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Drăgan A, Mateescu AD. Novel Biomarkers and Advanced Cardiac Imaging in Aortic Stenosis: Old and New. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1661. [PMID: 38002343 PMCID: PMC10669288 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the symptomatic status and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) play a crucial role in aortic stenosis (AS) assessment. However, the symptoms are often subjective, and LVEF is not a sensitive marker of left ventricle (LV) decompensation. Over the past years, the cardiac structure and function research on AS has increased due to advanced imaging modalities and potential therapies. New imaging parameters emerged as predictors of disease progression in AS. LV global longitudinal strain has proved useful for risk stratification in asymptomatic severe AS patients with preserved LVEF. The assessment of myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance is the most studied application and offers prognostic information on AS. Moreover, the usage of biomarkers in AS as objective measures of LV decompensation has recently gained more interest. The present review focuses on the transition from compensatory LV hypertrophy (H) to LV dysfunction and the biomarkers associated with myocardial wall stress, fibrosis, and myocyte death. Moreover, we discuss the potential impact of non-invasive imaging parameters for optimizing the timing of aortic valve replacement and provide insight into novel biomarkers for possible prognostic use in AS. However, data from randomized clinical trials are necessary to define their utility in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Drăgan
- Department of Cardiovascular Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases “Prof Dr C C Iliescu”, 258 Fundeni Road, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Doina Mateescu
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases “Prof Dr C C Iliescu”, 258 Fundeni Road, 022328 Bucharest, Romania;
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2
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Gunata M, Parlakpinar H. Experimental heart failure models in small animals. Heart Fail Rev 2023; 28:533-554. [PMID: 36504404 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-022-10286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is one of the most critical health and economic burdens worldwide, and its prevalence is continuously increasing. HF is a disease that occurs due to a pathological change arising from the function or structure of the heart tissue and usually progresses. Numerous experimental HF models have been created to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms that cause HF. An understanding of the pathophysiology of HF is essential for the development of novel efficient therapies. During the past few decades, animal models have provided new insights into the complex pathogenesis of HF. Success in the pathophysiology and treatment of HF has been achieved by using animal models of HF. The development of new in vivo models is critical for evaluating treatments such as gene therapy, mechanical devices, and new surgical approaches. However, each animal model has advantages and limitations, and none of these models is suitable for studying all aspects of HF. Therefore, the researchers have to choose an appropriate experimental model that will fully reflect HF. Despite some limitations, these animal models provided a significant advance in the etiology and pathogenesis of HF. Also, experimental HF models have led to the development of new treatments. In this review, we discussed widely used experimental HF models that continue to provide critical information for HF patients and facilitate the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gunata
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Türkiye
| | - Hakan Parlakpinar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Türkiye.
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3
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Wu C, Chen F, Huang S, Zhang Z, Wan J, Zhang W, Liu X. Progress on the role of traditional Chinese medicine in therapeutic angiogenesis of heart failure. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115770. [PMID: 36191661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of death worldwide. Heart failure (HF), as the terminal stage of many cardiovascular diseases, has brought a heavy burden to the global medical system. Microvascular rarefaction (decreased myocardial capillary density) with reduced coronary flow reserve is a hallmark of HF and therapeutic myocardial angiogenesis is now emerging as a promising approach for the prevention and treatment in HF. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has made remarkable achievements in the treatment of many cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence have shown that their protective effect in HF is closely related to therapeutic angiogenesis. AIM OF THE STUDY This review is to enlighten the therapeutic effect and pro-angiogenic mechanism of TCM in HF, and provide valuable hints for the development of pro-angiogenic drugs for the treatment of HF. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information about cardioprotective TCM was collected from electronic scientific databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). RESULTS The studies showed that TCM formulas, extracts, and compounds from herbal medicines can provide therapeutic effect in HF with their pro-angiogenic activity. Their actions are achieved mainly by regulating the key angiogenesis factors particularly VEGF, as well as related regulators including signal molecules and pathways, non-coding miRNAs and stem cells. CONCLUSION TCM and their active components might be promising in therapeutic angiogenesis for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chennan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Si Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingjing Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Academy of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Kwek XY, Hall AR, Lim WW, Katwadi K, Soong PL, Grishina E, Lin KH, Crespo-Avilan G, Yap EP, Ismail NI, Chinda K, Chung YY, Wei H, Shim W, Montaigne D, Tinker A, Ong SB, Hausenloy DJ. Role of cardiac mitofusins in cardiac conduction following simulated ischemia-reperfusion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21049. [PMID: 36473917 PMCID: PMC9727036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by acute cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR), may increase susceptibility to arrhythmias by perturbing energetics, oxidative stress production and calcium homeostasis. Although changes in mitochondrial morphology are known to impact on mitochondrial function, their role in cardiac arrhythmogenesis is not known. To assess action potential duration (APD) in cardiomyocytes from the Mitofusins-1/2 (Mfn1/Mfn2)-double-knockout (Mfn-DKO) compared to wild-type (WT) mice, optical-electrophysiology was conducted. To measure conduction velocity (CV) in atrial and ventricular tissue from the Mfn-DKO and WT mice, at both baseline and following simulated acute IR, multi-electrode array (MEA) was employed. Intracellular localization of connexin-43 (Cx43) at baseline was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, while Cx-43 phosphorylation was assessed by Western-blotting. Mfn-DKO cardiomyocytes demonstrated an increased APD. At baseline, CV was significantly lower in the left ventricle of the Mfn-DKO mice. CV decreased with simulated-ischemia and returned to baseline levels during simulated-reperfusion in WT but not in atria of Mfn-DKO mice. Mfn-DKO hearts displayed increased Cx43 lateralization, although phosphorylation of Cx43 at Ser-368 did not differ. In summary, Mfn-DKO mice have increased APD and reduced CV at baseline and impaired alterations in CV following cardiac IR. These findings were associated with increased Cx43 lateralization, suggesting that the mitofusins may impact on post-MI cardiac-arrhythmogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yi Kwek
- grid.419385.20000 0004 0620 9905National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew R. Hall
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Wei-Wen Lim
- grid.419385.20000 0004 0620 9905National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khairunnisa Katwadi
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Poh Loong Soong
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Cardiovascular Translational Program, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.412106.00000 0004 0621 9599Department of Medicine, National University Hospital of Singapore (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore ,Ternion Biosciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Gustavo Crespo-Avilan
- grid.419385.20000 0004 0620 9905National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - En Ping Yap
- grid.419385.20000 0004 0620 9905National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nur Izzah Ismail
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine (CCGM), Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong, SAR China ,grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong, SAR China ,Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence (HK HOPE), Hong Kong Children’s Hospital (HKCH), Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Kroekkiat Chinda
- grid.412029.c0000 0000 9211 2704Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand ,grid.412029.c0000 0000 9211 2704Integrative Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Ying Ying Chung
- grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Centre for Vision Research, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heming Wei
- grid.414963.d0000 0000 8958 3388Research Laboratory, KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Winston Shim
- grid.486188.b0000 0004 1790 4399Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Montaigne
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Andrew Tinker
- grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Sang-Bing Ong
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine (CCGM), Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong, SAR China ,grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong, SAR China ,Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence (HK HOPE), Hong Kong Children’s Hospital (HKCH), Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong, SAR China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology-The Chinese University of Hong Kong (KIZ-CUHK), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China ,grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Shenzhen, China
| | - Derek J. Hausenloy
- grid.419385.20000 0004 0620 9905National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Biomarkers of Myocardial Injury and Remodeling in Heart Failure. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050799. [PMID: 35629221 PMCID: PMC9144334 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With its complicated pathophysiology, high incidence and prevalence, heart failure remains a major public concern. In hopes of improving diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, the utility of many different biomarkers is researched vigorously around the world. In this review, biomarkers of myocardial remodeling and fibrosis (galectin-3, soluble isoform of suppression of tumorigenicity 2, matrix metalloproteinases, osteopontin, interleukin-6, syndecan-4, myostatin, procollagen type I C-terminal propeptide, procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide, vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxidase synthetase and asymmetric dimethylarginine), myocyte injury (heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, glutathione S-transferase P1 and heat shock protein 60), as well as iron metabolism (ferritin, transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor and hepcidin), are considered in terms of possible clinical applicability and significance. Our short review consists of a summary of the aforementioned cardiovascular biomarkers’ clinical relevance and perspectives.
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6
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Li X, Tan W, Zheng S, Pyle WG, Zhu C, Chen H, Kang L, Wu J, Zou Y, Backx PH, Yang FH. Differential mRNA Expression and Circular RNA-Based Competitive Endogenous RNA Networks in the Three Stages of Heart Failure in Transverse Aortic Constriction Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:777284. [PMID: 35330931 PMCID: PMC8940230 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.777284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The murine transverse aortic constriction (TAC) model is frequently used to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying heart failure. However, limited data is available regarding the expression of mRNAs and circRNAs in murine heart failure progression induced by pressure overload. Methods Transverse aortic constriction was used to induce pressure overload for 2, 4, and 8 weeks in mice. Echocardiographic measurements in B-mode and M-mode, as well as blood flow Doppler data were collected in mice without (sham) and with (2W-, 4W-, and 8W-post-TAC) pressure load. Hearts were excised and morphology, cardiomyocyte size, and fibrosis were determined. RNA sequencing, circRNA microarray, functional mRNA enrichment analysis, hub gene identification, target miRNA interaction, and competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network construction were conducted. Results Heart weight, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and fibrosis gradually increased over time in the hearts with pressure overload. The 2W-post-TAC hearts displayed concentric hypertrophy, thickened left ventricular walls, and increased EF and FS. The 4W-post-TAC hearts were characterized by preserved EF and FS, dilated atria, and increased left ventricle (LV) systolic volume. The 8W-post-TAC hearts presented with ventricular and atrial dilation, increased LV systolic and diastolic volume, reduced EF and FS, and increased ejection time (MV ET). mRNA expression analysis suggested that cardiac remodeling, immune response dysregulation, and metabolic disorder were the key cellular events in heart failure progression. Depression in chemotaxis and mitochondrial function were predicted in 4W- and 8W-post-TAC myocardia, respectively. A ceRNA network analysis demonstrated that the circRNAs targeted the expression of genes enriched in metabolism dysregulation in the 2W-post-TAC hypertrophic hearts, while they targeted genes enriched in cardiac remodeling in the 4W-post-TAC EF-preserved hearts and in the suppression of oxidative phosphorylation and cardiac contraction in the 8W-post-TAC EF-reduced hearts. Conclusion Our work empirically demonstrates that distinctive features of heart failure, including ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF), and heart failure with reduced EF (HFrEF) are present in the murine pressure overload models. The three stages of heart failure vary in terms of mRNA and circRNA expression, as well as ceRNA regulation in a manner consistent with their structural, functional, and pathological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijiang Tan
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - W Glen Pyle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Caiyi Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghua Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Kang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter H Backx
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Feng Hua Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Silva FS, de Souza KSC, Galdino OA, de Moraes MV, Ishikawa U, Medeiros MA, Lima JPMS, de Paula Medeiros KC, da Silva Farias NB, de Araújo Júnior RF, de Rezende AA, Abreu BJ, de Oliveira MF. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy mitigates left ventricular remodeling, upregulates MMP-2 and VEGF, and inhibits the induction of MMP-9, TGF-β1, and TNF-α in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat heart. Life Sci 2022; 295:120393. [PMID: 35167880 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been widely used for the adjunctive treatment of diabetic wounds, and is currently known to influence left ventricular (LV) function. However, morphological and molecular repercussions of the HBO in the diabetic myocardium remain to be described. We aimed to investigate whether HBO therapy would mitigate adverse LV remodeling caused by streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. MAIN METHODS Sixty-day-old Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control (n = 8), HBO (n = 7), STZ (n = 10), and STZ + HBO (n = 8). Diabetes was induced by a single STZ injection (60 mg/kg, i.p.). HBO treatment (100% oxygen at 2.5 atmospheres absolute, 60 min/day, 5 days/week) lasted for 5 weeks. LV morphology was evaluated using histomorphometry. Gene expression analyzes were performed for LV collagens I (Col1a1) and III (Col3a1), matrix metalloproteinases 2 (Mmp2) and 9 (Mmp9), and transforming growth factor-β1 (Tgfb1). The Immunoexpression of cardiac tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were also quantified. KEY FINDINGS HBO therapy prevented LV concentric remodeling, heterogeneous myocyte hypertrophy, and fibrosis in diabetic rats associated with attenuation of leukocyte infiltration. HBO therapy also increased Mmp2 gene expression, and inhibited the induction of Tgfb1 and Mmp9 mRNAs caused by diabetes, and normalized TNF-α and VEGF protein expression. SIGNIFICANCE HBO therapy had protective effects for the LV structure in STZ-diabetic rats and ameliorated expression levels of genes involved in cardiac collagen turnover, as well as pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Santos Silva
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Brazil.
| | | | - Ony Araujo Galdino
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Uta Ishikawa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adriana Augusto de Rezende
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Bento João Abreu
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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8
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Regulation of collagen deposition in the trout heart during thermal acclimation. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:99-108. [PMID: 35243359 PMCID: PMC8857596 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The passive mechanical properties of the vertebrate heart are controlled in part by the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Changes in the ECM, caused by increased blood pressure, injury or disease can affect the capacity of the heart to fill with blood during diastole. In mammalian species, cardiac fibrosis caused by an increase in collagen in the ECM, leads to a loss of heart function and these changes in composition are considered to be permanent. Recent work has demonstrated that the cardiac ventricle of some fish species have the capacity to both increase and decrease collagen content in response to thermal acclimation. It is thought that these changes in collagen content help maintain ventricle function over seasonal changes in environmental temperatures. This current work reviews the cellular mechanisms responsible for regulating collagen deposition in the mammalian heart and proposes a cellular pathway by which a change in temperature can affect the collagen content of the fish ventricle through mechanotransduction. This work specifically focuses on the role of transforming growth factor β1, MAPK signaling pathways, and biomechanical stretch in regulating collagen content in the fish ventricle. It is hoped that this work increases the appreciation of the use of comparative models to gain insight into phenomenon with biomedical relevance.
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9
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Homme RP, Zheng Y, Smolenkova I, Singh M, Tyagi SC. Remote Hind-Limb Ischemia Mechanism of Preserved Ejection Fraction During Heart Failure. Front Physiol 2021; 12:745328. [PMID: 34858202 PMCID: PMC8632236 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.745328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During acute heart failure (HF), remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) has proven to be beneficial; however, it is currently unclear whether it also extends benefits from chronic congestive, cardiopulmonary heart failure (CHF). Previous studies from our laboratory have shown three phases describing CHF viz. (1) HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), (2) HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), and (3) HF with reversed EF. Although reciprocal organ interaction, ablation of sympathetic, and calcium signaling genes are associated with HFpEF to HFrEF, the mechanism is unclear. The HFrEF ensues, in part, due to reduced angiogenesis, coronary reserve, and leakage of endocardial endothelial (EE) and finally breakdown of the blood-heart barrier (BHB) integrity. In fact, our hypothesis states that a change in phenotype from compensatory HFpEF to decompensatory HFrEF is determined by a potential decrease in regenerative, proangiogenic factors along with a concomitant increase in epigenetic memory, inflammation that combinedly causes oxidative, and proteolytic stress response. To test this hypothesis, we created CHF by aorta-vena-cava (AV) fistula in a group of mice that were subsequently treated with that of hind-limb RIC. HFpEF vs. HFrEF transition was determined by serial/longitudinal echo measurements. Results revealed an increase in skeletal muscle musclin contents, bone-marrow (CD71), and sympathetic activation (β2-AR) by RIC. We also observed a decrease in vascular density and attenuation of EE-BHB function due to a corresponding increase in the activity of MMP-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), caspase, and calpain. This decrease was successfully mitigated by RIC-released skeletal muscle exosomes that contain musclin, the myokine along with bone marrow, and sympathetic activation. In short, based on proteome (omics) analysis, ∼20 proteins that appear to be involved in signaling pathways responsible for the synthesis, contraction, and relaxation of cardiac muscle were found to be the dominant features. Thus, our results support that the CHF phenotype causes dysfunction of cardiac metabolism, its contraction, and relaxation. Interestingly, RIC was able to mitigate many of the deleterious changes, as revealed by our multi-omics findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens P Homme
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Irina Smolenkova
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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10
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Li M, Popovic Z, Chu C, Krämer BK, Hocher B. Endostatin in Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 7:468-481. [PMID: 34901193 PMCID: PMC8613550 DOI: 10.1159/000518221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endostatin, a protein derived from the cleavage of collagen XVIII by the action of proteases, is an endogenous inhibitor known for its ability to inhibit proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, which is crucial in many physiological processes, such as embryogenesis, tissue regeneration, and neoplasia. SUMMARY Increasing evidence shows that dysregulation of angiogenesis is crucial for the pathogenesis of renal and cardiovascular diseases. Endostatin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of angiogenesis. Recent studies have provided evidence that circulating endostatin increases significantly in patients with kidney and heart failure and may also contribute to disease progression. KEY MESSAGE In the current review, we summarize the latest findings on preclinical and clinical studies analyzing the impact of endostatin on renal and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Berthold Hocher,
| | - Zoran Popovic
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chang Chu
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard K. Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Medical Diagnostics, IMD Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Chaouad B, Moudilou EN, Ghoul A, Zerrouk F, Moulahoum A, Othmani-Mecif K, Cherifi MEH, Exbrayat JM, Benazzoug Y. Hyperhomocysteinemia and myocardial remodeling in the sand rat, Psammomys obesus. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:823-832. [PMID: 31377002 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous studies have shown that a methionine-rich diet induces hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy), a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The objective of the present study was to determine the involvement of Hhcy in cardiac remodeling in the sand rat Psammomys obesus. MATERIALS AND METHODS An experimental Hhcy was induced, in the sand rat Psammomys obesus, by intraperitoneal injection of 300 mg/kg of body weight/day of methionine for 1 month. The impact of Hhcy on the cellular and matricial structures of the myocardium was analyzed with histological techniques (Masson trichrome and Sirius red staining). Immunohistochemistry allowed us to analyze several factors involved in myocardial remodeling, such as fibrillar collagen I and III, metalloproteases (MMP-2 and -9) and their inhibitors (TIMP-1 and -2), TGF-β1 and activated caspase 3. RESULTS Our results show that Hhcy induced by an excess of methionine causes, in the myocardium of Psammomys obesus, a significant accumulation of fibrillar collagens I and III at the interstitial and perivascular scales, indicating the appearance of fibrosis, which is associated with an immuno-expression increase of TGF-β1, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 and an immuno-expression decrease of MMP-2 and TIMP-1. Also, Hhcy induces apoptosis of some cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts by increasing of activated caspase 3 expression. These results highlight a remodeling of cardiac tissue in hyperhomocysteinemic Psammomys obesus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billel Chaouad
- Biochemistry and Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, El Alia, 16111, Algiers, Algeria; University Djilali Bounaama of Khemis Miliana, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, Theniet El Had Road, 44225, Khemis Miliana, Algeria
| | - Elara N Moudilou
- UMRS 449, General Biology - Reproduction and Comparative Development, Lyon Catholic University, UDL, EPHE, PSL, 10, Place des Archives, 69288, Lyon Cedex 02, France
| | - Adel Ghoul
- Biochemistry and Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, El Alia, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fouzia Zerrouk
- Biochemistry and Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, El Alia, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Anissa Moulahoum
- Biochemistry and Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, El Alia, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Khira Othmani-Mecif
- Biochemistry and Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, El Alia, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Jean-Marie Exbrayat
- UMRS 449, General Biology - Reproduction and Comparative Development, Lyon Catholic University, UDL, EPHE, PSL, 10, Place des Archives, 69288, Lyon Cedex 02, France
| | - Yasmina Benazzoug
- Biochemistry and Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar, El Alia, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
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12
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Exosomes Derived from TIMP2-Modified Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance the Repair Effect in Rat Model with Myocardial Infarction Possibly by the Akt/Sfrp2 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1958941. [PMID: 31182988 PMCID: PMC6512021 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1958941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) are a promising new therapeutic option for myocardial infarction (MI). The tissue matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor 2, also known as TIMP2, is a member of the tissue inhibitor family of metalloproteinases. Since TIMP2-mediated inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a key determinant of post-MI remodeling, we analyzed the therapeutic effects of exosomes derived from TIMP2-overexpressing hucMSCs (huc-exoTIMP2) on the MI rat model. The huc-exoTIMP2 significantly improved in vivo cardiac function as measured by echocardiography and promoted angiogenesis in MI injury. It also restricted extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, as indicated by the reduced collagen deposition. In addition, huc-exoTIMP2 administration increased the in situ expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and decreased that of the proapoptotic Bax and pro-caspase-9 in the infracted myocardium. Meanwhile, huc-exoTIMP2 upregulated superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as glutathione (GSH) and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in MI models. In vitro huc-exoTIMP2 pretreatment could inhibit H2O2-mediated H9C2-cardiomyocyte apoptosis and promote human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, migration, and tube formation, as well as decrease TGFβ-induced MMP2, MMP9, and α-SMA secretion by cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). Besides that, huc-exoTIMP2 pretreatment also increased the expression of Akt phosphorylation in the infarcted myocardium, which may relate to a high level of secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (Sfrp2) in huc-exoTIMP2, indicating a mechanistic basis of its action. Importantly, Sfrp2 knockdown in huc-exoTIMP2 abrogated the protective effects. Taken together, huc-exoTIMP2 improved cardiac function by alleviating MI-induced oxidative stress and ECM remodeling, partly via the Akt/Sfrp2 pathway.
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13
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Hardy E, Hardy-Sosa A, Fernandez-Patron C. MMP-2: is too low as bad as too high in the cardiovascular system? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1332-H1340. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00198.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 cleaves a broad spectrum of substrates, including extracellular matrix components (responsible for normal tissue remodeling) and cytokines (modulators of the inflammatory response to physiological insults such as tissue damage). MMP-2 expression is elevated in many cardiovascular pathologies (e.g., myocardial infarction, hypertensive heart disease) where tissue remodeling and inflammatory responses are perturbed. Thus, it has generally been assumed that blockade of MMP-2 activity will yield therapeutic effects. Here, we provide a counterargument to this dogma based on 1) preclinical studies on Mmp2-null ( Mmp2−/−) mice and 2) clinical studies on patients with inactivating MMP2 gene mutations. Furthermore, we put forward the hypothesis that, when MMP-2 activity falls below baseline, the bioavailability of proinflammatory cytokines normally cleaved and inactivated by MMP-2 increases, leading to the production of cytokines and cardiac secretion of phospholipase A2activity into the circulation, which stimulate systemic inflammation that perturbs lipid metabolism in target organs. Finally, we suggest that insufficient understanding of the consequences of MMP-2 deficiency remains a major factor in the failure of MMP-2 inhibitor-based therapeutic approaches. This paucity of knowledge precludes our ability to effectively intervene in cardiovascular and noncardiovascular pathologies at the level of MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Hardy
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Study Center for Research and Biological Evaluations, Institute of Pharmacy and Foods, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Carlos Fernandez-Patron
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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14
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TFAM overexpression reduces pathological cardiac remodeling. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 454:139-152. [PMID: 30353496 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a functional lack of myocardial performance due to a loss of molecular control over increases in calcium and ROS, resulting in proteolytic degradative advances and cardiac remodeling. Mitochondria are the molecular powerhouse of cells, shifting the sphere of cardiomyocyte stability and performance. Functional mitochondria rely on the molecular abilities of safety factors such as TFAM to maintain physiological parameters. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) creates a mitochondrial nucleoid structure around mtDNA, protecting it from mutation, inhibiting NFAT (ROS activator/hypertrophic stimulator), and transcriptionally activates Serca2a to decrease calcium mishandling. Calpain1 and MMP9 are proteolytic degratory factors that play a major role in cardiomyocyte decline in HF. Current literature depicts major decreases in TFAM as HF progresses. We aim to assess TFAM function against Calpain1 and MMP9 proteolytic activity and its role in cardiac remodeling. To this date, no publication has surfaced describing the effects of aortic banding (AB) as a surgical HF model in TFAM-TG mice. HF models were created via AB in TFAM transgenic (TFAM-TG) and C57BLJ-6 (WT) mice. Eight weeks post AB, functional analysis revealed a successful banding procedure, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy as observed via echocardiography. Pulse wave and color doppler show increased aortic flow rates as well as turbulent flow at the banding site. Preliminary results of cardiac tissue immuno-histochemistry of HF-control mice show decreased TFAM and compensatory increases in Serca2a fluorescent expression, along with increased Calpain1 and MMP9 expression. Protein, RNA, and IHC analysis will further assess TFAM-TG results post-banding. Echocardiography shows more cardiac stability and functionality in HF-induced TFAM-TG mice than the control counterpart. These findings complement our published in vitro results. Overall, this suggests that TFAM has molecular therapeutic potential to reduce protease expression.
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15
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Loso J, Lund N, Avanesov M, Muschol N, Lezius S, Cordts K, Schwedhelm E, Patten M. Serum Biomarkers of Endothelial Dysfunction in Fabry Associated Cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:108. [PMID: 30159316 PMCID: PMC6104487 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fabry disease (FD) is characterized by early development of vasculopathy and endothelial dysfunction. However, it is unclear whether these findings also play a pivotal role in cardiac manifestation. As Fabry cardiomyopathy (FC) is the leading cause of death in FD, we aimed to gather a better insight in pathological mechanisms of the disease. Methods: Serum samples were obtained from 17 healthy controls, 15 FD patients with and 7 without FC. FC was defined by LV wall thickening of >12 mm in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and serum level of proBNP, high sensitive Troponin T (hsT), and globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-GB3) were obtained. A multiplex ELISA-Assay for 23 different angiogenesis markers was performed in pooled samples. Markers showing significant differences among groups were further analyzed in single samples using specific Elisa antibody assays. L-homoarginine (hArg), L-arginine, asymmetric (ADMA), and symmetric Dimethylarginine (SDMA) were quantified by liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry. Results: Angiostatin and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were elevated in FD patients compared to controls independently of the presence of FC (angiostatin: 98 ± 25 vs. 75 ± 15 ng/mL; p = 0.001; MMP-9: 8.0 ± 3.4 vs. 5.0 ± 2.4 μg/mL; p = 0.002). SDMA concentrations were highest in patients with FC (0.90 ± 0.64 μmol/l) compared to patients without (0.57 ± 0.10 μmol/l; p = 0.027) and vs. controls (0.58 ± 0.12 μmol/l; p = 0.006) and was positively correlated with indexed LV-mass (r = 0.61; p = 0.003), hsT (r = 0.56, p = 0.008), and lyso-Gb3 (r = 0.53, p = 0.013). Accordingly, the ratio of L-homoarginine to SDMA (hArg/SDMA) was lowest in patients with FC (2.63 ± 1.78) compared to controls (4.16 ± 1.44; p = 0.005). For L-arginine, hArg and ADMA no significant differences among groups could be detected, although a trend toward higher ADMA and lower hArg levels could be observed in the FC group. Furthermore, a significant relationship between kidney and cardiac function could be revealed (p = 0.045). Conclusion: Elevated MMP-9 and angiostatin levels suggest an increased extracellular matrix turnover in FD patients. Furthermore, endothelial dysfunction may also be involved in FC, as SDMA and hArg/SDMA are altered in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Loso
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Lund
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maxim Avanesov
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Muschol
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Lezius
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Cordts
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research e.V.), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edzard Schwedhelm
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research e.V.), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monica Patten
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research e.V.), Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Okada M, Imoto K, Sugiyama A, Yasuda J, Yamawaki H. New Insights into the Role of Basement Membrane-Derived Matricryptins in the Heart. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:2050-2060. [PMID: 29199230 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM), which contributes to structural homeostasis as well as to the regulation of cellular function, is enzymatically cleaved by proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinases and cathepsins, in the normal and diseased heart. During the past two decades, matricryptins have been defined as fragments of ECM with a biologically active cryptic site, namely the 'matricryptic site,' and their biological activities have been initially identified and clarified, including anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects. Thus, matricryptins are expected to be novel anti-tumor drugs, and thus widely investigated. Although there are a smaller number of studies on the expression and function of matricryptins in fields other than cancer research, some matricryptins have been recently clarified to have biological functions beyond an anti-angiogenic effect in heart. This review particularly focuses on the expression and function of basement membrane-derived matricryptins, including arresten, canstatin, tumstatin, endostatin and endorepellin, during cardiac diseases leading to heart failure such as cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneyoshi Okada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Keisuke Imoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Akira Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Jumpei Yasuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
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17
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Abdulrahman N, Jaspard-Vinassa B, Fliegel L, Jabeen A, Riaz S, Gadeau AP, Mraiche F. Na +/H + exchanger isoform 1-induced osteopontin expression facilitates cardiac hypertrophy through p90 ribosomal S6 kinase. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:332-342. [PMID: 29473817 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00133.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. One in three cases of heart failure is due to dilated cardiomyopathy. The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1), a multifunctional protein and the key pH regulator in the heart, has been demonstrated to be increased in this condition. We have previously demonstrated that elevated NHE1 activity induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Furthermore, the overexpression of active NHE1 elicited modulation of gene expression in cardiomyocytes including an upregulation of myocardial osteopontin (OPN) expression. To determine the role of OPN in inducing NHE1-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, double transgenic mice expressing active NHE1 and OPN knockout were generated and assessed by echocardiography and the cardiac phenotype. Our studies showed that hearts expressing active NHE1 exhibited cardiac remodeling indicated by increased systolic and diastolic left ventricular internal diameter and increased ventricular volume. Moreover, these hearts demonstrated impaired function with decreased fractional shortening and ejection fraction. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) mRNA was upregulated, and there was an increase in heart cell cross-sectional area confirming the cardiac hypertrophic effect. Moreover, NHE1 transgenic mice also showed increased collagen deposition, upregulation of CD44 and phosphorylation of p90 ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK), effects that were regressed in OPN knockout mice. In conclusion, we developed an interesting comparative model of active NHE1 transgenic mouse lines which express a dilated hypertrophic phenotype expressing CD44 and phosphorylated RSK, effects which were regressed in absence of OPN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larry Fliegel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | | | - Sadaf Riaz
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - Alain-Pierre Gadeau
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Biology of Cardiovascular Disease, U1034, Pessac , France
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18
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Abstract
The evolution of cardiac disease after an acute ischemic event depends on a complex and dynamic network of mechanisms alternating from ischemic damage due to acute coronary occlusion to reperfusion injury due to the adverse effects of coronary revascularization till post-ischemic remodeling. Cardioprotection is a new purpose of the therapeutic interventions in cardiology with the goal to reduce infarct size and thus prevent the progression toward heart failure after an acute ischemic event. In a complex biological system such as the human one, an effective cardioprotective strategy should diachronically target the network of cross-talking pathways underlying the disease progression. Thyroid system is strictly interconnected with heart homeostasis, and recent studies highlighted its role in cardioprotection, in particular through the preservation of mitochondrial function and morphology, the antifibrotic and proangiogenetic effect and also to the potential induction of cell regeneration and growth. The objective of this review was to highlight the cardioprotective role of triiodothyronine in the complexity of post-ischemic disease evolution.
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19
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Zhao Y, Yan M, Chen C, Gong W, Yin Z, Li H, Fan J, Zhang XA, Wang DW, Zuo H. MiR-124 aggravates failing hearts by suppressing CD151-facilitated angiogenesis in heart. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14382-14396. [PMID: 29581851 PMCID: PMC5865677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the final common pathway of various cardiovascular diseases. Although it is well documented that reduction of cardiac angiogenesis contributes to the progression from adaptive cardiac hypertrophy to HF, the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, we found that cardiac expression of miR-124 was increased in patients and mice with HF. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated miR-124 over-expression aggravated angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion-induced cardiac dysfunction and abnormal cardiac angiogenesis in mice. In vitro, transfection of miR-124 mimics significantly promoted apoptosis and reduced viability, migration, tube formation, and nitric oxide release in endothelial cells. In addition, CD151 was identified as a direct target of miR-124. Endothelial cell injury caused by CD151 silencing was mimicked by miR-124 over-expression. Re-expression of CD151 attenuated miR-124-mediated suppression of cardiac angiogenesis and cardiac dysfunction in Ang II-treated mice. Our observations suggest that miR-124 is an important negative regulator of cardiac angiogenesis and cardiac function, likely by suppressing the expression of CD151 in heart cells. Modulation of miR-124 levels may provide new strategies and targets for HF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Zhao
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengwen Yan
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gong
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Emergency and Critical Care Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongwei Yin
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaping Li
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin A Zhang
- Stephenson Cancer Center and Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Houjuan Zuo
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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20
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Liu Y, Xiao Y, Liu J, Feng L, Kang YJ. Copper-induced reduction in myocardial fibrosis is associated with increased matrix metalloproteins in a rat model of cardiac hypertrophy. Metallomics 2018; 10:201-208. [PMID: 29302675 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AAC induces Cu loss from the heart and depressed MMP-2 in combination with increased TIMPs, leading to increased collagen deposition. TETA replenishes Cu in the heart, increases MMP-2, and decreases TIMP-1 and -2, collectively resulting in reduction in cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center
- Sichuan University West China Hospital
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center
- Sichuan University West China Hospital
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center
- Sichuan University West China Hospital
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Li Feng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center
- Sichuan University West China Hospital
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Y. James Kang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center
- Sichuan University West China Hospital
- Chengdu
- China
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21
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Barroso MC, Boehme P, Kramer F, Mondritzki T, Koehler T, Gülker JE, Karoff M, Dinh W. Endostatin a Potential Biomarker for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Arq Bras Cardiol 2017; 109:448-456. [PMID: 28977054 PMCID: PMC5729781 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20170144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endostatin is a circulating endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor preventing
neovascularization. Previous studies demonstrated the prognostic value of
Endostatin among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
(HFrEF). However, the role of Endostatin among patients with heart failure
with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains unclear. Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between serum Endostatin
levels, natriuretic peptide levels and the severity of left ventricular
diastolic dysfunction and the diagnosis of HFpEF. Methods Endostatin serum concentrations were measured in 301 patients comprising 77
HFpEF patients, 169 patients with asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic
dysfunction (ALVDD), and 55 controls with normal cardiac function. Results Endostatin serum levels were significantly elevated in patients with HFpEF
(median/interquartile range 179.0 [159-220]) and ALVDD (163.8 [145.4-191.3])
compared to controls (149.1 [130.6-176.9]), p < 0.001 and p = 0.004,
respectively) and significant correlated with N-terminal pro B-type
natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Conclusions This hypothesis-generating pilot study gives first evidence that Endostatin
correlates with the severity of diastolic dysfunction and may become a novel
biomarker for HFpEF. We hypothesize a rise in Endostatin levels may reflect
inhibition of adaptive angiogenesis and adverse cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Coll Barroso
- Klinik Königsfeld der Deutschen Rentenversicherung Westfalen in Ennepetal (NRW) - University Hospital
| | | | - Frank Kramer
- Bayer AG - Drug Discovery - Experimental Medicine
| | - Thomas Mondritzki
- Bayer AG - Drug Discovery - Therapeutic Research Groups Cardiovascular III
| | - Till Koehler
- Department of Cardiology - HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal - University Hospital Witten/Herdecke
| | | | - Martin Karoff
- Klinik Königsfeld der Deutschen Rentenversicherung Westfalen in Ennepetal (NRW) - University Hospital
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22
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Piccoli MT, Gupta SK, Viereck J, Foinquinos A, Samolovac S, Kramer FL, Garg A, Remke J, Zimmer K, Batkai S, Thum T. Inhibition of the Cardiac Fibroblast–Enriched lncRNA
Meg3
Prevents Cardiac Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction. Circ Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rationale:
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) drive extracellular matrix remodeling after pressure overload, leading to fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. Recent studies described the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cardiac pathologies. Nevertheless, detailed reports on lncRNAs regulating CF biology and describing their implication in cardiac remodeling are still missing.
Objective:
Here, we aimed at characterizing lncRNA expression in murine CFs after chronic pressure overload to identify CF-enriched lncRNAs and investigate their function and contribution to cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction.
Methods and Results:
Global lncRNA profiling identified several dysregulated transcripts. Among them, the lncRNA maternally expressed gene 3 (
Meg3
) was found to be mostly expressed by CFs and to undergo transcriptional downregulation during late cardiac remodeling. In vitro,
Meg3
regulated the production of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). GapmeR-mediated silencing of
Meg3
in CFs resulted in the downregulation of
Mmp
-2 transcription, which, in turn, was dependent on P53 activity both in the absence and in the presence of transforming growth factor-β I. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that further induction of
Mmp
-2 expression by transforming growth factor-β I was blocked by
Meg3
silencing through the inhibition of P53 binding on the
Mmp-2
promoter. Consistently, inhibition of
Meg3
in vivo after transverse aortic constriction prevented cardiac MMP-2 induction, leading to decreased cardiac fibrosis and improved diastolic performance.
Conclusions:
Collectively, our findings uncover a critical role for
Meg3
in the regulation of MMP-2 production by CFs in vitro and in vivo, identifying a new player in the development of cardiac fibrosis and potential new target for the prevention of cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Teresa Piccoli
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx) (M.-T.P., S.K.G., J.V., A.F., S.S., F.L.K., A.G., J.R., K.Z., S.B., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (M.-T.P., J.V., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
| | - Shashi Kumar Gupta
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx) (M.-T.P., S.K.G., J.V., A.F., S.S., F.L.K., A.G., J.R., K.Z., S.B., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (M.-T.P., J.V., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
| | - Janika Viereck
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx) (M.-T.P., S.K.G., J.V., A.F., S.S., F.L.K., A.G., J.R., K.Z., S.B., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (M.-T.P., J.V., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
| | - Ariana Foinquinos
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx) (M.-T.P., S.K.G., J.V., A.F., S.S., F.L.K., A.G., J.R., K.Z., S.B., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (M.-T.P., J.V., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
| | - Sabine Samolovac
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx) (M.-T.P., S.K.G., J.V., A.F., S.S., F.L.K., A.G., J.R., K.Z., S.B., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (M.-T.P., J.V., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
| | - Freya Luise Kramer
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx) (M.-T.P., S.K.G., J.V., A.F., S.S., F.L.K., A.G., J.R., K.Z., S.B., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (M.-T.P., J.V., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
| | - Ankita Garg
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx) (M.-T.P., S.K.G., J.V., A.F., S.S., F.L.K., A.G., J.R., K.Z., S.B., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (M.-T.P., J.V., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
| | - Janet Remke
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx) (M.-T.P., S.K.G., J.V., A.F., S.S., F.L.K., A.G., J.R., K.Z., S.B., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (M.-T.P., J.V., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
| | - Karina Zimmer
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx) (M.-T.P., S.K.G., J.V., A.F., S.S., F.L.K., A.G., J.R., K.Z., S.B., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (M.-T.P., J.V., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
| | - Sandor Batkai
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx) (M.-T.P., S.K.G., J.V., A.F., S.S., F.L.K., A.G., J.R., K.Z., S.B., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (M.-T.P., J.V., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
| | - Thomas Thum
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation (IFB-Tx) (M.-T.P., S.K.G., J.V., A.F., S.S., F.L.K., A.G., J.R., K.Z., S.B., T.T.) and Excellence Cluster REBIRTH (M.-T.P., J.V., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (T.T.)
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23
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Riaz S, Zeidan A, Mraiche F. Myocardial proteases and cardiac remodeling. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3244-3250. [PMID: 28255990 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy (CH), characterized by the enlargement of cardiomyocytes, fibrosis and apoptosis, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite the advances in cardiovascular research, there remains a need to further investigate the signaling pathways that mediate CH in order to identify novel therapeutic targets. One of the hallmarks of CH is the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Multiple studies have shown an important role of cysteine proteases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the remodeled heart. This review focuses on the role of cysteine cathepins and MMPs in cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Riaz
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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24
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Ong SB, Kalkhoran SB, Hernández-Reséndiz S, Samangouei P, Ong SG, Hausenloy DJ. Mitochondrial-Shaping Proteins in Cardiac Health and Disease - the Long and the Short of It! Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 31:87-107. [PMID: 28190190 PMCID: PMC5346600 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial health is critically dependent on the ability of mitochondria to undergo changes in mitochondrial morphology, a process which is regulated by mitochondrial shaping proteins. Mitochondria undergo fission to generate fragmented discrete organelles, a process which is mediated by the mitochondrial fission proteins (Drp1, hFIS1, Mff and MiD49/51), and is required for cell division, and to remove damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. Mitochondria undergo fusion to form elongated interconnected networks, a process which is orchestrated by the mitochondrial fusion proteins (Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1), and which enables the replenishment of damaged mitochondrial DNA. In the adult heart, mitochondria are relatively static, are constrained in their movement, and are characteristically arranged into 3 distinct subpopulations based on their locality and function (subsarcolemmal, myofibrillar, and perinuclear). Although the mitochondria are arranged differently, emerging data supports a role for the mitochondrial shaping proteins in cardiac health and disease. Interestingly, in the adult heart, it appears that the pleiotropic effects of the mitochondrial fusion proteins, Mfn2 (endoplasmic reticulum-tethering, mitophagy) and OPA1 (cristae remodeling, regulation of apoptosis, and energy production) may play more important roles than their pro-fusion effects. In this review article, we provide an overview of the mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins in the adult heart, and highlight their roles as novel therapeutic targets for treating cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siavash Beikoghli Kalkhoran
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Parisa Samangouei
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Derek John Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK. .,The National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
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25
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Ong SB, Hausenloy DJ. Mitochondrial Dynamics as a Therapeutic Target for Treating Cardiac Diseases. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 240:251-279. [PMID: 27844171 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic in nature and are able to shift their morphology between elongated interconnected mitochondrial networks and a fragmented disconnected arrangement by the processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission, respectively. Changes in mitochondrial morphology are regulated by the mitochondrial fusion proteins - mitofusins 1 and 2 (Mfn1 and 2), and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) as well as the mitochondrial fission proteins - dynamin-related peptide 1 (Drp1) and fission protein 1 (Fis1). Despite having a unique spatial arrangement, cardiac mitochondria have been implicated in a variety of disorders including ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), heart failure, diabetes, and pulmonary hypertension. In this chapter, we review the influence of mitochondrial dynamics in these cardiac disorders as well as their potential as therapeutic targets in tackling cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders (CVMD) Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders (CVMD) Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London Hospitals and Medical School, London, UK
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26
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Human paraoxonase gene cluster overexpression alleviates angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:1115-1122. [PMID: 27578362 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is the strongest predictor of the development of heart failure, and anti-hypertrophic treatment holds the key to improving the clinical syndrome and increasing the survival rates for heart failure. The paraoxonase (PON) gene cluster (PC) protects against atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases. However, the role of PC in the heart is largely unknown. To evaluate the roles of PC in cardiac hypertrophy, transgenic mice carrying the intact human PON1, PON2, and PON3 genes and their flanking sequences were studied. We demonstrated that the PC transgene (PC-Tg) protected mice from cardiac hypertrophy induced by Ang II; these mice had reduced heart weight/body weight ratios, decreased left ventricular wall thicknesses and increased fractional shortening compared with wild-type (WT) control. The same protective tendency was also observed with an Apoe -/- background. Mechanically, PC-Tg normalized the disequilibrium of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)/tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) in hypertrophic hearts, which might contribute to the protective role of PC-Tg in cardiac fibrosis and, thus, protect against cardiac remodeling. Taken together, our results identify a novel anti-hypertrophic role for the PON gene cluster, suggesting a possible strategy for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy through elevating the levels of the PON gene family.
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27
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Pingitore A, Iervasi G, Forini F. Role of the Thyroid System in the Dynamic Complex Network of Cardioprotection. Eur Cardiol 2016; 11:36-42. [PMID: 30310446 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2016:9:2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardioprotection is a common goal of new therapeutic strategies in patients with coronary artery disease and/or left ventricular dysfunction. Myocardial damage following ischaemia/reperfusion injury lead to left ventricular adverse remodelling through many mechanisms arising from different cell types in different myocardial districts, namely the border and remote zone. Cardioprotection must face this complex, dynamic network of cooperating units. In this scenario, thyroid hormones can represent an effective therapeutic strategy due to the numerous actions and regulating mechanisms carried out at the level of the myocytes, interstitium and the vasculature, as well as to the activation of different pro-survival intracellular pathways involved in cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Iervasi
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Forini
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
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28
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Strilakou A, Perelas A, Lazaris A, Papavdi A, Karkalousos P, Giannopoulou I, Kriebardis A, Panayiotides I, Liapi C. Immunohistochemical determination of the extracellular matrix modulation in a rat model of choline-deprived myocardium: the effects of carnitine. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 30:47-57. [PMID: 26501493 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Choline has been identified as an essential nutrient with crucial role in many vital biological functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that heart dysfunction can develop in the setting of choline deprivation even in the absence of underlying heart disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are responsible for extracellular matrix degradation, and the dysregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 has been involved in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular disorders. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs), in the pathogenesis of choline deficiency-induced cardiomyopathy, and the way they are affected by carnitine supplementation. Male Wistar Albino adult rats were divided into four groups and received standard or choline-deficient diet with or without L-carnitine in drinking water (0.15% w/v) for 1 month. Heart tissue immunohistochemistry for MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 was performed. Choline deficiency was associated with suppressed immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2 and an increased expression of TIMP-2 compared to control, while it had no impact on TIMP-1. MMP-9 expression was decreased without, however, reaching statistical significance. Carnitine did not affect MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 or TIMP-2 expression. The pattern of TIMP and MMP modulation observed in a choline deficiency setting appears to promote fibrosis. Carnitine, although shown to suppress fibrosis, does not seem to affect MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 or TIMP-2 expression. Further studies will be required to identify the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of carnitine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Strilakou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Perelas
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Lazaris
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Asteria Papavdi
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Karkalousos
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Technological Institute of Athens, Agiou Spyridonos and Dimitsanas Street, Egaleo, 12210, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Giannopoulou
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Kriebardis
- Department of Medical Laboratories, Technological Institute of Athens, Agiou Spyridonos and Dimitsanas Street, Egaleo, 12210, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Panayiotides
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, 1Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Charis Liapi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
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29
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Ong SB, Kalkhoran SB, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Hausenloy DJ. Mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins as novel therapeutic targets for treating cardiovascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:104-14. [PMID: 25987420 PMCID: PMC4784719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a number of exciting developments in the field of mitochondrial dynamics - a phenomenon in which changes in mitochondrial shape and movement impact on cellular physiology and pathology. By undergoing fusion and fission, mitochondria are able to change their morphology between elongated interconnected networks and discrete fragmented structures, respectively. The cardiac mitochondria, in particular, have garnered much interest due to their unique spatial arrangement in the adult cardiomyocyte, and the multiple roles they play in cell death and survival. In this article, we review the role of the mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins as novel therapeutic targets for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | | | - Hector A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Microbiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK; The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UK.
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30
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Sun Y, Huang ZY, Wang ZH, Li CP, Meng XL, Zhang YJ, Su F, Ma N. TGF-β1 and TIMP-4 regulate atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation secondary to rheumatic heart disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 406:131-8. [PMID: 25971370 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the involvement of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4 (TIMP-4) in influencing the severity of atrial fibrosis in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The degree of myocardial fibrosis was evaluated using Masson staining. The expression levels of TGF-β1, TIMP-4, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), type I collagen, and type III collagen were estimated by Western blot analysis. Additionally, TGF-β1 and TIMP-4 mRNA levels were quantified by qRT-PCR. The effect of TGF-β1 stimulation on TIMP-4 expression was assessed by in vitro stimulation of freshly isolated human atrial fibroblasts with recombinant human TGF-β1, followed by Western blot analysis to detect changes in TIMP-4 levels. Masson stain revealed that the left atrial diameter and collagen volume fraction were obviously increased in AF patients, compared to sinus rhythm (SR) controls (both P < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed significantly elevated levels of the AF markers MMP-2, type I collagen, and type III collagen in the AF group, in comparison to the SR controls (all P < 0.05). In the AF group, TGF-β1 expression was relatively higher, while TIMP-4 expression was apparently lower than the SR group (all P < 0.05). TIMP-4 expression level showed a negative association with TGF-β1 expression level (r = -0.98, P < 0.01) and TGF-β1 stimulation of atrial fibroblasts led to a sharp decrease in TIMP-4 protein level. Increased TGF-β1 expression and decreased TIMP-4 expression correlated with atrial fibrosis and ECM changes in the atria of RHD patients with AF. Notably, TGF-β1 suppressed TIMP-4 expression, suggesting that selective TGF-β1 inhibitors may be useful therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Cardiovascular Department, Second Affiliated Hospital and Second Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Zhongshan North Road No.34, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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31
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Yasuda J, Takada L, Kajiwara Y, Okada M, Yamawaki H. Endostatin inhibits bradykinin-induced cardiac contraction. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1391-5. [PMID: 26050753 PMCID: PMC4667655 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
.Endogenous fragments of extracellular matrix are known to possess various biological
effects. Levels of endostatin, a fragment of collagen type XVIII, increase in certain
cardiac diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction. However, the
influence of endostatin on cardiac contraction has not been clarified. In the present
study, we investigated the effects of endostatin on bradykinin-induced atrial contraction.
Isometric contractile force of mouse isolated left atria induced by electrical current
pulse was measured. Voltage-dependent calcium current of guinea pig ventricular myocytes
was measured by a whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Endostatin (100–1,000
ng/ml) alone treatment had no influence on left atrial
contraction. On the other hand, pretreatment with endostatin (300
ng/ml) significantly inhibited bradykinin (1
µM)-induced contraction and voltage-dependent calcium current. These
data suggest that endostatin may decrease bradykinin-induced cardiac contraction perhaps
through the inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Yasuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23 bancho 35-1, Towada city, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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32
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Atorvastatin ameliorates cardiac fibrosis and improves left ventricular diastolic function in hypertensive diastolic heart failure model rats. J Hypertens 2015; 32:1534-41; discussion 1541. [PMID: 24759122 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical studies have suggested the beneficial effects of statin therapy on diastolic heart failure. However, the mechanism of the beneficial effects of statin on diastolic heart failure remains unknown. We examined the effect of atorvastatin on the cardiac function of Dahl salt-sensitive rat, a model of hypertensive diastolic heart failure. METHODS Dahl salt-sensitive rats were divided into three groups: the low-salt group (given standard diet), the high-salt group (given 8% NaCl diet from 7 weeks of age), and the high-salt + atorvastatin (HS + Ato) group (given 8% NaCl diet from 7 weeks of age and atorvastatin from 17 weeks of age). We evaluated left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), fibrosis, and function by using echocardiography and histology. We also examined the expression of molecules related to fibrosis in the hearts of Dahl salt-sensitive rats and cultured rat cardiac fibroblasts. RESULTS Left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and cardiac fibrosis were observed in the high-salt group. Atorvastatin ameliorated cardiac fibrosis and normalized left ventricular diastolic function without altering blood pressure. Atorvastatin also decreased the expression of heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), an essential chaperone for type 1 collagen processing, without changing in expression of transforming growth factor beta. In rat cardiac fibroblast cells, atorvastatin also reduced HSP47 level induced by transforming growth factor beta. The effect of atorvastatin was reversed by mevalonate and geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate and mimicked by Rho kinase inhibitor. CONCLUSION Atorvastatin administration ameliorates cardiac fibrosis and improves left ventricular diastolic function in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Lowering HSP47 by atorvastatin via inhibition of Rho-Rho kinase pathway is suggested as a mechanism.
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Yasuda J, Okada M, Yamawaki H. Endostatin inhibits T-type Ca2+ channel current in guinea pig ventricular myocyte. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1289-91. [PMID: 25947888 PMCID: PMC4638298 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endostatin, a fragment of collagen XVIII, is known as an endogenous angiogenesis
inhibitor, and its serum concentration increases in various cardiovascular diseases.
T-type Ca2+ channel, low voltage-activated Ca2+ channel, is not
expressed in adult ventricular myocytes. Re-expression of T-type Ca2+ channels
in cardiac myocytes is thought to be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy.
We examined the effects of endostatin on T-type Ca2+ channel current by
whole-cell patch clamp technique in freshly isolated adult guinea pig ventricular
myocytes, which exceptionally express T-type Ca2+ channels. Although endostatin
300 ng/ml had no effect on L-type Ca2+
current, it significantly inhibited T-type Ca2+ current. These data indicate
that endostatin can be an endogenous inhibitor of T-type Ca2+ channels in the
cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Yasuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23 bancho 35-1, Towada-shi, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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34
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Kan J, Guo W, Huang C, Bao G, Zhu Y, Zhu YZ. S-propargyl-cysteine, a novel water-soluble modulator of endogenous hydrogen sulfide, promotes angiogenesis through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2303-16. [PMID: 24180631 PMCID: PMC4005491 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Conventional revascularization strategies or drug therapies for ischemic heart disease (IHD) are designed for reperfusion of coronary arteries to salvage cardiomyocytes, but occasionally, myocardial reperfusion injury can occur because of microcirculatory dysfunction. Therefore, a more microcirculation-friendly strategy should be explored to overcome and compensate for the shortcomings of conventional strategies. In this work, we investigated the proangiogenic effect of S-Propargyl-Cysteine (SPRC), a novel water-soluble modulator of endogenous hydrogen sulfide, and elucidated the possible mechanisms involved to provide an experimental basis for angiogenesis-mediated drug therapy for IHD. RESULTS SPRC promoted cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and tube formation of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and increased angiogenesis in the rat aortic ring and Matrigel plug models. In a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia and a rat model of myocardial ischemia, SPRC also promoted angiogenesis after ligation of the left femoral artery or coronary artery to ameliorate ischemic conditions. In primary HUVEC, STAT3 phosphorylation was significantly induced after SPRC treatment. The critical roles of STAT3 in mediating the proangiogenic effect of SPRC were confirmed by RNA interference. Co-crystallization excluded the possible direct interaction between SPRC and STAT3, whereas co-immunoprecipitation revealed an enhanced interaction between VEGFR2 and STAT3 after SPRC treatment. Meanwhile, immunofluorescence and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that SPRC induced the nuclear translocation of STAT3, followed by transcriptional activation of downstream promoters, particularly the Vegf promoter. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION We present a novel STAT3-mediated mechanism in SPRC-induced angiogenesis and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of SPRC in ischemic disease through angiogenesis promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Kan
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
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Givvimani S, Pushpakumar S, Veeranki S, Tyagi SC. Dysregulation of Mfn2 and Drp-1 proteins in heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:583-91. [PMID: 24905188 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches for cardiac regenerative mechanisms have been explored over the past decade to target various cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Structural and functional aberrations of mitochondria have been observed in CVD. The significance of mitochondrial maturation and function in cardiomyocytes is distinguished by their attribution to embryonic stem cell differentiation into adult cardiomyocytes. An abnormal fission process has been implicated in heart failure, and treatment with mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1), a specific inhibitor of dynamin related protein-1 (Drp-1), has been shown to improve cardiac function. We recently observed that the ratio of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2; a fusion protein) and Drp-1 (a fission protein) was decreased during heart failure, suggesting increased mitophagy. Treatment with Mdivi-1 improved cardiac function by normalizing this ratio. Aberrant mitophagy and enhanced oxidative stress in the mitochondria contribute to abnormal activation of MMP-9, leading to degradation of the important gap junction protein connexin-43 (Cx-43) in the ventricular myocardium. Reduced Cx-43 levels were associated with increased fibrosis and ventricular dysfunction in heart failure. Treatment with Mdivi-1 restored MMP-9 and Cx-43 expression towards normal. In this review, we discuss mitochondrial dynamics, its relation to MMP-9 and Cx-43, and the therapeutic role of fission inhibition in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Givvimani
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Hua Y, Nair S. Proteases in cardiometabolic diseases: Pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:195-208. [PMID: 24815358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and other developed countries. Metabolic syndrome, including obesity, diabetes/insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia is a major threat for public health in the modern society. It is well established that metabolic syndrome contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease collective called as cardiometabolic disease. Despite documented studies in the research field of cardiometabolic disease, the underlying mechanisms are far from clear. Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins, many of which have been implicated in various diseases including cardiac disease. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), calpain, cathepsin and caspase are among the major proteases involved in cardiac remodeling. Recent studies have also implicated proteases in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disease. Elevated expression and activities of proteases in atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, obesity/insulin-associated heart disease as well as hypertensive heart disease have been documented. Furthermore, transgenic animals that are deficient in or over-express proteases allow scientists to understand the causal relationship between proteases and cardiometabolic disease. Mechanistically, MMPs and cathepsins exert their effect on cardiometabolic diseases mainly through modifying the extracellular matrix. However, MMP and cathepsin are also reported to affect intracellular proteins, by which they contribute to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. On the other hand, activation of calpain and caspases has been shown to influence intracellular signaling cascade including the NF-κB and apoptosis pathways. Clinically, proteases are reported to function as biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases. More importantly, the inhibitors of proteases are credited with beneficial cardiometabolic profile, although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these salutary effects are still under investigation. A better understanding of the role of MMPs, cathepsins, calpains and caspases in cardiometabolic diseases process may yield novel therapeutic targets for treating or controlling these diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Autophagy and protein quality control in cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Hua
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Sreejayan Nair
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Moroni F, Mirabella T. Decellularized matrices for cardiovascular tissue engineering. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2014; 3:1-20. [PMID: 24660110 PMCID: PMC3960753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. The replacement of damaged vessels and valves has been practiced since the 1950's. Synthetic grafts, usually made of bio-inert materials, are long-lasting and mechanically relevant, but fail when it comes to "biointegration". Decellularized matrices, instead, can be considered biological grafts capable of stimulating in vivo migration and proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs), recruitment and differentiation of mural cells, finally, culminating in the formation of a biointegrated tissue. Decellularization protocols employ osmotic shock, ionic and non-ionic detergents, proteolitic digestions and DNase/RNase treatments; most of them effectively eliminate the cellular component, but show limitations in preserving the native structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review, we examine the current state of the art relative to decellularization techniques and biological performance of decellularized heart, valves and big vessels. Furthermore, we focus on the relevance of ECM components, native and resulting from decellularization, in mediating in vivo host response and determining repair and regeneration, as opposed to graft corruption.
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Givvimani S, Narayanan N, Pushpakumar SB, Tyagi SC. Anti-Parstatin Promotes Angiogenesis and Ameliorates Left Ventricular Dysfunction during Pressure Overload. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE : IJBS 2014; 10:1-7. [PMID: 24711742 PMCID: PMC3976441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Parstatin, a novel protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) derived peptide is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. We and others have reported that imbalance between angiogenic growth factors and anti-angiogenic factors results in transition from compensatory cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure in a pressure overload condition. Though cardio protective role of parstatin was shown previously in ischemic cardiac injury, its role in pressure overload cardiac injury is yet to unveil. We hypothesize that supplementing anti-parstatin antibody during pressure overload condition augments angiogenesis and ameliorate left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. To verify this, we created ascending aortic banding in mice to mimic pressure overload condition and then treated mice with anti-parstatin antibody. Left ventricular function was assessed by echocardiography and pressure-volume loop study. Angiogenic growth factors and anti-angiogenic factors along with MMP-2,-9 were evaluated by western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS our results showed an improved left ventricular function in anti-parstatin treated aortic banding hearts compared to their corresponding wild type controls. Expression of angiogenic growth factor, VEGF, MMP-2 and CD31 expression was increased in treated aortic banding hearts compared to their corresponding wild type controls. Our results suggest that treating pressure overload mice with anti-parstatin antibody augments angiogenesis and ameliorates left ventricular dysfunction.
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Gouya G, Siller-Matula JM, Fritzer-Szekeres M, Neuhold S, Storka A, Neuhofer LM, Clodi M, Hülsmann M, Pacher R, Wolzt M. Association of endostatin with mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:125-35. [PMID: 24188329 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental data imply that in decompensated heart failure (HF), the anti-angiogenic factor endostatin is increased. This study aimed to investigate whether the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin is related to the risk of all-cause mortality in a prospective cohort study of chronic HF patients. METHODS In this prospective observational cohort study, endostatin serum concentrations were determined in patients with chronic HF. Mortality data were recorded during a median follow-up of 31 months. RESULTS One fifty one patients were included. The overall mortality rate was 20%. Baseline endostatin concentrations > 245 ng/mL were associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality [HR 8·7 (95% CI 2·5-30·0); P = 0·001] in the multivariate analysis as compared to endostatin concentrations ≤ 245 ng/mL. When both endostatin and NT-proBNP were above the calculated cut-off of 245 ng/mL and 2386 pg/mL, respectively, the prognostic utility of both biomarkers increased [HR 40·8 (95% CI 4·7-354·6); P = 0·001] compared with values lower than the cut-offs. CONCLUSIONS Serum endostatin concentrations are independently associated with all-cause mortality. Furthermore, combination of endostatin and NT-proBNP discriminates patients at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Gouya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lacchini R, Luizon MR, Gasparini S, Ferreira-Sae MC, Schreiber R, Nadruz W, Tanus-Santos JE. Effect of genetic polymorphisms of vascular endothelial growth factor on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113:491-6. [PMID: 24321896 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a cytokine involved in angiogenesis and upregulated during adaptive heart hypertrophy. Downregulation of VEGF seems to trigger the transition from adaptive to dilated cardiac hypertrophy. We investigated for the first time whether 3 clinically relevant polymorphisms in the VEGFA gene are associated with altered echocardiographic parameters in hypertensive patients. We determined genotypes for 3 polymorphisms in VEGFA promoter in 179 hypertensive patients and 169 healthy controls: g.-2578C>A (rs699947), g.-1154G>A (rs1570360), and g.-634G>C (rs2010963). Although the variant genotypes of the g.-634G>C (GC + CC) were associated with reduced left ventricular mass index (p = 0.030), the variant genotypes for the g.-1154G>A (GA + AA) were associated with reduced ejection fraction (p = 0.008). In addition, we found that VEGFA haplotypes were associated with altered ejection fraction (p = 0.024). The AAG haplotype was associated with reduced ejection fraction (p = 0.006), whereas the AGG haplotype was associated with increased ejection fraction (p = 0.010). Our results suggest that VEGF polymorphisms affect cardiac remodeling. Genotypes for VEGFA polymorphisms can be useful to help to identify hypertensive patients at greater intrinsic risk for heart failure.
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Lee HW, Han TH, Yi KJ, Choi MC, Lee SY, Ryu PD. Time course of diurnal rhythm disturbances in autonomic function of rats with myocardial infarction. Auton Neurosci 2013; 179:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bellafiore M, Battaglia G, Bianco A, Farina F, Palma A, Paoli A. The involvement of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in heart exercise-related angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2013; 11:283. [PMID: 24195673 PMCID: PMC3827823 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in cardiac vascular remodelling induced by exercise. Our aim was to evaluate and localize MMP-2 and MMP-9's activities in relation to capillary proliferation in mouse hearts trained for 15, 30 and 45 days. METHODS Sixty-three mice were randomly assigned to 7 groups: four control sedentary groups (C0, C15, C30 and C45) and three groups trained by an endurance protocol (T15, T30 and T45). MMP-2 and MMP-9 were examined with zymography and immunostaining analyses. Capillary proliferation was evaluated counting the number of CD31-positive cells. RESULTS Different activity patterns of the latent form of both MMPs were found. Pro-MMP-9 increased after 15 days of training; whereas pro-MMP-2 gradually decreased after 30 and 45 days of training below the control groups. The latter was inversely correlated with capillary growth. MMP-9 was mainly localized in myocardiocytes and less evident in capillaries. Conversely, MMP-2 was more intense in capillary endothelial cells and slightly in myocardiocytes. CONCLUSIONS A different spatiotemporal modulation of pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 activities has been detected in the myocardium during angiogenesis related to the aerobic training. These results can be useful to draw up training protocols for improving the performance of healthy and diseased human hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Bellafiore
- Department of Legal, Society and Sport Sciences, University of Palermo, Via E, Duse 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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Mishra PK, Givvimani S, Chavali V, Tyagi SC. Cardiac matrix: a clue for future therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2271-6. [PMID: 24055000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac muscle is unique because it contracts ceaselessly throughout the life and is highly resistant to fatigue. The marvelous nature of the cardiac muscle is attributed to its matrix that maintains structural and functional integrity and provides ambient micro-environment required for mechanical, cellular and molecular activities in the heart. Cardiac matrix dictates the endothelium myocyte (EM) coupling and contractility of cardiomyocytes. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate matrix degradation that determines cardiac fibrosis and myocardial performance. We have shown that MMP-9 regulates differential expression of micro RNAs (miRNAs), calcium cycling and contractility of cardiomyocytes. The differential expression of miRNAs is associated with angiogenesis, hypertrophy and fibrosis in the heart. MMP-9, which is involved in the degradation of cardiac matrix and induction of fibrosis, is also implicated in inhibition of survival and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSC). Cardiac matrix is distinct because it renders mechanical properties and provides a framework essential for differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) into specific lineage. Cardiac matrix regulates myocyte contractility by EM coupling and calcium transients and also directs miRNAs required for precise regulation of continuous and synchronized beating of cardiomyocytes that is indispensible for survival. Alteration in the matrix homeostasis due to induction of MMPs, altered expression of specific miRNAs or impaired signaling for contractility of cardiomyocytes leads to catastrophic effects. This review describes the mechanisms by which cardiac matrix regulates myocardial performance and suggests future directions for the development of treatment strategies in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Kumar Mishra
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Cheng KS, Liao YC, Chen MY, Kuan TC, Hong YH, Ko L, Hsieh WY, Wu CL, Chen MR, Lin CS. Circulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 enzyme activities in the children with ventricular septal defect. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:557-63. [PMID: 23847438 PMCID: PMC3708036 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common form of congenital heart diseases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases involved in causal cardiac tissue remodeling. We studied the changes of circulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in the patients with VSD severity and closure. There were 96 children with perimembranous VSD enrolled in this study. We assigned the patients into three groups according to the ratio of VSD diameter/diameter of aortic root (Ao). They were classified as below: Trivial (VSD/Ao ratio ≤ 0.2), Small (0.2 < VSD/Ao ≤ 0.3) and Median (0.3 < VSD/Ao) group. Plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were assayed by gelatin zymography. There was a significant higher MMP-2 activity in the VSD (Trivial, Small and Median) groups compared with that in Control group. The plasma MMP-9 activity showed a similar trend as the findings in MMP-2 activity. After one year follow-up, a significant difference in the MMP-9 activity was found between VSD spontaneous closure and non-closure groups. In conclusion, a positive trend between the severity of VSD and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was found. Our data imply that MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities may play a role in the pathogenesis of VSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Shan Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Givvimani S, Kundu S, Narayanan N, Armaghan F, Qipshidze N, Pushpakumar S, Vacek TP, Tyagi SC. TIMP-2 mutant decreases MMP-2 activity and augments pressure overload induced LV dysfunction and heart failure. Arch Physiol Biochem 2013; 119:65-74. [PMID: 23398532 PMCID: PMC3881363 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2012.755548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pressure overload induces cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and results in heart failure. ECM remodelling by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is primarily regulated by their target inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). It is known that TIMP-2 is highly expressed in myocardium and is required for cell surface activation of pro-MMP-2. We and others have reported that imbalance between angiogenic growth factors and anti-angiogenic factors results in transition from compensatory cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. We previously reported the pro-angiogenic role of MMP-2 in cardiac compensation, however, the specific role of TIMP-2 during pressure overload is yet unclear. We hypothesize that genetic ablation of TIMP-2 exacerbates the adverse cardiac matrix remodelling due to lack of pro-angiogenic MMP-2 and increase in anti-angiogenic factors during pressure overload stress and results in severe heart failure. To verify this, ascending aortic banding (AB) was created to mimic pressure overload, in wild type C57BL6/J and TIMP-2-/- (model of MMP-2 deficiency) mice. Left ventricular (LV) function assessed by echocardiography and pressure-volume loop studies showed severe LV dysfunction in TIMP-2-/- AB mice compared to controls. Expression of MMP-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was decreased and expression of MMP-9, anti-angiogenic factors endostatin and angiostatin was increased in TIMP-2-/- AB mice compared with wild type AB mice. Connexins (Cx) are the gap junction proteins that are widely present in the myocardium and play an important role in endothelial-myocyte coupling. Our results showed that expression of Cx 37 and 43 was decreased in TIMP-2-/- AB mice compared with corresponding wild type controls. These results suggest that genetic ablation of TIMP-2 decrease the expression of pro-angiogenic MMP-2, VEGF and increases anti-angiogenic factors that results in exacerbated abnormal ventricular remodelling leading to severe heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Givvimani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Abstract
It is believed that cardiac remodeling due to geometric and structural changes is a major mechanism for the progression of heart failure in different pathologies including hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and myocardial infarction. Increases in the activities of proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, calpains, cathepsins, and caspases contribute to the process of cardiac remodeling. In addition to modifying the extracellular matrix, both matrix metalloproteinases and cathepsins have been shown to affect the activities of subcellular organelles in cardiomyocytes. The activation of calpains and caspases has been identified to induce subcellular remodeling in failing hearts. Proteolytic activities associated with different proteins including caspases, calpain, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system have been shown to be involved in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which is an integral part of cardiac remodeling. This article discusses and compares how the activities of various proteases are involved in different cardiac abnormalities with respect to alterations in apoptotic pathways, cardiac remodeling, and cardiac dysfunction. An imbalance appears to occur between the activities of some proteases and their endogenous inhibitors in various types of hypertrophied and failing hearts, and this is likely to further accentuate subcellular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. The importance of inhibiting the activities of both extracellular and intracellular proteases specific to distinct etiologies, in attenuating cardiac remodeling and apoptosis as well as biochemical changes of subcellular organelles, in heart failure has been emphasized. It is suggested that combination therapy to inhibit different proteases may prove useful for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Müller
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Chen YF, Weltman NY, Li X, Youmans S, Krause D, Gerdes AM. Improvement of left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction with eight weeks L-thyroxine treatment in rats. J Transl Med 2013; 11:40. [PMID: 23409791 PMCID: PMC3576349 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Left ventricular (LV) remodeling following large transmural myocardial infarction (MI) remains a pivotal clinical issue despite the advance of medical treatment over the past few decades. Identification of new medications to improve the remodeling process and prevent progression to heart failure after MI is critical. Thyroid hormones (THs) have been shown to improve LV function and remodeling in animals post-MI and in the human setting. However, changes in underlying cellular remodeling resulting from TH treatment are not clear. Methods MI was produced in adult female Sprague–Dawley rats by ligation of the left descending coronary artery. L-thyroxine (T4) pellet (3.3 mg, 60 days sustained release) was used to treat MI rats for 8 weeks. Isolated myocyte shape, arterioles, and collagen deposition in the non-infarcted area were measured at terminal study. Results T4 treatment improved LV ±dp/dt, normalized TAU, and increased myocyte cross-sectional area without further increasing myocyte length in MI rats. T4 treatment increased the total LV tissue area by 34%, increased the non-infarcted tissue area by 41%, and increased the thickness of non-infarcted area by 36% in MI rats. However, myocyte volume accounted for only ~1/3 of the increase in myocyte mass in the non-infarct area, indicating the presence of more myocytes with treatment. T4 treatment tended to increase the total length of smaller arterioles (5 to 15 μm) proportional to LV weight increase and also decreased collagen deposition in the LV non-infarcted area. A tendency for increased metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) -1 to −4 expression was also observed in T4 treated MI rats. Conclusions These results suggest that long-term T4 treatment after MI has beneficial effects on myocyte, arteriolar, and collagen matrix remodeling in the non-infarcted area. Most importantly, results suggest improved survival of myocytes in the peri-infarct area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Feng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
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Novel mechanisms for caspase inhibition protecting cardiac function with chronic pressure overload. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:324. [PMID: 23277091 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Myocyte apoptosis is considered a major mechanism in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Accordingly, manipulations that inhibit apoptosis are assumed to preserve cardiac function by maintaining myocyte numbers. We tested this assumption by examining the effects of caspase inhibition (CI) on cardiac structure and function in C57BL/6 mouse with pressure overload model induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). CI preserved left ventricular (LV) function following TAC compared with the vehicle. TAC increased apoptosis in non-myocytes more than in myocytes and these increases were blunted more in non-myocytes by CI. Total myocyte number, however, did not differ significantly among control and TAC groups and there was no correlation between myocyte number and apoptosis, but there was a strong correlation between myocyte number and an index of myocyte proliferation, Ki67-positive myocytes. Despite comparable pressure gradients, LV hypertrophy was less in the CI group, likely attributable to decreased wall stress. Since changes in myocyte numbers did not account for protection from TAC, several other CI-mediated mechanisms were identified including: (a) lessening of TAC-induced fibrosis, (b) augmentation of isolated myocyte contractility, and (c) increased angiogenesis and Ki67-positive myocytes, which were due almost entirely to the non-myocyte apoptosis, but not myocyte apoptosis, with CI. CI maintained LV function following TAC not by protecting against myocyte loss, but rather by augmenting myocyte contractile function, myocyte proliferation, and angiogenesis resulting in reduced LV wall stress, hypertrophy, and fibrosis.
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Yeh CC, Malhotra D, Yang YL, Xu Y, Fan Y, Li H, Mann MJ. MEK1-induced physiological hypertrophy inhibits chronic post-myocardial infarction remodeling in mice. J Cell Biochem 2012; 114:47-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Perlini S, Chung ES, Aurigemma GP, Meyer TE. Alterations in Early Filling Dynamics Predict the Progression of Compensated Pressure Overload Hypertrophy to Heart Failure Better than Abnormalities in Midwall Systolic Shortening. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012; 35:401-11. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2012.739235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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