1
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Yi Zheng A, Teng Loh M, Wan Sia Heng P, Wah Chan L. Selection of lubricant type and concentration for orodispersible tablets. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124190. [PMID: 38701910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Lubricants are essential for most tablet formulations as they assist powder flow, prevent adhesion to tableting tools and facilitate tablet ejection. Magnesium stearate (MgSt) is an effective lubricant but may compromise tablet strength and disintegratability. In the design of orodispersible tablets, tablet strength and disintegratability are critical attributes of the dosage form. Hence, this study aimed to conduct an in-depth comparative study of MgSt with alternative lubricants, namely sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), stearic acid (SA) and hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), for their effects on the tableting process as well as tablet properties. Powder blends were prepared with lactose, sodium starch glycolate or crospovidone as the disintegrant, and a lubricant at different concentrations. Angle of repose was determined for the mixtures. Comparative evaluation was carried out based on the ejection force, tensile strength, liquid penetration and disintegratability of the tablets produced. As the lubricant concentration increased, powder flow and tablet ejection improved. The lubrication efficiency generally decreased as follows: MgSt > HCO > SA > SLS. Despite its superior lubrication efficacy, MgSt is the only lubricant of four evaluated that reduced tablet tensile strength. Tablet disintegration time was strongly determined by tensile strength and liquid penetration, which were in turn affected by the lubricant type and concentration. All the above factors should be taken into consideration when deciding the type and concentration of lubricant for an orodispersible tablet formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Yi Zheng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Mahn Teng Loh
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Lai Wah Chan
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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2
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Martínez-Acevedo L, Job Galindo-Pérez M, Vidal-Romero G, Del Real A, de la Luz Zambrano-Zaragoza M, Quintanar-Guerrero D. Effect of magnesium stearate solid lipid nanoparticles as a lubricant on the properties of tablets by direct compression. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 193:262-273. [PMID: 37944711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study discusses the lubricant properties of magnesium stearate solid lipid nanoparticles (MgSt-SLN) and their effect on the tabletability, mechanical properties, disintegration, and acetaminophen-model dissolution time of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) tablets prepared by direct compression. The behavior of MgSt-SLN was compared to reference material (RM) to identify advantages and drawbacks. The nanoprecipitation/ion exchange method was employed to prepare the MgSt-SLN. Particle size, zeta potential, specific surface area, morphology, and true density were measured to characterize the nanosystem. The MgSt-SLN particle sizes obtained were 240 ± 5 nm with a specific surface area of 12.2 m2/g. The MCC tablets with MgSt-SLN presented a reduction greater than 20 % in their ejection force, good tabletability, higher tensile strength, lower disintegration delay, and marked differences in acetaminophen dissolution when compared to the RM. The reduced particle size of the magnesium stearate seems to offer a promising technological advantage as an efficient lubricant process that does not affect the properties of tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Martínez-Acevedo
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México C.P. 54740, Mexico; Laboratorio de Desarrollo Galénico, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Cuidad de México C.P. 04960, Mexico
| | - Moises Job Galindo-Pérez
- Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Campus II, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México C.P. 09230, Mexico; Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México C.P. 05348, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Vidal-Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México C.P. 54740, Mexico; Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Campus II, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México C.P. 09230, Mexico
| | - Alicia Del Real
- Departamento de Ingeniería Molecular de Materiales, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro C.P. 76230, México
| | - María de la Luz Zambrano-Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Procesos de Transformación y Tecnologías Emergentes de Alimentos, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México C.P. 54714, México
| | - David Quintanar-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México C.P. 54740, Mexico.
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3
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Sabbatini B, Romano Perinelli D, Filippo Palmieri G, Cespi M, Bonacucina G. Sodium lauryl sulfate as lubricant in tablets formulations: Is it worth? Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123265. [PMID: 37482231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Lubricants are excipients used in tablet formulations to reduce friction and adhesion forces within the die or on the punches surface during the manufacturing process. Despite these excipients are always required for the tablets production, their amount must be carefully evaluated since lubricants can negatively impact on mechanical strength, disintegration and dissolution behavior of solid dosage forms. Alternative compounds have been suggested to overcome the issues of conventional lubricants and sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) is one of the most promising one. Despite SDS has been object of several investigations, a definitive conclusion on its effectiveness cannot still be drawn. Particularly, its efficacy on tablets disaggregation and API dissolution is still unclear. Here, the effect of SDS on all the relevant features of tablets and tableting process has been evaluated on immediate release hydrophobic tablets formulations in comparison with conventional lubricants. The results of this investigation are quite outspoken: SDS has a low lubricant power while it determines only a limited improvement on tablets hardness. It greatly improves the tablets wettability but only on model formulations, the presence of superdisintegrants resets its effectiveness and any possible effect on tablets disaggregation. None of the tested formulations showed improvement on the API dissolution rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Cespi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy.
| | - Giulia Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
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4
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de Backere C, Quodbach J, De Beer T, Vervaet C, Vanhoorne V. Impact of alternative lubricants on process and tablet quality for direct compression. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122012. [PMID: 35839984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Internal lubrication with magnesium stearate (MgSt) is associated with a reduced tensile strength and prolonged disintegration and dissolution times. In the current study, alternative lubricants to MgSt were compared with regard to lubrication efficacy and their impact on tablet properties. The lubricants were combined in different concentrations (0.5-5% w/w) with three fillers (lactose, mannitol and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)). The high lubrication efficiency of MgSt was associated with the highest reduction of tensile strength. The micronized stearic acid (SA) grades proved good alternatives as they showed a good lubrication efficiency in combination with a limited negative effect on tensile strength. The hydrophobic lubricants (e.g., MgSt and SA) did not prolong disintegration. In contrast, delayed disintegration was observed for sucrose monopalmitate combined with all three fillers and for several other hydrophilic lubricants (sodium lauryl sulfate, poloxamers 188 and P407) combined with MCC. These unexpected findings were explained by the competition-for-water hypothesis. The potential of alternative lubricants to MgSt was demonstrated in this study. Nevertheless, the impact of lubricant addition on process and tablet quality depended on lubricant (type and concentration) and formulation (lubrication need, deformation mechanism and disintegration behavior) properties. Therefore, lubricant selection should be carefully considered in formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedrine de Backere
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julian Quodbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valérie Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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5
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Apeji YE, Ariko NA, Olayemi OJ, Olowosulu AK, Oyi AR. Optimization of the Extragranular Excipient Composition of Paracetamol Tablet formulation using the Quality by Design Approach. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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6
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Lubrication empirical model to predict tensile strength of directly compressed powder blends. Int J Pharm 2021; 592:119980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Srikakulapu NG, Cheela SS, Bari VK, Mukherjee AK, Bhatnagar AK. Effect of polymer flow aids on LD iron ore flowability. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Haruna F, Apeji YE, Oparaeche C, Oyi AR, Gamlen M. Compaction and tableting properties of composite particles of microcrystalline cellulose and crospovidone engineered for direct compression. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Excipients with improved functionality have continued to be developed by the particle engineering strategy of co-processing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compaction and tableting properties of composite particles of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and crospovidone (CPV) engineered by co-processing.
Results
Heckel analysis of the compaction behavior revealed a decrease in plasticity of co-processed excipient (CPE) when compared to MCC due to an increase in Heckel yield pressure from 144 to 172 MPa. The compressibility-tabletability-compactibility (CTC) profile revealed a decrease in individual parameters for CPE when compared to MCC. CPE was found to be more sensitive to the lubricant effect of sodium stearyl fumarate (SSF) when compared to MCC and less sensitive to magnesium stearate (MST) when compared to MCC. A higher dilution potential was obtained for MCC (60%) compared to 44% for CPE when metronidazole was used as model drug. Tableting properties revealed that metronidazole tablets generated with CPE by direct compression disintegrated within 15 min and gave a rapid drug release when compared to MCC as a direct compression (DC) excipient.
Conclusion
The compaction and tableting properties of CPE were characterized and yielded tablets with better disintegration and drug release profile when compared to MCC. This study, therefore, confirms the suitability of co-processing as a proven strategy in engineering the performance of excipients.
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9
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Zhang L, Shakya S, Wu L, Wang J, Jin G, Sun H, Yin X, Sun L, Zhang J. Multi-dimensional visualization for the morphology of lubricant stearic acid particles and their distribution in tablets. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:60-68. [PMID: 32175018 PMCID: PMC7066036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The shapes of particles and their distribution in tablets, controlled by pretreatment and tableting process, determine the pharmaceutical performance of excipient like lubricant. This study aims to provide deeper insights to the relationship of the morphology and spatial distribution of stearic acid (SA) with the lubrication efficiency, as well as the resulting tablet property. Unmodified SA particles as flat sheet-like particles were firstly reprocessed by emulsification in hot water to obtain the reprocessed SA particles with spherical morphology. The three-dimensional (3D) information of SA particles in tablets was detected by a quantitative and non-invasive 3D structure elucidation technique, namely, synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography (SR-µCT). SA particles in glipizide tablets prepared by using unmodified SA (GUT), reprocessed SA (GRT), as well as reference listed drug (RLD) of glipizide tablets were analyzed by SR-µCT. The results showed that the reprocessed SA with better flowability contributed to similarity of breaking forces between that of GRT and RLD. SA particles in GRT were very similar to those in RLD with uniform morphology and particle size, while SA particles in GUT were not evenly distributed. These findings not only demonstrated the feasibility of SR-µCT as a new method in revealing the morphology and spatial distribution of excipient in drug delivery system, but also deepened insights of solid dosage form design into a new scale by powder engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.,Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shailendra Shakya
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiangtao Wang
- Weihai Disu Pharmaceutical Manufacturer, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Guanghui Jin
- Weihai Disu Pharmaceutical Manufacturer, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xianzhen Yin
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.,Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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10
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Acetylation and Evaluation of Taro Boloso-I Starch as Directly Compressible Excipient in Tablet Formulation. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2020; 2020:2708063. [PMID: 32259101 PMCID: PMC7094175 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2708063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taro Boloso-I (TB1), a newly improved Colocasia esculenta variety, is a potential source of starch with high yield. However, to improve some limitations of the native starches (NS), such as flowability and compactibility, different physical and chemical starch modifications have been employed. Acetylation is one of the chemical modifications which improves the flow and compaction of the NS, which are prerequisite during direct compression (DC) of tablets. Hence, in this study, TB1 starch was acetylated using acetic anhydride and evaluated as an ideal excipient for direct compression. Starch acetates (SA) with a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.072 (SA1) and 0.695 (SA2) were produced and evaluated. FTIR spectra of the SAs were used to verify the acetylation of the NS. Powder flow evaluation parameters showed significant improvement in the flow properties of the NS following acetylation. In addition, the swelling power, solubility, and compactibility were also improved. Tensile strength (TS) of the tablets comprising SAs only, SA1 (41.40) and SA2 (63.43 Kg/cm2), was significantly higher than tablets made of the NS (31.96) and Starch 1500® (15.12 Kg/cm2). The SAs also showed lower sensitivity towards lubrication than the NS and Starch 1500® as lower lubricant sensitivity ratios were recorded. In addition, tablets comprising the SAs satisfactorily accommodated at least up to 50 % w/w paracetamol—compared to 30 % w/w by Starch 1500®—upon DC processing. The paracetamol tablets comprising SAs also complied with the United States Pharmacopeia specifications for disintegration and dissolution studies. Therefore, taking all the facts into consideration, the SAs could be potential DC excipients in tablet formulations.
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11
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Monitoring lubricant addition in pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing through passive vibration measurements in a V-blender. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Solanki NG, Kathawala M, Serajuddin AT. Effects of Surfactants on Itraconazole-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate Solid Dispersion Prepared by Hot Melt Extrusion III: Tableting of Extrudates and Drug Release From Tablets. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3859-3869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Sierra-Vega NO, Romañach RJ, Méndez R. Feed frame: The last processing step before the tablet compaction in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118728. [PMID: 31682965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The feed frame is a force-feeding device used in the die filling process. The die filling process is crucial within pharmaceutical manufacturing to guarantee the critical quality attributes of the tablets. In recent years, interest in this unit has increased because it can affect the properties of the powder blend and tablets, and because of the success in real time monitoring of powder blend uniformity potential for Process Analytical Technology as described in this review. The review focuses on the recent advances in understanding the powder flow behavior inside the feed frame and how the residence time distribution of the powder within the feed frame is affected by the operating conditions and design parameters. Furthermore, this review also highlights the effect of the paddle wheel design and feed frame process parameters on the tablet weight, the principal variable for measuring die filling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobel O Sierra-Vega
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, PR 00681, United States
| | - Rodolfo J Romañach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, PR 00681 United States
| | - Rafael Méndez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, PR 00681, United States.
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14
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Wang T, Ibrahim A, Hoag SW. Understanding the impact of magnesium stearate variability on tableting performance using a multivariate modeling approach. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 25:76-88. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1673774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen W. Hoag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Sierra-Vega NO, Román-Ospino A, Scicolone J, Muzzio FJ, Romañach RJ, Méndez R. Assessment of blend uniformity in a continuous tablet manufacturing process. Int J Pharm 2019; 560:322-333. [PMID: 30763679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blend uniformity was monitored throughout a continuous manufacturing (CM) process by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic measurements of flowing blends and compared to the drug concentration in the tablets. The NIR spectra were obtained through the chute after the blender and within the feed frame, while transmission spectra were obtained for the tablets. The CM process was performed with semi-fine acetaminophen blends at 10.0% (w/w). The blender was operated at 250 RPM, for best performance, and 106 and 495 rpm where a lower mixing efficiency was expected. The variation in blender RPM increased the variation in drug concentration at the chute but not at the feed frame. Statistical results show that the drug concentration of tablets can be predicted, with great accuracy, from blends within the feed frame. This study demonstrated a mixing effect within the feed frame, which contribute to a 60% decrease in the relative standard deviation of the drug concentration, when compared to the chute. Variographic analysis showed that the minimum sampling and analytical error was five times less in the feed frame than the chute. This study demonstrates that the feed frame is an ideal location for monitoring the drug concentration of powder blends for CM processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobel O Sierra-Vega
- Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, PR 00681, United States
| | - Andrés Román-Ospino
- Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, United States
| | - James Scicolone
- Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, United States
| | - Fernando J Muzzio
- Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, United States
| | - Rodolfo J Romañach
- Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, PR 00681, United States
| | - Rafael Méndez
- Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez, PR 00681, United States.
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16
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Dun J, Osei-Yeboah F, Boulas P, Lin Y, Sun CC. A systematic evaluation of dual functionality of sodium lauryl sulfate as a tablet lubricant and wetting enhancer. Int J Pharm 2018; 552:139-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Spectroscopic characterization of tablet properties in a continuous powder blending and tableting process. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 123:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Haware RV, Vinjamuri BP, Sarkar A, Stefik M, Stagner WC. Deciphering magnesium stearate thermotropic behavior. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:314-324. [PMID: 29991451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium stearate (MgSt) is the most commonly used excipient for oral solid dosage forms, yet there is significant commercial physicochemical variability that can lead to variable performance of critical product attributes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is often used as a quality control tool to characterize MgSt, but little data is available regarding the physicochemical relevance for the DSC thermograms. The main aim of this study was to decipher MgSt's complex thermotropic behavior using DSC, thermogravimetric analysis, capillary melting point, polarized hot-stage microscopy, and temperature dependent small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and assign physicochemical relevance to the DSC thermograms. Several DSC thermal transitions are irreversible after the first heating cycle of a heat-cool-heat-cool-heat cycle. Interestingly, after the first heat cycle, the complex cool-heat-cool-heat DSC thermograms were highly reproducible and exhibited 6 reversible exothermic-endothermic conjugate pairs. SAXS identified 5 distinct mesophases at different temperatures with Phase C' persisting to 250 °C. MgSt maintained molecular ordering beyond 276 °C and did not undergo a simple melting phenomena reported elsewhere. This research serves as a starting point to design heat-treatment strategies to create more uniform MgSt starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul V Haware
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Bhavani Prasad Vinjamuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Morgan Stefik
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - William C Stagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA.
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19
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Wang Y, Liu Z, Muzzio F, Drazer G, Callegari G. A drop penetration method to measure powder blend wettability. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:112-118. [PMID: 29253584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Water wettability of pharmaceutical blends affects important quality attributes of final products. We investigate the wetting properties of a pharmaceutical blend lubricated with Magnesium Stearate (MgSt) as a function of the mechanical shear strain applied to the blend. We measure the penetration dynamics of sessile drops deposited on slightly compressed powder beds. We consider a blend composed of 9% Acetaminophen 90% Lactose and 1% MgSt by weight. Comparing the penetration time of water and a reference liquid Polydimethylsiloxane (silicon oil) we obtain an effective cosine of the contact angle with water, based on a recently developed drop penetration method. We repeat the experiments for blends exposed to increasing levels of shear strain and demonstrate a significant decrease in water wettability (decrease in the cosine of the contact angle). The results are consistent with the development of a hydrophobic film coating the powder particles as a result of the increased shear strain. Finally, we show that, as expected dissolution times increase with the level of shear strain. Therefore, the proposed drop penetration method could be used to directly assess the state of lubrication of a pharmaceutical blend and act as a quality control on powder blend attributes before the blend is tableted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States
| | - Zhanjie Liu
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States
| | - Fernando Muzzio
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States
| | - German Drazer
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States
| | - Gerardo Callegari
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States.
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20
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Taipale-Kovalainen K, Karttunen AP, Ketolainen J, Korhonen O. Lubricant based determination of design space for continuously manufactured high dose paracetamol tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 115:1-10. [PMID: 29277668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to devise robust and stable continuous manufacturing process settings, by exploring the design space after an investigation of the lubrication-based parameters influencing the continuous direct compression tableting of high dose paracetamol tablets. Experimental design was used to generate a structured study plan which involved 19 runs. The formulation variables studied were the type of lubricant (magnesium stearate or stearic acid) and its concentration (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%). Process variables were total production feed rate (5, 10.5 and 16kg/h), mixer speed rpm (500, 850 and 1200rpm), and mixer inlet port for lubricant (A or B). The continuous direct compression tableting line consisted of loss-in-weight feeders, a continuous mixer and a tablet press. The Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) was defined for the final product, as the flowability of powder blends (2.5s), tablet strength (147N), dissolution in 2.5min (90%) and ejection force (425N). A design space was identified which fulfilled all the requirements of QTPP. The type and concentration of lubricant exerted the greatest influence on the design space. For example, stearic acid increased the tablet strength. Interestingly, the studied process parameters had only a very minor effect on the quality of the final product and the design space. It is concluded that the continuous direct compression tableting process itself is insensitive and can cope with changes in lubrication, whereas formulation parameters exert a major influence on the end product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jarkko Ketolainen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ossi Korhonen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Promis Centre, Kuopio, Finland.
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21
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Dave VS, Popielarczyk M, Boyce H, Al-Achi A, Ike-Amaechi E, Hoag SW, Haware RV. Lubricant-Sensitivity Assessment of SPRESS® B820 by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Comparison of Multivariate Methods. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:537-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Haware RV, Dave VS, Kakarala B, Delaney S, Staton S, Munson E, Gupta MR, Stagner WC. Vegetable-derived magnesium stearate functionality evaluation by DM3 approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 89:115-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Vestland TL, Jacobsen Ø, Sande SA, Myrset AH, Klaveness J. Compactible powders of omega-3 and β-cyclodextrin. Food Chem 2015; 185:151-8. [PMID: 25952853 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are used in both nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals in the form of triglycerides and ethyl esters. Administration forms available for omega-3 include bulk oil, soft gel capsules, emulsions and some powder compositions. Cyclodextrins are substances well known for their ability to encapsulate lipophilic molecules. In the present work, powders loaded with omega-3 oil, ranging from 10 to 40% (w/w), have been prepared by vacuum drying, freeze drying or spray granulation of aqueous mixtures of omega-3 oil and β-cyclodextrin. The powders were found to be partially crystalline by powder X-ray diffraction and to contain crystalline phases not present in pure β-cyclodextrin, indicating true complexation. The compactibility of the powders has been explored, revealing that a dry and compactible powder can be prepared from various omega-3 oils and β-cyclodextrin. Spray granulation was found to be the superior drying method for the preparation of compactible powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lien Vestland
- Omegatri AS, P.O. Box 4849 Nydalen, 0422 Oslo, Norway; School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Øyvind Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Arne Sande
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jo Klaveness
- Omegatri AS, P.O. Box 4849 Nydalen, 0422 Oslo, Norway; School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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24
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Patadia R, Vora C, Mittal K, Mashru R. Investigating critical effects of variegated lubricants, glidants and hydrophilic additives on lag time of press coated ethylcellulose tablets. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:302-10. [PMID: 25566928 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.999788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The research envisaged focuses on vital impacts of variegated lubricants, glidants and hydrophilic additives on lag time of press coated ethylcellulose (EC) tablets using prednisone as a model drug. Several lubricants and glidants such as magnesium stearate, colloidal SiO2, sodium stearyl fumarate, talc, stearic acid, polyethylene glycol (6000) and glyceryl behenate were investigated to understand their effects on lag time by changing their concentrations in outer coat. Further, the effects of hydrophilic additives on lag time were examined for hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (E5), hydroxypropylcellulose (EF and SSL), povidone (K30), copovidone, polyethylene glycol (4000), lactose and mannitol. In vitro drug release testing revealed that each selected lubricant/glidant, if present even at concentration of 0.25% w/w, significantly reduced the lag time of press coated tablets. Specifically, colloidal SiO2 and/or magnesium stearate were detrimental while other lubricants/glidants were relatively less injurious. Among hydrophilic additives, freely water soluble fillers had utmost influence in lag time, whereas, comparatively less impact was observed with polymeric binders. Concisely, glidant and lubricant should be chosen to have minimal impact on lag time and further judicious selection of hydrophilic additives should be exercised for modulating lag time of pulsatile release formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhish Patadia
- a Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Kalabhavan , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
| | - Chintan Vora
- a Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Kalabhavan , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
| | - Karan Mittal
- a Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Kalabhavan , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
| | - Rajashree Mashru
- a Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering , The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda , Kalabhavan , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
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25
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Kushner J, Schlack H. Commercial scale validation of a process scale-up model for lubricant blending of pharmaceutical powders. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:147-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Pandey P, Bindra DS, Gour S, Trinh J, Buckley D, Badawy S. Excipient-process interactions and their impact on tablet compaction and film coating. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3666-3674. [PMID: 25223603 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish the effects of the level of minor formulation components (sodium lauryl sulfate: SLS, and magnesium stearate: MgSt) and manufacturing process on final blend compaction properties and the performance of the tablets during film coating. A 2 × 2 × 3 factorial study was conducted at two levels of SLS (0% and 1%, w/w) and MgSt (0.5% and 1.75%, w/w), along with three different manufacturing processes (direct compression, high-shear wet granulation, and dry granulation). The tablets were compressed to the same solid fraction (0.9) and the resulting tablet hardness values were found to vary over a range of 13-42 SCU, highlighting large compactability differences among these batches. Increase in the level of SLS or MgSt in the formulation had a significant negative effect on compactability and the performance of film-coated tablets. The detrimental effects on compaction and coating performance were magnified for the dry granulation process, likely due to the overall increased shear experienced by excipients (SLS, MgSt, microcrystalline cellulose) during the roller compaction and milling steps. The findings of this study highlight the importance of the manufacturing process when considering the use-level of formulation components such as SLS and MgSt in the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetanshu Pandey
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901.
| | - Dilbir S Bindra
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Shruti Gour
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Jade Trinh
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - David Buckley
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Sherif Badawy
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
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27
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Yasuda A, Onuki Y, Obata Y, Takayama K. Latent structure modeling underlying theophylline tablet formulations using a Bayesian network based on a self-organizing map clustering. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1148-55. [PMID: 24994002 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.935391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The "quality by design" concept in pharmaceutical formulation development requires the establishment of a science-based rationale and design space. In this article, we integrate thin-plate spline (TPS) interpolation, Kohonen's self-organizing map (SOM) and a Bayesian network (BN) to visualize the latent structure underlying causal factors and pharmaceutical responses. As a model pharmaceutical product, theophylline tablets were prepared using a standard formulation. We measured the tensile strength and disintegration time as response variables and the compressibility, cohesion and dispersibility of the pretableting blend as latent variables. We predicted these variables quantitatively using nonlinear TPS, generated a large amount of data on pretableting blends and tablets and clustered these data into several clusters using a SOM. Our results show that we are able to predict the experimental values of the latent and response variables with a high degree of accuracy and are able to classify the tablet data into several distinct clusters. In addition, to visualize the latent structure between the causal and latent factors and the response variables, we applied a BN method to the SOM clustering results. We found that despite having inserted latent variables between the causal factors and response variables, their relation is equivalent to the results for the SOM clustering, and thus we are able to explain the underlying latent structure. Consequently, this technique provides a better understanding of the relationships between causal factors and pharmaceutical responses in theophylline tablet formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Yasuda
- Formulation Development, CMC Research & Development Department, Discovery Research Labs., Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd. , Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto , Japan and
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28
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Horio T, Yasuda M, Matsusaka S. Measurement of flowability of lubricated powders by the vibrating tube method. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:1063-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.702349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Stanisz B, Regulska K, Kania J, Garbacki P. Effect of pharmaceutical excipients on the stability of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in their solid dosage formulations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:51-61. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.657644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Okoye P, Wu SH, Dave RH. To evaluate the effect of various magnesium stearate polymorphs using powder rheology and thermal analysis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 38:1470-8. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.653812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Abe H, Otsuka M. Effects of lubricant-mixing time on prolongation of dissolution time and its prediction by measuring near infrared spectra from tablets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:412-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.608679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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Kang MJ, Jung SY, Song WH, Park JS, Choi SU, Oh KT, Choi HK, Choi YW, Lee J, Lee BJ, Chi SC. Immediate release of ibuprofen from Fujicalin®-based fast-dissolving self-emulsifying tablets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:1298-305. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.571695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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