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Langlet B, Nyberg M, Wendin K, Zandian M. The clinicians' view of food-related obstacles for treating eating disorders: A qualitative study. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:8771. [PMID: 36794011 PMCID: PMC9899047 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.8771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Good health requires healthy eating. However, individuals with eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, require treatment to modify their dietary behaviours and prevent health complications. There is no consensus on the best treatment practices and treatment outcomes are usually poor. While normalising eating behaviour is a cornerstone in treatment, few studies have focused on eating and food-related obstacles to treatment. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate clinicians' perceived food-related obstacles to treatment of eating disorders (EDs). Design Qualitative focus group discussions were conducted with clinicians involved in eating disorder treatment to get an understanding of their perceptions and beliefs regarding food and eating among eating disorder patients. Thematic analysis was used to find common patterns in the collected material. Results From the thematic analysis the following five themes were identified: (1) ideas about healthy and unhealthy food, (2) calculating with calories, (3) taste, texture, and temperature as an excuse, (4) the problems with hidden ingredients and (5) the challenges of extra food. Discussion All identified themes showed not only connections to each other but also some overlap. All themes were associated with a requirement of control, where food may be perceived as a threat, with the effects of food consumption resulting in a perceived net loss, rather than a gain. This mindset can greatly influence decision making. Conclusions The results of this study are based on experience and practical knowledge that could improve future ED treatments by enhancing our understanding the challenges certain foods pose for patients. The results may also help to improve dietary plans by including and explaining challenges for patients at different stages of treatment. Future studies could further investigate the causes and best treatment practices for people suffering from EDs and other eating disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Langlet
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Billy Langlet, Floor 3, Hälsovägen 7, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Maria Nyberg
- Food and Meals in Everyday Life (MEAL), Department of Food and Meal Science, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Karin Wendin
- Food and Meals in Everyday Life (MEAL), Department of Food and Meal Science, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden,Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Modjtaba Zandian
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Manning M, Greenfield S. University students' understanding and opinions of eating disorders: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056391. [PMID: 35906058 PMCID: PMC9344994 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders (EDs) affect 1.25 million people in the UK. Evidence suggests the public display stigma and poor mental health literacy (MHL) towards EDs. There is a high prevalence of EDs in university populations, so it is important to determine the MHL of this at-risk group. Qualitative research exploring the MHL of this population is incomplete. OBJECTIVE Explore university students' beliefs and opinions of EDs, their knowledge of symptoms, treatment and help sources and how these are influenced by biological sex. DESIGN A qualitative study, using semistructured interviews analysed using inductive thematic analysis. SETTING The University of Birmingham. PARTICIPANTS Seven female and seven male University of Birmingham students. RESULTS Analysis revealed six themes, each with subthemes: ED characteristics, causes, body image, seeking help, stigma and awareness. Students displayed poor awareness towards ED signs and symptoms, causes and help sources. Students were not stigmatising towards EDs, but many perceived them as a female problem and believed society to be stigmatising. Many referenced informal sources of information such as social media and expressed a desire for ED teaching. Sex did not have a significant influence on knowledge or opinions of EDs in this study; however, there were some differences, for example, some males were more likely to see EDs as a weakness and to perceive themselves as having low levels of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS University students show broad awareness of EDs; however, knowledge of certain aspects of ED-MHL including help sources and symptom recognition was lacking. Although students were not stigmatising of EDs themselves, many perceived high levels of public stigma. This, alongside poor knowledge, may delay help-seeking. Campaigns educating students and the public about EDs would aid earlier diagnosis, improving long-term outcomes. Further research into awareness and knowledge in other populations would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Manning
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sheila Greenfield
- Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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3
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Ruiz JC, Fuentes-Durá I, López-Gilberte M, Dasí C, Pardo-García C, Fuentes-Durán MC, Pérez-González F, Salmeron L, Soldevila-Matías P, Vila-Francés J, Balanza-Martínez V. Public stigma profile toward mental disorders across different university degrees in the University of Valencia (Spain). Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:951894. [PMID: 36032229 PMCID: PMC9411748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.951894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large proportion of studies carried out in recent years in different populations have shown that stigma toward mental disorders is highly prevalent. In the present study we conducted a comprehensive assessment of stigma to describe and compare stigma toward mental disorders in students enrolled in five different university degrees. METHODS Three hundred and twenty-five students from the University of Valencia (Spain), attending the second term of their first-degree courses in the faculties of medicine, psychology, teaching, economics, and data science participated in this cross-sectional study. Stigma was measured using: the Reported and Intended Behavior Scale (RIBS), the Scale of Community Attitudes toward Mental Illness (CAMI), the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-27), and the Knowledge about Mental Illness test (KMI). RESULTS We found different patterns of stigma according to gender, the fact of knowing or living with a person with mental disorders and the university degree studied. Overall, women show fewer stigmatizing attitudes than men but similar stereotypes and prejudice toward people with mental disorders. However, the pattern of results across degrees is more complex. Overall, students of medicine, psychology and teaching showed fewer stigmatizing attitudes than students of economics and data science but differences between degrees were more subtle in stereotypes and prejudice toward people with mental disorders. CONCLUSION Our study suggests the existence of different profiles of stigma in relation to mental disorders in university students. These profiles varied in relation with the degree being studied, gender and already knowing or living with a person with mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Ruiz
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Fuentes-Durá
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Dasí
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joan Vila-Francés
- Intelligent Data Analysis Laboratory (IDAL), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Balanza-Martínez
- Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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4
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Reas DL, Isomaa R, Solhaug Gulliksen K, Levallius J. Clinicians as a critical link: Understanding health professionals' beliefs and attitudes toward anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:775-779. [PMID: 34569633 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the perspectives of health professionals remains an understudied issue, yet may help bridge research-practice gaps and pinpoint important areas for education, training, and research. This study investigated attitudes toward anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) among Nordic health professionals specialized within the eating disorder (ED) field. Participants (n = 144) completed a modified ED-version of the Illness Perception Questionnaire which assessed attitudes and beliefs toward perceived symptom controllability, severity, treatment effectiveness, and views on the prognosis of AN, BN, and BED. Personal enjoyment and level of comfort working with AN, BN, and BED were also assessed. The majority agreed or strongly agreed that patients with AN, BN, and BED were not responsible for their illness, and viewed the illnesses as psychological rather than medical in etiology. AN was viewed as the most severe and enduring, followed by BN, then BED. Treatment for BN was viewed as being more highly effective than treatments for either AN or BED. Professionals rated significantly less enjoyment and less confidence working with BED. To conclude, both commonalities and differences in attitudes toward AN, BN and BED were found in terms of perceived symptom controllability, views on severity, treatment effectiveness, and anticipated prognosis. In particular, findings emphasized the need for additional training in the management of BED among Nordic healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Lynn Reas
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasmus Isomaa
- Department of Social Services and Health Care, Fredrikakliniken, Jakobstad, Finland.,Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vasa, Finland
| | - Kjersti Solhaug Gulliksen
- The Norwegian Psychological Association, Oslo, Norway.,The Institute of Eating Disorders, Hunger House, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna Levallius
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Sølvhøj IN, Kusier AO, Pedersen PV, Nielsen MBD. Somatic health care professionals' stigmatization of patients with mental disorder: a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:443. [PMID: 34493245 PMCID: PMC8424966 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with mental disorders have an increased risk of developing somatic disorders, just as they have a higher risk of dying from them. These patients often report feeling devaluated and rejected by health professionals in the somatic health care system, and increasing evidence shows that disparities in health care provision contribute to poor health outcomes. The aim of this review was to map and synthesize literature on somatic health professionals' stigmatization toward patients with mental disorders. METHODS We conducted a scoping review using Arksey and O'Malley's framework and carried out a systematic search in three databases: Cinahl, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO in May-June 2019. Peer-reviewed articles published in English or Scandinavian languages during 2008-2019 were reviewed according to title, abstract and full-text reading. We organized and analyzed data using NVivo. RESULTS A total of 137 articles meeting the eligibility criteria were reviewed and categorized as observational studies (n = 73) and intervention studies (n = 64). A majority of studies (N = 85) focused on patients with an unspecified number of mental disorders, while 52 studies focused on specific diagnoses, primarily schizophrenia (n = 13), self-harm (n = 13), and eating disorders (n = 9). Half of the studies focused on health students (n = 64), primarily nursing students (n = 26) and medical students (n = 25), while (n = 66) focused on health care professionals, primarily emergency staff (n = 16) and general practitioners (n = 13). Additionally, seven studies focused on both health professionals and students. A detailed characterization of the identified intervention studies was conducted, resulting in eight main types of interventions. CONCLUSIONS The large number of studies identified in this review suggests that stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors toward patients with mental disorders is a worldwide challenge within a somatic health care setting. For more targeted interventions, there is a need for further research on underexposed mental diagnoses and knowledge on whether specific health professionals have a more stigmatizing attitude or behavior toward specific mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Nielsen Sølvhøj
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Amalie Oxholm Kusier
- grid.10825.3e0000 0001 0728 0170National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Vivian Pedersen
- grid.10825.3e0000 0001 0728 0170National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj Britt Dahl Nielsen
- grid.10825.3e0000 0001 0728 0170National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Brelet L, Flaudias V, Désert M, Guillaume S, Llorca PM, Boirie Y. Stigmatization toward People with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082834. [PMID: 34444994 PMCID: PMC8400545 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research about stigmatization in eating disorders (EDs) has highlighted stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination against people with EDs, as well as their harmful effects on them, including self-stigma and a difficult recovery process. Whereas a recent review focused on the consequences of ED stigma, our work aimed to provide a broader synthesis of ED stigma, including its consequences, but also its content and distribution. More precisely, we focused on three EDs-namely, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Based on a systematic search of four major databases in psychology, the present scoping review includes 46 studies published between 2004 and 2021. We did not conduct any quality assessment of the studies included, because our aim was to provide a wide-ranging overview of these topics instead of an appraisal of evidence answering a precise research question. The review confirmed the existence of a common ED stigma: all individuals affected by EDs reviewed here were perceived as responsible for their situation, and elicited negative emotions and social distance. However, our review also depicted a specific stigma content associated with each ED. In addition, the demographic characteristics of the stigmatizing individuals had a notable influence on the extent of ED stigma: men, young adults, and low-income individuals appeared to be the most stigmatizing toward individuals with EDs. It is important to note that ED stigma had a negative effect on individuals' eating disorders, psychological wellbeing, and treatment-seeking behavior. There is an urgent need for further research on the adverse effects of ED stigma and its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Brelet
- Pôle R&D Santé, Jeolis Solutions, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentin Flaudias
- Pôle Psychiatrie B, CHU Gabriel Montpied, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- EA 780 NPsy-Sydo, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Michel Désert
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Sébastien Guillaume
- Département des Urgences Psychiatriques, Hôpital Lapeyronie, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France;
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Michel Llorca
- CMP-B CHU, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Yves Boirie
- Centre Troubles des Conduites Alimentaires (TCA), Service de Nutrition Clinique, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CHU Gabriel Montpied, CRNH, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
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7
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Pingani L, Coriani S, Galeazzi GM, Nasi AM, Franceschini C. Can stigmatizing attitudes be prevented in psychology students? J Ment Health 2020; 30:488-493. [PMID: 31975618 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1714004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigmatizing attitudes have been found among psychology students in many studies, and they are becoming more common with time. AIMS This study examines whether participation in clinical psychology lessons reduces levels of stigmatization in a population of psychology students and whether it leads to any change in stigmatization. METHODS The study is a pre/post evaluation of the effectiveness of clinical psychology lessons (63 hours of lectures) as a tool to fight stigma. The presence of stigmatizing attitudes was detected using the Italian version of the Attribution Questionnaire-27 (AQ-27-I). Stigmatization was described before and after the lessons with structured equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS Of a total of 387 students contacted, 302 (78.04%) agreed to be involved in the study, but only 266 (68.73%) completed the questionnaires at both t0 and t1. A statistically significant reduction was seen in all six scales and the total score on the AQ-27-I. The models defined by the SEM (pre- and post-intervention) showed excellent model fit indices and described different dynamics of the phenomenon of stigma. CONCLUSIONS A cycle of clinical psychology lessons can be a useful tool for reducing stigmatizing attitudes in a population of students seeking a psychology degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pingani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Health Professions, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Mental Health, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sandra Coriani
- Department of Health Professions, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Galeazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Nasi
- Department of Health Professions, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Mental Health, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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8
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Graham MR, Tierney S, Chisholm A, Fox JRE. Perceptions of the "anorexic voice": A qualitative study of health care professionals. Clin Psychol Psychother 2019; 26:707-716. [PMID: 31368595 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
People with anorexia nervosa (AN) often report experiencing a highly critical inner voice (AV) focused on their eating, shape, and weight. There are promising preliminary findings for its role in the treatment of AN, and the support of staff is vital for the AV to be embedded in treatment, but their views remain unknown. The aims of this study were to undertake a qualitative exploration of the perceptions of the AV among health care professionals (HCPs) in specialist eating disorder services. A thematic analysis was applied to interviews with 15 HCPs, including nurses, therapists, psychiatrists, health care assistants, psychologists, and dietitians. Two overarching themes were identified: "The AV is a vehicle for increasing compassion" and "It's not a one-size-fits-all." The AV was seen as a means of developing and sustaining compassion, but participants noted that it does not resonate for all clients. All HCPs in this study believed that there was potential benefit in utilizing the AV in their work with people with AN, and it is likely that doing so would help to reduce burnout and frustration within clinical teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan R Graham
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Stephanie Tierney
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Chisholm
- Vincent Square Eating Disorders Service, London, UK
| | - John R E Fox
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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9
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Johns G, Taylor B, John A, Tan J. Current eating disorder healthcare services - the perspectives and experiences of individuals with eating disorders, their families and health professionals: systematic review and thematic synthesis. BJPsych Open 2019; 5:e59. [PMID: 31530301 PMCID: PMC6646967 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2019.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of mental disorders and a high incidence of morbidity, but if diagnosed and treated promptly individuals can benefit from full recovery. However, there are numerous problems at the healthcare interface (i.e. primary and secondary care) for eating disorders. It is important to examine these to facilitate appropriate, seamless treatment and improve access to specialist care. AIMS To examine the current literature on the experiences and perspectives of those across healthcare interfaces for eating disorders, to include individuals with eating disorders, people close to or caring for those with eating disorders such as family and friends, and health professionals. METHOD To identify relevant papers, a systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. Other methods, including hand-searching, scanning reference lists and internet resources were also used. Papers that met inclusion criteria were analysed using a systematic methodology and synthesised using an interpretative thematic approach. RESULTS Sixty-three papers met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality was relatively good. The included papers were of both qualitative (n = 44) and quantitative studies (n = 24) and were from ten different countries. By synthesising the literature of these papers, three dominant themes were identified, with additional subthemes. These included: 'the help-seeking process at primary care'; 'expectations of care and appropriate referrals' and 'opposition and collaboration in the treatment of and recovery from eating disorders'. CONCLUSIONS This review identifies both facilitators and barriers in eating disorder healthcare, from the perspectives of those experiencing the interface first hand. The review provides recommendations for future research and practice. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Johns
- Research Assistant, School of Medicine, Swansea University, UK
| | - Bridget Taylor
- Retired Psychiatric Nurse and currently a Lay Representative, Department of Medicine, Swansea University, UK
| | - Ann John
- Professor in Public Health and Psychiatry, Population Psychiatry, Suicide and Informatics, Swansea University Medical School, UK
| | - Jacinta Tan
- Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Swansea University, UK
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