3) were contaminated with MRSA. Air samples yielded MRSA counts of 5 and 15CFU/m(3). MRSA from rabbits and people collected at first sampling were spa types t034 and t5210 belonging to ST398. The MRSA isolates from rabbits and persons tested at second sampling were t034 and t5210, but spa types t1190 and t2970 were also detected in MRSA isolates from rabbits. Tracing the epidemiological pattern earlier may prevent further spread of LA-MRSA in these food producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Agnoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Elena Mazzolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Cosetta Bacchin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Luca Bano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giacomo Berto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Roberto Rigoli
- Dipartimento di Patologia Clinica, Ospedale Santa Maria di Cà Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muffato
- Dipartimento di Patologia Clinica, Ospedale Santa Maria di Cà Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - Paola Coato
- Dipartimento di Patologia Clinica, Ospedale Santa Maria di Cà Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - Elena Tonon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Ilenia Drigo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, via dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Verkade E, Kluytmans J. Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Animal reservoirs and human infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:523-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McDougall S, Hussein H, Petrovski K. Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae from dairy cows with mastitis. N Z Vet J 2013; 62:68-76. [PMID: 24215609 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.843135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antimicrobials for common mastitis pathogens from dairy cows in New Zealand; and to assess the effect of source of the isolates, i.e. commercial veterinary laboratories or collected as part of research studies; the clinical status of the cow, i.e. subclinical or clinical mastitis; cow age and herd on the distribution of the MIC. METHODS Minimal inhibitory concentrations for Staphylococcus aureus (n=364), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (n=65) and Streptococcus uberis (n=102) isolated from milk samples from dairy cows were determined for a variety of antimicrobials using broth microdilution. Isolates of S. aureus were sourced from research studies from both subclinically (n=161) and clinically (n=104) affected cows, as well as from commercial veterinary laboratories (n=101); while all the streptococcal isolates were from commercial laboratories. Resistance was defined using the cut-points provided by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). RESULTS The distribution of MIC varied among the bacterial species for every antimicrobial tested (p<0.001). Of the S. aureus isolates, 28, 2 and 0.5% were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, respectively. For S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis isolates, 17 and 13% were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, respectively. One isolate (1%) of S. uberis was resistant to penicillin. The distribution of MIC of S. aureus varied with clinical status, between herds, and with age of cow (p<0.05). The distribution of MIC for S. aureus for penicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cloxacillin and ampicillin were lower from clinical than subclinical cases, and those for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and oxytetracycline from isolates from veterinary laboratories were lower than for those from research studies. CONCLUSIONS Resistance to some beta-lactam antimicrobials and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were found in isolates from cases of bovine mastitis. The distribution of MIC for isolates of S. aureus varied with clinical status of the cow, the age of the cow, the herd and with the source of isolate. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Resistance to penicillin was found in a quarter of S. aureus isolates, but in virtually no Streptococcus isolates; therefore microbial identification and sensitivity testing would be beneficial when assessing treatment options. The source of the isolates affected the estimated MIC, suggesting that selection of isolates for monitoring of resistance requires care and that use of routine submissions to commercial laboratories to assess antimicrobial resistance patterns may result in biased estimates of prevalence of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McDougall
- a Cognosco, Anexa Animal Health , PO Box 21, Morrinsville , New Zealand
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Paterson GK, Harrison EM, Craven EF, Petersen A, Larsen AR, Ellington MJ, Török ME, Peacock SJ, Parkhill J, Zadoks RN, Holmes MA. Incidence and characterisation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from nasal colonisation in participants attending a cattle veterinary conference in the UK. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68463. [PMID: 23869220 PMCID: PMC3711812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the prevalence of nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among cattle veterinarians in the UK. There was particular interest in examining the frequency of colonisation with MRSA harbouring mecC, as strains with this mecA homologue were originally identified in bovine milk and may represent a zoonotic risk to those in contact with dairy livestock. Three hundred and seven delegates at the British Cattle Veterinarian Association (BCVA) Congress 2011 in Southport, UK were screening for nasal colonisation with MRSA. Isolates were characterised by whole genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Eight out of three hundred and seven delegates (2.6%) were positive for nasal colonisation with MRSA. All strains were positive for mecA and none possessed mecC. The time since a delegate's last visit to a farm was significantly shorter in the MRSA-positive group than in MRSA-negative counterparts. BCVA delegates have an increased risk of MRSA colonisation compared to the general population but their frequency of colonisation is lower than that reported from other types of veterinarian conference, and from that seen in human healthcare workers. The results indicate that recent visitation to a farm is a risk factor for MRSA colonisation and that mecC-MRSA are rare among BCVA delegates (<1% based on sample size). Contact with livestock, including dairy cattle, may still be a risk factor for human colonisation with mecC-MRSA but occurs at a rate below the lower limit of detection available in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin K. Paterson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan M. Harrison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily F. Craven
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Petersen
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Rhod Larsen
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew J. Ellington
- Health Protection Agency, Microbiology Services Division Cambridge, Level 6 Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M. Estée Török
- Health Protection Agency, Microbiology Services Division Cambridge, Level 6 Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon J. Peacock
- Health Protection Agency, Microbiology Services Division Cambridge, Level 6 Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust, Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust, Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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