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Mendes JF, de Lima Fontes M, Barbosa TV, Paschoalin RT, Mattoso LHC. Membranes composed of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol) and Ora-pro-nóbis (Pereskia aculeata Miller) extract for dressing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131365. [PMID: 38583829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Wounds are considered one of the most critical medical conditions that must be managed appropriately due to the psychological and physical stress they cause for patients, as well as creating a substantial financial burden on patients and global healthcare systems. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in developing nanofiber mats loaded with varying plant extracts to meet the urgent need for advanced wound ressings. This study investigated the development and characterization of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/ poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) nanofiber membranes incorporated with Ora-pro-nóbis (OPN; 12.5, 25, and 50 % w/w) by the solution-blow-spinning (SBS) technique. The PLA/PEG and PLA/PEG/OPN nanofiber membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal properties (TGA and DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle measurements and water vapor permeability (WVTR). In addition, the mats were analyzed for swelling properties in vitro cell viability, and fibroblast adhesion (L-929) tests. SEM images showed that smooth and continuous PLA/PEG and PLA/PEG/OPN nanofibers were obtained with a diameter distribution ranging from 171 to 1533 nm. The PLA/PEG and PLA/PEG/OPN nanofiber membranes showed moderate hydrophobicity (~109-120°), possibly preventing secondary injuries during dressing removal. Besides that, PLA/PEG/OPN nanofibers exhibited adequate WVTR, meeting wound healing requirements. Notably, the presence of OPN gave the PLA/PEG membranes better mechanical properties, increasing their tensile strength (TS) from 3.4 MPa (PLA/PEG) to 5.3 MPa (PLA/PEG/OPN), as well as excellent antioxidant properties (Antioxidant activity with approximately 45 % oxidation inhibition). Therefore, the nanofiber mats based on PLA/PEG, especially those incorporated with OPN, are promising options for use as antioxidant dressings to aid skin healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Farinassi Mendes
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marina de Lima Fontes
- Graduate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Paulista State University, Araraquara 14800-901, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Villa Barbosa
- São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaella T Paschoalin
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation, São Carlos 13560-970, São Paulo, Brazil
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Teixeira VMC, de Oliveira A, Backes E, de Souza CGM, Castoldi R, de Sá-Nakanishi AB, Bracht L, Comar JF, Corrêa RCG, Leimann FV, Bracht A, Peralta RM. A Critical Appraisal of the Most Recent Investigations on Ora-Pro-Nobis ( Pereskia sp.): Economical, Botanical, Phytochemical, Nutritional, and Ethnopharmacological Aspects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3874. [PMID: 38005771 PMCID: PMC10674284 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Pereskia aculeata Miller and Pereskia grandfolia Haw, known as 'ora-pro-nobis', are unconventional vegetables belonging to the Cactaceae family, native to the Americas and common in the northeast and southeast regions of Brazil. This review attempts to present a balanced account of both the methods used for obtaining extracts from the diverse parts of the plants and the results that were obtained in terms of their applicability to foods and other products with biological activities. Attention will also be devoted to the properties of their bioactives and their applications to real food products. Methods for obtaining extracts from the diverse parts of the plants will be analyzed, as well as the chemical nature of the bioactives that were hitherto identified. Next, the applicability of ora-pro-nobis in either its integral form or in the form of extracts or other products (mucilages) to the production of food and dietary supplements will be analyzed. The species have been extensively investigated during the last few decades. But, the determination of chemical structures is frequently incomplete and there is a need for new studies on texture determination and color evaluation. Further studies exploring the fruit and flowers of P. aculeata are also required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Maria Costa Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (V.M.C.T.); (A.d.O.); (E.B.); (C.G.M.d.S.); (R.C.); (A.B.d.S.-N.); (L.B.); (J.F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Anielle de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (V.M.C.T.); (A.d.O.); (E.B.); (C.G.M.d.S.); (R.C.); (A.B.d.S.-N.); (L.B.); (J.F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Emanueli Backes
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (V.M.C.T.); (A.d.O.); (E.B.); (C.G.M.d.S.); (R.C.); (A.B.d.S.-N.); (L.B.); (J.F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Cristina Giatti Marques de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (V.M.C.T.); (A.d.O.); (E.B.); (C.G.M.d.S.); (R.C.); (A.B.d.S.-N.); (L.B.); (J.F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Rafael Castoldi
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (V.M.C.T.); (A.d.O.); (E.B.); (C.G.M.d.S.); (R.C.); (A.B.d.S.-N.); (L.B.); (J.F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Anacharis Babeto de Sá-Nakanishi
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (V.M.C.T.); (A.d.O.); (E.B.); (C.G.M.d.S.); (R.C.); (A.B.d.S.-N.); (L.B.); (J.F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Lívia Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (V.M.C.T.); (A.d.O.); (E.B.); (C.G.M.d.S.); (R.C.); (A.B.d.S.-N.); (L.B.); (J.F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Jurandir Fernando Comar
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (V.M.C.T.); (A.d.O.); (E.B.); (C.G.M.d.S.); (R.C.); (A.B.d.S.-N.); (L.B.); (J.F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Rúbia Carvalho Gomes Corrêa
- Post-Graduate Program in Clean Technologies, Cesumar Institute for Science, Technology and Innovation—ICETI, Cesumar University—UNICESUMAR, Maringá 87050-900, Brazil;
| | - Fernanda Vitória Leimann
- Food Departament, Federal University of Technology-PR, Campus of Campo Mourão, Campo Mourão 87301-899, Brazil;
| | - Adelar Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (V.M.C.T.); (A.d.O.); (E.B.); (C.G.M.d.S.); (R.C.); (A.B.d.S.-N.); (L.B.); (J.F.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Rosane Marina Peralta
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil; (V.M.C.T.); (A.d.O.); (E.B.); (C.G.M.d.S.); (R.C.); (A.B.d.S.-N.); (L.B.); (J.F.C.); (A.B.)
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Macedo MCC, Silva VDM, Serafim MSM, da Veiga Correia VT, Pereira DTV, Amante PR, da Silva ASJ, de Oliveira Prata Mendonça H, Augusti R, de Paula ACCFF, Melo JOF, Pires CV, Fante CA. Elaboration and Characterization of Pereskia aculeate Miller Extracts Obtained from Multiple Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Conditions. Metabolites 2023; 13:691. [PMID: 37367849 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pereskia aculeata Miller, is an unconventional food plant native to South America. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different ultrasonic extraction times (10, 20, 30, and 40 min) on the phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts obtained from lyophilized Pereskia aculeate Miller (ora-pro-nobis) leaves, an under-researched plant. Morphological structure and chemical group evaluations were also conducted for the lyophilized P. aculeate leaves. The different extraction times resulted in distinct phenolic content and Antioxidant Activity (ATT) values. Different extraction time conditions resulted in phenolic compound contents ranging from 2.07 to 2.60 mg EAG.g-1 of extract and different ATT values. The ATT evaluated by DPPH was significantly higher (from 61.20 to 70.20 μM of TE.g-1 of extract) in extraction times of 30 and 40 min, respectively. For ABTS, it varied between 6.38 and 10.24 μM of TE.g-1 of extract and 24.34 and 32.12 μM ferrous sulp.g-1 of extract. All of the obtained extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, particularly the treatment employing 20 min of extraction at the highest dilution (1.56 mg.mL-1). Although liquid chromatography analyses showed that chlorogenic acid was the primary compound detected for all extracts, Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (PS-MS) suggested the extracts contained 53 substances, such as organic, fatty, and phenolic acids, sugars, flavonoids, terpenes, phytosterols, and other components. The PS-MS proved to be a valuable technique to obtain the P. aculeate leaves extract chemical profile. It was observed that the freeze-drying process enhanced the conservation of morphological structures of P. aculeate leaves, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified carboxyl functional groups and proteins between the 1000 and 1500 cm-1 bands in the P. aculeate leaves, thus favoring water interaction and contributing to gel formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate different times (10, 20, 30 and 40 min) for ultrasound extraction of P. aculeate leaves. The polyphenols improved extraction, and high antioxidant activity demonstrates the potential for applying P. aculeate leaves and their extract as functional ingredients or additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Coutinho Macedo
- Departamento de Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Campus Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Viviane Dias Medeiros Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35702-031, Brazil
| | - Mateus Sá Magalhães Serafim
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Campus Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Tadeu da Veiga Correia
- Departamento de Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Campus Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Débora Tamires Vitor Pereira
- Departamento de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 130862-862, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Júlio Onésio Ferreira Melo
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35702-031, Brazil
| | - Christiano Vieira Pires
- Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35702-031, Brazil
| | - Camila Argenta Fante
- Departamento de Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Campus Belo Horizonte, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
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Nogueira Silva NF, Silva SH, Baron D, Oliveira Neves IC, Casanova F. Pereskia aculeata Miller as a Novel Food Source: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112092. [PMID: 37297337 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pereskia aculeata Miller is an edible plant species belonging to the Cactaceae family. It has the potential to be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its nutritional characteristics, bioactive compounds, and mucilage content. Pereskia aculeata Miller is native to the Neotropical region, where it is traditionally employed as food in rural communities, being popularly known as 'ora-pro-nobis' (OPN) or the Barbados gooseberry. The leaves of OPN are distinguished by their nontoxicity and nutritional richness, including, on a dry basis, 23% proteins, 31% carbohydrates, 14% minerals, 8% lipids, and 4% soluble dietary fibers, besides vitamins A, C, and E, and phenolic, carotenoid, and flavonoid compounds. The OPN leaves and fruits also contain mucilage composed of arabinogalactan biopolymer that presents technofunctional properties such as thickener, gelling, and emulsifier agent. Moreover, OPN is generally used for pharmacological purposes in Brazilian folk medicine, which has been attributed to its bioactive molecules with metabolic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, in the face of the growing research and industrial interests in OPN as a novel food source, the present work reviews its botanical, nutritional, bioactive, and technofunctional properties, which are relevant for the development of healthy and innovative food products and ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naaman Francisco Nogueira Silva
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba 38025-180, MG, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba 38025-180, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Baron
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Federico Casanova
- Food Production Engineering Group, DTU Food, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 227, Dk-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Zhang X, Shan Y, Li J, Qin Q, Yu J, Deng H. Assembly of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Pereskia aculeata Revealed That Two Pairs of Repetitive Elements Mediated the Recombination of the Genome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098366. [PMID: 37176072 PMCID: PMC10179450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pereskia aculeata is a potential new crop species that has both food and medicinal (antinociceptive activity) properties. However, comprehensive genomic research on P. aculeata is still lacking, particularly concerning its organelle genome. In this study, P. aculeata was studied to sequence the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) and to ascertain the assembly, informational content, and developmental expression of the mitogenome. The findings revealed that the mitogenome of P. aculeata is circular and measures 515,187 bp in length with a GC content of 44.05%. It contains 52 unique genes, including 33 protein-coding genes, 19 tRNA genes, and three rRNA genes. Additionally, the mitogenome analysis identified 165 SSRs, primarily consisting of tetra-nucleotides, and 421 pairs of dispersed repeats with lengths greater than or equal to 30, which were mainly forward repeats. Based on long reads and PCR experiments, we confirmed that two pairs of long-fragment repetitive elements were highly involved with the mitogenome recombination process. Furthermore, there were 38 homologous fragments detected between the mitogenome and chloroplast genome, and the longest fragment was 3962 bp. This is the first report on the mitogenome in the family Cactaceae. The decoding of the mitogenome of P. aculeata will provide important genetic materials for phylogenetic studies of Cactaceae and promote the utilization of species germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuanyu Shan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jingling Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qiulin Qin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongping Deng
- Center for Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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de Souza AH, Mendonça HDOP, de Paula ACCFF, Augusti R, Fante CA, Melo JOF, Carlos LDA. Influence of Harvest Time on the Chemical Profile of Pereskia aculeate Mill. Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134276. [PMID: 35807521 PMCID: PMC9268433 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and the production of bioactive compounds of Pereskia aculeata Mill. at different harvest times. Here, we performed a qualitative evaluation of the chemical profile by paper spray mass spectrometry (PSMS), the phenolic acid and flavonoid profile by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), antioxidant activity, total carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, color characteristics, total soluble solids (TSS), total solids (TS), pH, and total titratable acidity (TTA). The chemical profile was not affected, with the exception of 4,5-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene and azelaic acid, which was only identified in the leaves harvested during the winter. The content of four phenolic acids and three flavonoids were analyzed; out of these, no significant amounts of ellagic acid and quercetin were detected. There was no difference in production of bioactive compounds between seasons, reflecting the antioxidant activity, which also did not differ. Brightness, chroma, and leaf pH were the only physicochemical characteristics that did not vary between seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Henrique de Souza
- Agricultural Sciences Department, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.H.d.S.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (L.d.A.C.)
| | - Henrique de Oliveira Prata Mendonça
- Agricultural Sciences Department, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.H.d.S.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (L.d.A.C.)
| | | | - Rodinei Augusti
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Camila Argenta Fante
- Food Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Júlio Onésio Ferreira Melo
- Agricultural Sciences Department, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.H.d.S.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (L.d.A.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lanamar de Almeida Carlos
- Agricultural Sciences Department, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.H.d.S.); (H.d.O.P.M.); (L.d.A.C.)
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Torres TMS, Guedes JAC, de Brito ES, Mazzutti S, Ferreira SRS. High-pressure biorefining of ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata). J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Torres TMS, Álvarez-Rivera G, Mazzutti S, Sánchez-Martínez JD, Cifuentes A, Ibáñez E, Ferreira SRS. Neuroprotective potential of extracts from leaves of ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata) recovered by clean compressed fluids. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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da Silva Porto FG, Campos ÂD, Carreño NLV, Garcia ITS. Pereskia aculeata leaves: properties and potentialities for the development of new products. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4827-4838. [PMID: 34852678 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.2010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pereskia aculeata Mill., known as Ora-Pro-Nobis or Barbados gooseberry, arouse the interest of food and pharmaceutical industries due to its bioactive compounds and mucilage. We conducted a peer-reviewed survey using Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, Science Direct, and Scifinder platforms, as well as patent bases for new products. We selected articles which highlighted composition of leaves and applications in the development of new products. Mucilage shows great potential in the development of complexes or microparticles to transport active molecules. Reports on anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of P. aculeata leaves open a research field to obtain pharmaceutical products. Emulsifying properties of mucilage have been explored in food processing. Another potential use is the development of films for functional and/or edible packaging. The polysaccharide chain, the main mucilage constituent, can interact with other biopolymers to be explored in colloidal chemistry for the production of biomaterials in the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Grecco da Silva Porto
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Center of Technological Development, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Neftalí Lenin Villarreal Carreño
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Center of Technological Development, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Irene Teresinha Santos Garcia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Cruz TM, Santos JS, do Carmo MAV, Hellström J, Pihlava JM, Azevedo L, Granato D, Marques MB. Extraction optimization of bioactive compounds from ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata Miller) leaves and their in vitro antioxidant and antihemolytic activities. Food Chem 2021; 361:130078. [PMID: 34023692 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata Miller) is a non-conventional food plant common in Brazil. The objective of this study was to optimize the extraction of bioactive phenolic compounds from ora-pro-nobis leaves by employing solvent mixtures. Ten extracts were obtained with water, ethanol, acetone, and their binary and ternary mixtures, evaluating the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and bioactivities in vitro. The response surface methodology was applied to model the results and calculate the optimal solvent composition, which is 60% water, 40% ethanol and 0% acetone. The optimized extract is rich in phenolic compounds (64 mg GAE/g) and proteins (823 mg/g) and presents antioxidant activity (in intracellular media as well) and inhibits lipid peroxidation (32%) along with hypotonic hemolysis (H50 = 0.339%), it does not present toxicity in vitro against cancer and normal cells. This is the first report of chicoric, caffeoyl-hexaric and coumaroyl-hexaric acids and some glycosylate derivatives of flavonols in ora-pro-nobis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Mendanha Cruz
- Graduation Program in Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Jânio Sousa Santos
- Graduation Program in Food Science and Technology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Jarkko Hellström
- Food Processing and Quality, Production Systems Unit - Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha-Matti Pihlava
- Food Processing and Quality, Production Systems Unit - Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 714, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Granato
- Graduation Program in Food Science and Technology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil; Food Processing and Quality, Production Systems Unit - Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariza Boscacci Marques
- Graduation Program in Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
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Conegundes JLM, Silva JMD, Mendes RDF, Fernandes MF, Pinto NDCC, Almeida MAD, Dib PRB, Andrade RDO, Rodrigues MN, Castañon MCMN, Macedo GC, Scio E. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of Siparuna guianensis Aublet, an amazonian plant traditionally used by indigenous communities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113344. [PMID: 32890711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Siparuna guianensis Aublet leaves, known as negramina, are used by indigenous and local communities in Brazil and other countries in the Americas to treat pain and inflammatory diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY To characterize the chemical constituents and to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and locomotor activities of the dichloromethane fraction (DF) of S. guianensis leaves. Also, an acute oral toxicity test was accomplished. MATERIAL AND METHODS The chemical characterization of DF was performed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analyses coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometer. The antioxidant potential of DF was investigated using nitric oxide (NO) and hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenging test. The evaluation study of the anti-inflammatory activity was carried out in vitro by NO measurement in stimulated macrophages and, in vivo, by croton oil-induced ear edema, LPS-induced peritonitis, and zymosan-induced arthritis in mice. Different mechanisms of central and peripheral nociception were stimulated by acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, and tail-flick tests. Besides that, the open field assay was performed. RESULTS UHPLC analyses of DF showed the presence of a mixture of glycosylated and methoxylated flavonoids. DF was able to scavenge NO and OH radicals in vitro and showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NO production in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. Oral administration of DF considerably inhibited the ear edema after croton oil application and reduced the leukocyte infiltrated in LPS-induced peritonitis. In the inflammatory intra-articular zymosan-induced process, DF showed a significant reduction in the inflammatory area and of the cells in the synovial and connective tissues adjacent to the joint. Also, DF was able to reduce the intra-articular edema. In nociception models, the oral administration of DF considerably inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhings. The formalin test showed that DF attenuated the licking time in both phases, which suggested that DF reduce the nociception by central and peripheral mechanisms. In the tail-flick test, DF showed no activity. Besides that, DF did not affect the animal locomotion, and no acute toxicity was observed. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of S. guianensis were reported, supporting its ethnopharmacological uses for some inflammatory diseases and painful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Leiras Mota Conegundes
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Josiane Mello da Silva
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Renata de Freitas Mendes
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Fernanda Fernandes
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Nícolas de Castro Campos Pinto
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maycon Alcantara de Almeida
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Paula Ribeiro Braga Dib
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela de Oliveira Andrade
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036 900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Nehrer Rodrigues
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036 900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Gilson Costa Macedo
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Elita Scio
- Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Biochemistry, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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12
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Bioactive compounds and health benefits of Pereskioideae and Cactoideae: A review. Food Chem 2020; 327:126961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Pereira CL, da Silva DD. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Peyote and Mescaline: Clinical and Forensic Repercussions. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2020; 12:184-194. [PMID: 30318013 DOI: 10.2174/1874467211666181010154139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), mainly found in the Peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), is one of the oldest known hallucinogenic agents that influence human and animal behavior, but its psychoactive mechanisms remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES This article aims to fully review pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mescaline, focusing on the in vivo and in vitro metabolic profile of the drug and its implications for the variability of response. METHODS Mescaline pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects were searched in books and in PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) without a limiting period. Biological effects of other compounds found in peyote were also reviewed. RESULTS Although its illicit administration is less common, in comparison with cocaine and Cannabis, it has been extensively described in adolescents and young adults, and licit consumption often occurs in religious and therapeutic rituals practiced by the Native American Church. Its pharmacodynamic mechanisms of action are primarily attributed to the interaction with the serotonergic 5-HT2A-C receptors, and therefore clinical effects are similar to those elicited by other psychoactive substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, which include euphoria, hallucinations, depersonalization and psychoses. Moreover, as a phenethylamine derivative, signs and symptoms are consistent with a sympathomimetic effect. Mescaline is mainly metabolized into trimethoxyphenylacetic acid by oxidative deamination but several minor metabolites with possible clinical and forensic repercussions have also been reported. CONCLUSION Most reports concerning mescaline were presented in a complete absence of exposure confirmation, since toxicological analysis is not widely available. Addiction and dependence are practically absent and it is clear that most intoxications appear to be mild and are unlikely to produce lifethreatening symptoms, which favors the contemporary interest in the therapeutic potential of the drugs of the class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.,UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal.,Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Lança Pereira
- IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Diana Dias da Silva
- IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.,UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
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14
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Garcia JA, Corrêa RC, Barros L, Pereira C, Abreu RM, Alves MJ, Calhelha RC, Bracht A, Peralta RM, Ferreira IC. Phytochemical profile and biological activities of 'Ora-pro-nobis' leaves (Pereskia aculeata Miller), an underexploited superfood from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Food Chem 2019; 294:302-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Cacti for production of metabolites: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8657-8667. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Vieira CR, da Silva BP, do Carmo MAV, Azevedo L, Nogueira DA, Duarte Martino HS, Silva RR. Effect of Pereskia aculeata Mill. in vitro and in overweight humans: A randomized controlled trial. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12903. [PMID: 31353695 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata Mill.) flour on the adhesion of probiotics to intestinal epithelial cells and to evaluate the effect of a product based on this flour on gastrointestinal symptoms, weight, body fat, glycemia, and lipid profile in overweight men. METHODS Microbiological counts (probiotic count, survival after in vitro gastrointestinal resistance, Caco-2 cell adhesion) were analyzed. A randomized, cross-over intervention was performed. Intestinal microbiota was indirectly assessed on the basis of consistency, color of feces, and gastrointestinal symptoms. RESULTS P. aculeata did not affect Lactobacillus casei adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Ora-pro-nobis flour improved gastrointestinal symptoms and increased satiety. CONCLUSION The consumption of ora-pro-nobis flour improved intestinal health. In addition, it maintained the high adherence of L. casei to intestinal cells as well as patient anthropometric and biochemical parameters. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Pereskia aculeata Mill. is well known in folk medicine and has several nutrients; however, there are few studies on this plant. This is the first study to analyze the influence of P. aculeata on bacterial adherence and the first cross-over clinical trial to evaluate the beneficial potential of ora-pro-nobis flour in overweight men. Thus, this study will contribute to the promotion of ora-pro-nobis as a functional ingredient and will arouse the interest of industries to develop related healthy foods. In addition, it is an effective dietary strategy to improve the gastrointestinal health of men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luciana Azevedo
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
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17
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Sommer T, Dlugash G, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Pischetsrieder M. Monitoring of the dopamine D2 receptor agonists hordenine and N-methyltyramine during the brewing process and in commercial beer samples. Food Chem 2019; 276:745-753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Maciel VBV, Yoshida CMP, Goycoolea FM. Agronomic Cultivation, Chemical Composition, Functional Activities and Applications of Pereskia Species - A Mini Review. Curr Med Chem 2018; 26:4573-4584. [PMID: 30259803 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180926151615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exploration of the plant biodiversity as a natural source to obtain sustainable food products and new bioactive pharmaceutical compounds has been growing significantly due to their abundance, safety and economy. Natural pharmaceutical and edible compounds present some advantages when compared to synthetic ones, such as being chemically inert and widely available. In this sense, plants of the genus Pereskia belonging to the Cactaceae family, have been studied. It is an unconventional wild edible plant that contains a large amount of protein and minerals. Studies have demonstrated their biological activities and potential application in different areas such as pharmaceutical, medicinal and food. OBJECTIVE This review is focused on the chemical composition, functional properties, applications on pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and food areas and formulation techniques to enhance the stability and bioavailability of bioactive compounds from the underutilized wild edible plant known as ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata or Pereskia grandifolia). CONCLUSION The latest studies involving ora-pro-nobis demonstrated its great potential due to its biological activities, which could stimulate further investigations. The utilization of this plant as a natural source to supplement the diet, or to prepare new food products and pharmaceutical formulations is an attractive approach to explore and fully realize the potential of the rich biodiversity found in Brazil and in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius B V Maciel
- The University of São Paulo, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - CEP 13635-900, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.,University of Leeds, School of Food Science and Nutrition, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cristiana M P Yoshida
- Federal University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Ambiental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Rua Sao Nicolau, 210, CEP 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco M Goycoolea
- University of Leeds, School of Food Science and Nutrition, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
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19
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ZEM LM, HELM CV, HENRIQUES GS, CABRINI DDA, ZUFFELLATO-RIBAS KC. Pereskia aculeata: biological analysis on wistar rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.29816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Silva DO, Seifert M, Nora FR, Bobrowski VL, Freitag RA, Kucera HR, Nora L, Gaikwad NW. Acute Toxicity and Cytotoxicity of Pereskia aculeata, a Highly Nutritious Cactaceae Plant. J Med Food 2017; 20:403-409. [PMID: 28355092 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pereskia aculeata is a Cactaceae plant with valuable nutritional properties, including terrific amounts of protein, minerals, vitamins, and fiber. However, P. aculeata is reported to contain antinutrients and alkaloids in its leaves. In addition, in a study on growth and development, Wistar rats fed with P. aculeata and casein as protein source grew less than the control group (fed with casein only). Therefore, in this study, we evaluated, for the first time, the oral acute toxicity of P. aculeata in rats and also the cytotoxicity behavior of the plant on lettuce seeds. The acute toxicity research was carried out using dried P. aculeata ethanolic extract, in three different doses, administered by gavage to 24 female Wistar rats. The rats were then examined for signs of toxicity, food intake, body weight, and fecal excretion fluctuations, as well as histopathological alterations, using eight different body tissues. The acute toxicity study did not show any difference among the groups in either clinical evaluation or histopathological analyses. For the cytotoxicity study, dried P. aculeata ethanolic extract was applied on lettuce seeds in five different concentrations. These seeds were evaluated for germination, root and shoot length, and mitotic index. The results show that P. aculeata extract affects lettuce root and shoot growth, but not germination or mitotic index. In conclusion, the acute toxicity on rats and the cytogenotoxicity on lettuce of P. aculeata are neglectable, validating the potential of this plant to be used as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora O Silva
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Seifert
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana R Nora
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vera L Bobrowski
- 2 Department of Zoology and Genetics, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rogerio A Freitag
- 3 Science Center of Chemistry, Pharmacology and Food, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Heidi R Kucera
- 4 Departments of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis , Davis, California, USA
| | - Leonardo Nora
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Nilesh W Gaikwad
- 4 Departments of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis , Davis, California, USA
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21
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Barbalho SM, Guiguer ÉL, Marinelli PS, do Santos Bueno PC, Pescinini-Salzedas LM, dos Santos MCB, Oshiiwa M, Mendes CG, de Menezes ML, Nicolau CCT, Otoboni AM, de Alvares Goulart R. Pereskia aculeata Miller Flour: Metabolic Effects and Composition. J Med Food 2016; 19:890-4. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília, Brazil
| | - Élen Landgraf Guiguer
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Marinelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marie Oshiiwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília, Brazil
| | - Claudemir Gregório Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alda Maria Otoboni
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília, Brazil
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