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Thalluri C, Amin R, Mandhadi JR, Gacem A, Emran TB, Dey BK, Roy A, Alqahtani MS, Refat MS, Safi SZ, Alsuhaibani AM. Central Composite Designed Fast Dissolving Tablets for Improved Solubility of the Loaded Drug Ondansetron Hydrochloride. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2467574. [PMID: 36046453 PMCID: PMC9420627 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2467574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Ondansetron tablets that are directly compressed using crospovidone and croscarmellose as a synthetic super disintegrant are the subject of this investigation. A central composite, response surface, randomly quadratic, nonblock (version 13.0.9.0) 32 factorial design is used to optimize the formulation (two-factor three-level). To make things even more complicated, nine different formulation batches (designated as F1-F9) were created. There were three levels of crospovidone and croscarmellose (+1, 0, -1). In addition to that, pre- and postcompressional parameters were evaluated, and all evaluated parameters were found to be within acceptable range. Among all postcompressional parameter dispersion and disintegration time, in vitro drug release experiments (to quantify the amount of medication released from the tablet) and their percentage prediction error were shown to have a significant influence on three dependent variables. Various pre- and postcompression characteristics of each active component were tested in vitro. Bulk density, tap density, angle of repose, Carr's index, and the Hausner ratio were all included in this analysis, as were many others. This tablet's hardness and friability were also assessed along with its dimension and weight variations. Additional stability studies may be conducted using the best batch of the product. For this study, we utilised the Design-Expert software to select the formulation F6, which had dispersion times of 17.67 ± 0.03 seconds, disintegration times of 120.12 ± 0.55 seconds, and percentage drug release measurements of 99.25 ± 0.36 within 30 minutes. Predicted values and experimental data had a strong correlation. Fast dissolving pills of ondansetron hydrochloride may be created by compressing the tablets directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekar Thalluri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam Down Town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
| | - Ruhul Amin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam Down Town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
| | - Jithendar Reddy Mandhadi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam Down Town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
| | - Amel Gacem
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University 20 Août 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Biplab Kumar Dey
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam Down Town University, Panikhaiti, Guwahati, Assam 781026, India
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Bioimaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Postcode: 9004, Zip code: 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S. Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sher Zaman Safi
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, 42610 Selangor, Malaysia
- IRCBM, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amnah Mohammed Alsuhaibani
- Department of Physical Sport Science, College of Education, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Schleiff MA, Dhaware D, Sodhi JK. Recent advances in computational metabolite structure predictions and altered metabolic pathways assessment to inform drug development processes. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:173-187. [PMID: 33840322 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1910292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Many drug candidates fail during preclinical and clinical trials due to variable or unexpected metabolism which may lead to variability in drug efficacy or adverse drug reactions. The drug metabolism field aims to address this important issue from many angles which range from the study of drug-drug interactions, pharmacogenomics, computational metabolic modeling, and others. This manuscript aims to provide brief but comprehensive manuscript summaries highlighting the conclusions and scientific importance of seven exceptional manuscripts published in recent years within the field of drug metabolism. Two main topics within the field are reviewed: novel computational metabolic modeling approaches which provide complex outputs beyond site of metabolism predictions, and experimental approaches designed to discern the impacts of interindividual variability and species differences on drug metabolism. The computational approaches discussed provide novel outputs in metabolite structure and formation likelihood and/or extend beyond the saturated field of drug phase I metabolism, while the experimental metabolic pathways assessments aim to highlight the impacts of genetic polymorphisms and clinical animal model metabolic differences on human metabolism and subsequent health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alexandra Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Deepika Dhaware
- Biotransformation and ADME, Research and Development, Orion Corporation, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Gao D, Penno C, Wünsch B. Rigid Scaffolds: Synthesis of 2,6-Bridged Piperazines with Functional Groups in all three Bridges. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:874-889. [PMID: 32884883 PMCID: PMC7450790 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of pharmacologically active compounds can be increased by presenting a drug in a defined conformation, which fits exactly into the binding pocket of its target. Herein, the piperazine scaffold was conformationally restricted by substituted C2- or C3-bridges across the 2- and 6-position. At first, a three-step, one-pot procedure was developed to obtain reproducibly piperazine-2,6-diones with various substituents at the N-atoms in high yields. Three strategies for bridging of piperazine-2,6-diones were pursued: 1. The bicyclic mixed ketals 8-benzyl-6-ethoxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-(trimethylsilyloxy)-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2,4-diones were prepared by Dieckmann analogous cyclization of 2-(3,5-dioxopiperazin-2-yl)acetates. 2. Stepwise allylation, hydroboration and oxidation of piperazine-2,6-diones led to 3-(3,5-dioxopiperazin-2-yl)propionaldehydes. Whereas reaction of such an aldehyde with base provided the bicyclic alcohol 9-benzyl-6-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3,9-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4-dione in only 10 % yield, the corresponding sulfinylimines reacted with base to give N-(2,4-dioxo-3,9-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-6-yl)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamides in >66 % yield. 3. Transformation of a piperazine-2,6-dione with 1,4-dibromobut-2-ene and 3-halo-2-halomethylprop-1-enes provided 3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2,4-dione and 3,9-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4-dione with a vinyl group at the C2- or a methylene group at the C3-bridge, respectively. Since bridging via sulfinylimines and the one-pot bridging with 3-bromo-2-bromomethylprop-1-ene gave promising yields, these strategies will be exploited for the synthesis of novel receptor ligands bearing various substituents in a defined orientation at the carbon bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Gao
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der WestfälischenWilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
| | - Christian Penno
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der WestfälischenWilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der WestfälischenWilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 – CiM)Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster48149MünsterGermany
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4
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Dallmann A, Ince I, Coboeken K, Eissing T, Hempel G. A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Pregnant Women to Predict the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Metabolized Via Several Enzymatic Pathways. Clin Pharmacokinet 2019; 57:749-768. [PMID: 28924743 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-017-0594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling is considered a valuable tool for predicting pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy to subsequently guide in-vivo pharmacokinetic trials in pregnant women. The objective of this study was to extend and verify a previously developed physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for pregnant women for the prediction of pharmacokinetics of drugs metabolized via several cytochrome P450 enzymes. METHODS Quantitative information on gestation-specific changes in enzyme activity available in the literature was incorporated in a pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and the pharmacokinetics of eight drugs metabolized via one or multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes was predicted. The tested drugs were caffeine, midazolam, nifedipine, metoprolol, ondansetron, granisetron, diazepam, and metronidazole. Pharmacokinetic predictions were evaluated by comparison with in-vivo pharmacokinetic data obtained from the literature. RESULTS The pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic model successfully predicted the pharmacokinetics of all tested drugs. The observed pregnancy-induced pharmacokinetic changes were qualitatively and quantitatively reasonably well predicted for all drugs. Ninety-seven percent of the mean plasma concentrations predicted in pregnant women fell within a twofold error range and 63% within a 1.25-fold error range. For all drugs, the predicted area under the concentration-time curve was within a 1.25-fold error range. CONCLUSION The presented pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic model can quantitatively predict the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are metabolized via one or multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes by integrating prior knowledge of the pregnancy-related effect on these enzymes. This pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic model may thus be used to identify potential exposure changes in pregnant women a priori and to eventually support informed decision making when clinical trials are designed in this special population.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Dallmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Clinical Pharmacy, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Ibrahim Ince
- Clinical Pharmacometrics, Bayer AG, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Katrin Coboeken
- Clinical Pharmacometrics, Bayer AG, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eissing
- Clinical Pharmacometrics, Bayer AG, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Georg Hempel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Clinical Pharmacy, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Lang D, Radtke M, Bairlein M. Highly Variable Expression of CYP1A1 in Human Liver and Impact on Pharmacokinetics of Riociguat and Granisetron in Humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1115-1122. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lang
- Bayer AG, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research Center, Aprather Weg 18a, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Martin Radtke
- Bayer AG, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research Center, Aprather Weg 18a, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michaela Bairlein
- Bayer AG, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research Center, Aprather Weg 18a, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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6
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Gong S, Yan Z, Liu Z, Niu M, Fang H, Li N, Huang C, Li L, Chen G, Luo H, Chen X, Zhou H, Hu J, Yang W, Huang Q, Schnabl B, Chang P, Billiar TR, Jiang Y, Chen P. Intestinal Microbiota Mediates the Susceptibility to Polymicrobial Sepsis-Induced Liver Injury by Granisetron Generation in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 69:1751-1767. [PMID: 30506577 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced liver injury is recognized as a key problem in intensive care units. The gut microbiota has been touted as an important mediator of liver disease development; however, the precise roles of gut microbiota in regulating sepsis-induced liver injury are unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of the gut microbiota in sepsis-induced liver injury and the underlying mechanism. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used to induce polymicrobial sepsis and related liver injury. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was used to validate the roles of gut microbiota in these pathologies. Metabolomics analysis was performed to characterize the metabolic profile differences between sepsis-resistant (Res; survived to 7 days after CLP) and sepsis-sensitive (Sen; moribund before or approximately 24 hours after CLP) mice. Mice gavaged with feces from Sen mice displayed more-severe liver damage than did mice gavaged with feces from Res mice. The gut microbial metabolic profile between Sen and Res mice was different. In particular, the microbiota from Res mice generated more granisetron, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3 ) receptor antagonist, than the microbiota from Sen mice. Granisetron protected mice against CLP-induced death and liver injury. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokine expression by macrophages after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was markedly reduced in the presence of granisetron. Both treatment with granisetron and genetic knockdown of the 5-HT3A receptor in cells suppressed nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB) transactivation and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) accumulation in macrophages. Gut microbial granisetron levels showed a significantly negative correlation with plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in septic patients. Conclusion: Our study indicated that gut microbiota plays a key role in the sensitization of sepsis-induced liver injury and associates granisetron as a hepatoprotective compound during sepsis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhai Gong
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengzheng Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanguo Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengwei Niu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Fang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiming Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haihua Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojiao Chen
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Microbiome Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Microbiome Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjuan Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ping Chang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Microbiome Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Shingaki T, Katayama Y, Nakaoka T, Takashima T, Onoe K, Okauchi T, Hayashinaka E, Wada Y, Cui Y, Watanabe Y. Exploration of Antiemetics for Osteoporosis Therapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting Using PET Molecular Imaging Analysis to Gastrointestinal Pharmacokinetics. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1235-48. [PMID: 26869173 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To select appropriate antiemetics relieving teriparatide-induced nausea and vomiting during osteoporosis treatment using PET molecular imaging and pharmacokinetic analysis. METHODS Rats were pretreated with subcutaneous teriparatide, followed by oral administration of antiemetics with different pharmacological effects. The pharmacokinetics of antiemetics were assessed by oral administration of 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) under free moving conditions in vivo. The effect of teriparatide on the permeability of Caco-2 cell membranes to [(18)F]FDG was assessed in vitro. The effects of antiemetics on teriparatide-induced suppression of gastrointestinal motility in vivo was assayed by positron emission tomography (PET) using orally administered [(18)F]FDG. RESULTS Teriparatide delayed the time-radioactivity profile of [(18)F]FDG in blood and significantly reduced its absorption rate constant (k a ), determined from non-compartmental analysis, to 60% of control. In contrast, co-administration of granisetron or mosapride restored the time-radioactivity profile and k a of [(18)F]FDG to control levels. Teriparatide had no effect on Caco-2 membrane permeability to [(18)F]FDG. Pharmacokinetic PET imaging data analysis quantitatively showed the pharmacological effects of teriparatide-induced suppression of upper gastrointestinal motility and its restoration by granisetron and mosapride. CONCLUSIONS Teriparatide-induced abdominal discomfort might be attributed to GI motility, and PET imaging analysis is a useful tool to for the selection of appropriate antiemetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Shingaki
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Katayama
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakaoka
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Takashima
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Sciences, reorganized to RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kayo Onoe
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Okauchi
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Emi Hayashinaka
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Wada
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yilong Cui
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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8
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Zhao Y, Chen HJ, Caritis S, Venkataramanan R. Development and validation of a sensitive liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous analysis of granisetron and 7-hydroxy granisetron in human plasma and urine samples: application in a clinical pharmacokinetic study in. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:149-54. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; University of Pittsburgh; PA USA
| | - Hui-Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; University of Pittsburgh; PA USA
- School of Medicine; Tsinghua University; Beijing China
| | - Steve Caritis
- Magee Womens Research Institute; Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Magee Womens Hospital; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; University of Pittsburgh; PA USA
- Magee Womens Research Institute; Pittsburgh PA USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
- Thomas Starzl Transplantation Institute; Pittsburgh PA USA
- McGovern Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
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9
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Wu W, Bates MA, Bursian SJ, Flannery B, Zhou HR, Link JE, Zhang H, Pestka JJ. Peptide YY3-36 and 5-hydroxytryptamine mediate emesis induction by trichothecene deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:186-95. [PMID: 23457120 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium sp. that frequently occurs in cereal grains, has been associated with human and animal food poisoning. Although a common hallmark of DON-induced toxicity is the rapid onset of emesis, the mechanisms for this adverse effect are not fully understood. Recently, our laboratory has demonstrated that the mink (Neovison vison) is a suitable small animal model for investigating trichothecene-induced emesis. The goal of this study was to use this model to determine the roles of two gut satiety hormones, peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) and cholecystokinin (CCK), and the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in DON-induced emesis. Following ip exposure to DON at 0.1 and 0.25mg/kg bw, emesis induction ensued within 15-30min and then persisted up to 120min. Plasma DON measurement revealed that this emesis period correlated with the rapid distribution and clearance of the toxin. Significant elevations in both plasma PYY3-36 (30-60min) and 5-HT (60min) but not CCK were observed during emesis. Pretreatment with the neuropeptide Y2 receptor antagonist JNJ-31020028 attenuated DON- and PYY-induced emesis, whereas the CCK1 receptor antagonist devezapide did not alter DON's emetic effects. The 5-HT3 receptor antagonist granisetron completely suppressed induction of vomiting by DON and the 5-HT inducer cisplatin. Granisetron pretreatment also partially blocked PYY3-36-induced emesis, suggesting a potential upstream role for this gut satiety hormone in 5-HT release. Taken together, the results suggest that both PYY3-36 and 5-HT play contributory roles in DON-induced emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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10
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Obach RS. Pharmacologically active drug metabolites: impact on drug discovery and pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:578-640. [PMID: 23406671 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism represents the most prevalent mechanism for drug clearance. Many drugs are converted to metabolites that can retain the intrinsic affinity of the parent drug for the pharmacological target. Drug metabolism redox reactions such as heteroatom dealkylations, hydroxylations, heteroatom oxygenations, reductions, and dehydrogenations can yield active metabolites, and in rare cases even conjugation reactions can yield an active metabolite. To understand the contribution of an active metabolite to efficacy relative to the contribution of the parent drug, the target affinity, functional activity, plasma protein binding, membrane permeability, and pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite and parent drug must be known. Underlying pharmacokinetic principles and clearance concepts are used to describe the dispositional behavior of metabolites in vivo. A method to rapidly identify active metabolites in drug research is described. Finally, over 100 examples of drugs with active metabolites are discussed with regard to the importance of the metabolite(s) in efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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11
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Zhao N, Cun D, Li W, Ma X, Sun L, Xi H, Li L, Fang L. In vitro percutaneous absorption enhancement of granisetron by chemical penetration enhancers. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:561-8. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.665924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dongmei Cun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Honglei Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,
Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Late SG, Banga AK. Response surface methodology to optimize novel fast disintegrating tablets using β cyclodextrin as diluent. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1627-35. [PMID: 21086083 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to apply response surface approach to investigate main and interaction effects of formulation parameters in optimizing novel fast disintegrating tablet formulation using β cyclodextrin as a diluent. The variables studied were diluent (β cyclodextrin, X (1)), superdisintegrant (Croscarmellose sodium, X (2)), and direct compression aid (Spray dried lactose, X (3)). Tablets were prepared by direct compression method on B2 rotary tablet press using flat plain-face punches and characterized for weight variation, thickness, disintegration time (Y (1)), and hardness (Y (2)). Disintegration time was strongly affected by quadratic terms of β cyclodextrin, croscarmellose sodium, and spray-dried lactose. The positive value of regression coefficient for β cyclodextrin suggested that hardness increased with increased amount of β cyclodextrin. In general, disintegration of tablets has been reported to slow down with increase in hardness. However in the present study, higher concentration of β cyclodextrin was found to improve tablet hardness without increasing the disintegration time. Thus, β cyclodextrin is proposed as a suitable diluent to achieve fast disintegrating tablets with sufficient hardness. Good correlation between the predicted values and experimental data of the optimized formulation validated prognostic ability of response surface methodology in optimizing fast disintegrating tablets using β cyclodextrin as a diluent.
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Vernekar SKV, Hallaq HY, Clarkson G, Thompson AJ, Silvestri L, Lummis SCR, Lochner M. Toward biophysical probes for the 5-HT3 receptor: structure-activity relationship study of granisetron derivatives. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2324-8. [PMID: 20146481 PMCID: PMC4166935 DOI: 10.1021/jm901827x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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This report describes the synthesis and biological characterization of novel granisetron derivatives that are antagonists of the human serotonin (5-HT3A) receptor. Some of these substituted granisetron derivatives showed low nanomolar binding affinity and allowed the identification of positions on the granisetron core that might be used as attachment points for biophysical tags. A BODIPY fluorophore was appended to one such position and specifically bound to 5-HT3A receptors in mammalian cells.
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14
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Impact of plasma and whole-blood anticoagulant counter ion choice on drug stability and matrix effects during bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:537-48. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anticoagulants are used to prevent coagulation in blood samples. The plasma pH may change with a different counter ion and anticoagulant; thus, it is essential to determine effects on drug stability and the matrix effect during the bioanalytical method development. Results: Cross-validation of multiple compounds between different counter ions was performed and no impact from the counter ion nature was demonstrated. Moreover, plasma stabilities and matrix effects for both fluconazole and granisetron were investigated thoroughly in numerous counter ions/anticoagulants (K3ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [K3EDTA], K2EDTA, NaEDTA, NaHeparin and LiHeparin). Sirolimus, a large cyclic molecule, was also tested in different whole-blood EDTA counter ions. Results showed percentage deviation less than 8.5% and percentage cross-validation less than 8.4%. Conclusion: None of the compounds tested had an impact on the matrix stabilities and matrix effect.
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Chaturvedula A, Joshi DP, Anderson C, Morris R, Sembrowich WL, Banga AK. Dermal, subdermal, and systemic concentrations of granisetron by iontophoretic delivery. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1313-9. [PMID: 16078141 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-5335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to demonstrate the iontophoretic delivery of granisetron hydrochloride by novel, self-contained iontophoretic patches and to determine the subcutaneous and dermal absorption kinetics using microdialysis. METHODS In vitro iontophoretic delivery of granisetron hydrochloride was evaluated at 5, 10, or 20 mg/ml concentrations of donor using Franz diffusion cells and hairless rat skin as a membrane. In vivo studies were performed in hairless rats. Animals received either subcutaneous or dermal microdialysis probes and iontophoretic patches filled with drug formulation were applied on the abdominal area such that the probe lies below the anode chamber. Blood and microdialysate samples were collected at different time intervals. Intravenous administration of granisetron was also done to determine the basic pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS Iontophoretic patches delivered current constantly throughout the patch application. The patches delivered granisetron hydrochloride at a rate of 14.91+/-4.53 microg/min/kg. Similar concentrations of granisetron hydrochloride in dermal and subcutaneous tissue were observed. Depot formation was identified in the subcutaneous and dermal profiles, indicating that subcutaneous structures are also responsible for the depot formation of the drug in the dermis. CONCLUSION The patches successfully delivered granisetron hydrochloride by iontophoresis and depot formation was observed in the dermal and subcutaneous structures in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappa Chaturvedula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
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Youlten L. The effect of repeat dosing with cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous granisetron in healthy volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004; 56:169-75. [PMID: 15005875 DOI: 10.1211/0022357022566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The primary route of elimination of granisetron is by oxidative hepatic metabolism, thus its pharmacokinetic profile may be altered by co-administration of other drugs that inhibit or induce hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. This open-label study investigated the effect of inhibition of cimetidine, a potent inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, on the pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous granisetron in healthy male volunteers. Subjects (n = 12; 18-60 years) received granisetron (40 microg kg(-1)) infused over 3 min, six days before and on the eighth day of dosing with cimetidine (200 mg, four times a day). Blood samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis at intervals over 48 h following the administration of each dose of granisetron. Clinical chemistry, haematology and urinalysis were performed before, and 24 h after, each infusion. Electrocardiogram (ECG), resting blood pressure (BP) and pulse were monitored. There were no significant changes in the ECG, lead II trace or ECG time intervals, pulse or blood pressure on each study day. Minor falls in pulse rate and BP (likely to be related to recumbent posture) were seen during both granisetron dosing days, lasting 2 h after each infusion. No significant changes were apparent in the clinical chemistry, haematology or urinalysis measurements following granisetron dosing. No pharmacokinetic parameters measured after cimetidine administration were significantly different from those taken before. Adverse events were mild-to-moderate in severity and were similar to those reported in other studies with granisetron. The pharmacokinetics of granisetron, when administered as a single dose, appeared to be unaltered by cimetidine, an inhibitor of multiple hepatic enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4). Granisetron was equally well tolerated before and after repeated dosing with cimetidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Youlten
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Great Burgh, Surrey, UK.
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Zhao YH, Abraham MH, Le J, Hersey A, Luscombe CN, Beck G, Sherborne B, Cooper I. Evaluation of rat intestinal absorption data and correlation with human intestinal absorption. Eur J Med Chem 2003; 38:233-43. [PMID: 12667690 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(03)00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The absorption of 111 drug and drug-like compounds was evaluated from 111 references based on the ratio of urinary excretion of drugs following oral and intravenous administration to intact rats and biliary excretion of bile duct-cannulated rats. Ninety-eight drug compounds for which both human and rat absorption data were available were selected for correlation analysis between the human and rat absorption. The result shows that the extent of absorption in these two species is similar. For 94% of the drugs the absorption difference between humans and rats is less than 20% and for 98% of drugs the difference is less than 30%. There is only one drug for which human absorption is significantly different from rat absorption. The standard deviation is 11% between human and rat absorption. The linear relationship between human and rat absorption forced through the origin, as determined by least squares regression, is %Absorption (human)=0.997%Absorption (rat) (n=98, SD=11). It is suggested that the absorption in rats could be used as an alternative method to human absorption in pre-clinical oral absorption studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan H Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AJ, London, UK
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Dalvie DK, Kalgutkar AS, Khojasteh-Bakht SC, Obach RS, O'Donnell JP. Biotransformation reactions of five-membered aromatic heterocyclic rings. Chem Res Toxicol 2002; 15:269-99. [PMID: 11896674 DOI: 10.1021/tx015574b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Dalvie
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Zhao YH, Le J, Abraham MH, Hersey A, Eddershaw PJ, Luscombe CN, Butina D, Beck G, Sherborne B, Cooper I, Platts JA, Boutina D. Evaluation of human intestinal absorption data and subsequent derivation of a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) with the Abraham descriptors. J Pharm Sci 2001; 90:749-84. [PMID: 11357178 DOI: 10.1002/jps.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The human intestinal absorption of 241 drugs was evaluated. Three main methods were used to determine the human intestinal absorption: bioavailability, percentage of urinary excretion of drug-related material following oral administration, and the ratio of cumulative urinary excretion of drug-related material following oral and intravenous administration. The general solvation equation developed by Abraham's group was used to model the human intestinal absorption data of 169 drugs we considered to have reliable data. The model contains five Abraham descriptors calculated by the ABSOLV program. The results show that Abraham descriptors can successfully predict human intestinal absorption if the human absorption data is carefully classified based on solubility and administration dose to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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Boppana VK, Miller-Stein C, Schaefer WH. Direct plasma liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of granisetron and its 7-hydroxy metabolite utilizing internal surface reversed-phase guard columns and automated column switching devices. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 678:227-36. [PMID: 8738026 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An alternative on-line automated sample enrichment technique useful for the direct determination of various drugs and their metabolites in plasma is described for rapid development of highly sensitive and selective liquid chromatographic methods using mass spectrometric detection. The method involves direct injection of plasma onto an internal surface reversed-phase (ISRP) guard column, washing the proteins from the column to waste with aqueous acetonitrile, and backflushing the analytes onto a reversed-phase octyl silica column using switching valves. The analytes were detected using a tandem mass spectrometer operated in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Use of two ISRP guard columns in parallel configuration allowed alternate injections of plasma samples on these columns for sample enrichment and shortened the column equilibration and LC-MS-MS analysis times, thereby increasing the sample throughput. The total run time, including both sample enrichment and chromatography, was about 6 min. Using this technique, an analytical method was developed for the quantitation of granisetron and its active 7-hydroxy metabolite in dog plasma. Granisetron is a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used in the prevention and treatment of cytostatic induced nausea and vomiting. Recovery of the analytes was quantitative and the method displayed excellent linearity over the concentration ranges tested. Results from a three day validation study for both compounds demonstrated excellent precision (1.3-8.7%) and accuracy (93-105%) across the calibration range of 0.1 to 50 ng/ml using an 80 microliters plasma sample. The automated method described here was simple, reliable and economical. This on-line approach using ISRP columns and column switching with LC-MS-MS is applicable for the quantification of other pharmaceuticals in pharmacokinetic studies in animals and humans which require high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Boppana
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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Bloomer JC, Baldwin SJ, Smith GJ, Ayrton AD, Clarke SE, Chenery RJ. Characterisation of the cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro metabolism of granisetron. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 38:557-66. [PMID: 7888294 PMCID: PMC1364919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The metabolism of granisetron was investigated in human liver microsomes to identify the specific forms of cytochrome P450 responsible. 2. 7-hydroxy and 9'-desmethyl granisetron were identified as the major products of metabolism following incubation of granisetron with human liver microsomes. At low, clinically relevant, concentrations of granisetron the 7-hydroxy metabolite predominated. Rates of granisetron 7-hydroxylation varied over 100-fold in the human livers investigated. 3. Enzyme kinetics demonstrated the involvement of at least two enzymes contributing to the 7-hydroxylation of granisetron, one of which was a high affinity component with a Km of 4 microM. A single, low affinity, enzyme was responsible for the 9'-desmethylation of granisetron. 4. Granisetron caused no inhibition of any of the cytochrome P450 activities investigated (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9/8, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A), at concentrations up to 250 microM. 5. Studies using chemical inhibitors selective for individual P450 enzymes indicated the involvement of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), both pathways of granisetron metabolism being very sensitive to ketoconazole inhibition. Correlation data were consistent with the role of CYP3A3/4 in granisetron 9'-desmethylation but indicated that a different enzyme was involved in the 7-hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bloomer
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Frythe, Welwyn
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