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Cazzini P, Krimer PM, Williams-Fritze MJ, Butler AM, Blas-Machado U. Spontaneous chronic T-cell leukemia in a male rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta). J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 26:571-574. [PMID: 24760134 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714532339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood smears from a 24-year-old male rhesus macaque ( Macaca mulatta) used for cognitive function studies were evaluated. The macaque had an 8-month history of gradual weight loss and increasing lymphocytosis. Most of the lymphocytes present were small to medium and had a mature morphology. Based on the degree and duration of the lymphocytosis, and the appearance of the lymphocytes, a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia was made. The animal tested negative for 4 viral diseases that are commonly associated with lymphoproliferative disorders in Old World monkeys. Over the course of 12 months, the lymphocytosis progressed from 18.4 to 384 × 103 lymphocytes/µl (reference range: 0.8-17 × 103 cells/µl), and euthanasia was elected. On histologic examination, cluster of differentiation (CD)3- and CD8-positive, CD79-negative neoplastic cells comprised 40-60% of the bone marrow, diffusely obscured the normal splenic architecture, and were present in the vascular channels in other organs. Findings were characteristic of T-cell lymphocytic leukemia. Naturally occurring T-cell lymphocytic leukemia has been rarely reported in rhesus macaques and, to the authors' knowledge, never in males. A persistent lymphocytosis characterized by a monomorphic population of CD3- and CD8-positive cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and the presence of neoplastic cells in the bone marrow led to a diagnosis in the current case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cazzini
- Department of Pathology (Cazzini, Krimer, Butler, Blas-Machado), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Krimer, Blas-Machado), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Laboratory Animal Services, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA (Williams-Fritze)
| | - Paula M Krimer
- Department of Pathology (Cazzini, Krimer, Butler, Blas-Machado), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Krimer, Blas-Machado), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Laboratory Animal Services, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA (Williams-Fritze)
| | - Misty J Williams-Fritze
- Department of Pathology (Cazzini, Krimer, Butler, Blas-Machado), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Krimer, Blas-Machado), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Laboratory Animal Services, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA (Williams-Fritze)
| | - Abigail M Butler
- Department of Pathology (Cazzini, Krimer, Butler, Blas-Machado), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Krimer, Blas-Machado), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Laboratory Animal Services, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA (Williams-Fritze)
| | - Uriel Blas-Machado
- Department of Pathology (Cazzini, Krimer, Butler, Blas-Machado), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Krimer, Blas-Machado), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Laboratory Animal Services, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA (Williams-Fritze)
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George MD, Verhoeven D, Sankaran S, Dang AT, Dandekar S. Loss of growth factor receptor signaling in the oral mucosa during primary SIV infection may enhance apoptosis and promote pathogenesis. J Med Primatol 2009; 37 Suppl 2:55-61. [PMID: 19187431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of susceptibility to secondary pathogenic infections in the oral cavity during HIV infection is likely to result from or coincide with deterioration of the local mucosal immune system. METHODS We have utilized the SIV model to investigate the kinetics and magnitude of oral pathogenesis during systemic dissemination of intravenously inoculated SIVmac251. RESULTS Viral replication was detected in oropharyngeal lymph nodes at 6 weeks post-infection and shown to be coincident with a broad scale loss of growth factor receptor transcription in the oral mucosa, providing multiple avenues for blocking the normal activity of apoptosis inhibitors that function through Bcl2- and p53-dependent pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the normal balance between cell death and regeneration may be rapidly disrupted in the oral mucosa during the early stages of immunodeficiency virus infection, setting the stage for continuing deterioration of immune function and the development of susceptibility to secondary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D George
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Okabayash S, Ohno C, Yasutomi Y. Acute megakaryocytic leukaemia (AMKL)-like disease in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J Comp Pathol 2009; 140:212-6. [PMID: 19159898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with a clinical history of bleeding tendency, severe anaemia, thrombocytopenia and elevated serum concentration of liver-related enzymes was examined post mortem. Ecchymotic haemorrhages were present on the left eyelid and forehead. The liver, kidney and spleen were markedly enlarged and the kidneys had capsular petechiae. Microscopically, numerous atypical cells resembling myeloid cells were observed in the bone marrow, and myelofibrosis was present. Atypical cells were also present in the blood vessels of the liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, lung, heart, bladder, adrenal gland and brain. Some neoplastic cells had oval or pleomorphic macronuclei and others were multinucleated. Immunohistochemically, the majority of the neoplastic cells had granular cytoplasmic expression of the megakaryocyte-associated antigens Von Willebrand Factor and CD61-IIIa, but were negative for myeloperoxidase. A diagnosis of acute megakaryocytic leukaemia (AMKL)-like disease was made. This would appear to be the first report of AMKL-like disease in non-human primates. This monkey was infected with simian retrovirus type D and it is possible that this viral infection was associated with the development of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Okabayash
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Japan; Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Hachimandai 1-1, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan.
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Whitby D, Stossel A, Gamache C, Papin J, Bosch M, Smith A, Kedes DH, White G, Kennedy R, Dittmer DP. Novel Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus homolog in baboons. J Virol 2003; 77:8159-65. [PMID: 12829855 PMCID: PMC161918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.14.8159-8165.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and lymphoproliferative diseases induced by KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/human herpesvirus 8) cause substantial morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. To understand KSHV biology it is useful to investigate closely related rhadinoviruses naturally occurring in nonhuman primates. Here we report evidence for a novel KSHV homolog in captive baboon species (Papio anubis and other). Using degenerate PCR we identified a novel rhadinovirus, PapRV2, that has substantial sequence identity to two essential KSHV genes, the viral polymerase and thymidylate synthase. A subset of animals exhibited detectable PapRV2 viral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Extensive serological analysis of nearly 200 animals in the colony demonstrated that the majority carried cross-reacting antibodies that recognize KSHV or macaque rhadinovirus antigens. Seroreactivity increased with age, similar to the age-specific prevalence of KSHV in the human population. This establishes baboons as a novel resource to investigate rhadinovirus biology, which can be developed into an animal model system for KSHV-associated human diseases, vaccine development, and therapy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Whitby
- Viral Epidemiology Section, AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Fortgang IS, Rege T, Baskin GB, Murphey-Corb M, Levy LS. Variation in simian immunodeficiency virus env V1 region in simian AIDS-associated lymphoma. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:459-65. [PMID: 11282015 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750102580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation of SIV env during the course of infection provides a large population pool that is continually shaped by selective forces in vivo and may influence the development of clinical disease. SAIDS-associated lymphoma (SAL) in the SIV-infected macaque is typically a clonal or oligoclonal mass of B cell origin, extranodal in anatomic distribution, in which SIV is restricted largely to infiltrating macrophages. To explore the degree of genetic variation in SIV env represented in SAL, a 480-bp DNA fragment containing the V1 region was PCR amplified from seven cases of SAL and from a nonneoplastic lymph node of an SIV-infected macaque. The nucleotide sequence of the V1 region was determined from at least 10 clones from multiple independent amplification reactions of each tissue. Overall, the degree of V1 variability within lymphomas was found not to be restricted but to resemble the heterogeneity reported in SIV-infected lymphoid and other tissues. V1 variation in the nonneoplastic lymph node was unexpectedly limited, perhaps related to the unusual disease condition associated with SAIDS in that animal. Unlike observations from SIV-infected tissues of animals without neoplastic disease, no increase was detected in the number of O- or N-linked glycosylation sites in the V1 regions isolated from lymphomas as compared with the original inoculum. These findings suggest that, within the microenvironment of the lymphoma, the immune evasion conferred by increased glycosylation may offer little selective advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Fortgang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Surgery and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
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