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Kataria R, Khatkar A. Lead Molecules for Targeted Urease Inhibition: An Updated Review from 2010 -2018. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 20:1158-1188. [PMID: 30894105 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190320170215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The field of enzyme inhibition is a tremendous and quickly growing territory of research. Urease a nickel containing metalloenzyme found in bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants brings hydrolysis of urea and plays important role in environmental nitrogen cycle. Apart from this it was found to be responsible for many pathological conditions due to its presence in many microorganisms such as H. Pylori, a ureolytic bacteria having urease which elevates pH of gastric medium by hydrolyzing urea present in alimentary canal and help the bacteria to colonize and spread infection. Due to the infections caused by the various bacterial ureases such as Bacillus pasteurii, Brucella abortus, H. pylori, H. mustelae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas putida, Sporosarcina pasteurii and Yersinia enterocolitica, it has been the current topic of today's research. About a wide range of compounds from the exhaustive literature survey has been discussed in this review which is enveloped into two expansive classes, as Inhibitors from synthetic origin and Inhibitors from natural origin. Moreover active site details of enzyme, mechanism of catalysis of substrate by enzyme, uses of plant urease and its pathogenic behavior has been included in the current review. So, overall, this review article diagrams the current landscape of the developments in the improvements in the thriving field of urease inhibitory movement in medicinal chemistry from year 2010 to 2018, with an emphasis on mechanism of action of inhibitors that may be used for more development of recent and strong urease inhibitors and open up new doors for assist examinations in a standout amongst the most lively and promising regions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kataria
- International Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Ayaz M, Junaid M, Ullah F, Sadiq A, Shahid M, Ahmad W, Ullah I, Ahmad A, Syed NIH. GC-MS Analysis and Gastroprotective Evaluations of Crude Extracts, Isolated Saponins, and Essential Oil from Polygonum hydropiper L. Front Chem 2017; 5:58. [PMID: 28824906 PMCID: PMC5539133 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptic ulceration is among the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders characterized by pepsin and gastric acid mediated mucosal damage, as result of imbalance between defensive and offensive processes. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the antiulcer potentials of Polygonum hydropiper crude methanolic ectract (Ph.Cr) in aspirin induced ulcerogenesis using pylorus ligated rat model. In-vitro urease and Proteus mirabilis inhibitory potentials were evaluated using standard protocols. All fractions were analyzed using GC-MS to identify major components. The aspirin induced ulcerogenesis in pylorus ligated rat model was associated with significant changes in the mean ulcer score [F(5, 30) = 7.141, P = 0.0002], gastric juice volume [F(5, 30) = 8.245, P < 0.0001], gastric juice pH [F(5, 30) = 5.715, P = 0.0008], free acidity [F(5, 30) = 4.544, P = 0.0033], total acidity [F(5, 30) = 2.740, P = 0.0373], and pepsin concentration [F(5, 30) = 2.335, P = 0.0664]. Pre-treatment with Ph.Cr at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg dose exhibited marked gastroprotective and anti-ulcerogenic effect in the aspirin induced pyloric ligation ulcerogenesis model at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg as indicated by ulcerative biochemical parameters. In urease inhibition assay, leaves essential oil (Ph.Lo), saponins (Ph.Sp), and chloroform extract (Ph.Chf) exhibited highest activities with IC50 of 90, 98, and 520 μg/ml, respectively. Ph.Sp, Ph.Chf, ethyl acetate (Ph.EtAc), and Ph.Cr showed MICs of 25, 30, 32.25, and 40.50 μg/ml, respectively against P. mirabilis. Several compounds were identified in GC-MS analysis of samples. Significant in-vivo antiulcer, urease inhibitory as well as anti-proteus potentials of P. hydropiper solvent extracts, signify its potential use for the management of peptic ulcers and may provide scientific bases for the traditional uses of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of MalakandChakdara dir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Pharmacy, University of MalakandChakdara dir, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of MalakandChakdara dir, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of MalakandChakdara dir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Pharmacy, University of PeshawarPeshawar, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Information TechnologyPeshawar, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of MalakandChakdara dir, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of SwabiSwabi, Pakistan
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of MalakandChakdara dir, Pakistan.,Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Information TechnologyPeshawar, Pakistan
| | - Nawazish-I-Husain Syed
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmacy, University of PunjabLahore, Pakistan
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Vassiliou S, Grabowiecka A, Kosikowska P, Yiotakis A, Kafarski P, Berlicki Ł. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Organophosphorus Inhibitors of Bacterial Ureases. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5736-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800570q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Vassiliou
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Agnieszka Grabowiecka
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Paulina Kosikowska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Yiotakis
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Paweł Kafarski
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Wollin TA, Razvi HA, Denstedt JD. Identifying stone composition using infrared analysis of filtered urine after ureteroscopic lithotripsy. J Endourol 1999; 13:499-503. [PMID: 10569523 DOI: 10.1089/end.1999.13.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE With the development of small-caliber ureteroscopes and lithotripsy devices, it is now possible to perform intracorporeal stone fragmentation without dilatation of the ureteral orifice. Ureteral stones are typically fragmented into small particles that can be difficult to retrieve for stone analysis. Infrared spectroscopy (IRS) of the precipitate from urine after intracorporeal lithotripsy represents a method for obtaining stone analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 69 patients underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy with the holmium laser or the electrohydraulic probe for stones in the ureter (N = 65) or kidney (N = 4). Each patient's bladder was then drained and the urine filtered. The resulting precipitate was analyzed using IRS. RESULTS The amount of material for analysis was < or =1 mg in 56 patients (82%). Stone composition was positively identified in 44 patients (64%). Material suitable for analysis was recovered from 73% of patients when the bladder was drained with a cystoscope sheath compared with 43% when a urethral catheter was used (P = 0.03). There was no significant difference in pretreatment stone size in the patients who had a positive v a negative result (11.7 mm v 10.9 mm; P = 0.06). Similarly, the stone location was not significantly related to the likelihood of positive analysis (P = 0.29). CONCLUSION Straining the urine after ureteroscopic intracorporeal lithotripsy and analyzing the precipitate with IRS is able to identify stone composition in the majority of patients. This method is especially useful in the setting of holmium laser lithotripsy, in which the majority of the stone is converted to spontaneously passable particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wollin
- Division of Urology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Abstract
The object of this review is the genus Proteus, which contains bacteria considered now to belong to the opportunistic pathogens. Widely distributed in nature (in soil, water, and sewage), Proteus species play a significant ecological role. When present in the niches of higher macroorganisms, these species are able to evoke pathological events in different regions of the human body. The invaders (Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, and P. penneri) have numerous factors including fimbriae, flagella, outer membrane proteins, lipopolysaccharide, capsule antigen, urease, immunoglobulin A proteases, hemolysins, amino acid deaminases, and, finally, the most characteristic attribute of Proteus, swarming growth, enabling them to colonize and survive in higher organisms. All these features and factors are described and commented on in detail. The questions important for future investigation of these facultatively pathogenic microorganisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rózalski
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Lódź, Poland.
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Nawaz MS, Khan AA, Bhattacharayya D, Siitonen PH, Cerniglia CE. Physical, biochemical, and immunological characterization of a thermostable amidase from Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTR 1. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:2397-401. [PMID: 8636044 PMCID: PMC177951 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.8.2397-2401.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An amidase capable of degrading acrylamide and aliphatic amides was purified to apparent homogeneity from Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTR 1. The enzyme is a monomer with an apparent molecular weight of 62,000. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 7.0 and 65 degrees C, respectively. The purified amidase contained 11 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB)-titratable sulfhydryl (SH) groups. In the native enzyme 1.0 SH group readily reacted with DTNB with no detectable loss of activity. Titration of the next 3.0 SH groups with DTNB resulted in a loss of activity of more than 70%. The remaining seven inaccessible SH groups could be titrated only in the presence of 8 M guanidine hydrochloride. Titration of SH groups was strongly inhibited by carboxymethylation and KMnO4, suggesting the presence of SH groups at the active site(s). Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry analysis indicated that the native amidase contains 0.33 mol of cobalt and 0.33 mol of iron per mol of the native enzyme. Polyclonal antiserum against K. pneumoniae amidase was raised in rabbits, and immunochemical comparisons were made with amidases from Rhodococcus sp., Mycobacterium smegmatis, Pseudomonas chlororaphis B23, and Methylophilus methylotrophus. The antiserum immunoprecipitated and immunoreacted with the amidases of K. pneumoniae and P. chlororaphis B23. The antiserum failed to immunoreact or immunoprecipitate with other amidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Nawaz
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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Abstract
Microbial ureases hydrolyze urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Urease activity of an infectious microorganism can contribute to the development of urinary stones, pyelonephritis, gastric ulceration, and other diseases. In contrast to these harmful effects, urease activity of ruminal and gastrointestinal microorganisms can benefit both the microbe and host by recycling (thereby conserving) urea nitrogen. Microbial ureases also play an important role in utilization of environmental nitrogenous compounds and urea-based fertilizers. Urease is a high-molecular-weight, multimeric, nickel-containing enzyme. Its cytoplasmic location requires that urea enter the cell for utilization, and in some species energy-dependent urea uptake systems have been detected. Eucaryotic microorganisms possess a homopolymeric urease, analogous to the well-studied plant enzyme composed of six identical subunits. Gram-positive bacteria may also possess homopolymeric ureases, but the evidence for this is not conclusive. In contrast, ureases from gram-negative bacteria studied thus far clearly possess three distinct subunits with Mrs of 65,000 to 73,000 (alpha), 10,000 to 12,000 (beta), and 8,000 to 10,000 (gamma). Tightly bound nickel is present in all ureases and appears to participate in catalysis. Urease genes have been cloned from several species, and nickel-containing recombinant ureases have been characterized. Three structural genes are transcribed on a single messenger ribonucleic acid and translated in the order gamma, beta, and then alpha. In addition to these genes, several other peptides are encoded in the urease operon of some species. The roles for these other genes are not firmly established, but may involve regulation, urea transport, nickel transport, or nickel processing.
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