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Social Connectedness and Associations with Gambling Risk in New Zealand. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237123. [PMID: 36498695 PMCID: PMC9737315 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors are associated with disordered gambling, with some populations having a greater risk for developing disordered gambling than others. The present study, utilising data previously collected for a New Zealand (NZ) national gambling survey, explored the associations of social connectedness and leisure activities with risky gambling behaviour and quality of life. Poorer social connectedness and leisure activities were found to be associated with increased gambling risk and poorer quality of life, respectively. Social connectedness and leisure activities strongly predicted type of gambling activities and quality of life. Furthermore, Māori (NZ's indigenous population) had lower social connectedness and fewer leisure activities, and a greater gambling risk, as well as higher psychological distress, than the NZ European/Other population. These findings indicate that the risk of progressing from recreational gambling to risky gambling is relatively higher for Māori, and that social connectedness and leisure activities could be contributing factors for this increased risk. It is, therefore, important that social connectedness and leisure activities are seriously considered in public health and treatment efforts to reduce gambling harm for vulnerable populations.
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Soto C, West AE, Ramos GG, Unger JB. Substance and Behavioral Addictions among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2974. [PMID: 35270667 PMCID: PMC8910676 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper examines substance and behavioral addictions among American Indian and Alaska Natives (AIAN) to identify the structural and psychosocial risk and cultural protective factors that are associated with substance use and behavioral addictions. METHODS Five databases were used to search for peer reviewed articles through December 2021 that examined substance and behavioral addictions among AIANs. RESULTS The literature search identified 69 articles. Numerous risk factors (i.e., life stressors, severe trauma, family history of alcohol use) and protective factors (i.e., ethnic identity, family support) influence multiple substance (i.e., commercial tobacco, alcohol, opioid, stimulants) and behavioral (e.g., gambling) addictions. CONCLUSIONS There is a dearth of research on behavioral addictions among AIANs. Unique risk factors in AIAN communities such as historical trauma and socioeconomic challenges have interfered with traditional cultural resilience factors and have increased the risk of behavioral addictions. Future research on resilience factors and effective prevention and treatment interventions could help AIANs avoid behavioral addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claradina Soto
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (G.G.R.); (J.B.U.)
| | - Amy E. West
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA;
| | - Guadalupe G. Ramos
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (G.G.R.); (J.B.U.)
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; (G.G.R.); (J.B.U.)
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Derevensky JL, McDuff D, Reardon CL, Hainline B, Hitchcock ME, Richard J. Problem gambling and associated mental health concerns in elite athletes: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:761-766. [PMID: 31151953 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Opportunities to participate in gambling have dramatically changed during the past 20 years. Casinos have proliferated as have electronic gambling machines, lotteries, sports betting, and most recently online gambling. Gambling among the general population has moved from being perceived negatively to a socially acceptable pastime. As over 80% of individuals have reported gambling for money during their lifetime, governments recognise that regulating gambling-a multibillion dollar industry-is a significant source of revenue. While the vast majority of individuals engaged in some form of gambling have no or few gambling-related problems, an identifiable proportion of both adolescents and adults experience significant gambling-related problems. Elite athletes have not been immune to the lure of gambling nor its concomitant problems. Prevalence studies suggest higher rates of gambling problems among athletes than the general population. In this narrative review, we examine several risk factors associated with gambling problems among elite athletes and new forms of gambling that may be problematic for this population. Given the potential serious mental health and performance consequences associated with a gambling disorder for athletes, we aim to increase coaches', athletic directors' and health professionals' knowledge concerning the importance of screening and treatment referrals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David McDuff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian Hainline
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mary E Hitchcock
- Ebling Library for the Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeremie Richard
- Educational and Counseling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bellringer M, Pearson J, du Preez KP, Wilson D, Koziol-McLain J, Garrett N, Abbott M. Family violence in a sample of treatment-seeking gamblers: the effect of having dependent children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:8. [PMID: 29082128 PMCID: PMC5640745 DOI: 10.1186/s40405-017-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of problem gambler gender on the relationship between the gambler having dependent children (younger than 18 years) living at home and the gambler perpetrating or being a victim of family violence. The sample comprised 164 help-seeking gamblers (43% female; 37% with dependent child/ren) recruited from three national gambling treatment services in New Zealand. Family violence was measured using a modified version of the HITS scale covering physical, psychological, verbal, emotional and sexual violence. Forty-nine percent of participants reported being a victim of violence and 43% had perpetrated violence. Multivariable logistic regression modelling was conducted, adjusting in sequence for significant socio-demographic, psychosocial and gambling factors. The relationship between having dependent children and being a victim of family violence was gender-related. Female gamblers living with dependent children reported more family violence perpetration and victimisation than male gamblers living with dependent children. Female gamblers with dependent children living at home had greater odds of being a victim of family violence than male gamblers without dependent children living at home. This relationship remained when adjusted for contextual factors of being a victim (ethnicity, income support status, and feelings of inadequacy) in this sample. A similar gender effect of having dependent children living at home on violence perpetration disappeared when known psychosocial contextual factors of violence perpetration (aggression, difficulties in emotion regulation, drug issue in the family, and interpersonal support) were taken into account. These findings suggest the value of coordinated approaches between gambling treatment services and programmes supporting vulnerable families in order to identify vulnerable families and put support mechanisms in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bellringer
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Janet Pearson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Katie Palmer du Preez
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Denise Wilson
- Taupua Waiora Centre for Māori Health Research, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jane Koziol-McLain
- Interdisciplinary Trauma Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Nick Garrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Max Abbott
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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Caler KR, Vargas Garcia JR, Nower L. Problem gambling among ethnic minorities: results from an epidemiological study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:7. [PMID: 28944157 PMCID: PMC5589834 DOI: 10.1186/s40405-017-0027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A few studies have examined gambling behavior and problem gambling among minorities and reported higher rates of both participation and gambling problems among particular minority groups in comparison to Whites who gamble. The present study utilized a representative, epidemiological sample of adults in New Jersey to explore gambling behavior, gambling problem severity, substance use, problem behavior, and mental health issues among minorities. Univariate analyses were conducted, comparing Whites (n = 1341) to respondents who identified as Hispanic (n = 394), Black (n = 261), or Asian/other (n = 177). Overall, the highest proportion of Hispanics were high-risk problem gamblers. Hispanic participants were also significantly more likely than other groups to use and abuse substances and to report mental health problems in the past month, behavioral addictions, and/or suicidal ideation in the past year. Primary predictors of White high risk problem gamblers were being young and male with friends or family who gambled, fair to poor health status, substance use, gambling once a week or more both online and in land-based venues, and engaging in a number of gambling activities. In contrast, gender was not a predictor of minority high risk problem gamblers, who were characterized primarily by having friends or family who gambled, gambling online only, having a behavioral addiction and playing instant scratch-offs and gaming machines. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Caler
- Center for Gambling Studies, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, 536 George Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Jose Ricardo Vargas Garcia
- Center for Gambling Studies, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, 536 George Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Lia Nower
- Center for Gambling Studies, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, 536 George Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
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Dion J, Cantinotti M, Ross A, Collin-Vézina D. Sexual abuse, residential schooling and probable pathological gambling among Indigenous Peoples. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 44:56-65. [PMID: 25816756 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sexual abuse leads to short-term and long-lasting pervasive outcomes, including addictions. Among Indigenous Peoples, sexual abuse experienced in the context of residential schooling may have led to unresolved grief that is contributing to social problems, such as pathological (disordered) gambling. The aim of this study is to investigate the link between child sexual abuse, residential schooling and probable pathological gambling. The participants were 358 Indigenous persons (54.2% women) aged between 18 and 87 years, from two communities and two semi-urban centers in Quebec (Canada). Probable pathological gambling was evaluated using the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), and sexual abuse and residential schooling were assessed with dichotomous questions (yes/no). The results indicate an 8.7% past-year prevalence rate of pathological gambling problems among participants, which is high compared with the general Canadian population. Moreover, 35.4% were sexually abused, while 28.1% reported having been schooled in a residential setting. The results of a logistic regression also indicate that experiences of child sexual abuse and residential schooling are associated with probable pathological gambling among Indigenous Peoples. These findings underscore the importance of using an ecological approach when treating gambling, to address childhood traumas alongside current addiction problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinthe Dion
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada; CRIPCAS (Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Conjugal Problems and Sexual Abuse), Canada
| | | | - Amélie Ross
- Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Canada; CRIPCAS (Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Conjugal Problems and Sexual Abuse), Canada
| | - Delphine Collin-Vézina
- CRIPCAS (Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Conjugal Problems and Sexual Abuse), Canada; School of Social Work, McGill University, Canada
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Gill KJ, Heath LM, Derevensky J, Torrie J. The Social and Psychological Impacts of Gambling in the Cree Communities of Northern Québec. J Gambl Stud 2015; 32:441-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-015-9553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Patterson-Silver Wolf Adelv Unegv Waya DA, Welte JW, Barnes GM, Tidwell MCO, Spicer P. Sociocultural Influences on Gambling and Alcohol Use Among Native Americans in the United States. J Gambl Stud 2014; 31:1387-404. [PMID: 25408467 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-014-9512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gambling opportunities on and near Native American lands have increased in recent decades; yet there is a lack of research examining the patterns of problem gambling and alcohol abuse among Native Americans in the US. Traditional Native American cultural identity may be a protective factor for problem gambling and alcohol abuse among Native Americans. Telephone interviews were conducted with 415 Native American adults aged 18 years and older across the US. The past-year prevalence of gambling among Native Americans is similar to the rate for non-Native Americans in the US (80 vs. 77%). However, Native Americans have over twice the rate of problem gambling as the US sample (18 vs. 8%). Although Native Americans have a lower rate of past-year alcohol use than the US population (47 vs. 68%), they have a somewhat higher rate of alcohol abuse than their US counterparts (5.5 vs. 4.3%). Logistic regression analysis, with problem gambling as the dependent variable, revealed that lower socioeconomic status is significantly associated with an increased odds of problem gambling for Native Americans. Counter to the hypothesis, the higher the score on the Native American orientation, the higher the odds of being a problem gambler. Further, living by the "White way of life" was associated with a decreased odds of being a problem gambler; and perceived gambling convenience was associated with an increased odds of being a problem gambler. None of the Native American factors was significant in predicting alcohol abuse. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the influence of cultural factors on Native American gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John W Welte
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Grace M Barnes
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
| | - Marie-Cecile O Tidwell
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Paul Spicer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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Hing N, Breen H, Gordon A, Russell A. Aboriginal card gamblers and non-card gamblers: do they differ? INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2014.896388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jacoby N, von Lersner U, Schubert HJ, Loeffler G, Heinz A, Mörsen CP. The role of acculturative stress and cultural backgrounds in migrants with pathological gambling. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2013.777971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
The prevention of gambling-related problems amongst Aboriginal communities has been neglected by most public health strategies which concentrate on mainstream populations. Research indicates that rates of problem gambling are higher for Aboriginal groups than the general population. Specific cultural, familial, and social patterns influence gambling by Aboriginal groups, which are individually different, making it difficult to implement a cohesive strategy to address gambling-related harms. Because of this complexity, a thorough literature review is necessary to identify gaps in policy and research. This paper uses a public health framework to consider multi-dimensional influences (personal, environmental, economic, cultural and social) that affect gambling uptake. Such analysis is also important for identifying risk factors which facilitate the development and maintenance of problem gambling and potentially for underpinning protection, prevention and treatment programs. It is advised that strategies be developed in consultation with Aboriginal peoples to guide public health policy and research to minimise any gambling-related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Breen
- School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Centre for Gambling Education and Research, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, 2480 New South Wales Australia
| | - Sally Gainsbury
- School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Centre for Gambling Education and Research, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, 2480 New South Wales Australia
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Lin EYJ, Casswell S, Huckle T, You RQ, Asiasiga L. Does one shoe fit all? Impacts of gambling among four ethnic groups in New Zealand. JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES 2011. [DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2011.26.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to examine the impacts of gambling among four different ethnic groups within New Zealand (i.e., Maori, Pakeha, Pacific peoples, and Chinese and Korean peoples). Four thousand and sixty-eight Pakeha, 1,162 Maori, 1,031 Pacific people, and 984 Chinese and Korean people took part in a telephone interview that assessed their gambling participation and their quality of life. Results showed a number of differences between ethnic groups. For the Maori and Pacific samples, there were significant associations between gambling participation (especially time spent on electronic gaming machines) and lower ratings in a number of life domains. In contrast to the findings for the Maori and Pacific peoples, which showed predominantly negative associations between gambling modes and people's self ratings of their domains of life, the findings for Pakeha and for Chinese and Korean peoples were more mixed and the associations predominantly positive.
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Martins SS, Ghandour LA, Lee GP, Storr CL. Sociodemographic and substance use correlates of gambling behavior in the Canadian general population. J Addict Dis 2010; 29:338-51. [PMID: 20635283 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2010.489447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study describes sociodemographic and substance use correlates of gambling behaviors, measured among 9,481 past-year gamblers from the Canadian general population. Compared to non-problem gamblers in this study (N=8,035), the 98 problem gamblers who scored 8 or more points on the Canadian Problem Gambling Research Index were more likely to report being "drunk or high" while gambling (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 8.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.46,14.55; p<.001), to admit to having an alcohol or drug problem (AOR: 3.80; 95% CI:2.21,6.52; p<.001), and to use electronic gambling devices (AOR: 4.85; 95% CI: 3.08-7.66; p<.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S Martins
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Mental Health, Baltimore, MD 21205-1900, USA.
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An Exploration of the Connection between Child Sexual Abuse and Gambling in Aboriginal Communities. Int J Ment Health Addict 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-009-9234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Alegria AA, Petry NM, Hasin DS, Liu SM, Grant BF, Blanco C. Disordered gambling among racial and ethnic groups in the US: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. CNS Spectr 2009; 14:132-42. [PMID: 19407710 PMCID: PMC2737691 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prior research suggests that racial minority groups in the United States are more vulnerable to develop a gambling disorder than whites. However, no national survey on gambling disorders exists that has focused on ethnic differences. METHODS Analyses of this study were based on the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a large (N=43,093) nationally representative survey of the adult (> or =18 years of age) population residing in households during 2001-2002 period. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Text Revision diagnoses of pathological gambling, mood, anxiety, drug use, and personality disorders were based on the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version. RESULTS Prevalence rates of disordered gambling among blacks (2.2%) and Native/Asian Americans (2.3%) were higher than that of whites (1.2%). Demographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity differed among Hispanic, black, and white disordered gamblers. However, all racial and ethnic groups evidenced similarities with respect to symptom patterns, time course, and treatment seeking for pathological gambling. CONCLUSION The prevalence of disordered gambling, but not its onset or course of symptoms, varies by racial and ethnic group. These varying prevalence rates may reflect, at least in part, cultural differences in gambling and its acceptability and accessibility. These data may inform the need for targeted prevention strategies for high-risk racial and ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Alegria
- Columbia Gambling Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Mental Health of Non-gamblers Versus “Normal” Gamblers Among American Indian Veterans: A Community Survey. J Gambl Stud 2008; 24:193-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-007-9084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sonntag D. Risikofaktoren des problematischen Glücksspielverhaltens. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2006. [DOI: 10.1026/1616-3443.35.4.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Pathologisches Glücksspielverhalten nach DSM-IV oder ICD-10 wird als Impulskontrollstörung diagnostiziert. In diesem Artikel wird der Begriff auf problematisches Glücksspielverhalten erweitert. In der Literatur dominieren zwei theoretische Entstehungsmodelle: das “Sucht-“ und das “Neurosemodell“. Fragestellung: Was sind die Korrelate und Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung problematischen Glücksspielverhaltens, welche Implikationen gibt es für die Modellannahmen und für die Behandlung. Methode: Auf der Basis einer Literaturanalyse wird ein Überblick über die bislang gesicherten Risikofaktoren gegeben. Ergebnisse: Es gibt eine Fülle von Querschnittsstudien und einige Längsschnittstudien, die Hinweise auf das Vorliegen einiger gesicherter Korrelate und Risikofaktoren geben. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Befunde unterstützen bestimmte Modellannahmen und sollten in der Prävention und Therapie von Personen mit problematischem Glücksspielverhalten berücksichtigt werden.
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Westermeyer J, Canive J, Garrard J, Thuras P, Thompson J. Lifetime prevalence of pathological gambling among american Indian and Hispanic American Veterans. Am J Public Health 2005; 95:860-6. [PMID: 15855466 PMCID: PMC1449269 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2003.023770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the prevalence and clinical correlates of pathological gambling among 1228 American Indian and Hispanic American veterans in the southwest and north central regions of the United States. METHODS We surveyed a community sample of American Indian and Hispanic American veterans to obtain data on psychiatric disorder and treatment. RESULTS American Indian veterans had a 10% lifetime prevalence of pathological gambling. The Hispanic American lifetime prevalence was less than that of the American Indian veterans but higher than the prevalence found for Hispanic American veterans in other surveys. Comorbid conditions associated with pathological gambling included substance, mood, and antisocial personality disorders. Ready access to casino gambling may encourage, support, or contribute to high rates of pathological gambling in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS A 70% lifetime comorbidity of psychiatric disorders suggests that early interventions for pathological gambling should consider common psychiatric conditions rather than focusing on pathological gambling alone.
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Shaffer HJ, LaBrie RA, LaPlante DA, Nelson SE, Stanton MV. The road less travelled: moving from distribution to determinants in the study of gambling epidemiology. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2004; 49:504-16. [PMID: 15453100 DOI: 10.1177/070674370404900802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current status of gambling epidemiology studies and suggests that it is time to move from general population-prevalence research toward the investigation of risk and protective factors that influence the onset of gambling disorders. The study of incidence among vulnerable and resilient populations is a road yet to be taken. In this review, we briefly introduce the history of the field and thoroughly review the epidemiologic research on disordered gambling before providing a critical assessment of the current diagnostic tools. Overall, the extant research shows that disordered gambling is a relatively stable phenomenon throughout the world. Given that certain segments of the population (for example, adolescents and substance users) have elevated prevalence rates, we suggest focusing future prevalence studies on groups with apparently increased vulnerability. Moreover, we suggest that, for the field of gambling studies to progress, researchers need to take the road less travelled and examine more carefully the onset and determinants of disordered gambling. That said, given the problems with the current diagnostic screens, investigators need to refine their theoretical concepts and the epidemiologic tools used to examine them before the field can travel down this new road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Shaffer
- Department of Psychiatry, The Cambridge Health Alliance, MA, USA.
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Abstract
There has been a significant gap in the gambling literature regarding the role of culture in gambling and problem gambling (PG). This paper aims to this such gap by presenting a systematic review of the cultural variations in gambling and PG as well as a discussion of the role cultural variables can play in the initiation and maintenance of gambling in order to stimulate further research. The review shows that although studies investigating prevalence rates of gambling and PG among different cultures are not plentiful, evidence does suggest certain cultural groups are more vulnerable to begin gambling and to develop PG. Significant factors including familial/genetic, sociological, and individual factors have been found in the Western gambling literature as playing important roles in the development and maintenance of PG. These factors need to be examined now in other cultural groups so we can better understand the etiological processes involved in PG and design culturally sensitive treatments. In addition, variables, such as cultural values and beliefs, the process of acculturation, and the influence of culturally determined, help-seeking behaviors need to be also examined in relation to the role they could play in the initiation of and maintenance of gambling. Understanding the contribution of cultural variables will allow us to devise better prevention and treatment options for PG. Methodological problems in this area of research are highlighted, and suggestions for future research are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Raylu
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Brisbane, Australia
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A. Volberg R. Has there been a "feminization" of gambling and problem gambling in the United States? JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES 2003. [DOI: 10.4309/jgi.2003.8.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the question of whether there has been a "feminization" of gambling and problem gambling in the United States. Feminization refers to the idea that more women are gambling, developing problems and seeking help for problems related to gambling than in the past. Data from a theoretically derived sample of four states are examined to identify patterns in the distribution of gambling participation and the prevalence of problem gambling in the general population. Despite widespread acceptance of the notion of the feminization of gambling and problem gambling, men remain significantly more likely than women to participate regularly in most types of gambling. Most gambling activities remain highly gendered; however, in the United States, the widespread introduction of gaming machines is associated with increases in gambling and problem gambling among women. The present analysis highlights the importance of taking socio-demographic characteristics besides gender into account when considering the distribution of gambling and problem gambling in the general population.
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Abstract
This article reviews the prevalence of gambling and related mental disorders from a public health perspective. It traces the expansion of gambling in North America and the psychological, economic, and social consequences for the public's health, and then considers both the costs and benefits of gambling and the history of gambling prevalence research. A public health approach is applied to understanding the epidemiology of gambling-related problems. International prevalence rates are provided and the prevalence of mental disorders that often are comorbid with gambling problems is reviewed. Analysis includes an examination of groups vulnerable to gambling-related disorders and the methodological and conceptual matters that might influence epidemiological research and prevalence rates related to gambling. The major public health problems associated with gambling are considered and recommendations made for public health policy, practice, and research. The enduring value of a public health perspective is that it applies different 'lenses' for understanding gambling behaviour, analysing its benefits and costs, as well as identifying strategies for action. Harvey A. Skinner (160, p. 286)
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Shaffer
- Division on Addictions, Harvard Medical School, 350 Longwood Avenue, Suite 200, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA..
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24
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Abstract
Due to recent changes of gambling laws, accessibility to gambling has become more widespread and thus, there has also been an increase in the prevalence of pathological gambling (PG). The wide range of social, economic, and psychological problems associated with PG are well known. There is a need for better understanding of PG and this review attempts to do so. Literature searches using the Medline and PsycINFO databases were used. Critical examining of the literature showed that familial/genetic, sociological, and individual factors (e.g., an individual's personality, biochemistry, psychological states, and cognitions) are implicated in the development and maintenance of PG, yet at present, the evidences are not solid. Similarly, there have been a lot of theories for PG but again, none of them are solid enough to provide a clear understanding of PG. Recent psychological-based theories seem to provide some solid ground for further research. We highlight four areas for future consideration for research. (1) Most studies have generalized findings from one form of gambling to another. It is suggested that it is now not tenable to consider gambling as a single phenomenon that can explain all forms of gambling. (2) Almost all of the studies in the gambling literature are Western-based and the results are often generalized to other ethnic and cultural groups. There is now an urgent need to close this gap. (3) Future studies need to address methodological problems in the current gambling/PG literature. (4) Almost all of the gambling literature has focused on the issue of why people start gambling. It is suggested that looking at variables as to why people stop gambling in a single episode may be a more fruitful area of research then why people start gambling. This is because what motivates one to continue gambling, despite losses in a session and across sessions, is a characteristic that distinguishes nonproblem gamblers from problem gamblers and pathological gamblers (PGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Raylu
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Wardman D, el-Guebaly N, Hodgins D. Problem and pathological gambling in North American Aboriginal populations: a review of the empirical literature. J Gambl Stud 2002; 17:81-100. [PMID: 11705211 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016699628402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This literature review attempts to: estimate Aboriginal population prevalence rates for problem and pathological gambling and compare these rates to the general population; determine factors associated with the Aboriginal population problem gambling behaviour; and identify other salient findings and issues. Materials used in the review were drawn from available research literature and bibliographies. There were no time restrictions or study design criteria included in the review. Key words used: Aboriginal, Indians, First Nations, Native, lotteries, gambling, casinos, and gaming. Eleven descriptive studies were identified. Gambling appears to be problematic among Aboriginal people. Aboriginal adolescents have higher rates of problem gambling, as do Aboriginal adults for both problem and pathological gambling than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. The odds ratios indicate that the Aboriginal population has a problem gambling behaviour rate 2.2 to 15.69 times higher than the non-Aboriginal population. A number of factors associated with Aboriginal population problem and pathological gambling were identified. Gambling literature specific to the Aboriginal population is limited and there is extensive variation in estimates of their increased risk. Several associated factors were identified but whether these are specific to the Aboriginal population or to all problem and pathological gamblers needs to be determined. More research, particularly qualitative, into these factors is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wardman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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