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Klein LM, Lamp J, Schopf C, Gabler AM, Kaltner F, Guldimann C, Rychlik M, Schwake-Anduschus C, Knappstein K, Gottschalk C. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and tropane alkaloids in milk samples from individual dairy farms of the German federal states of Bavaria and Schleswig-Holstein. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38592240 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2336054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
1,2-Dehydro-pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), their corresponding N-oxides (PANO) and tropane alkaloids (TA), are toxic plant metabolites. If plant material, containing these toxins, is present in the feed of dairy cows these toxins can be transferred into milk. Here, milk was sampled directly from dairy farms in the German federal states of Bavaria and Schleswig-Holstein in 2020-2022 in order to investigate a possible contamination of milk at the production stage. In total, 228 milk samples were analysed for 54 PA/PANO and two TA by a sensitive LC-ESI-MS/MS method. In addition, a subset of milk samples (n = 85) was independently analysed for TA by a cooperating laboratory for verification. PA/PANO were found in 26 samples (11%) with a low median sum content of the contaminated samples of 0.024 µg/L. The highest level of contamination was 5.6 µg/L. Senecionine-, lycopsamine- and heliotrine-type PA/PANO were detected. In four samples (1.8%), atropine was determined up to 0.066 µg/L. The toxin levels in the milk samples hardly contributed to the total daily exposure. These data are first-time results on contamination rates and levels occurring in milk from individual dairy farms, based on a large sample number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Monika Klein
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Julika Lamp
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Schopf
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Angelika Miriam Gabler
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christine Schwake-Anduschus
- Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Detmold, Germany
| | - Karin Knappstein
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU in Munich, Munich, Germany
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Knoop K, Knappstein K, Kaltner F, Gabler AM, Taenzer J, These A, Kersten S, Meyer U, Frahm J, Kluess J, Hüther L, Gottschalk C, Bach Knudsen KE, Saltzmann J, Dänicke S. Short-term exposure of dairy cows to pyrrolizidine alkaloids from tansy ragwort ( Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.): effects on health and performance. Arch Anim Nutr 2023; 77:363-384. [PMID: 37842997 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2261806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing spread of ragworts is observed with concern. Ragworts like tansy ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.) or marsh ragwort (J. aquatica) contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) which may induce hepatotoxic effects. Grazing animals usually avoid ragworts if their pasture management is appropriate. Preserved feed prepared from ragworts contaminated meadows may, however, lead to a significant exposure to PA. Previous studies on toxicity of PA for dairy cows revealed inconsistent results due to feeding ragwort plant material which was associated with heterogeneous PA exposure and thus failed to conclusively deduce critical PA doses. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to expose dairy cows (n = 4 per group) in a short-term scenario for 28 days with increasing PA doses (PA1: 0.47 mg PA/kg body weight (BW)/day (d); PA2: 0.95 mg PA/kg BW/d; PA3: 1.91 mg PA/kg BW/d) via oral administration by gavage of a defined PA-extract. While group PA3 was dosed with the PA-extract alone, groups PA2 and PA1 received PA-extracts blended in similar volumes with molasses to provide comparable amounts of sugar. Additionally, two control groups were treated either with water (CONWater) or with molasses (CONMolasses) to assess the effects of sugar without PA interference. While clinical traits including dry matter intake, milking performance, rectal body temperature, ruminal activity and body condition score (BCS) were not influenced by PA exposure, activities of enzymes indicative for liver damages, such as gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), increased significantly over time at an exposure of 1.91 mg total PA/kg BW/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Knoop
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karin Knappstein
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Angelika Miriam Gabler
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Taenzer
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja These
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Janine Saltzmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
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Klein LM, Gabler AM, Rychlik M, Gottschalk C, Kaltner F. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for isomer separation and quantitative determination of 51 pyrrolizidine alkaloids and two tropane alkaloids in cow's milk. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:8107-8124. [PMID: 36183043 PMCID: PMC9613554 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), their corresponding N-oxides (PANO), and tropane alkaloids (TA) are toxic secondary plant metabolites. Their possible transfer into the milk of dairy cows has been studied in feeding trials; however, only few data on the occurrence of these toxins in milk are available. In this study, the development of a sensitive analytical approach for the simultaneous detection and quantification of a broad range of 54 PA/PANO as well as of the TA atropine and scopolamine in milk of dairy cows is presented. The method optimisation focused on sensitivity and separation of PA/PANO isomers. Milk samples were extracted using liquid–liquid extraction with aqueous formic acid and n-hexane, followed by a cation-exchange solid-phase extraction for purification. Reversed phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis was performed using alkaline solvent conditions. Validation proved low limits of detection and quantification of 0.005 to 0.054 µg/L and of 0.009 to 0.123 µg/L, respectively. For 51 of the 54 tested PA/PANO and both TA, the recovery rates ranged from 64 to 127% with repeatability (RSDr) values below 15% at concentration levels of 0.05 and 0.50 µg/L and below 8% at a concentration level of 3.00 µg/L. Only three PANO did not match the validation criteria and were therefore regarded as semiquantitative. The final method was applied to 15 milk samples obtained from milk vending stations at farms and from local marketers in Bavaria, Germany. In three of the milk samples, traces of PA were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Monika Klein
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany. .,Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Angelika Miriam Gabler
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.,Unit Plant Toxins and Mycotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.,Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17-19, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Kaltner F. Fate of Food-Relevant Toxic Plant Alkaloids during Food Processing or Storing and Analytical Strategies to Unveil Potential Transformation Products. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:5975-5981. [PMID: 35544324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxic plant alkaloids (TPAs) may contaminate food and pose a threat to consumer health; as a consequence, they are undesired in foodstuff or food commodities. Similar to other ingredients, TPA may be affected by storing or processing of food, often associated with decreased levels of the parent alkaloids. Up to now, little is known about potential transformation products or if they still may exhibit toxic potential to consumers. This perspective briefly summarizes the current knowledge regarding the behavior of opium, pyrrolizidine, and tropane alkaloids toward processing or storing and highlights analytical strategies to identify and elucidate potential transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kaltner
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Enge AM, Kaltner F, Gottschalk C, Kin A, Kirstgen M, Geyer J, These A, Hammer H, Pötz O, Braeuning A, Hessel-Pras S. Organic Cation Transporter I and Na + /taurocholate Co-Transporting Polypeptide are Involved in Retrorsine- and Senecionine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in HepaRG cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100800. [PMID: 34826203 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE 1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites that are found in many plant species throughout the world. They are of concern for risk assessment as consumption of contaminated foodstuff can cause severe liver damage. Of late, transporter-mediated uptake and transport has advanced as a vital determinant of PA toxicity. In this study, the authors investigate a transporter-mediated uptake of PAs and its implications in PA toxicity. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that transporter expression levels are significantly affected by treatment with the PAs senecionine (Sc) and retrorsine (Re) in the human hepatoma cell line HepaRG. Furthermore, the specific contribution to PA uptake of the two transporters Na+ /taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (SLC10A1) and organic cation transporter I (SLC22A1), both belonging to the heterogeneous solute carrier super family, is investigated by means of a siRNA-mediated knockdown approach. Knockdown of both uptake transporters result in reduced uptake of Re and Sc in a time-dependent manner and attenuated PA-mediated cytotoxic effects in HepaRG cells. CONCLUSION Our results confirm previous findings of active transport mechanisms of PAs into hepatocytes and highlight the importance of toxicokinetic studies for the risk assessment of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Margarethe Enge
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.,Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17-19, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.,Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Angelina Kin
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Kirstgen
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja These
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen Hammer
- Signatope GmbH, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Pötz
- Signatope GmbH, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Bahlinger E, Dorn-In S, Beindorf PM, Mang S, Kaltner F, Gottschalk C, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. Development of two specific multiplex qPCRs to determine amounts of Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Brochothrix thermosphacta and Staphylococcus in meat and heat-treated meat products. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108932. [PMID: 33152570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Culturing methods are conventionally applied to investigate the contamination of food with several microorganisms after heat processing. However, with these methods, it is not possible to evaluate whether heat-treated meat products, such as cooked sausages, contained parts of spoiled meat. Therefore, two specific multiplex qPCRs were developed in this study in order to determine the microbiological quality of the raw materials used for these products. The PCR targets focused on four bacterial groups often found on meat (family Enterobacteriaceae, genus Pseudomonas, genus Staphylococcus and species Brochothrix thermosphacta). Specificity as well as sensitivity of the developed multiplex qPCRs, validated by using 68 microbial species, were 100%. The applicability of both multiplex qPCRs compared to culturing methods was performed using 96 meat samples (fresh and naturally spoiled) and 12 inhouse-made "Lyoner" sausages containing variable ratios of spoiled meat (0%, 5%, 12% and 25%; n = 3 for each group). Both methods showed similar results by evaluating the ∆log10 cfu/g, the relative accuracy and the t-test analysis (p > 0.05). Comparing qPCR results of the different sausage groups, a significant difference between sausages containing fresh meat and sausages containing spoiled meat (12% and 25%) was found only for Pseudomonas and B. thermosphacta in both raw and cooked sausages. The statistical difference between 5% vs. 12% and 25% spoiled meat in cooked sausages, was also found only for these two bacterial groups. The developed multiplex qPCRs were further applied to 30 commercially available "Bologna-type" sausages. The results showed a total of 14 sausages considered to be suspicious for Food Fraud. While the role of Staphylococcus spp. in meat spoilage remains unclear, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae and B. thermosphacta could together be used as an indicator for "spoiled meat" used in sausages. The developed qPCR systems in this study allow the detection of four relevant bacterial groups in the heated Bologna-type sausages and provide information about the hygienic quality of raw materials used. This method could thus be helpful for screening food suspected of Food Fraud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunike Bahlinger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chair of Food Safety, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85716 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Samart Dorn-In
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chair of Food Safety, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85716 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Philipp-Michael Beindorf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chair of Food Safety, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85716 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sirkka Mang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chair of Food Safety, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85716 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chair of Food Safety, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85716 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chair of Food Safety, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85716 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chair of Food Safety, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85716 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chair of Food Safety, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85716 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Gottschalk C, Kaltner F, Zimmermann M, Korten R, Morris O, Schwaiger K, Gareis M. Spread of Jacobaea vulgaris and Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Regionally Produced Honeys from Northern Germany: Inter- and Intra-Site Variations and Risk Assessment for Special Consumer Groups. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070441. [PMID: 32645818 PMCID: PMC7405020 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and PA N-oxides (PANO) are secondary plant metabolites exhibiting genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. Apart from the roots and leaves, PA/PANO are particularly present in pollen and nectar. Therefore, the spread of Jacobaea vulgaris in certain regions of northern Germany has an impact on the safety of honey produced in that region. In this study, raw honey samples (n = 437) were collected from usually three individual beehives per site (n = 73) in the district of Ostholstein and analyzed for 25 PA/PANO. The results reveal mean levels of 8.4, 1.5, and 72.6 µg/kg and maximum levels of 111, 59.4, and 3313 µg/kg, depending on the season (summer 2015 and spring/summer 2016, respectively). As far as individual data are concerned, sites near areas with J. vulgaris growth did not necessarily result in high PA/PANO values. Furthermore, intra-site investigations revealed remarkable differences in PA/PANO levels of raw honey collected by different bee colonies at the same site. Consumption of these regionally produced honeys entails an increased exposure to PA/PANO, especially in children and high consumers. Margin of exposure values of <10,000 and an exceedance of the health-based guidance value highlight that regionally produced and marketed honey must be considered with care for a proper risk assessment and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)89-2180-78526; Fax: +49-(0)89-2180-78502
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias Zimmermann
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Rainer Korten
- Interessengemeinschaft Jakobskreuzkraut, Zarnekauer Siedlung 2, 23701 Zarnekau, Germany; (R.K.); (O.M.)
| | - Oliver Morris
- Interessengemeinschaft Jakobskreuzkraut, Zarnekauer Siedlung 2, 23701 Zarnekau, Germany; (R.K.); (O.M.)
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
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Kaltner F, Rychlik M, Gareis M, Gottschalk C. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Spices and Culinary Herbs from Various Geographical Origins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E155. [PMID: 32121600 PMCID: PMC7150964 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their N‑oxides (PANO) are a group of toxic secondary plant metabolites occurring predominantly as contaminants in (herbal) teas, honeys and food supplements, as well as in spices and culinary herbs. Depending on the botanical origin of the contaminating plant, the pattern of PA/PANO can strongly vary within a sample. The current study aimed to broaden the existing data on the occurrence of PA/PANO in spices and culinary herbs. For this, 305 authentic samples covering 15 different matrices mainly harvested in 2016 or 2017 and originating from 36 countries were investigated for the presence of 44 PA/PANO. Fifty-eight percent of the samples contained at least one PA/PANO. The average sum content over all samples was 323 µg/kg (median of 0.9 µg/kg, 95% percentile of 665 µg/kg). The highest amount of 24.6 mg/kg was detected in an oregano sample. Additionally, conspicuous analyte patterns were discovered in samples from similar cultivation regions, indicating related botanical sources of PA/PANO contaminations. Particularly, oregano and cumin from Turkey often contained high amounts of PA/PANO. The results were used to assess the acute and chronic health risks related to PA/PANO intake via spices and culinary herbs, indicating a potential health risk in particular for adults and children with high consumption or when considering worst‑case contamination scenarios of a sum content of 5500 µg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Ulrich S, Niessen L, Ekruth J, Schäfer C, Kaltner F, Gottschalk C. Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 36:83-91. [PMID: 31435889 PMCID: PMC6971138 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum was isolated from culinary herbs, damp building materials, and improperly stored animal forage. Two distinct chemotypes of the fungus were described that produced either high-cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes (S type) or low-cytotoxic atranones (A type). Recently, two distinct gene clusters were described that were found to be necessary for the biosynthesis of either macrocyclic trichothecenes (21 SAT (Satratoxin) genes) or atranones (14 ATR (Atranone) genes). In the current study, PCR primers were designed to detect SAT and ATR genes in 19 S. chartarum chemotype S and eight S. chartarum chemotype A strains. Our analysis revealed the existence of three different genotypes: satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all SAT genes but lacked the ATR gene cluster (genotype S), non-satratoxin-producing strains that possessed the ATR genes but lacked SAT genes (genotype A), and a hitherto undescribed hybrid genotype among non-satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all ATR genes and an incomplete set of SAT genes (genotype H). In order to improve the discrimination of genotypes, a triplex PCR assay was developed and applied for the analysis of S. chartarum and S. chlorohalonata cultures. The results show that genes for macrocyclic trichothecenes and atranones are not mutually exclusive in S. chartarum. Correlation of the new genotype-based concept with mycotoxin production data shows also that macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively produced by S. chartarum genotype S strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Ludwig Niessen
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Julia Ekruth
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Cornelius Schäfer
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Gottschalk C, Huckauf A, Dübecke A, Kaltner F, Zimmermann M, Rahaus I, Beuerle T. Uncertainties in the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in naturally contaminated honeys and comparison of results obtained by different analytical approaches. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1366-1383. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1468929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Aiko Huckauf
- Nature Conservation Foundation Schleswig-Holstein, Tansy Ragwort Competence Centre, Molfsee, Germany
| | - Arne Dübecke
- QSI – Quality Services International GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Zimmermann
- Chair of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Ines Rahaus
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig (TUB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig (TUB), Braunschweig, Germany
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Kaltner F, Rychlik M, Gareis M, Gottschalk C. Influence of Storage on the Stability of Toxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Their N-Oxides in Peppermint Tea, Hay, and Honey. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:5221-5228. [PMID: 29709169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and PA- N-oxides (PANO) are phytotoxins, which presumably occur in more than 6,000 plant species worldwide. Plants containing PA/PANO are responsible for various food and feed poisonings recorded for decades. Main reasons of exposition of consumers and livestock are contaminations of food and animal feed with parts, seeds, pollen, or nectar of PA-containing plants. Concerning stability, effects of processing on PA were mainly investigated in the past. The current study examined the behavior of PA/PANO in unprocessed matrices peppermint tea, hay, and honey during storage. Blank samples were fortified with PA/PANO or contaminated with blueweed ( Echium vulgare) and ragwort ( Senecio jacobaea) and stored for 182 d. The time-series analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed that all 25 analyzed PA/PANO compounds remained stable in herbal samples. However, the results showed a very fast decrease of PANO in honey samples within hours. These results were discussed with respect to potential consequences for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Schoenleutnerstr. 8 , 85764 Oberschleissheim , Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry , Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry , Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Schoenleutnerstr. 8 , 85764 Oberschleissheim , Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Schoenleutnerstr. 8 , 85764 Oberschleissheim , Germany
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Kaltner F, Rampl C, Rychlik M, Zimmermann T, Rohe A. Development and Validation of a Cost-Effective HPLC-FLD Method for Routine Analysis of Fumonisins B1 and B2 in Corn and Corn Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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