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Woś J, Szymańska A, Lehman N, Chocholska S, Zarobkiewicz M, Pożarowski P, Bojarska-Junak A. Can Galectin-3 Be a Novel Biomarker in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia? Cells 2023; 13:30. [PMID: 38201234 PMCID: PMC10778116 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3's (Gal-3) effect on the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has not yet been extensively studied. The present study aims to analyze the potential role of Gal-3 as a prognostic biomarker in CLL patients. The Gal-3 expression was evaluated in CLL cells with RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. Due to the unclear clinical significance of soluble Gal-3 in CLL, our goal was also to assess the prognostic value of Gal-3 plasma level. Because cell survival is significantly affected by the interaction between Gal-3 and proteins such as Bcl-2, the results of Gal-3 expression analysis were also compared with the expression of Bcl-2. The results were analyzed for known prognostic factors, clinical data, and endpoints such as time to first treatment and overall survival time. Our research confirmed that Gal-3 is detected in and on CLL cells. However, using Gal-3 as a potential biomarker in CLL is challenging due to the significant heterogeneity in its expression in CLL cells. Moreover, our results revealed that Gal-3 mRNA expression in leukemic B cells is associated with the expression of proliferation markers (Ki-67 and PCNA) as well as anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and can play an important role in supporting CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Woś
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.W.); (A.S.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Agata Szymańska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.W.); (A.S.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Natalia Lehman
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.W.); (A.S.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Sylwia Chocholska
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Michał Zarobkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.W.); (A.S.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Piotr Pożarowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.W.); (A.S.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (P.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Bojarska-Junak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.W.); (A.S.); (N.L.); (M.Z.); (P.P.)
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Bojarska-Junak A, Kowalska W, Chocholska S, Szymańska A, Tomczak W, Zarobkiewicz MK, Roliński J. Prognostic Potential of Galectin-9 mRNA Expression in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5370. [PMID: 38001630 PMCID: PMC10670166 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9), very poorly characterized in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), was chosen in our study to examine its potential role as a CLL biomarker. The relation of Gal-9 expression in malignant B-cells and other routinely measured CLL markers, as well as its clinical relevance are poorly understood. Gal-9 mRNA expression was quantified with RT-qPCR in purified CD19+ B-cells of 100 CLL patients and analyzed in the context of existing clinical data. Our results revealed the upregulation of Gal-9 mRNA in CLL cells. High Gal-9 mRNA expression was closely associated with unfavorable prognostic markers. In addition, Gal-9 expression in leukemic cells was significantly elevated in CLL patients who did not respond to the first-line therapy compared to those who did respond. This suggests its potential predictive value. Importantly, Gal-9 was an independent predictor for the time to treatment parameters. Thus, we can suggest an adverse role of Gal-9 expression in CLL. Interestingly, it is possible that Gal-9 expression is induced in B-cells by EBV infection, so we determined the patients' EBV status. Our suggestion is that EBV coinfection could worsen prognosis in CLL, partly due to Gal-9 expression upregulation caused by EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bojarska-Junak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.Z.); (J.R.)
| | - Wioleta Kowalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.Z.); (J.R.)
| | - Sylwia Chocholska
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland; (S.C.); (W.T.)
| | - Agata Szymańska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.Z.); (J.R.)
| | - Waldemar Tomczak
- Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland; (S.C.); (W.T.)
| | - Michał Konrad Zarobkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.Z.); (J.R.)
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (W.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.Z.); (J.R.)
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Pavlov KH, Tadić V, Palković PB, Sasi B, Magdić N, Petranović MZ, Klasić M, Hančić S, Gršković P, Matulić M, Gašparov S, Dominis M, Korać P. Different expression of DNMT1, PCNA, MCM2, CDT1, EZH2, GMNN and EP300 genes in lymphomagenesis of low vs. high grade lymphoma. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 239:154170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Overexpression of PCNA Attenuates Oxidative Stress-Caused Delay of Gap-Filling during Repair of UV-Induced DNA Damage. J Nucleic Acids 2017; 2017:8154646. [PMID: 28116145 PMCID: PMC5237465 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8154646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UVC irradiation-caused DNA lesions are repaired in mammalian cells solely by nucleotide excision repair (NER), which consists of sequential events including initial damage recognition, dual incision of damage site, gap-filling, and ligation. We have previously shown that gap-filling during the repair of UV-induced DNA lesions may be delayed by a subsequent treatment of oxidants or prooxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, flavonoids, and colcemid. We considered the delay as a result of competition for limiting protein/enzyme factor(s) during repair synthesis between NER and base excision repair (BER) induced by the oxidative chemicals. In this report, using colcemid as oxidative stress inducer, we showed that colcemid-caused delay of gap-filling during the repair of UV-induced DNA lesions was attenuated by overexpression of PCNA but not ligase-I. PCNA knockdown, as expected, delayed the gap-filling of NER but also impaired the repair of oxidative DNA damage. Fen-1 knockdown, however, did not affect the repair of oxidative DNA damage, suggesting repair of oxidative DNA damage is not of long patch BER. Furthermore, overexpression of XRCC1 delayed the gap-filling, and presumably increase of XRCC1 pulls PCNA away from gap-filling of NER for BER, consistent with our hypothesis that delay of gap-filling of NER attributes the competition between NER and BER.
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Abstract
Rai and Binet staging of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is being superseded by new prognostic markers. The mutational status of the immunoglobulin variable region heavy-chain genes segregates the disease into more benign and more malignant versions, and has been confirmed as an important prognostic marker in prospective clinical trials. A search for surrogate markers for this difficult-to-perform assay has led to flow cytometric assays for CD38 and ZAP-70 expression, although in both cases there are problems with standardization and interpretation of the assays. A separate pathway of research has revealed two chromosomal aberrations--deletions of 11q and 17p--as important prognostic markers. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization has made their detection readily available. These five markers are in different stages of evaluation, but some of them are ready to be used for risk-adapted therapy in clinical trials. Other assays are in earlier stages of assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Hamblin
- University of Southampton, c/o Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Castle Lane East, Bournemouth BH7 7DW, UK.
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Henrich S, Crossett B, Christopherson RI. Differentially expressed nuclear proteins in human CCRF-CEM, HL-60, MEC-1 and Raji cells correlate with cellular properties. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:1252-65. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Merkerova M, Klamova H, Brdicka R, Bruchova H. Targeting of gene expression by siRNA in CML primary cells. Mol Biol Rep 2006; 34:27-33. [PMID: 17094012 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-006-9006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of array methods contributes to elucidation of many genes expressed during oncogenesis. Our array-based analyses of gene expression in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) revealed several genes (MMP8, MMP9, PCNA, JNK2, MAPK p38) with significant increased expression. We suppose that the genes may be implicated in the disease development and a siRNA-suppression can elucidate their functions in leukemogenesis. One of the crucial requirements for this purpose is a high efficiency of siRNA delivery into CML primary cells. Using fluorescein-labeled siRNAs we systematically tested a variety of physical and chemical non-vector based transfection methods in order to evaluate which of them gave the most suitable transfer. Chemically synthesized siRNAs against mentioned genes were transfected into the cells and level of knockdown was determined by real time RT-PCR. Chemical transfection reagents (Oligofectamine, Metafectene, siPORT Amine) commonly used to transfect siRNAs in CML cell lines showed very low siRNA delivery in CML primary cells-mRNA levels decreased at the most to 76%. Electroporation achieved better results (suppression to 63%) but it was associated with high degree of cell death (more than 60%). In the study we obtained the best transfection efficiency using nucleofector technology. Gene expressions ranged 22-37% that remained from original levels. According to our results, nucleofection appears to be the only suitable non-viral method for siRNA delivery into the hard-to-transfect CML primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Merkerova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U nemocnice 1, 128 20, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Hamblin AD, Hamblin TJ. Functional and prognostic role of ZAP-70 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 9:1165-78. [PMID: 16300468 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.6.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It has become clear that the heterogeneity of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is not a continuous spectrum, but is bipolar. Originally distinguished by the mutational status of the immunoglobulin variable region genes, the two poles are perhaps better identified by the expression of ZAP-70, a signalling molecule normally utilised by T cells rather than B cells, but anomalously expressed in the more aggressive subtype of CLL. Assaying ZAP-70 expression has become progressively simplified so that a directly stained flow cytometric test is currently being evaluated, and a version of this should shortly be available to routine laboratories. In addition, the understanding of the nature of CLL has been advanced rapidly and this should lead to new, better targeted therapies, which in contrast to the current armoury, will work better for the more malignant variants of CLL than for the more benign. In particular, ZAP-70 is especially attractive because its aberrant expression in tumour cells from the more aggressive forms of CLL requires the chaperoning action of activated heat-shock protein 90, which may be specifically inhibited.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Prognosis
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Survival Analysis
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/biosynthesis
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Hamblin
- Department of Medicine, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, BH7 7DW, UK
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Weng JJ, Yung BYM. Nucleophosmin/B23 regulates PCNA promoter through YY1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:826-31. [PMID: 16099430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic over-expression of nucleophosmin/B23 caused a marked up-regulation in the amounts of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and proliferating cellular nuclear antigen (PCNA) proteins. Transfection with nucleophosmin/B23-targeting siRNA induced a decrease in the intracellular amounts of nucleophosmin/B23, YY1, and PCNA. PCNA expression and its promoter activity were attenuated either by nucleophosmin/B23-siRNA or YY1-siRNA. The ChIP assay showed that positive regulation of PCNA is achieved by binding of YY1 to the initiation site of PCNA promoter. The binding of YY1 to the PCNA promoter and histone H4 acetylation was significantly decreased in nucleophosmin/B23-siRNA-treated cells as compared to control vector-transfected cells. Mutation in YY1 binding site resulted in the loss of PCNA promoter activity and the binding of YY1 to the promoter. The results have indicated that YY1 binds to the initiation site of the PCNA promoter along with histone H4 acetylation, leading to transcriptional activity. We have demonstrated that nucleophosmin/B23 plays an important role in the regulation of PCNA through YY1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing J Weng
- Cancer Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan, ROC
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Fonseca FLA, Sant Ana AVL, Bendit I, Arias V, Costa LJ, Pinhal AA, del Giglio A. Systemic chemotherapy induces microsatellite instability in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 7:R28-32. [PMID: 15642167 PMCID: PMC1064099 DOI: 10.1186/bcr950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic chemotherapy is an important part of treatment for breast cancer. We conducted the present study to evaluate whether systemic chemotherapy could produce microsatellite instability (MSI) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction of breast cancer patients. Methods We studied 119 sequential blood samples from 30 previously untreated breast cancer patients before, during and after chemotherapy. For comparison, we also evaluated 20 women who had no relevant medical history (control group). Results In 27 out of 30 patients we observed MSI in at least one sample, and six patients had loss of heterozygosity. We found a significant correlation between the number of MSI events per sample and chemotherapy with alkylating agents (P < 0.0001). We also observed an inverse correlation between the percentage of cells positive for hMSH2 and the number of MSI events per sample (P = 0.00019) and use of alkylating agents (P = 0.019). Conclusion We conclude that systemic chemotherapy may induce MSI and loss of heterozygosity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from breast cancer patients receiving alkylating agents, possibly mediated by a chemotherapy-induced decrease in the expression of hMSH2. These effects may be related to the generation of secondary leukaemia in some patients, and may also intensify the genetic instability of tumours and increase resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando LA Fonseca
- ABC Foundation School of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Santo Andre, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hematology Post Graduate Section, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aleksandra VL Sant Ana
- ABC Foundation School of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Santo Andre, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hematology Post Graduate Section, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Israel Bendit
- Hemocentro de São Paulo, Tumor Biology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Arias
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Anatomic Pathology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano J Costa
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Pathology Post Graduate Section, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Auro del Giglio
- ABC Foundation School of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Santo Andre, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hematology Post Graduate Section, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bruchova H, Kalinova M, Brdicka R. Array-based analysis of gene expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2004; 28:1-7. [PMID: 14630074 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(03)00120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiles of 10 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were detected using cDNA arrays. Total RNAs were isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes of the patients at diagnosis. For detection of expression profiles we used Atlas Human Cancer cDNA Arrays (Clontech) with 588 genes. Although the study revealed variability of gene expression in many genes, we identified a number of genes with the same expression changes (up-regulation: PCNA, ERCC1; down-regulation: jun-B, BCL-2 related protein A1, CRAF-1, PBP) in most examined patients. Our objective was to identify genes that were differentially expressed in ALL and might contribute to development (and characterization) of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bruchova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Pangalis GA, Vassilakopoulos TP, Dimopoulou MN, Siakantaris MP, Kontopidou FN, Angelopoulou MK. B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia: practical aspects. Hematol Oncol 2002; 20:103-46. [PMID: 12203655 DOI: 10.1002/hon.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
B-CLL is the most common adult leukemia in the Western world. It is a neoplasia of mature looking B-monoclonal lymphocytes co-expressing the CD5 antigen (involving the blood, the bone marrow, the lymph nodes and related organs). Much new information about the nature of the neoplastic cells, including chromosomal and molecular changes as well as mechanisms participating in the survival of the leukemic clone have been published recently, in an attempt to elucidate the biology of the disease and identify prognostic subgroups. For the time being, clinical stage based on Rai and Binet staging systems remains the strongest predictor of prognosis and patients' survival, and therefore it affects treatment decisions. In the early stages treatment may be delayed until progression. When treatment is necessary according to well-established criteria, there are nowadays many different options. Chlorambucil has been the standard regimen for many years. During the last decade novel modalities have been tried with the emphasis on fludarabine and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine and their combinations with other drugs. Such an approach offers greater probability of a durable complete remission but no effect on overall survival has been clearly proven so far. Other modalities, included in the therapeutic armamentarium, are monoclonal antibodies, stem cell transplantation (autologous or allogeneic) and new experimental drugs. Supportive care is an important part of patient management and it involves restoring hypogammaglobulinemia and disease-related anemia by polyvalent immunoglobulin administration and erythropoietin respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerassimos A Pangalis
- Hematology Section, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Faderl S, Keating MJ, Do KA, Liang SY, Kantarjian HM, O'Brien S, Garcia-Manero G, Manshouri T, Albitar M. Expression profile of 11 proteins and their prognostic significance in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Leukemia 2002; 16:1045-52. [PMID: 12040436 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2001] [Accepted: 02/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the expansion of the leukemic cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is due to dysregulation of pathways of programmed cell death (apoptosis) rather than cell proliferation, although differences may exist in early vs late and treated vs untreated patients. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of 11 proteins in CLL cells that are implicated in the control of apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation, and correlated this expression profile with survival. Using a quantitative solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA), we measured the cellular protein levels of Bcl-2, cyclin D1, PCNA, ATM, Fas, Bax, retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha), retinoic acid receptor beta (RXRbeta), Flt1, VEGF, and cellular beta2-microglobulin in 230 samples of CLL. Univariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model showed a correlation with survival of only the following proteins: Bcl-2 (P < 0.001), cyclin D1 (P = 0.027), Fas (P = 0.055), PCNA (P < 0.001), and ATM (P = 0.028). In a multivariate analysis using classification and regression tree analysis (CART), five groups of patients (nodes) could be generated with significant differences of survival expectation (P < 0.0001) based on levels of expression of the above proteins. Based on CART analysis, Bcl-2 levels emerge as the most important protein in predicting survival between all 11 proteins studied. Patients with marked elevation in Bcl-2 levels had the worst outcome while patients with intermediate levels, but with high levels of PCNA and cyclin D1 or abnormal ATM expression had intermediate survival. These data indicate that intracellular levels of proteins such as Bcl-2, ATM, cyclin D1, and PCNA can be used as markers to predict clinical behavior and survival in patients with CLL. The pathways in which these proteins are involved may also represent possible targets for future therapeutic trials in CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- S Faderl
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lin CW, Manshouri T, Jilani I, Neuberg D, Patel K, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M, Estrov Z, Beran M, Keating M, Estey E, Albitar M. Proliferation and apoptosis in acute and chronic leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res 2002; 26:551-9. [PMID: 12007503 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Clonal expansion of leukemic cells is thought to be due to proliferation in excess of apoptosis. To define and compare proliferation and apoptosis between various leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), we measured proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation as surrogate markers for proliferation and caspase 3 activity and annexin V surface binding as surrogate markers for activation of the apoptotic cascade in patients with MDS, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We found high proliferation in bone marrow cells from MDS and CMML as measured by PCNA and BrdU incorporation. The lowest level of proliferation was found in CLL. Apoptosis was also highest in MDS and CMML as measured by annexin V and caspase 3 activity. Unexpectedly, we found no significant difference in proliferation in bone marrow CD34+ cells from various leukemias or MDS. Apoptosis was significantly higher in bone marrow CD34+ cells from MDS and CML in chronic phase as compared to CD34+ cells from AML patients. Our results illustrate differences in proliferation and apoptosis between acute and chronic leukemias and MDS. These differences may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Wu Lin
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., P.O. Box 72, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gardais
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
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16
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Nakano H, Namatame K, Suzuki T, Takahashi H, Sakai H, Nakamura T, Kumada K. Histopathological response to preoperative chemotherapy including 5-fluorouracil additionally assessed by immunocytochemical and pharmacologic parameters in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Surg Today 1996; 26:482-8. [PMID: 8840428 DOI: 10.1007/bf00311553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate quantitative methods for assessing the response to preoperative downstaging chemotherapy (PDC), the immunocytochemical expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as well as a pharmacologic study of the rate of thymidylate synthetase inhibition (TSIR) were studied in resected specimens obtained from patients with advanced gastric cancer. Fifty-one patients with advanced gastric cancer who received PDC (30 with 5-fluorouracil peroral administration and the other 21 with intravenous administration of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin) were studied. The labeling index of PCNA (PCNA-LI) and BrdU were measured. The PCNA suppression (PCNA-S), which was measured by both the values of prechemotherapeutic PCNA-LI in endoscopically biopsied specimens and postchemotherapeutic PCNA-LI in resected specimens, was also examined. TSIR was measured by a protein-bound radiochemical method. We compared the above-mentioned parameters with the histopathological response to PDC according to the General Rules for Gastric Cancer Study. In the patients with peroral 5-flurorouracil, a stepwise regression analysis showed that TSIR is a significantly effective for determining the histopathological response to PDC. In the patients with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, PCNA-S was the most effective indicator of the histopathological response to PDC, as shown by a stepwise regression analysis. The present study thus showed that both TSIR and PCNA-S were effective additional indicators of the histopathological response to PDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakano
- Department of Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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17
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Del Giglio A, Drach J, Kornblau SM, Patel S, Novaes M, Khetan R, Sawaya N, Dorlhiac-Llacer P, Chamone DF, Andreeff M. Quantitative expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen by western blot (PCNAWB) in peripheral blasts correlates with remission induction in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 19:235-41. [PMID: 8535214 DOI: 10.3109/10428199509107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a 36-kD nuclear protein that functions as a cofactor of delta DNA polymerase which is regulated in a cell cycle-dependent fashion. PCNA expression also increases when cells are actively engaged in DNA repair. We used Western blotting (WB) to measure the level of expression of PCNA in peripheral blasts of 36 adult acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients treated with Ara-C based induction regimens. PCNA levels correlated positively with the percentage of cells in S+G2M of the cell cycle. Logistic regression analysis revealed PCNA (beta = 4.5162; p = 0.0260) together with age (beta = 0.1777; p = 0.0364) as independent variables for remission induction: high PCNA levels were associated with poor response to induction therapy. PCNA expression was not, however, a predictor of survival in this subset of patients. We conclude that PCNA levels in this disease may be important for predicting response to Ara-C based remission induction chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Giglio
- Department of Hematology, São Paulo University Medical School
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18
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Thiele J, Fischer R. Bone marrow tissue and proliferation markers: results and general problems. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1993; 423:409-16. [PMID: 7904783 DOI: 10.1007/bf01606529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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