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Čermáková E, Svoboda P, Ovesná J, Vašek J, Demnerová K, Zdeňková K. cor1 Gene: A Suitable Marker for Identification of Opium Poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.). Foods 2024; 13:1432. [PMID: 38790733 PMCID: PMC11120590 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the development of rapid, reliable, and accurate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for detecting opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) in food. Endpoint, quantitative, and digital PCRs were compared based on the amplification of a newly developed DNA marker targeting the NADPH-dependent codeinone reductase (COR) gene. Designed assays were shown to be highly specific and sensitive in discriminating opium poppy from other plant species, even in heat-treated and food samples. Digital PCR was the most sensitive, with a detection limit of up to 5 copies, i.e., approximately 14 pg of target DNA per reaction. Quantitative and digital PCR further allowed the quantification of opium poppy in up to 1.5 ng and 42 pg (15 copies) of target DNA in a sample, respectively. In addition, two duplex PCRs have been developed for the simultaneous detection of opium poppy DNA and representatives of (i) the Papaveraceae family or (ii) the Plantae kingdom. Finally, all designed assays were successfully applied for analysis of 15 commercial foodstuffs; two were suspected of being adulterated. The study results have an important impact on addressing food fraud and ensuring the safety and authenticity of food products. Beyond food adulteration, the study may also have significant implications for forensics and law enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Čermáková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.D.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Food Microbiology, Food Research Institute Prague, Radiová 1285/7, 102 31 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Jaroslava Ovesná
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Jakub Vašek
- Department of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Demnerová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.D.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kamila Zdeňková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.D.); (K.Z.)
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Reisfield GM, Teitelbaum SA, Jones JT, Mathias K, Lewis B. Urine and hair drug test results associated with daily consumption of codeine-predominant poppy seed food products. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:27-36. [PMID: 37987376 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the urine and hair opiate profiles associated with the daily consumption of presumptive codeine-predominant poppy seed food products. Ten participants consumed one of five food products at breakfast for 10 consecutive days. Baseline urine and hair samples were collected on Day 1. The urine samples were collected 4, 8 and 12 h following poppy seed consumption on Days 1 and 10, and the first morning void urine samples were collected on Days 2-10. A second hair specimen was collected on Day 20 ± 2. Urine drug test results: Three of the food products were associated with opiate-negative urine drug test results at all time points at a 300 ng/mL cut-off. Two of the food products were associated with opiate-positive drug test results at all non-baseline time points at a 300 ng/mL cut-off. Of these, all samples (n = 60) were codeine-positive, and 27 (45%) were morphine-positive. Codeine concentrations exceeded morphine concentrations in every sample and always by multiples. Thirty-nine of the 60 samples (65%) were codeine-positive at a 2,000 ng/mL cut-off, while none of these samples were morphine-positive at this cut-off. None of the 60 samples reached an opiate threshold of 15,000 ng/mL, although one participant produced a maximum codeine concentration of 13,161 ng/mL (13,854 ng/mg creatinine). There was no clear trend toward increasing urinary opiate concentrations over the course of the study. Hair drug test results: The hair samples of two participants produced quantifiable codeine (41 pg/mg and 51 pg/mg), but no sample reached a common reporting threshold of 200 pg/mg for codeine or morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Reisfield
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, UF Health Springhill 1, 4037 NW 86th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA
| | - Scott A Teitelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
| | - Joseph T Jones
- United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc., 1700 S. Mt. Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, USA
| | - Kent Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
| | - Ben Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida Recovery Center, 4001 SW 13th Street, Gainesville, FL 32065, USA
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Flaisher-Grinberg S. Poppy Seed Consumption and Oral Fluid Opioids Detection: A Classroom Demonstration of Psychopharmacological Concepts. JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE NEUROSCIENCE EDUCATION : JUNE : A PUBLICATION OF FUN, FACULTY FOR UNDERGRADUATE NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 22:A37-A44. [PMID: 38322397 PMCID: PMC10768820 DOI: 10.59390/jwnq5957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Psychopharmacological concepts such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug interactions can be difficult to illustrate within the college classroom. In this demonstration, students consume poppy seed-containing food items, assess opioid content in their oral fluid using commercial drug test kits, and relate the findings to learned materials, its real-life applications, and relevant societal implications. This demonstration can clarify processes such as drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), broaden the review of information relevant to opioids mechanisms of action, and facilitate the discussion of topics such as drug abuse, dependence, and addiction, as well as drug development, testing, policy, and enforcement. Instructors can employ different experimental designs, create dose-dependent/timeline detection plots, or allow students to construct their own experiments, assessing possible mediators of opioid detection. The demonstration can also be utilized to discuss scientific myths, truths, data misinterpretation and misrepresentation. Several optional protocols are provided, required materials are indicated, and discussion points are suggested.
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Casado-Hidalgo G, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. Design and Optimisation of Sustainable Sample Treatments Based on Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Strong Cation-Exchange Purification with Functionalised SBA-15 for Opium Alkaloids in Ground Poppy Seeds. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:672. [PMID: 38133176 PMCID: PMC10747185 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An analysis methodology was optimised and validated for the quantification of opium alkaloids (OAs) in ground poppy seeds. This involved ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification before analysis using a high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry detector (HPLC-MS/MS). UAE was optimised through the design of experiments with three factors and a three-level full factorial design. For SPE optimisation, a commercial material was compared with a previously synthesised material of SBA-15 silica functionalised with sulfonic groups (SBA-15-SO3-). The synthesised material demonstrated superior efficiency with only 25 mg and proved to be reusable for up to four cycles. The methodology was properly validated in terms of linearity, limits of detection and quantification, and selectivity. Matrix effects were negligible; adequate recovery values (85-100%) and inter-day and intra-day precision (≤15%) were obtained. The greenness of the method was evaluated with the AGREEprep metric scale, being more environmentally friendly compared to OA analysis methods. Finally, the method was applied to different samples of ground poppy seeds and revealed a concentration of 140 mg/kg of morphine equivalents in one of the samples, surpassing the legislatively established limits by sevenfold. This highlights the need to analyse these types of samples to mitigate potential public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Sierra
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (G.C.-H.); (S.M.-Z.); (D.P.-Q.)
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Zarin MKZ, Dehaen W, Salehi P, Asl AAB. Synthesis and Modification of Morphine and Codeine, Leading to Diverse Libraries with Improved Pain Relief Properties. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1779. [PMID: 37376226 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphine and codeine, two of the most common opioids, are widely used in the clinic for different types of pain. Morphine is one of the most potent agonists for the μ-opioid receptor, leading to the strongest analgesic effect. However, due to their association with serious side effects such as respiratory depression, constriction, euphoria, and addiction, it is necessary for derivatives of morphine and codeine to be developed to overcome such drawbacks. The development of analgesics based on the opiate structure that can be safe, orally active, and non-addictive is one of the important fields in medicinal chemistry. Over the years, morphine and codeine have undergone many structural changes. The biological investigation of semi-synthetic derivatives of both morphine and codeine, especially morphine, shows that studies on these structures are still significant for the development of potent opioid antagonists and agonists. In this review, we summarize several decade-long attempts to synthesize new analogues of morphine and codeine. Our summary placed a focus on synthetic derivatives derived from ring A (positions 1, 2, and 3), ring C (position 6), and N-17 moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kamelan Zargar Zarin
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Sustainable Chemistry for Metals and Molecules, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peyman Salehi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Bahmani Asl
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
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Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is increasingly important to guide objective, safe, and effective individualised prescribing. Personalised prescribing has revolutionised treatments in the past decade, allowing clinicians to maximise drug efficacy and minimise adverse effects based on a person’s genetic profile. Opioids, the gold standard for cancer pain relief, are among the commonest medications prescribed in palliative care practice. This narrative review examines the literature surrounding opioid pharmacogenomics and its applicability to the palliative care cancer population. There is currently limited intersection between the fields of palliative care and pharmacogenomics, but growing evidence presents a need to build linkages between the two disciplines. Pharmacogenomic evidence guiding opioid prescribing is currently available for codeine and tramadol, which relates to CYP2D6 gene variants. However, these medications are prescribed less commonly for pain in palliative care. Research is accelerating with other opioids, where oxycodone (CYP2D6) and methadone (CYP2B6, ABCB1) already have moderate evidence of an association in terms of drug metabolism and downstream analgesic response and side effects. OPRM1 and COMT are receiving increasing attention and have implications for all opioids, with changes in opioid dosage requirements observed but they have not yet been studied widely enough to be considered clinically actionable. Current evidence indicates that incorporation of pharmacogenomic testing into opioid prescribing practice should focus on the CYP2D6 gene and its actionable variants. Although opioid pharmacogenomic tests are not widely used in clinical practice, the progressively reducing costs and rapid turnover means greater accessibility and affordability to patients, and thus, clinicians will be increasingly asked to provide guidance in this area. The upsurge in pharmacogenomic research will likely discover more actionable gene variants to expand international guidelines to impact opioid prescribing. This rapidly expanding area requires consideration and monitoring by clinicians in order for key findings with clinical implications to be accessible, meaningfully interpretable and communicated.
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Casado-Hidalgo G, Martínez-García G, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. New Validated Method for the Determination of Six Opium Alkaloids in Poppy Seed-Containing Bakery Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry after Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7594-7606. [PMID: 35674269 PMCID: PMC9228061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bakery products containing poppy seeds are increasingly being commercialized. These seeds may be contaminated with latex from the Papaver somniferum L. plant rich in opium alkaloids (OAs). Therefore, health authorities demand the development of analytical methods to control them. In this study, an efficient and simple method was developed and validated for the first time to analyze six OAs in bakery products by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For this purpose, a solid-liquid extraction was optimized, and then a magnetic material [magnetite surface-modified with Fe(III) terephthalate, denoted as Fe3O4@TPA-Fe] was used for a fast magnetic solid-phase extraction. The method has been validated with adequate recoveries (70-110%) and relative standard deviations (<20%) and without matrix effects. Nine bakery samples (five breadsticks and four sliced bread) were analyzed; breadsticks showed low amounts of OAs, but two sliced bread showed higher amounts of OAs than the new amount (1.5 mg/kg) set by the Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/2142.
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Kaltner F. Fate of Food-Relevant Toxic Plant Alkaloids during Food Processing or Storing and Analytical Strategies to Unveil Potential Transformation Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5975-5981. [PMID: 35544324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxic plant alkaloids (TPAs) may contaminate food and pose a threat to consumer health; as a consequence, they are undesired in foodstuff or food commodities. Similar to other ingredients, TPA may be affected by storing or processing of food, often associated with decreased levels of the parent alkaloids. Up to now, little is known about potential transformation products or if they still may exhibit toxic potential to consumers. This perspective briefly summarizes the current knowledge regarding the behavior of opium, pyrrolizidine, and tropane alkaloids toward processing or storing and highlights analytical strategies to identify and elucidate potential transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kaltner
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Shetge SA, Redan BW. Assessment of Dry Heating, Water Rinsing, and Baking on Concentrations of the Opium Alkaloid Noscapine in Poppy Seeds. ACS FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 2:541-547. [PMID: 35558138 PMCID: PMC9087206 DOI: 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.1c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is available on methods to reduce concentrations of the opium alkaloid noscapine in poppy seeds. A series of experiment were conducted using poppy seeds to evaluate the impact of thermal treatments, water rinsing, and baking on noscapine concentrations. A sample set of commercially available poppy seeds (n=15) was screened for noscapine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mean and median noscapine concentrations for poppy seed samples above the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 89.9 and 28.4 mg kg-1, respectively. Six out of 15 samples were less than the LOQ. Poppy seed samples containing a mean noscapine concentration of 121 mg kg-1 were subjected to dry heat treatments ranging from 120-200 °C and a 5 min rinse with water. Baking experiments were also done by incorporating the poppy seeds into a muffin batter and baking in an oven at 200 °C. The dry heat treatment experiments showed that noscapine degraded at 160-200 °C, with a 50% loss of noscapine observed after 3.44 ± 0.46 min at 200 °C. Although the mean concentration of noscapine decreased when a muffin containing poppy seeds was baked at 200 °C for 16 min, these changes were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Rinsing the poppy seeds with water did not have a significant effect on noscapine concentrations. Together, these data allow for better characterization of potential dietary exposure to noscapine and indicate that certain thermal treatments can be effective for reduction of noscapine in poppy seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka A. Shetge
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL
| | - Benjamin W. Redan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Bedford Park, IL,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Marlier D. Doping in Racing Pigeons ( Columba livia domestica): A Review and Actual Situation in Belgium, a Leading Country in This Field. Vet Sci 2022; 9:42. [PMID: 35202294 PMCID: PMC8880243 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigeon racing is a sport in which trained homing pigeons (Columba livia domestica) are released between 60 and 1200 km from their loft and then have to return home as quickly as possible. The first race was held in 1818 in Belgium and since then, Belgium has led the world in pigeon breeding. Unfortunately, as in other sports, doping has become a major issue and doping controls have been implemented. This review provides information about pigeon racing, rules from the Royal Federation Colombophile of Belgium, and laws applicable in Belgium as doping control issues cannot be understood without including them as part of pigeon racing. The main pharmacological data concerning corticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anabolic steroids, pain relievers and narcotic analgesics, bronchodilators and β-agonists, drugs acting on the central nervous system and other performance-enhancing drugs, in addition to methods relevant to doping in pigeons are presented. Moreover, the chosen matrix and analytical methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Marlier
- Bird, Rabbit and Rodent Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, B4000 Liege, Belgium
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Insights into opium poppy (Papaver spp.) genetic diversity from genotyping-by-sequencing analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:111. [PMID: 34997061 PMCID: PMC8741915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is one of the world’s oldest medicinal plants and a versatile model system to study secondary metabolism. However, our knowledge of its genetic diversity is limited, restricting utilization of the available germplasm for research and crop improvement. We used genotyping-by-sequencing to investigate the extent of genetic diversity and population structure in a collection of poppy germplasm consisting of 91 accessions originating in 30 countries of Europe, North Africa, America, and Asia. We identified five genetically distinct subpopulations using discriminate analysis of principal components and STRUCTURE analysis. Most accessions obtained from the same country were grouped together within subpopulations, likely a consequence of the restriction on movement of poppy germplasm. Alkaloid profiles of accessions were highly diverse, with morphine being dominant. Phylogenetic analysis identified genetic groups that were largely consistent with the subpopulations detected and that could be differentiated broadly based on traits such as number of branches and seed weight. These accessions and the associated genotypic data are valuable resources for further genetic diversity analysis, which could include definition of poppy core sets to facilitate genebank management and use of the diversity for genetic improvement of this valuable crop.
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Nogia P, Pati PK. Plant Secondary Metabolite Transporters: Diversity, Functionality, and Their Modulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:758202. [PMID: 34777438 PMCID: PMC8580416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.758202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites (SMs) play crucial roles in the vital functioning of plants such as growth, development, defense, and survival via their transportation and accumulation at the required site. However, unlike primary metabolites, the transport mechanisms of SMs are not yet well explored. There exists a huge gap between the abundant presence of SM transporters, their identification, and functional characterization. A better understanding of plant SM transporters will surely be a step forward to fulfill the steeply increasing demand for bioactive compounds for the formulation of herbal medicines. Thus, the engineering of transporters by modulating their expression is emerging as the most viable option to achieve the long-term goal of systemic metabolic engineering for enhanced metabolite production at minimum cost. In this review article, we are updating the understanding of recent advancements in the field of plant SM transporters, particularly those discovered in the past two decades. Herein, we provide notable insights about various types of fully or partially characterized transporters from the ABC, MATE, PUP, and NPF families including their diverse functionalities, structural information, potential approaches for their identification and characterization, several regulatory parameters, and their modulation. A novel perspective to the concept of "Transporter Engineering" has also been unveiled by highlighting its potential applications particularly in plant stress (biotic and abiotic) tolerance, SM accumulation, and removal of anti-nutritional compounds, which will be of great value for the crop improvement program. The present study creates a roadmap for easy identification and a better understanding of various transporters, which can be utilized as suitable targets for transporter engineering in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Casado-Hidalgo G, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Morante-Zarcero S, Sierra I. Mesostructured Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles to Extract Six Opium Alkaloids in Poppy Seeds Prior to Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Foods 2021; 10:1587. [PMID: 34359458 PMCID: PMC8307897 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, health authorities have become increasingly concerned about preventing consumer exposure to opium alkaloids present in Papaver somniferum L. poppy seeds. In this study, a simple, rapid and efficient method has been optimised to determine all main opioids in poppy seeds (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine and oripavine) by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. For this purpose, solid-liquid extraction (SLE) of samples was optimised and six magnetic adsorbent materials with a core of Fe3O4 coated with amorphous and mesostructured silica, both functionalised with octadecyl-silane or octyl-silane were characterised and evaluated for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). The material with the best results was non-functionalised mesostructured silica and, with it, the MSPE procedure was optimised. This method was validated and used to quantify six opioids in 14 edible seed samples (eleven poppy seeds and three seed mixes). Considerable amounts were found (1.5-249.0 mg/kg morphine, <0.2 µg/kg-45.8 mg/kg codeine, <2.4 µg/kg-136.2 mg/kg thebaine, <0.2 µg/kg-27.1 mg/kg papaverine, <0.2 µg/kg-108.7 mg/kg noscapine and <240 µg/kg-33.4 mg/kg oripavine), exceeding maximum limits established in some EU countries and the reference level of morphine in the EU. Furthermore, in some commercial samples for human consumption, inadequate labelling was found because significant amounts of alkaloids were detected even though Papaver rhoeas L. seeds were declared on the product label.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Sierra
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, E.S.C.E.T., Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain; (G.C.-H.); (D.P.-Q.); (S.M.-Z.)
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Luhmer K, Schulze-Kaysers N, Feuereisen M, Wirth L, Maretzky F, Wüst M, Blum H, Dörr E, Pude R. Fatty Acid Composition, Tocopherols, Volatile Compounds, and Sensory Evaluation of Low Morphine Yielding Varieties of Poppy ( Papaver somniferum L.) Seeds and Oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3439-3451. [PMID: 33722000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low morphine yielding winter ('Zeno Morphex') and summer ('Viola', 'Mieszko', 'Borowski') poppy varieties were investigated for their chemical composition and sensory properties. The oil content of the 13 seed samples as well as that of fatty acids, tocopherols, and volatile compounds in the respective oils were determined, and the sensory profiles of the seeds and oils were established. Linoleic acid made up 70.7-75.2% of the fatty acids. High amounts of γ-tocopherol were detected, especially in variety 'Viola' (287 ± 34 mg kg-1), while δ-tocopherol was only present in 'Zeno Morphex' (3.9 ± 0.6 mg kg-1). The most abundant volatiles were caproic acid (1.4-148 μg g-1), hexanal (0.9-15.2 μg g-1), 1-hexanol (0.3-20.1 μg g-1), limonene (1.3-9.4 μg g-1), and 2-pentylfuran (1.0-7.8 μg g-1). The sensory panel distinguished samples in particular by fatty/oily, rancid, sweet, and green attributes, the green aroma being correlated to three methoxypyrazines only present in summer poppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Luhmer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Renewable Resources, Bonn University, Klein-Altendorf 2, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Nadine Schulze-Kaysers
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Molecular Food Technology, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle Feuereisen
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Molecular Food Technology, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Wirth
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Food Chemistry, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Maretzky
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Food Chemistry, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Food Chemistry, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanna Blum
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Renewable Resources, Bonn University, Klein-Altendorf 2, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Elisa Dörr
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science-Molecular Food Technology, Bonn University, Endenicher Allee 19b, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Pude
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Renewable Resources, Bonn University, Klein-Altendorf 2, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
- Field Lab Campus Klein-Altendorf, Bonn University, Klein-Altendorf 2, D-53359 Rheinbach, Germany
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15
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Kleinmeier D, Pettengill E, Redan BW. Commentary: Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds. Front Chem 2021; 8:622488. [PMID: 33553107 PMCID: PMC7856138 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.622488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kleinmeier
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Emily Pettengill
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Benjamin W Redan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Bedford Park, IL, United States
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16
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Carlin MG, Dean JR, Ames JM. Opium Alkaloids in Harvested and Thermally Processed Poppy Seeds. Front Chem 2020; 8:737. [PMID: 33195013 PMCID: PMC7482649 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, and papaverine) have been detected on poppy seeds; they are widely used by the food industry for decoration and flavor but can introduce opium alkaloids into the food chain. Of the opium alkaloids found on poppy seeds, morphine, and codeine are the most pharmacologically active and have been detected in biological matrices collected in workplace and roadside drug testing resulting in positive opiate results. The European Food Safety Authority introduced an acute reference dose of 10 μg morphine/kg of body weight as a safe level for morphine in food products. In this work, it was found that in harvested poppy seeds, and thermally processed poppy seeds (with and without a food matrix), if used in normal levels would not exceed the recommended acute reference dose. It was also shown that the levels of all alkaloids reduce when thermally processed, in comparison with harvested, untreated seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Carlin
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John R Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M Ames
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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17
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Shetge SA, Dzakovich MP, Cooperstone JL, Kleinmeier D, Redan BW. Concentrations of the Opium Alkaloids Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine in Poppy Seeds are Reduced after Thermal and Washing Treatments but are Not Affected when Incorporated in a Model Baked Product. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5241-5248. [PMID: 32302121 PMCID: PMC9087216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Limited information exists on the effectiveness of potential treatments to reduce levels of opium alkaloids that may be present in seeds from poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Poppy seeds containing morphine at relatively lower (14.7 mg kg-1) and higher (210.0 mg kg-1) concentrations were subjected to dry heat and steam treatments, water washing, and baking. Sample extracts were then analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the opium alkaloids morphine, codeine, and thebaine. The results indicated that thermal treatment promoted opium alkaloid degradation in poppy seed samples, with a 50% loss of morphine observed after 30-40 min at 200 °C. Water washing reduced concentrations of opium alkaloids in poppy seeds by approximately 50-80%, while steam treatment resulted in reduction of morphine in only one sample type. Importantly, baking had no significant effect on concentrations of opium alkaloids. Overall, these results indicate that opium alkaloids may not be significantly affected by baking or steam application and that poppy seeds may require water washing or extended thermal treatment to promote reduction of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka A. Shetge
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, IL
| | - Michael P. Dzakovich
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jessica L. Cooperstone
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Daria Kleinmeier
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Plant Products and Beverages, College Park, MD
| | - Benjamin W. Redan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Safety, Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, Bedford Park, IL
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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18
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Montgomery MT, Conlan XA, Theakstone AG, Purcell SD, Barnett NW, Smith ZM. Extraction and Determination of Morphine Present on the Surface of Australian Food Grade Poppy Seeds Using Acidic Potassium Permanganate Chemiluminescence Detection. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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19
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Skopikova M, Hashimoto M, Richomme P, Schinkovitz A. Matrix-Free Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry as an Efficient Tool for the Rapid Detection of Opiates in Crude Extracts of Papaver somniferum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:884-891. [PMID: 31825610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Having a long history of traditional medicinal applications, Papaver somniferum is also known as a source of various pharmacologically highly active opiates. Consequently, their detection from plant extracts is an important analytical task and generally addressed by methods of GC-MS and LC-MS. However, opiates do also show structural similarities to matrix molecules used in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (LDI) and may therefore ionize upon simple laser irradiation. Following this analytical approach, the present work thoroughly evaluated the direct detection of opiates by matrix-free LDI in crude extracts of P. somniferum. The method facilitated the identification of 10 reported opiates by their molecular formulas without any chromatographic prepurification. Moreover, a principal component analysis based on LDI-MS data permitted the correct grouping of all extracts according to their inherent chemistry. Concluding experiments on serial dilutions of thebaine further evaluated potential quantitative applications of the method. Overall results highlight the promising potential of LDI-MS for the swift detection of opiates in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Skopikova
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | | | - Pascal Richomme
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
| | - Andreas Schinkovitz
- SONAS, EA921, University of Angers, SFR QUASAV, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , 16 Bd Daviers , 49045 Angers Cedex 01, France
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20
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San Deogracias de Diego T, Fernández Dueñas B, Sotodosos Carpintero M. Alcaloides del opio en pan de molde con semillas de amapola. REVISTA MADRILEÑA DE SALUD PÚBLICA 2019. [DOI: 10.36300/remasp.2019.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Este trabajo describe las actuaciones realizadas por Técnicos de la Dirección General de Salud Pública sobre una denuncia presentada por una ciudadana que dio positivo a opiáceos en una prueba de control de drogas de la Guardia Civil de Tráfico, tras haber consumido unos sándwiches elaborados con pan con semillas de amapola. Se llevaron a cabo inspecciones de los establecimientos alimentarios implicados, así como toma de muestras y análisis del pan, compro-bando que dicho producto cumple las normas que le son aplicables. Se llevó a cabo la caracterización del riesgo, que indicó que con la cantidad de morfina detectada en el pan sería necesario consumir más de 2 Kg en un día para superar la dosis aguda de referencia (ARfD). La Comunidad de Madrid ha comunica-do estos hechos a la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición y a las autoridades de tráfico para su consideración de cara a las pruebas de detección de opiáceos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa San Deogracias de Diego
- Unidad Técnica 10 del Área de Salud Pública. Dirección General de Salud Pública. Consejería de Sanidad. Comunidad de Madrid
| | - Berta Fernández Dueñas
- Unidad Técnica 6 del Área de Salud Pública. Dirección General de Salud Pública. Consejería de Sanidad. Comunidad de Madrid
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21
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Benford D, Calò G, Dahan A, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Németh-Zámboriné É, Arcella D, Baert K, Cascio C, Levorato S, Schutte M, Vleminckx C. Update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05243. [PMID: 32625895 PMCID: PMC7009406 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poppy seeds are obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). They are used as food and to produce edible oil. The opium poppy plant contains narcotic alkaloids such as morphine and codeine. Poppy seeds do not contain the opium alkaloids, but can become contaminated with alkaloids as a result of pest damage and during harvesting. The European Commission asked EFSA to provide an update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. The assessment is based on data on morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine, noscapine and papaverine in poppy seed samples. The CONTAM Panel confirms the acute reference dose (ARfD) of 10 μg morphine/kg body weight (bw) and concluded that the concentration of codeine in the poppy seed samples should be taken into account by converting codeine to morphine equivalents, using a factor of 0.2. The ARfD is therefore a group ARfD for morphine and codeine, expressed in morphine equivalents. Mean and high levels of dietary exposure to morphine equivalents from poppy seeds considered to have high levels of opium alkaloids (i.e. poppy seeds from varieties primarily grown for pharmaceutical use) exceed the ARfD in most age groups. For poppy seeds considered to have relatively low concentrations of opium alkaloids (i.e. primarily varieties for food use), some exceedance of the ARfD is also seen at high levels of dietary exposure in most surveys. For noscapine and papaverine, the available data do not allow making a hazard characterisation. However, comparison of the dietary exposure to the recommended therapeutical doses does not suggest a health concern for these alkaloids. For thebaine and oripavine, no risk characterisation was done due to insufficient data. However, for thebaine, limited evidence indicates a higher acute lethality than for morphine and the estimated exposure could present a health risk.
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