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D'Aiuto L, Williamson K, Dimitrion P, McNulty J, Brown CE, Dokuburra CB, Nielsen AJ, Lin WJ, Piazza P, Schurdak ME, Wood J, Yolken RH, Kinchington PR, Bloom DC, Nimgaonkar VL. Comparison of three cell-based drug screening platforms for HSV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 2017; 142:136-140. [PMID: 28342892 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) and its derivatives have been highly effective for treating recurrent, lytic infections with Herpes Simplex Virus, type 1 (HSV-1), but searches for additional antiviral drugs are motivated by recent reports of resistance to ACV, particularly among immunocompromised patients. In addition, the relative neurotoxicity of ACV and its inability to prevent neurological sequelae among HSV-1 encephalitis survivors compel searches for new drugs to treat HSV-1 infections of the central nervous system (CNS). Primary drug screens for neurotropic viruses like HSV-1 typically utilize non-neuronal cell lines, but they may miss drugs that have neuron specific antiviral effects. Therefore, we compared the effects of a panel of conventional and novel anti-herpetic compounds in monkey epithelial (Vero) cells, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and hiPSC-derived neurons (N = 73 drugs). While the profiles of activity for the majority of the drugs were similar in all three tissues, Vero cells were less likely than NPCs to identify drugs with substantial inhibitory activity in hiPSC-derived neurons. We discuss the relative merits of each cell type for antiviral drug screens against neuronal infections with HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D'Aiuto
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Kelly Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter Dimitrion
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James McNulty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical-Biology, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Carla E Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical-Biology, McMaster University, Canada
| | | | | | - Wen Jing Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical-Biology, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Paolo Piazza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Mark E Schurdak
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joel Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David C Bloom
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, USA
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2
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Chen F, Figliozzi RW, Bedadala G, Palem J, Hsia SV. Overexpression of thyroid hormone receptor β1 altered thyroid hormone-mediated regulation of herpes simplex virus-1 replication in differentiated cells. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:555-563. [PMID: 26843385 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) has been suggested to play a role in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication. It was previously reported that HSV-1 replication was suppressed by T3 in mouse neuroblastoma cells overexpressing thyroid hormone receptor β1 (TRβ1). Using a human neuro-endocrine cells LNCaP differentiated by androgen deprivation, HSV-1 replication was active but decreased by T3 at very low moi, probably due to low copy of TRβ1. In this study, a recombinant HSV-1 was constructed expressing TRβ1 (HSV-1/TRβ1). Infection of Vero cells (very little TRβ1 expression) with HSV-1/TRβ1 exhibited increased replication in the presence of T3 compared to the counterpart without TRβ1 overexpression. Interestingly, HSV-1/TRβ1 infection of differentiated LNCaP cells showed strong suppression of viral replication by T3 and the removal of hormone did not fully reversed the suppression as was observed in parent virus. Quantitative analyses indicated that ICP0 expression was blocked using HSV-1/TRβ1 for infection during T3 washout, suggesting that overexpression of TRβ1 is likely to delay its inhibitory effect on viral gene expression. Together these results emphasized the importance of TRβ1 in the regulation of HSV-1 replication in differentiated environment with neuronal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - Robert W Figliozzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - Gautam Bedadala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA.,Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Jayavardhana Palem
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - S Victor Hsia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA. .,Department of Natural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA.
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Hogk I, Kaufmann M, Finkelmeier D, Rupp S, Burger-Kentischer A. An In Vitro HSV-1 Reactivation Model Containing Quiescently Infected PC12 Cells. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:250-7. [PMID: 23914331 PMCID: PMC3731678 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the infection and reactivation process of herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) are generally gained by monolayer cultures or extensive and cost-intensive animal models. So far, no reliable in vitro skin model exists either to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in controlling latency and virus reactivation or to test pharmaceuticals. Here we demonstrate the first in vitro HSV-1 reactivation model generated by using the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT grown on a collagen substrate containing primary human fibroblasts. We integrated the unique feature of a quiescently infected neuronal cell line, the rat pheochromocytoma line PC12, within the dermal layer of the three-dimensional skin equivalent. Transmission electron microscopy, a cell-based TCID50 assay, and polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to verify cell latency. Thereby viral DNA could be detected, whereas extracellular as well as intracellular virus activity could not be found. Further, the infected PC12 cells show no spontaneous reactivation within the in vitro skin equivalent. In order to simulate a physiologically comparable HSV-1 infection, we achieved a specific and pointed reactivation of quiescently HSV-1 infected PC12 cells by UVB irradiation at 1000 mJ/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Hogk
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Hsia SC, Graham LP, Bedadala GR, Balish MB, Chen F, Figliozzi RW. Induction of Transcription Factor Early Growth Response Protein 1 during HSV-1 Infection Promotes Viral Replication in Corneal Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [PMID: 25264522 PMCID: PMC4175986 DOI: 10.9734/bmrj/2013/4817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aims To understand the mechanisms of Early Growth Response Protein 1 (Egr-1) induction upon HSV-1 lytic infection and its roles in regulating viral gene expression and replication. Study Design Rabbit corneal cell line SIRC and other cell lines were infected by HSV-1 to investigate the Egr-1 induction and its occupancy on the viral genome in different conditions. UV-inactivated HSV-1 and a recombinant virus over-expressing Egr-1 were generated to evaluate the regulatory effects on viral gene expression and replication during the infection. Methodology Egr-1 induction triggered by viral infection was determined by Western Blot analyses and immune-fluorescent microscopy. Real-time RT-PCR and a novel Cignal™ Reporter Assay were used for quantitative measurement of Egr-1 expression. Chromatin Immuno-precipitation (ChIP) was performed to address the Egr-1 occupancy to the viral regulatory sequences and the influence on viral replication was assessed by plaque assays. Results Our results indicated that Egr-1 expression requires viral gene expression since the UV-inactivated HSV-1 failed to produce Egr-1 protein. Blockade of viral replication did not block the Egr-1 protein synthesis, supporting the hypothesis that HSV-1 replication was not essential for Egr-1 production. Chromatin immune-precipitation (ChIP) and RT-PCR assays demonstrated that induced Egr-1 was able to interact with key regulatory elements near HSV-1 immediate-early (IE) genes and promote viral gene expression. Recombinant virus overexpressing Egr-1 revealed that Egr-1 enhanced the viral replication and the release of infectious virus. Conclusion Together these results concluded that HSV-1 triggers the expression of an important host transcription factor Egr-1 via a unique mechanism and benefit the viral gene expression and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Hsia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1 College Backbone Road, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - L P Graham
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1 College Backbone Road, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - G R Bedadala
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1 College Backbone Road, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - M B Balish
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1 College Backbone Road, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - F Chen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1 College Backbone Road, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - R W Figliozzi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1 College Backbone Road, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
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5
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Hogk I, Rupp S, Burger-Kentischer A. 3D-tissue model for herpes simplex virus-1 infections. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1064:239-51. [PMID: 23996262 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-601-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes the most common skin disease. Various test systems have been established to recapitulate this cyclical pathway of productive infection, latency, and reactivation. Most studies of latency and reactivation are conducted in animal models. However, the small number of neurons which harbor the viral genome, the complexity of the in vivo setting, and ethical constraints place limits on animal studies. So far, no in vitro model which resembles natural latency exists. Here, we describe the first in vitro HSV-1 infection model based on a human skin equivalent. The 3D infection model is generated using the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT grown on a collagen substrate containing human primary fibroblasts and in addition a quiescently HSV-1 infected neuronal component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Hogk
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Millhouse S, Wang X, Fraser NW, Faber L, Block TM. Direct evidence that HSV DNA damaged by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can be repaired in a cell type-dependent manner. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:231-43. [PMID: 22581427 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection of permissive cells, in tissue culture, with herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been reported to induce host DNA damage repair responses that are necessary for efficient viral replication. However, direct repair of the damaged viral DNA has not, to our knowledge, been shown. In this report, we detect and determine the amount of damaged HSV-1 DNA, following introduction of experimentally damaged HSV genomes into tissue cultures of permissive Vero, NGF differentiated PC12 cells and primary rat neurons, using a method of detection introduced here. The results show that HSV-1 strain 17 DNA containing UV-induced DNA damage is efficiently repaired, in Vero, but not NGF differentiated PC12 cells. The primary rat neuronal cultures were capable of repairing the damaged viral DNA, but with much less efficiency than did the permissive Vero cells. Moreover, by conducting the experiments with either an inhibitor of the HSV polymerase (phosphonoacetic acid [PAA]) or with a replication defective DNA polymerase mutant virus, HP66, the results suggest that repair can occur in the absence of a functional viral polymerase, although polymerase function seems to enhance the efficiency of the repair, in a replication independent manner. The possible significance of varying cell type mediated repair of viral DNA to viral pathogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Millhouse
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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Hafezi W, Lorentzen EU, Eing BR, Müller M, King NJC, Klupp B, Mettenleiter TC, Kühn JE. Entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) into the distal axons of trigeminal neurons favors the onset of nonproductive, silent infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002679. [PMID: 22589716 PMCID: PMC3349744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following productive, lytic infection in epithelia, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) establishes a lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons that is interrupted by episodes of reactivation. In order to better understand what triggers this lytic/latent decision in neurons, we set up an organotypic model based on chicken embryonic trigeminal ganglia explants (TGEs) in a double chamber system. Adding HSV-1 to the ganglion compartment (GC) resulted in a productive infection in the explants. By contrast, selective application of the virus to distal axons led to a largely nonproductive infection that was characterized by the poor expression of lytic genes and the presence of high levels of the 2.0-kb major latency-associated transcript (LAT) RNA. Treatment of the explants with the immediate-early (IE) gene transcriptional inducer hexamethylene bisacetamide, and simultaneous co-infection of the GC with HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) or pseudorabies virus (PrV) helper virus significantly enhanced the ability of HSV-1 to productively infect sensory neurons upon axonal entry. Helper-virus-induced transactivation of HSV-1 IE gene expression in axonally-infected TGEs in the absence of de novo protein synthesis was dependent on the presence of functional tegument protein VP16 in HSV-1 helper virus particles. After the establishment of a LAT-positive silent infection in TGEs, HSV-1 was refractory to transactivation by superinfection of the GC with HSV-1 but not with HSV-2 and PrV helper virus. In conclusion, the site of entry appears to be a critical determinant in the lytic/latent decision in sensory neurons. HSV-1 entry into distal axons results in an insufficient transactivation of IE gene expression and favors the establishment of a nonproductive, silent infection in trigeminal neurons. Upon primary infection of the oronasal mucosa, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) rapidly reaches the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system via axonal transport and establishes lifelong latency in surviving neurons. Central to the establishment of latency is the ability of HSV-1 to reliably switch from productive, lytic spread in epithelia to nonproductive, latent infection in sensory neurons. It is not fully understood what specifically disposes incoming particles of a highly cytopathogenic, fast-replicating alphaherpesvirus to nonproductive, latent infection in sensory neurons. The present study shows that selective entry of HSV-1 into the distal axons of trigeminal neurons strongly favors the establishment of a nonproductive, latent infection, whereas nonselective infection of neurons still enables HSV-1 to induce lytic gene expression. Our data support a model of latency establishment in which the site of entry is an important determinant of the lytic/latent decision in the infected neuron. Productive infection of the neuron ensues if particles enter the soma of the neuron directly. In contrast, previous retrograde axonal transport of incoming viral particles creates a distinct scenario that abrogates VP16-dependent transactivation of immediate-early gene expression and precludes the expression of lytic genes to an extent sufficient to prevent the initiation of massive productive infection of trigeminal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wali Hafezi
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology - Clinical Virology, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research (IZKF), Münster, Germany
| | - Eva U. Lorentzen
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology - Clinical Virology, Münster, Germany
| | - Bodo R. Eing
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology - Clinical Virology, Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- University Hospital Bonn, Department of Neurology, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Department of Pathology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Klupp
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Biology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Joachim E. Kühn
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology - Clinical Virology, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research (IZKF), Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Millhouse S, Su YH, Zhang X, Wang X, Song BP, Zhu L, Oppenheim E, Fraser NW, Block TM. Evidence that herpes simplex virus DNA derived from quiescently infected cells in vitro, and latently infected cells in vivo, is physically damaged. J Neurovirol 2011; 16:384-98. [PMID: 20874012 DOI: 10.3109/13550284.2010.515651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and alkaline gel electrophoresis, the authors show that, compared with DNA derived from virions used to establish infection, herpes simplex virus DNA derived from quiescently infected rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells in culture accumulates alkaline-labile lesions. That is, compared with equivalent amounts of virion DNA, viral DNA from nerve growth factor-differentiated long-term infected cells in culture is consistently 3 to 10 times more refractory to amplification by PCR. Despite using equal mole amounts of DNA isolated from quiescently infected cells (determined by quantitative Southern blots), DNA from quiescently infected cells could not be detected by PCR under conditions in which the virion-derived DNA was easily detected. Refractoriness to PCR was confirmed by analysis with a ligation-mediated PCR technique. The refractoriness was not the result of genomic circularization. The refractoriness was, however, related to the time that the quiescently infected cells had been maintained in culture. The refractoriness to PCR was taken as an indication that the viral DNA was damaged. This hypothesis was confirmed by showing that viral DNA from quiescently infected PC12 cells accumulated alkaline-labile DNA lesions, as determined by alkaline gel electrophoresis. The phenomenon was not limited to tissue culture, because viral DNA derived from the ganglia of latently infected mice is also 3 to 10 times more refractory to amplification than are equivalent amounts of virion-derived genomes. Taken together, these results represent the first evidence that herpes simplex virus DNA is physically damaged as a function of long-term infection. Implications for viral reactivation and pathogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Millhouse
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901-2697, USA
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9
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Abstract
Various factors/pathways including hormonal regulation have been suggested to control HSV-1 latency and reactivation. Our computer analysis identified a DNA repeat containing thyroid hormone response elements (TRE) in the regulatory region of HSV-1 LAT. Thyroid hormone (T3) exerts its function via its receptor (TR), a transcriptional factor. Present study investigated the roles of TR and T3 on HSV-1 gene expression using cultured neuoroblastoma cell lines. We demonstrated that liganded TR activated LAT transcription but repressed ICP0 transcription in the presence of LAT TRE. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that TRs were recruited to LAT TREs independently of T3 and hyperacetylated H4 was associated with promoters that were transcriptionally active. In addition, ChIP results showed that a chromatin insulator protein CTCF was enriched at the LAT TREs in the presence of TR and T3. In addition, chromatin remodeling factor BRG1 complex is found to participate in the T3/TR-mediated LAT activation since overexpression of BRG1 enhanced the LAT transcription and the dominant negative mutant K785R abolished the activation. This is the first report revealing that TR exerted epigenetic regulation on HSV-1 ICP0 expression in neuronal cells and could have a role in the complex processes of HSV-1 latency/reactivation.
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10
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Aiamkitsumrit B, Zhang X, Block TM, Norton P, Fraser NW, Su YH. Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP4 deletion mutant virus d120 infection failed to induce apoptosis in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. J Neurovirol 2007; 13:305-14. [PMID: 17849314 DOI: 10.1080/13550280701361490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that terminally differentiated neuronal cells and mitotic cells respond differently in many aspects to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. The ICP4-deleted, Us3-defective, HSV-1 mutant strain d120 induces classical apoptosis in a variety of mitotic cell lines. Its behavior in postmitotic cells is not known. Here the authors report that mutant d120 virus failed to induce apoptosis in neuronal-like, nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells. More strikingly, rather than inducing apoptosis, d120 infection prolonged the life of nondividing NGF-differentiated PC12 cells in the culture flask. The virus genome had a half-life of 30 days. Unlike in other cells, such as Vero, neither wild-type nor d120 infection of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells induced the nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B p65 pathway, which has been associated with virus-induced apoptosis. Thus, the authors demonstrate, for the first time, that a potent apoptosis inducer mutant d120 failed to induce apoptosis in neuronal-like NGF-differentiated PC12 cells, unlike a number of other cell lines studied. The possible mechanisms involved in the failure of d120 to induce apoptosis in neuronal-like NGF-differentiated PC12 cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Danaher RJ, Jacob RJ, Miller CS. Reactivation from quiescence does not coincide with a global induction of herpes simplex virus type 1 transactivators. Virus Genes 2006; 33:163-7. [PMID: 16972030 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) reactivates from a small fraction of latently infected neurons in vivo and neuronally differentiated (ND), quiescently infected (QIF)-PC12 cells in vitro. This may be the result of reactivation initiating in only a few cells, or reactivation followed by premature termination of the productive virus life cycle in many or even a majority of cells. To examine the viral stress response, HSV-1 promoters of representative alpha, beta, and gamma class genes were examined in ND- and QIF-PC12 cells after treatments with agents known to induce reactivation. HSV-1 promoters displayed variable levels of basal gene expression in ND-PC12 cells ranging from 2 to 1,200 times the level of the control vector pGL3-Basic. Expression of the latency associated transcript (LAT) was greatest, with representatives of the alpha class exhibiting greater expression than the beta and gamma classes. The HSV-1 promoters examined did not respond dramatically to stress treatments. The viral gene response was also measured during the initiation of reactivation of a cryptic HSV-1 genome after forskolin treatment, under conditions that restricted DNA replication. During the first 24 h after stress induction the response was limited. By 48 h post-forskolin treatment, only modest increases occurred for ICP0, ICP4, and LAT transcripts, reaching levels of no greater than 2.2 times mock treated levels. In contrast, ICP27, ribonucleotide reductase (RR), and VP16 promoters did not respond. These findings indicate that reactivation from QIF-PC12 cells does not result in a global response of the specific HSV-1 genes tested, when assessed at the population level. These data support the hypothesis that stress-induced reactivation initiates in a minority of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Danaher
- Oral Medicine Section, MN 324, Center for Oral Health Research and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry and College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, 40536-0297, USA
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12
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Su YH, Moxley MJ, Ng AK, Lin J, Jordan R, Fraser NW, Block TM. Stability and circularization of herpes simplex virus type 1 genomes in quiescently infected PC12 cultures. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:2943-2950. [PMID: 12466470 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-12-2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA has been shown to exist as a linear, double-stranded molecule in the virion and as a non-linear (endless), episomal, nucleosomal form in latently infected trigeminal ganglia. The kinetics of the formation and appearance of endless viral genomes and the stability of linear genomes in neuronal cells are not well understood. Nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells can sustain long-term, quiescent infections with HSV-1. In this report, the structure and stability of HSV-1 viral DNA in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells was studied as a function of time following infection using both wild-type and replication-defective virus. Unexpectedly, unencapsidated linear genomes were stable in the nucleus of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells for up to 2-3 weeks following infection, beyond the period at which there is no detectable viral gene expression. However, following infection with wild-type HSV, the majority of quiescent viral genomes were in an endless form after 3-4 weeks. These data suggest that the stability and fate of HSV-1 DNA in non-mitotic neuronal-like cells is different from that in productively infected cells and thus there is a significant cellular role in this process. The relevance to the virus life-cycle in neurones in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsiu Su
- Jefferson Center for Biomedical Research of Thomas Jefferson University, 700 E. Butler Ave, Doylestown, PA 18901-2697, USA1
| | - Michael J Moxley
- Jefferson Center for Biomedical Research of Thomas Jefferson University, 700 E. Butler Ave, Doylestown, PA 18901-2697, USA1
| | - Alan K Ng
- Jefferson Center for Biomedical Research of Thomas Jefferson University, 700 E. Butler Ave, Doylestown, PA 18901-2697, USA1
| | - Judy Lin
- Jefferson Center for Biomedical Research of Thomas Jefferson University, 700 E. Butler Ave, Doylestown, PA 18901-2697, USA1
| | - Robert Jordan
- Jefferson Center for Biomedical Research of Thomas Jefferson University, 700 E. Butler Ave, Doylestown, PA 18901-2697, USA1
| | - Nigel W Fraser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA2
| | - Timothy M Block
- Jefferson Center for Biomedical Research of Thomas Jefferson University, 700 E. Butler Ave, Doylestown, PA 18901-2697, USA1
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Moxley MJ, Block TM, Liu HC, Fraser NW, Perng GC, Wechsler SL, Su YH. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection prevents detachment of nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells in culture. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1591-1600. [PMID: 12075077 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-7-1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In tissue culture, rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells differentiated with nerve growth factor (NGF) cease division, extend neuritic processes and acquire many properties characteristic of neuronal cells. In previous work, we have shown that NGF-differentiated PC12 cells can survive infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and maintain the viral genome in a quiescent but reactivatable state. In this study, we report that uninfected NGF-differentiated PC12 cells uniformly and predictably detach from the culture flask substratum after approximately 7 weeks. Although uninfected cells were uniformly lost from the culture by 7 weeks, surprisingly HSV-1-infected cells survived beyond 10 weeks, the time limit of the study. The detachment of uninfected cells was not the result of cell death or apoptosis, as determined by viability assays performed on cells after detachment. Expression of the HSV-1 latency associated transcript (LAT) gene and virus replication was not necessary for the virus to suppress the 'detachment' phenomenon, since NGF-differentiated PC12 cells infected with either wild-type, DNA polymerase mutant or LAT null mutant virus survived in culture for similar lengths of time. Viral gene expression does appear to be necessary for the suppression, however, since cells infected with UV-inactivated virus were lost from culture with kinetics similar to those of uninfected cells. These findings indicate that de novo viral gene synthesis mediates changes to the host NGF-differentiated PC12 cells, which results in prevention of detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Moxley
- Jefferson Center for Biomedical Research of Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 700 E. Butler Avenue, Doylestown, PA 18901-2697, USA1
| | - Timothy M Block
- Jefferson Center for Biomedical Research of Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 700 E. Butler Avenue, Doylestown, PA 18901-2697, USA1
| | - Hsi-Chou Liu
- Jefferson Center for Biomedical Research of Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 700 E. Butler Avenue, Doylestown, PA 18901-2697, USA1
| | - Nigel W Fraser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA2
| | - Guey-Chuen Perng
- Ophthalmology Research Laboratories, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Burns and Allen Research Institute, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA3
| | - Steven L Wechsler
- Ophthalmology Research Laboratories, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Burns and Allen Research Institute, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA3
| | - Ying-Hsiu Su
- Jefferson Center for Biomedical Research of Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 700 E. Butler Avenue, Doylestown, PA 18901-2697, USA1
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