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Cadavid JL, Li NT, McGuigan AP. Bridging systems biology and tissue engineering: Unleashing the full potential of complex 3D in vitro tissue models of disease. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:021301. [PMID: 38617201 PMCID: PMC11008916 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Rapid advances in tissue engineering have resulted in more complex and physiologically relevant 3D in vitro tissue models with applications in fundamental biology and therapeutic development. However, the complexity provided by these models is often not leveraged fully due to the reductionist methods used to analyze them. Computational and mathematical models developed in the field of systems biology can address this issue. Yet, traditional systems biology has been mostly applied to simpler in vitro models with little physiological relevance and limited cellular complexity. Therefore, integrating these two inherently interdisciplinary fields can result in new insights and move both disciplines forward. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of how systems biology has been integrated with 3D in vitro tissue models and discuss key application areas where the synergies between both fields have led to important advances with potential translational impact. We then outline key directions for future research and discuss a framework for further integration between fields.
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Miyauchi M, Ishikawa S, Kurachi T, Sakamoto K, Sakai H. Oral Absorption across Organotypic Culture Models of the Human Buccal Epithelium after E-cigarette Aerosol Exposure. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45574-45581. [PMID: 36530294 PMCID: PMC9753183 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled aerosols are absorbed across the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. The absorption across the oral cavity, which is one of the exposure routes, plays an important role in understanding pharmacokinetics and physiological effects. After aerosol exposure from e-cigarettes, tissue viability studies, morphological observation, and chemical analyses at the inner and outer buccal tissues were performed using organotypic 3D in vitro culture models of the buccal epithelium to better understand the deposition and absorption on the inner and outer buccal tissues. The aerosol exposures did not affect the tissue viability and had no change to the tissue morphology and structure. The deposition ratio at the buccal tissue surface is relatively low. This shows that majority of aerosol transfers to the airway tissues. The distribution from the inner tissue to the outer tissue has selectivity among various compounds, depending on the affinity with the liquid crystal structure of phospholipids and glucosylceramide. Although nicotine absorption in the aqueous solution was well known to increase as the unprotonated state of nicotine increased, the nicotine absorption after the aerosol exposure is irrelevant to the protonated-unprotonated state. Furthermore, the results showed that half of nicotine that adhered to the oral cavity transferred to the inner tissue via the oral epithelium and the other half transferred to the gastrointestinal tract accompanying multiple executions of swallowing, while majority of the water-soluble compounds with the hydroxyl group such as propylene glycol and benzoic acid that adhered to the oral cavity were eluted with the saliva and transferred to the gastrointestinal tract by swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Miyauchi
- Tobacco
Science Research Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Shinkichi Ishikawa
- Scientific
Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurachi
- Scientific
Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
| | - Kazutami Sakamoto
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Effects of Electronic and Traditional Cigarettes on Oral Gingival Cells Using a Novel Automated Smoking Instrument: An In Vitro Study. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040179. [PMID: 35448440 PMCID: PMC9032316 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Information about the potential oral health effects of vaping from electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is still sparse and inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and cytotoxicity of e-cig liquid aerosols versus traditional cigarette (t-cig) smoke on human epithelial oral cells. T-cig smoke and e-cig aerosols were generated by a newly developed automated smoking instrument in order to simulate realistic user puffing behaviors. Air−liquid interface transwell cell cultures were exposed to standardized puff topography (puff duration: 2 s, puff volume: 35 mL, puff frequency: 1 puff every 60 s) of reference t-cigs or commercially available e-cigs at different air dilutions. Cell viability, morphology, and death rate were evaluated with MTT and TUNEL assays. The inflammatory cytokine gene expression of inflammatory genes was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. E-cigs and t-cigs indicated similar adverse effects by enhancing cytotoxicity and cell death in a dose-dependent manner. E-cig aerosol and t-cig smoke treatment expressed upregulation of inflammatory cytokines up to 3.0-fold (p < 0.05). These results indicate that e-cig smoking may contribute to oral tissue−cell damage and tissue inflammation. Our approach allows the production of e-cig aerosol and t-cig smoke in order to identify harmful effects in oral tissues in vitro.
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Bedford R, Perkins E, Clements J, Hollings M. Recent advancements and application of in vitro models for predicting inhalation toxicity in humans. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105299. [PMID: 34920082 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Animals have been indispensable in testing chemicals that can pose a risk to human health, including those delivered by inhalation. In recent years, the combination of societal debate on the use of animals in research and testing, the drive to continually enhance testing methodologies, and technology advancements have prompted a range of initiatives to develop non-animal alternative approaches for toxicity testing. In this review, we discuss emerging in vitro techniques being developed for the testing of inhaled compounds. Advanced tissue models that are able to recreate the human response to toxic exposures alongside examples of their ability to complement in vivo techniques are described. Furthermore, technology being developed that can provide multi-organ toxicity assessments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bedford
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - E Perkins
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - J Clements
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - M Hollings
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
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Pagano S, Negri P, Coniglio M, Bruscoli S, Di Michele A, Marchetti MC, Valenti C, Gambelunghe A, Fanasca L, Billi M, Cianetti S, Marinucci L. Heat-not-burn tobacco (IQOS), oral fibroblasts and keratinocytes: cytotoxicity, morphological analysis, apoptosis and cellular cycle. An in vitro study. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:917-928. [PMID: 34018192 PMCID: PMC8518503 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to investigate the biological effects of IQOS smoking on human gingival fibroblasts and human keratinocytes analysing cell viability, morphology, migration, apoptosis and cell cycle. BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes and tobacco heating systems have been marketed to reduce smoking damages caused by combustion. METHODS Human gingival fibroblasts and human keratinocytes viability was determined by a colorimetric assay measuring mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (MTT assay); after an in vitro exposure of 24 h, cell morphology was analysed with scanning electron microscope and cell migration was tested by Scratch assay, a method to mimic the migration of the cells during wound healing in vivo. Apoptosis and cell cycle were analysed with flow cytometry, and the expression of related genes (p53, Bcl2, p16 and p21) was indagated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS IQOS extracts increased both cell viability (23%-41% with fibroblasts and 30%-79% with keratinocytes) and migration. No morphological alterations were observed. IQOS extracts did not induced an increase in cell death, but rose the number of S- and G2/M-phase cells. IQOS extracts also significantly increased p53 expression by fibroblasts (undiluted and 6.25% dilution, 2- and 3.6-fold higher, respectively) and reduced both Bcl2 (about two- and fivefold, respectively) and p21 expressions (about twofold with both extracts), while on keratinocytes both undiluted and 6.25% dilution extracts increased Bcl2 expression (about four- and threefold higher, respectively) and reduced p53 expression (about two- and fivefold, respectively). CONCLUSION IQOS smoke seemed to induce proliferation as highlighted by a viability assay, and migration and cell cycle analysis. The increased cell proliferation induced by IQOS devices must be carefully investigated for its possible clinical effects on oral cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pagano
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryOdontostomatological University Centre: Chair Prof. Stefano CianettiUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Paolo Negri
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryOdontostomatological University Centre: Chair Prof. Stefano CianettiUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Maddalena Coniglio
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryOdontostomatological University Centre: Chair Prof. Stefano CianettiUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Department of Medicine and SurgerySection of PharmacologyUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | | | | | - Chiara Valenti
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryOdontostomatological University Centre: Chair Prof. Stefano CianettiUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Angela Gambelunghe
- Department of Medicine and SurgerySection of Occupational Medicine, Respiratory Diseases and ToxicologyUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Luca Fanasca
- Department of Molecular Medicine BiotechnologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Monia Billi
- Department of Medicine and SurgerySection of General PathologyUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Stefano Cianetti
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryOdontostomatological University Centre: Chair Prof. Stefano CianettiUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Lorella Marinucci
- Department of Medicine and SurgerySection of Biosciences and Medical EmbryologyUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
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Yaqub N, Wayne G, Birchall M, Song W. Recent advances in human respiratory epithelium models for drug discovery. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107832. [PMID: 34481894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium is intimately associated with the pathophysiologies of highly infectious viral contagions and chronic illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, presently the third leading cause of death worldwide with a projected economic burden of £1.7 trillion by 2030. Preclinical studies of respiratory physiology have almost exclusively utilised non-humanised animal models, alongside reductionistic cell line-based models, and primary epithelial cell models cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Despite their utility, these model systems have been limited by their poor correlation to the human condition. This has undermined the ability to identify novel therapeutics, evidenced by a 15% chance of success for medicinal respiratory compounds entering clinical trials in 2018. Consequently, preclinical studies require new translational efficacy models to address the problem of respiratory drug attrition. This review describes the utility of the current in vivo (rodent), ex vivo (isolated perfused lungs and precision cut lung slices), two-dimensional in vitro cell-line (A549, BEAS-2B, Calu-3) and three-dimensional in vitro ALI (gold-standard and co-culture) and organoid respiratory epithelium models. The limitations to the application of these model systems in drug discovery research are discussed, in addition to perspectives of the future innovations required to facilitate the next generation of human-relevant respiratory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheem Yaqub
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Gareth Wayne
- Novel Human Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martin Birchall
- The Ear Institute, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK.
| | - Wenhui Song
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Lee N, Jang DY, Lee DH, Jeong H, Nam KT, Choi DW, Lim KM. Local Toxicity of Biocides after Direct and Aerosol Exposure on the Human Skin Epidermis and Airway Tissue Models. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9020029. [PMID: 33546295 PMCID: PMC7913294 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biocides are commonly used as spray- or trigger-type formulations, thus dermal and respiratory exposure to biocide aerosol is unavoidable. However, little is known about the impact of aerosolization on the local toxicity of biocides on the skin or the airway. We compared the local toxicity of biocides after direct or aerosol exposure on reconstructed human skin epidermis and upper airway models. Three biocides, 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (BIT), 2-phenoxyethanol (PE), and 2-phenylphenol (OPP), most widely used in the market were selected. When the biocide was treated in aerosols, toxicity to the skin epidermis and upper airway tissue became significantly attenuated compared with the direct application as determined by the higher tissue viabilities. This was further confirmed in histological examination, wherein the tissue damages were less pronounced. LC-MS/MS and GC/MS analysis revealed that concentrations of biocides decreased during aerosolization. Importantly, the toxicity of biocides treated in 3 μm (median mass aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)) aerosols was stronger than that of 5 μm aerosol, suggesting that the aerosol particle size may affect biocide toxicity. Collectively, we demonstrated that aerosolization could affect the local toxicity of biocides on the skin epidermis and the upper airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea; (D.Y.J.); (D.H.L.)
| | - Do Hyeon Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea; (D.Y.J.); (D.H.L.)
| | - Haengdueng Jeong
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemungu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.J.); (K.T.N.)
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemungu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.J.); (K.T.N.)
| | - Dal-Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea; (D.Y.J.); (D.H.L.)
- Correspondence: authors: (D.-W.C.); (K.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-10-9775-7875 (D.-W.C.); +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.); Fax: +82-02-940-2778 (D.-W.C.); +82-2-3277-3760 (K.-M.L.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Correspondence: authors: (D.-W.C.); (K.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-10-9775-7875 (D.-W.C.); +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.); Fax: +82-02-940-2778 (D.-W.C.); +82-2-3277-3760 (K.-M.L.)
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Klausner M, Handa Y, Aizawa S. In vitro three-dimensional organotypic culture models of the oral mucosa. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:148-159. [PMID: 33447968 PMCID: PMC7808300 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional, organotypic models of the oral mucosa have been developed to study a wide variety of phenomena occurring in the oral cavity. Although a number of models have been developed in academic research labs, only a few models have been commercialized. Models from academic groups offer a broader range of phenotypes while the commercial models are more focused on the oral and gingival mucosa. The commercialized models are manufactured under highly controlled conditions and meet the requirements of quality standards, which leads to high levels of reproducibility. These in vitro models have been used to evaluate the irritancy of oral care products such as toothpastes, mouthwashes, and mucoadhesives. The effects of cigarette smoke on oral cavity tissues have been studied and compared to those of e-cigarettes. Oral tissue models have facilitated investigation of the mechanisms of oral mucositis and oral candidiasis and have been used to examine transbuccal drug delivery rates and the absorption of nanoparticles. Infection studies have investigated the effects of HIV-1 along with the effects of commensal and pathogenic bacteria. More recently, a differentiated oral tissue model has been shown to express the ACE2 receptor, which is known to be important for the receptor-mediated entry of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus into human cells and tissues. Hence, oral mucosal models may find application in determining whether viral infection of the oral mucosa is possible and whether such infection has implications vis-a-vis the current COVID-19 pandemic. As is apparent, these models are used in a broad variety of applications and often offer advantages versus animal models in terms of reproducibility, avoiding species extrapolation, and the ethical concerns related to human and animal experimentation. The goals of this paper are to review commercially available models of the human buccal and gingival mucosa and highlight their use to gain a better understanding of a broad range of phenomena affecting tissues in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Handa
- Kurabo Industries Ltd, Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan
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Pavlou P, Antoniadou I, Peraki A, Vitsos A, Dallas P, Mostratos D, Deliconstantinos G, Papaioannou G, Grando SA, Rallis M. Protective Effects of Pinus halepensis Bark Extract and Nicotine on Cigarette Smoke-induced Oxidative Stress in Keratinocytes. In Vivo 2020; 34:1835-1843. [PMID: 32606153 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major environmental health threat. The oxidative stress induced by CS on keratinocytes and the possible protective effect of nicotine, its receptor inhibitors, and Pinus halepensis bark extract in relation to known antioxidants were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary mouse keratinocytes were exposed to cigarette smoke in the presence and absence of Pinus halepensis bark extract (1 μg/ml), rutin (50 μM) and ascorbic acid (250 μM), nicotine (1 μM) with or without mecamylamine (5 μM) and α-bungarotoxin (0.1 μM). Keratinocyte viability and oxidative stress were evaluated by MTT and fluorescence assays. RESULTS Pinus halepensis bark extract decreased the oxidative stress and increased the viability of keratinocytes, and moreover, these effects were more pronounced compared to the mixture of rutin and L-ascorbic acid. Nicotine significantly enhanced the viability potentiation of the beneficial effect induced by Pinus halepensis bark extract. Mecamylamine and α-bungarotoxin showed no specific effect. CONCLUSION Pinus halepensis bark extract in combination with nicotine may successfully reverse skin damage induced by cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagoula Pavlou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Antoniadou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Asimina Peraki
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Vitsos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevas Dallas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Mostratos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Deliconstantinos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Experimental Physiology, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Papaioannou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Sergei A Grando
- University of California, Health Gottschalk Medical Plaza, Institute for Immunology, Irvine, CA, U.S.A
| | - Michail Rallis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
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Stolte KN, Pelz C, Yapto CV, Raguse JD, Dommisch H, Danker K. IL-1β strengthens the physical barrier in gingival epithelial cells. Tissue Barriers 2020; 8:1804249. [PMID: 32835592 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1804249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases worldwide and is caused by a variety of interactions between oral bacteria and the host. Here, pathogens induce inflammatory host responses that cause the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 by oral epithelial cells. In various systems, it has been shown that inflammation compromises physical barriers, which enables bacteria to invade the tissue. In this study, we investigated the barrier properties of the oral mucosa under physiological and inflamed conditions. For this purpose, we assessed the influence of IL-1β on the transepithelial electrical resistance and in particular on tight junctions in vitro in human stratified squamous epithelium models. Indirect immunofluorescence and western blot analyses were performed to investigate localization and expression of tight junction proteins in primary gingival cells, immortalized gingival cells and native gingiva. Furthermore, the TEER of gingival keratinocytes was assessed. The results showed that IL-1β led to strengthening of the gingival keratinocyte barrier. This was demonstrated by an increase in TEER, the upregulation of TJ proteins, and an increase in the formation of TJ strands. The IL-1β-mediated upregulation of occludin was prevented by the NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7085. These observations provide insights into host responses in the early stages of periodontal disease and offer information about TJ formation in human gingival epithelial cells under physiological and inflammatory conditions. Comprehensive knowledge of the physical barrier during inflammation may help in developing strategies to effectively target the inflammatory barrier to improve the bioavailability of drugs for the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Natalie Stolte
- Charitá - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health.,Institute for Biochemistry , Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Pelz
- Charitá - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health.,Institute for Biochemistry , Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia V Yapto
- Charitá - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health.,Institute for Biochemistry , Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Dirk Raguse
- Charitá - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Dommisch
- Charitá - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health.,Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Periodontics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerstin Danker
- Charitá - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health.,Institute for Biochemistry , Berlin, Germany
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Dalle-Donne I, Garavaglia ML, Colombo G, Astori E, Lionetti MC, La Porta CAM, Santucci A, Rossi R, Giustarini D, Milzani A. Cigarette smoke and glutathione: Focus on in vitro cell models. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104818. [PMID: 32135238 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is one of the most important preventable risk factors for the development of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and various types of cancer. Due to its high intracellular concentration and central role in maintaining the cellular redox state, glutathione (GSH) is one of the key players in several enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions necessary for protecting cells against CS-induced oxidative stress. A plethora of in vitro cell models have been used over the years to assess the effects of CS on intracellular GSH and its disulphide forms, i.e. glutathione disulphide (GSSG) and S-glutathionylated proteins. In this review, we described the effects of cell exposure to CS on cellular GSH and formation of its oxidized forms and adducts (GSH-conjugates). We also discussed the limitations and relevance of in vitro cell models of exposure to CS and critically assessed the congruence between smokers and in vitro cell models. What emerges clearly is that results obtained in vitro should be interpreted with extreme caution, bearing in mind the limitations of the specific cell model used. Despite this, in vitro cell models remain important tools in the assessment of CS-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria L Garavaglia
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Astori
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria C Lionetti
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina A M La Porta
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Dornelas Figueira LM, Ricomini Filho AP, da Silva WJ, Del BeL Cury AA, Ruiz KGS. Glucose effect on Candida albicans biofilm during tissue invasion. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 117:104728. [PMID: 32585445 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate, in vitro, the effect of two glucose concentrations (0.1 mM and 1.0 mM, simulating glucose concentration in saliva of healthy and diabetic individuals) on Candida albicans biofilm grown on epithelial monolayer. MATERIAL AND METHODS C. albicans was inoculated on epithelial monolayers supplemented with 0.1 mM, 1.0 mM or no glucose. Control groups without C. albicans were also evaluated. Tissue response was assessed through the production of Interleukin-1α, Interleukin-8, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α. The complex of monolayer and biofilms were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for expression of E-cadherin (CDH1), Caspase-3 (CASP3), β-defensin-1 (DEFB-1) and β-defensin-3 (DEFB-3). The biofilm architecture was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS The production of Interleukin-1α and Interleukin-8 were increased in the presence of C. albicans (p < 0.05). Glucose did not interfere in the release of any cytokine evaluated. C. albicans downregulated transcripts for CDH1 (p < 0.05). Glucose did not induce a significant change in CDH1, CASP3, DEFB-1 and DEFB-3 messenger RNA expression. The biofilms were more structured in the presence of glucose, but no difference in the diffusion of hyphae through the epithelial cells were observed. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that glucose concentration does not affect the behavior of C. albicans during tissue invasion and other mechanisms must be related to the greater susceptibility of diabetic individuals to candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Morais Dornelas Figueira
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wander José da Silva
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Altair Antoninha Del BeL Cury
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Gonzales Silvério Ruiz
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sarlak S, Lalou C, Amoedo ND, Rossignol R. Metabolic reprogramming by tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 98:154-166. [PMID: 31699542 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer and the link between oncogenes activation, tumor supressors inactivation and bioenergetics modulation is well established. However, numerous carcinogenic environmental factors are responsible for early cancer initiation and their impact on metabolic reprogramming just starts to be deciphered. For instance, it was recently shown that UVB irradiation triggers metabolic reprogramming at the pre-cancer stage with implication for skin cancer detection and therapy. These observations foster the need to study the early changes in tissue metabolism following exposure to other carcinogenic events. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), tobacco smoke is a major class I-carcinogenic environmental factor that contains different carcinogens, but little is known on the impact of tobacco smoke on tissue metabolism and its participation to cancer initiation. In particular, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) play a central role in tobacco-smoke mediated cancer initiation. Here we describe the recent advances that have led to a new hypothesis regarding the link between nitrosamines signaling and metabolic reprogramming in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saharnaz Sarlak
- INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Bordeaux University, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claude Lalou
- INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Bordeaux University, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nivea Dias Amoedo
- CELLOMET, Functional Genomics Center (CGFB), 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Bordeaux University, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, Functional Genomics Center (CGFB), 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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14
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Boué S, Goedertier D, Hoeng J, Iskandar A, Kuczaj AK, Marescotti D, Mathis C, May A, Phillips B, Peitsch MC, Schlage WK, Sciuscio D, Tan WT, Vanscheeuwijck P. State-of-the-art methods and devices for generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from e-vapor products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320979751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
E-vapor products (EVP) have become popular alternatives for cigarette smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. EVP research is challenging and complex, mostly because of the numerous and rapidly evolving technologies and designs as well as the multiplicity of e-liquid flavors and solvents available on the market. There is an urgent need to standardize all stages of EVP assessment, from the production of a reference product to e-vapor generation methods and from physicochemical characterization methods to nonclinical and clinical exposure studies. The objective of this review is to provide a detailed description of selected experimental setups and methods for EVP aerosol generation and collection and exposure systems for their in vitro and in vivo assessment. The focus is on the specificities of the product that constitute challenges and require development of ad hoc assessment frameworks, equipment, and methods. In so doing, this review aims to support further studies, objective evaluation, comparison, and verification of existing evidence, and, ultimately, formulation of standardized methods for testing EVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Iskandar
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz K Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Marescotti
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne May
- Consultants in Science, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Davide Sciuscio
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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15
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Keyser BM, Leverette R, Hollings M, Seymour A, Reeve L, Fields W. Investigation of multiple whole smoke dosimetry techniques using a VITROCELL®VC10® smoke exposure system. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1281-1288. [PMID: 31828014 PMCID: PMC6889780 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vitrocell® VC10® smoke exposure system offers multiple platforms for air liquid interface (ALI) and air agar interface (AAI) exposure that mimic in vivo conditions for assessing toxicological impact of whole smoke using in vitro assays. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare multiple dosimetry techniques that may be employed during combustible cigarette whole smoke exposure using the Vitrocell® VC10® smoking robot. The following techniques were assessed: (1) quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs), (2) aerosol photometers (using area under curve, AUC), and (3) fluorescence of anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-captured smoke constituents. Results showed that each of the dosimetry techniques was able to distinguish different levels of whole smoke airflow in a concentration-related manner. When compared to each other, the three techniques showed a high level of consistency and all were considered efficient tools in quantifying dose during an exposure, although higher variation was observed at the higher airflows tested. Overall, the dosimetry tools investigated here provide effective measures of the whole smoke concentrations tested during the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Robert Leverette
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
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16
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Keyser BM, Leverette R, Fowler K, Fields W, Hargreaves V, Reeve L, Bombick B. Development of a quantitative method for assessment of dose in in vitro evaluations using a VITROCELL® VC10® smoke exposure system. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 56:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Assessment of a 72-hour repeated exposure to Swedish snus extract and total particulate matter from 3R4F cigarette smoke on gingival organotypic cultures. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:252-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Cyprus G, Overlin J, Hotchkiss K, Kandalam S, Olivares-Navarrete R. Cigarette smoke increases pro-inflammatory markers and inhibits osteogenic differentiation in experimental exposure model. Acta Biomater 2018; 76:308-318. [PMID: 29902595 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smokers have slowed bone growth and regeneration and more frequent implant failures than non-smokers, but the effect of cigarette smoking on the host response to bone-dwelling biomaterials is poorly understood. Macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are essential in the healing response after implant placement. This study examined the effects of an experimental model of cigarette smoke exposure using cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on bone architecture in vivo and differentiation and inflammatory cytokine production on clinically relevant microstructured surfaces in vitro. CSE was prepared by bubbling mainstream smoke from one research cigarette (3R4F) in 1 mL phosphate-buffered saline. For in vivo studies, bone morphometry was examined in femurs isolated from mice injected with diluted CSE for 25 days. For in vitro studies, osteogenic markers and interleukins were measured in human MSCs and murine macrophages cultured on rough or rough-hydrophilic titanium (Ti) surfaces in culture media ± CSE for seven days. In vivo, CSE exposure decreased in bone area, volume, and interconnectivity in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro, macrophages exposed to CSE increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, abolishing the increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines typically seen on rough-hydrophilic surfaces. MSCs exposed to CSE had lower mRNA expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, increased levels of pro-inflammatory mRNA, and reduced production of osteogenic proteins. Our results demonstrate that CSE decreases osteogenic differentiation and anti-inflammatory interleukin production while increasing pro-inflammatory interleukin production in macrophages and MSCs, suggesting that compounds in CSE strongly affect stem cell differentiation and may compromise bone formation following biomaterial placement. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The study of implantable materials' interaction with biological systems occurs nearly exclusively in healthy cell and animal models. However, 15% of the US population smokes cigarettes, which is known to modulate immune response and tissue regeneration. To explore this interaction, we created a method of capturing smoke compounds as CSE for in vivo and in vitro use. We found chronic injection into mice produced an osteoporotic, pro-inflammatory phenotype similar to direct smoke models. Furthermore, CSE attenuated osteogenic differentiation and promoted a pro-inflammatory profile in MSCs and macrophages, respectively, when cultured on titanium surfaces. These results demonstrate that this CSE model may be useful for predicting how chronic tobacco exposure may adversely affect the outcome of biomedical implants in pre-clinical models.
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19
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Lacroix G, Koch W, Ritter D, Gutleb AC, Larsen ST, Loret T, Zanetti F, Constant S, Chortarea S, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Hiemstra PS, Frejafon E, Hubert P, Gribaldo L, Kearns P, Aublant JM, Diabaté S, Weiss C, de Groot A, Kooter I. Air-Liquid Interface In Vitro Models for Respiratory Toxicology Research: Consensus Workshop and Recommendations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:91-106. [PMID: 32953944 PMCID: PMC7500038 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) cell culture models can potentially be used to assess inhalation toxicology endpoints and are usually considered, in terms of relevancy, between classic (i.e., submerged) in vitro models and animal-based models. In some situations that need to be clearly defined, ALI methods may represent a complement or an alternative option to in vivo experimentations or classic in vitro methods. However, it is clear that many different approaches exist and that only very limited validation studies have been carried out to date. This means comparison of data from different methods is difficult and available methods are currently not suitable for use in regulatory assessments. This is despite inhalation toxicology being a priority area for many governmental organizations. In this setting, a 1-day workshop on ALI in vitro models for respiratory toxicology research was organized in Paris in March 2016 to assess the situation and to discuss what might be possible in terms of validation studies. The workshop was attended by major parties in Europe and brought together more than 60 representatives from various academic, commercial, and regulatory organizations. Following plenary, oral, and poster presentations, an expert panel was convened to lead a discussion on possible approaches to validation studies for ALI inhalation models. A series of recommendations were made and the outcomes of the workshop are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Lacroix
- Chronic Risks Division, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des RISques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Wolfgang Koch
- In Vitro und Mechanistische Toxikologie, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlef Ritter
- In Vitro und Mechanistische Toxikologie, Fraunhofer ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Søren Thor Larsen
- Inhalation Toxicology Group, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Loret
- Chronic Risks Division, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des RISques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Filippo Zanetti
- Systems Toxicology Department, Philip Morris International R&D, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Savvina Chortarea
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Materials-Biology Interactions, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials, Science and Technology, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emeric Frejafon
- Chronic Risks Division, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des RISques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Philippe Hubert
- Chronic Risks Division, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des RISques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Laura Gribaldo
- Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials Chemicals Safety and Alternative Methods Unit (F.3), EURL ECVAM, JRC, Ispra, Italy
| | - Peter Kearns
- Environment, Health and Safety Division, OECD, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aublant
- European Affairs and Standardization, Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Diabaté
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Antoinette de Groot
- Toxicological and Environmental Risk Assessment (TERA) Department, Solvay, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Kooter
- Department of Circular Environment and Environment (CEE), TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Zanetti F, Sewer A, Scotti E, Titz B, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Kondylis A, Vuillaume G, Iskandar AR, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Schneider T, Elamin A, Martin F, Frentzel S, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Assessment of the impact of aerosol from a potential modified risk tobacco product compared with cigarette smoke on human organotypic oral epithelial cultures under different exposure regimens. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:148-169. [PMID: 29505817 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is affecting considerably the oral mucosa. Heating, instead of burning, tobacco reduces consistently the amount of toxic compounds and may exert a lower impact on oral health than combusted cigarettes. The carbon-heated tobacco product 1.2 (CHTP1.2) is a potential modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) based on heat-not-burn technology. Using a systems toxicology assessment framework, we compared the effects of exposure to CHTP1.2 aerosol with those of CS from a reference cigarette (3R4F). Human organotypic cultures derived from buccal and gingival epithelia were exposed acutely (28-min) or repeatedly (28 min/day for 3 days), respectively, to two matching concentrations of CHTP1.2 aerosol or 3R4F CS, and a non-diluted (100%) CHTP1.2 aerosol. The results showed an absence of cytotoxicity, reduction in pathophysiological alterations, toxicological marker proteins, and inflammatory mediators following exposure to CHTP1.2 aerosol compared with 3R4F CS. Changes in mRNA and miRNA expression were linked by an integrative analysis approach, suggesting a regulatory role of miRNAs in several smoke/disease-relevant biological processes induced by 3R4F CS. The identification of mechanisms by which potential MRTPs can reduce the impact of tobacco use on biological systems is of great importance in understanding the molecular basis of the smoking harm reduction paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Scotti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schneider
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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21
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Fowler K, Fields W, Hargreaves V, Reeve L, Bombick B. Development, qualification, validation and application of the Ames test using a VITROCELL ® VC10 ® smoke exposure system. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:542-551. [PMID: 29854624 PMCID: PMC5977537 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoke-induced mutagenicity at air agar interface was developed and validated. The VITROCELL® VC10® system was validated by equipment qualification protocols. Differentiation of mutagenicity by 3R4F and Eclipse cigarettes was demonstrated.
The Ames test has established use in the assessment of potential mutagenicity of tobacco products but has generally been performed using partitioned exposures (e.g. total particulate matter [TPM], gas vapor phase [GVP]) rather than whole smoke (WS). The VITROCELL®VC10® smoke exposure system offers multiple platforms for air liquid interface (ALI), or air agar interface (AAI) in the case of the Ames test exposure to mimic in vivo-like conditions for assessing the toxicological impact of fresh WS in in vitro assays. The goals of this study were to 1) qualify the VITROCELL®VC10® to demonstrate functionality of the system, 2) develop and validate the Ames test following WS exposure with the VITROCELL®VC10® and 3) assess the ability of the Ames test to differentiate between a reference combustible product (3R4F Kentucky reference cigarette) and a primarily tobacco heating product (Eclipse). Based on critical function assessments, the VITROCELL®VC10® was demonstrated to be fit for the purpose of consistent generation of WS. Assay validation was conducted for 5 bacterial strains (TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA102) and reproducible exposure–related changes in revertants were observed for TA98 and TA100 in the presence of rat liver S-9 following exposure to 3R4F WS. In the comparative studies, exposure-related changes in in vitro mutagenicity following exposure of TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S9 to both 3R4F and Eclipse WS were observed, with the response for Eclipse being significantly less than that for 3R4F (p < 0.001) which is consistent with the fewer chemical constituents liberated by primarily-heating the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Fowler
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | | | | | - Betsy Bombick
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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22
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Solanki HS, Babu N, Jain AP, Bhat MY, Puttamallesh VN, Advani J, Raja R, Mangalaparthi KK, Kumar MM, Prasad TSK, Mathur PP, Sidransky D, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. Cigarette smoke induces mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming in lung cells. Mitochondrion 2017; 40:58-70. [PMID: 29042306 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular transformation owing to cigarette smoking is due to chronic exposure and not acute. However, systematic studies to understand the molecular alterations in lung cells due to cigarette smoke are lacking. To understand these molecular alterations induced by chronic cigarette smoke exposure, we carried out tandem mass tag (TMT) based temporal proteomic profiling of lung cells exposed to cigarette smoke for upto 12months. We identified 2620 proteins in total, of which 671 proteins were differentially expressed (1.5-fold) after 12months of exposure. Prolonged exposure of lung cells to smoke for 12months revealed dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and overexpression of enzymes involved in TCA cycle. In addition, we also observed overexpression of enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism, fatty acid degradation and lactate synthesis. This could possibly explain the availability of alternative source of carbon to TCA cycle apart from glycolytic pyruvate. Our data indicates that chronic exposure to cigarette smoke induces mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming in cells to support growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra S Solanki
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Niraj Babu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Ankit P Jain
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Mohd Younis Bhat
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam 690 525, India
| | - Vinuth N Puttamallesh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam 690 525, India
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Remya Raja
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India
| | - Kiran K Mangalaparthi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam 690 525, India
| | - Mahesh M Kumar
- Department of Neuro-Virology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India; NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India; YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore 575018, India
| | | | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India.
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560 066, India.
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23
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Application of standard cell cultures and 3D in vitro tissue models as an effective tool in drug design and development. Pharmacol Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Steiner S, Majeed S, Kratzer G, Vuillaume G, Hoeng J, Frentzel S. Characterization of the Vitrocell® 24/48 aerosol exposure system for its use in exposures to liquid aerosols. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:263-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Zavala J, Greenan R, Krantz QT, DeMarini DM, Higuchi M, Gilmour MI, White PA. Regulating temperature and relative humidity in air-liquid interface in vitro systems eliminates cytotoxicity resulting from control air exposures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:448-459. [PMID: 30090513 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
VITROCELL® systems permit cell exposures at the air-liquid interface (ALI); however, there are inconsistent methodologies in the literature for their operation. Some studies find that exposure to air (vehicle control) induced cytotoxicity relative to incubator controls; others do not mention if any cytotoxicity was encountered. We sought to test whether temperature and relative humidity (temp/RH) influence cytotoxicity with an unmodified (conditions A & B) and modified (condition C) VITROCELL® 6 CF with temp/RH controls to permit conditioning of the sampled air-flow. We exposed BEAS-2B cells for 1 h to air and measured viability (WST-1 cell proliferation assay) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release 6 h post-exposure. Relative to controls, cells exposed to air at (A) 22 °C and 18% RH had a 47.9% ± 3.2% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 10.7% ± 2.0% (p < 0.0001) increase in LDH release (B) 22 °C and 55% RH had a 40.3% ± 5.8% (p < 0.0001) reduction in cell viability and 2.6% ± 2.0% (p = 0.2056) increase in LDH release, or (C) 37 °C and >75% RH showed no changes in cell viability and no increase in LDH release. Furthermore, cells exposed to air at 37 °C and >75% RH 24 h post-exposure showed no changes in viability or LDH release relative to incubator controls. Thus, reductions in cell viability were induced under conditions used typically in the literature (conditions A & B). However, our modifications (condition C) overcome this shortcoming by preventing cell desiccation; regulating temp/RH is essential for conducting adequate ALI exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Rebecca Greenan
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - David M DeMarini
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Mark Higuchi
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- NHEERL , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC 27711 , USA . ; Tel: +1-919-541-2316
| | - Paul A White
- Mechanistic Studies Division , Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada . ; ; Tel: +1-613-941-7373
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26
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Nordlund M, Belka M, Kuczaj AK, Lizal F, Jedelsky J, Elcner J, Jicha M, Sauser Y, Le Bouhellec S, Cosandey S, Majeed S, Vuillaume G, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Multicomponent aerosol particle deposition in a realistic cast of the human upper respiratory tract. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:113-125. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1315196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nordlund
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Miloslav Belka
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Arkadiusz K. Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frantisek Lizal
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jedelsky
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Elcner
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Jicha
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Youri Sauser
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Soazig Le Bouhellec
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Cosandey
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Vuillaume
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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27
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Fields W, Fowler K, Hargreaves V, Reeve L, Bombick B. Development, qualification, validation and application of the neutral red uptake assay in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells using a VITROCELL® VC10® smoke exposure system. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:144-152. [PMID: 28062357 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity assessment of combustible tobacco products by neutral red uptake (NRU) has historically used total particulate matter (TPM) or solvent captured gas vapor phase (GVP), rather than fresh whole smoke. Here, the development, validation and application of the NRU assay in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, following exposure to fresh whole smoke generated with the VITROCELL® VC10® system is described. Whole smoke exposure is particularly important as both particulate and vapor phases of tobacco smoke show cytotoxicity in vitro. The VITROCELL® VC10® system provides exposure at the air liquid interface (ALI) to mimic in vivo conditions for assessing the toxicological impact of smoke in vitro. Instrument and assay validations are crucial for comparative analyses. GOALS OF THIS STUDY 1) demonstrate functionality of the VITROCELL® VC10® system by installation, operational and performance qualification, 2) develop and validate a cellular system for assessing cytotoxicity following whole smoke exposure and 3) assess the whole smoke NRU assay sensitivity for statistical differentiation between a reference combustible cigarette (3R4F) and a primarily "heat-not-burn" cigarette (Eclipse). RESULTS The VITROCELL® VC10® provided consistent generation and delivery of whole smoke; exposure-related changes in in vitro cytotoxicity were observed with reproducible IC50 values; comparative analysis showed that the heat-not-burn cigarette was significantly (P<0.001) less cytotoxic than the 3R4F combustible cigarette, consistent with the lower levels of chemical constituents liberated by primarily-heating the cigarette versus burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
| | - Kathy Fowler
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Victoria Hargreaves
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG1 3PY, UK
| | - Lesley Reeve
- Covance Laboratories Ltd., Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG1 3PY, UK
| | - Betsy Bombick
- RAI Services Company, Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, 401 North Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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28
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Iskandar AR, Mathis C, Schlage WK, Frentzel S, Leroy P, Xiang Y, Sewer A, Majeed S, Ortega-Torres L, Johne S, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Kratzer G, Merg C, Elamin A, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A systems toxicology approach for comparative assessment: Biological impact of an aerosol from a candidate modified-risk tobacco product and cigarette smoke on human organotypic bronchial epithelial cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 39:29-51. [PMID: 27865774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a comparative assessment of the biological impact of a heated tobacco aerosol from the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2 and smoke from a combustible 3R4F cigarette. Human organotypic bronchial epithelial cultures were exposed to an aerosol from THS2.2 (a candidate modified-risk tobacco product) or 3R4F smoke at similar nicotine concentrations. A systems toxicology approach was applied to enable a comprehensive exposure impact assessment. Culture histology, cytotoxicity, secreted pro-inflammatory mediators, ciliary beating, and genome-wide mRNA/miRNA profiles were assessed at various time points post-exposure. Series of experimental repetitions were conducted to increase the robustness of the assessment. At similar nicotine concentrations, THS2.2 aerosol elicited lower cytotoxicity compared with 3R4F smoke. No morphological change was observed following exposure to THS2.2 aerosol, even at nicotine concentration three times that of 3R4F smoke. Lower levels of secreted mediators and fewer miRNA alterations were observed following exposure to THS2.2 aerosol than following 3R4F smoke. Based on the computational analysis of the gene expression changes, 3R4F (0.13 mg nicotine/L) elicited the highest biological impact (100%) in the context of Cell Fate, Cell Proliferation, Cell Stress, and Inflammatory Network Models at 4 h post-exposure. Whereas, the corresponding impact of THS2.2 (0.14 mg nicotine/L) was 7.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany.
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Ortega-Torres
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie Johne
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Gilles Kratzer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Celine Merg
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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29
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Zanetti F, Titz B, Sewer A, Lo Sasso G, Scotti E, Schlage WK, Mathis C, Leroy P, Majeed S, Torres LO, Keppler BR, Elamin A, Trivedi K, Guedj E, Martin F, Frentzel S, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Comparative systems toxicology analysis of cigarette smoke and aerosol from a candidate modified risk tobacco product in organotypic human gingival epithelial cultures: A 3-day repeated exposure study. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 101:15-35. [PMID: 28025120 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is one of the major lifestyle-related risk factors for periodontal diseases. Modified risk tobacco products (MRTP) offer a promising alternative in the harm reduction strategy for adult smokers unable to quit. Using a systems toxicology approach, we investigated and compared the exposure effects of a reference cigarette (3R4F) and a heat-not-burn technology-based candidate MRTP, the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2. Human gingival epithelial organotypic cultures were repeatedly exposed (3 days) for 28 min at two matching concentrations of cigarette smoke (CS) or THS2.2 aerosol. Results showed only minor histopathological alterations and minimal cytotoxicity upon THS2.2 aerosol exposure compared to CS (1% for THS2.2 aerosol vs. 30% for CS, at the high concentration). Among the 14 proinflammatory mediators analyzed, only 5 exhibited significant alterations with THS2.2 exposure compared with 11 upon CS exposure. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis indicated a general reduction of the impact in THS2.2 aerosol-exposed samples with respect to CS (∼79% lower biological impact for the high THS2.2 aerosol concentration compared to CS, and 13 metabolites significantly perturbed for THS2.2 vs. 181 for CS). This study indicates that exposure to THS2.2 aerosol had a lower impact on the pathophysiology of human gingival organotypic cultures than CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Lo Sasso
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Scotti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Carole Mathis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Ortega Torres
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ashraf Elamin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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30
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Banerjee A, Haswell LE, Baxter A, Parmar A, Azzopardi D, Corke S, Thorne D, Adamson J, Mushonganono J, Gaca MD, Minet E. Differential Gene Expression Using RNA Sequencing Profiling in a Reconstituted Airway Epithelium Exposed to Conventional Cigarette Smoke or Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Banerjee
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Baxter
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aleesha Parmar
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David Azzopardi
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Corke
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David Thorne
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Adamson
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marianna D. Gaca
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Minet
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
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31
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Fields W, Maione A, Keyser B, Bombick B. Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Brian Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Betsy Bombick
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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32
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Chen F, Cao Y, Huang J, Yan L, Lin L, Liu F, Liu F, Wu J, Qiu Y, Cai L, He B. A novel prognostic index for oral squamous cell carcinoma patients with surgically treated. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55525-55533. [PMID: 28903438 PMCID: PMC5589677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop an applicable prognostic index with conventional factors for predicting outcome of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We performed a prospective study in a large cohort of 892 OSCC patients in Fujian, China. All patients were randomly divided into a discovery group and validation group. A prognostic index was developed based on β value of each significant variable obtained from the multivariate Cox regression model. The results from discovery and validation set demonstrated thatthe model-4(included clinical stage, tumor differentiation, ill-fitting denture, oral hygiene and cigarette smoking) was the optimal model. The optimal cutoff points of prognostic index (1.88 and 2.80) were determined by X-tile program which categorized all subjects into low, middle and high risk subsets. Patients in high risk group were at the greatest risk of death compared with those in low risk group (HR: 6.02; 95%CI: 4.33-8.38). Moreover, there was a significant tendency of the worse overall survival with the higher prognostic index (Ptrend <0.001). The discriminatory capacity of prognostic index was 0.661(95%CI: 0.621-0.701). This study developed and validated a prognostic index that is an economical and useful tool for predicting the clinical outcomes of OSCC patients in Southeast China. Future randomized trials with larger cohort are required to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Yujie Cao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Jiangfeng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Lingjun Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Lisong Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Fengqiong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Fangping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Baochang He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
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33
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Rouabhia M, Park HJ, Semlali A, Zakrzewski A, Chmielewski W, Chakir J. E-Cigarette Vapor Induces an Apoptotic Response in Human Gingival Epithelial Cells Through the Caspase-3 Pathway. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1539-1547. [PMID: 27808425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes represent an increasingly significant proportion of today's consumable tobacco products. E-cigarettes contain several chemicals which may promote oral diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of e-cigarette vapor on human gingival epithelial cells. Results show that e-cigarette vapor altered the morphology of cells from small cuboidal form to large undefined shapes. Both single and multiple exposures to e-cigarette vapor led to a bulky morphology with large faint nuclei and an enlarged cytoplasm. E-cigarette vapor also increased L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the targeted cells. This activity was greater with repeated exposures. Furthermore, e-cigarette vapor increased apoptotic/necrotic epithelial cell percentages compared to that observed in the control. Epithelial cell apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL assay showing that exposure to e-cigarette vapor increased apoptotic cell numbers, particularly after two and three exposures. This negative effect involved the caspase-3 pathway, the activity of which was greater with repeated exposure and which decreased following the use of caspase-3 inhibitor. The adverse effects of e-cigarette vapor on gingival epithelial cells may lead to dysregulated gingival cell function and result in oral disease. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1539-1547, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Rouabhia
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hyun Jin Park
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Abdelhabib Semlali
- Department of Biochemistry, Genome Research Chair, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew Zakrzewski
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Witold Chmielewski
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jamila Chakir
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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34
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Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 1: Description of the system and the scientific assessment program. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S17-S26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zanetti F, Sewer A, Mathis C, Iskandar AR, Kostadinova R, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Majeed S, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Martin F, Elamin A, Merg C, Ivanov NV, Frentzel S, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems Toxicology Assessment of the Biological Impact of a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product on Human Organotypic Oral Epithelial Cultures. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1252-69. [PMID: 27404394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) has been reported to increase predisposition to oral cancer and is also recognized as a risk factor for many conditions including periodontal diseases, gingivitis, and other benign mucosal disorders. Smoking cessation remains the most effective approach for minimizing the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, reduction of harmful constituents by heating rather than combusting tobacco, without modifying the amount of nicotine, is a promising new paradigm in harm reduction. In this study, we compared effects of exposure to aerosol derived from a candidate modified risk tobacco product, the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2, with those of CS generated from the 3R4F reference cigarette. Human organotypic oral epithelial tissue cultures (EpiOral, MatTek Corporation) were exposed for 28 min to 3R4F CS or THS2.2 aerosol, both diluted with air to comparable nicotine concentrations (0.32 or 0.51 mg nicotine/L aerosol/CS for 3R4F and 0.31 or 0.46 mg/L for THS2.2). We also tested one higher concentration (1.09 mg/L) of THS2.2. A systems toxicology approach was employed combining cellular assays (i.e., cytotoxicity and cytochrome P450 activity assays), comprehensive molecular investigations of the buccal epithelial transcriptome (mRNA and miRNA) by means of computational network biology, measurements of secreted proinflammatory markers, and histopathological analysis. We observed that the impact of 3R4F CS was greater than THS2.2 aerosol in terms of cytotoxicity, morphological tissue alterations, and secretion of inflammatory mediators. Analysis of the transcriptomic changes in the exposed oral cultures revealed significant perturbations in various network models such as apoptosis, necroptosis, senescence, xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2) signaling. The stress responses following THS2.2 aerosol exposure were markedly decreased, and the exposed cultures recovered more completely compared with those exposed to 3R4F CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant , Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Merg
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Taylor M, Carr T, Oke O, Jaunky T, Breheny D, Lowe F, Gaça M. E-cigarette aerosols induce lower oxidative stress in vitro when compared to tobacco smoke. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:465-476. [PMID: 27690198 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1222473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for various diseases. The underlying cellular mechanisms are not fully characterized, but include oxidative stress, apoptosis, and necrosis. Electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have emerged as an alternative to and a possible means to reduce harm from tobacco smoking. E-cigarette vapor contains significantly lower levels of toxicants than cigarette smoke, but standardized methods to assess cellular responses to exposure are not well established. We investigated whether an in vitro model of the airway epithelium (human bronchial epithelial cells) and commercially available assays could differentiate cellular stress responses to aqueous aerosol extracts (AqE) generated from cigarette smoke and e-cigarette aerosols. After exposure to AqE concentrations of 0.063-0.500 puffs/mL, we measured the intracellular glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG), intracellular generation of oxidant species, and activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-controlled antioxidant response elements (ARE) to characterize oxidative stress. Apoptotic and necrotic responses were characterized by increases in caspase 3/7 activity and reductions in viable cell protease activities. Concentration-dependent responses indicative of oxidative stress were obtained for all endpoints following exposure to cigarette smoke AqE: intracellular generation of oxidant species increased by up to 83%, GSH:GSSG reduced by 98.6% and transcriptional activation of ARE increased by up to 335%. Caspase 3/7 activity was increased by up to 37% and the viable cell population declined by up to 76%. No cellular stress responses were detected following exposure to e-cigarette AqE. The methods used were suitably sensitive to be employed for comparative studies of tobacco and nicotine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Taylor
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Tony Carr
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Oluwatobiloba Oke
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Tomasz Jaunky
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Damien Breheny
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Frazer Lowe
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
| | - Marianna Gaça
- a Research and Development Center, British American Tobacco Plc , Southampton , UK
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Iskandar AR, Gonzalez-Suarez I, Majeed S, Marescotti D, Sewer A, Xiang Y, Leroy P, Guedj E, Mathis C, Schaller JP, Vanscheeuwijck P, Frentzel S, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A framework for in vitro systems toxicology assessment of e-liquids. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:389-413. [PMID: 27117495 PMCID: PMC5309872 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1170251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), of which electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are the most recognized prototype, have been quickly gaining ground on conventional cigarettes because they are perceived as less harmful. Research assessing the potential effects of ENDS exposure in humans is currently limited and inconclusive. New products are emerging with numerous variations in designs and performance parameters within and across brands. Acknowledging these challenges, we present here a proposed framework for an in vitro systems toxicology assessment of e-liquids and their aerosols, intended to complement the battery of assays for standard toxicity assessments. The proposed framework utilizes high-throughput toxicity assessments of e-liquids and their aerosols, in which the device-to-device variability is minimized, and a systems-level investigation of the cellular mechanisms of toxicity is an integral part. An analytical chemistry investigation is also included as a part of the framework to provide accurate and reliable chemistry data solidifying the toxicological assessment. In its simplest form, the framework comprises of three main layers: (1) high-throughput toxicity screening of e-liquids using primary human cell culture systems; (2) toxicity-related mechanistic assessment of selected e-liquids, and (3) toxicity-related mechanistic assessment of their aerosols using organotypic air-liquid interface airway culture systems. A systems toxicology assessment approach is leveraged to enable in-depth analyses of the toxicity-related cellular mechanisms of e-liquids and their aerosols. We present example use cases to demonstrate the suitability of the framework for a robust in vitro assessment of e-liquids and their aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | | | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | | | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
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Fröhlich E, Roblegg E. Oral uptake of nanoparticles: human relevance and the role of in vitro systems. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2297-314. [PMID: 27342244 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) present in environment, consumer and health products, food and medical applications lead to a high degree of human exposure and concerns about potential adverse effects on human health. For the general population, the exposure through contact with the skin, inhalation and oral uptake are most relevant. Since in vivo testing is only partly able to study the effects of human oral exposure, physiologically relevant in vitro systems are being developed. This review compared the three routes taking into account the estimated concentration, size of the exposed area, morphology of the involved barrier and translocation rate. The high amounts of NPs in food, the large absorption area and the relatively high translocation rate identified oral uptake as most important portal of entry for NPs into the body. Changes of NP properties in the physiological fluids, mechanisms to cross mucus and epithelial barrier, and important issues in the use of laboratory animals for oral exposure are mentioned. The ability of in vitro models to address the varying conditions along the oro-gastrointestinal tract is discussed, and requirements for physiologically relevant in vitro testing of orally ingested NPs are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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39
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Development of an in vitro cytotoxicity model for aerosol exposure using 3D reconstructed human airway tissue; application for assessment of e-cigarette aerosol. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1952-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Combes RD, Balls M. A critical assessment of the scientific basis, and implementation, of regulations for the safety assessment and marketing of innovative tobacco-related products. Altern Lab Anim 2015; 43:251-90. [PMID: 26375889 DOI: 10.1177/026119291504300406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our scientific, logistical, ethical and animal welfare-related concerns about the latest US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for existing and so-called 'new' tobacco products, aimed at reducing harmful exposures, are explained. Such claims for sales in the USA now have to be based on a wide range of information, a key part of which will increasingly be data on safety and risk. One of the pathways to achieve marketing authorisation is to demonstrate substantial equivalence (SE) with benchmark products, called predicates. However, the regulations are insufficiently transparent with regard to: a) a rationale for the cut-off date for 'old' and 'new' products, and for exempting the former from regulation; b) the scientific validity and operation of SE; c) options for product labelling to circumvent SE; d) the experimental data required to support, and criteria to judge, a claim; and e) a strategy for risk assessment/management. Scientific problems related to the traditional animal methods used in respiratory disease and inhalation toxicology, and the use of quantitative comparators of toxicity, such as the No Observed Adverse Effect Level, are discussed. We review the advantages of relevant in vitro, mechanism-based, target tissue-oriented technologies, which an advisory report of the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences largely overlooked. These benefits include: a) the availability, for every major site in the respiratory tract, of organotypic human cell-based tissue culture systems, many of which are already being used by the industry; b) the accurate determination of concentrations of test materials received by target cells; c) methods for exposure to particulate and vapour phases of smoke, separately or combined; d) the ability to study tissue-specific biotransformation; and e) the use of modern, human-focused methodologies, unaffected by species differences. How data extrapolation, for risk assessment, from tissue culture to the whole animal, could be addressed, is also discussed. A cost (to animal welfare)-benefit (to society, including industry and consumers) analysis was conducted, taking into account the above information; the potential for animal suffering; the extensive data already available; the existence of other, less hazardous forms of nicotine delivery; the fact that much data will be generated solely for benchmarking; and that many smokers (especially nicotine-dependents) ignore health warnings. It is concluded that, in common with policies of several tobacco companies and countries, the use of laboratory animals for tobacco testing is very difficult, if not impossible, to justify. Instead, we propose and argue for an integrated testing scheme, starting with extensive chemical analysis of the ingredients and by-products associated with the use of tobacco products and their toxicity, followed by use of in vitro systems and early clinical studies (involving specific biomarkers) with weight-of-evidence assessments at each stage. Appropriate adjustment factors could be developed to enable concentration-response data obtained in vitro, with the other information generated by the strategy, to enable the FDA to meet its objectives. It is hoped that our intentionally provocative ideas will stimulate further debate on this contentious area of regulatory testing and public safety.
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Poussin C, Laurent A, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, De Leon H. Systems Biology Reveals Cigarette Smoke-Induced Concentration-Dependent Direct and Indirect Mechanisms That Promote Monocyte–Endothelial Cell Adhesion. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:370-85. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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42
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Abstract
Driven by new regulatory demands to demonstrate risk reduction, the toxicity assessment of tobacco products increasingly employs innovative in vitro methods, including biphasic cell and tissue cultures exposed to whole cigarette smoke at the air-liquid interface, cell transformation assays, and genomic analyses. At the same time, novel tobacco products are increasingly compared to traditional cigarettes. This overview of in vitro toxicology studies of tobacco products reported in the last five years provides evidence to support the prioritisation of in vitro over in vivo methods by industry and their recommendation by regulatory authorities.
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43
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Boue S, Fields B, Hoeng J, Park J, Peitsch MC, Schlage WK, Talikka M, Binenbaum I, Bondarenko V, Bulgakov OV, Cherkasova V, Diaz-Diaz N, Fedorova L, Guryanova S, Guzova J, Igorevna Koroleva G, Kozhemyakina E, Kumar R, Lavid N, Lu Q, Menon S, Ouliel Y, Peterson SC, Prokhorov A, Sanders E, Schrier S, Schwaitzer Neta G, Shvydchenko I, Tallam A, Villa-Fombuena G, Wu J, Yudkevich I, Zelikman M. Enhancement of COPD biological networks using a web-based collaboration interface. F1000Res 2015; 4:32. [PMID: 25767696 PMCID: PMC4350443 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5984.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction and application of biological network models is an approach that offers a holistic way to understand biological processes involved in disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory disease of the airways for which therapeutic options currently are limited after diagnosis, even in its earliest stage. COPD network models are important tools to better understand the biological components and processes underlying initial disease development. With the increasing amounts of literature that are now available, crowdsourcing approaches offer new forms of collaboration for researchers to review biological findings, which can be applied to the construction and verification of complex biological networks. We report the construction of 50 biological network models relevant to lung biology and early COPD using an integrative systems biology and collaborative crowd-verification approach. By combining traditional literature curation with a data-driven approach that predicts molecular activities from transcriptomics data, we constructed an initial COPD network model set based on a previously published non-diseased lung-relevant model set. The crowd was given the opportunity to enhance and refine the networks on a website ( https://bionet.sbvimprover.com/) and to add mechanistic detail, as well as critically review existing evidence and evidence added by other users, so as to enhance the accuracy of the biological representation of the processes captured in the networks. Finally, scientists and experts in the field discussed and refined the networks during an in-person jamboree meeting. Here, we describe examples of the changes made to three of these networks: Neutrophil Signaling, Macrophage Signaling, and Th1-Th2 Signaling. We describe an innovative approach to biological network construction that combines literature and data mining and a crowdsourcing approach to generate a comprehensive set of COPD-relevant models that can be used to help understand the mechanisms related to lung pathobiology. Registered users of the website can freely browse and download the networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- The sbv IMPROVER project team (in alphabetical order)
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
- Systems Bioengineering Group - National Technical University of Athens, Ethniko Metsovio Politechnio, , 28is Oktovriou 42, Athina, 106 82, Greece
- Touro University Nevada, 874 American Pacific Drive, Henderson, NV, 89052, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Intelligent Data Analysis Group (DATAi), School of Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklay str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Private, Washington DC, USA
- USAMRIID, Attn: MCMR-UIZ-R, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
- Private, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Louisville University, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Ernakulam, India
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Edward Sanders Scientific Consulting, Rue du Clos 33, 2034 Peseux, Switzerland
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Kuban State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism, 161, Budennogo Str., Krasnodar City, 350015, Russian Federation
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch sur Alzette, Luxembourg
- Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Cal Biopharma, 710 Somerset Ln, Foster Cit, CA, 94404-3728, USA
- University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB T-466, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie Boue
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Brett Fields
- Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Park
- Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K. Schlage
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - The Challenge Best Performers (in alphabetical order)
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
- Systems Bioengineering Group - National Technical University of Athens, Ethniko Metsovio Politechnio, , 28is Oktovriou 42, Athina, 106 82, Greece
- Touro University Nevada, 874 American Pacific Drive, Henderson, NV, 89052, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Intelligent Data Analysis Group (DATAi), School of Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklay str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Private, Washington DC, USA
- USAMRIID, Attn: MCMR-UIZ-R, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
- Private, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Louisville University, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Ernakulam, India
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Edward Sanders Scientific Consulting, Rue du Clos 33, 2034 Peseux, Switzerland
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Kuban State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism, 161, Budennogo Str., Krasnodar City, 350015, Russian Federation
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch sur Alzette, Luxembourg
- Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Cal Biopharma, 710 Somerset Ln, Foster Cit, CA, 94404-3728, USA
- University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB T-466, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ilona Binenbaum
- Systems Bioengineering Group - National Technical University of Athens, Ethniko Metsovio Politechnio, , 28is Oktovriou 42, Athina, 106 82, Greece
| | - Vladimir Bondarenko
- Touro University Nevada, 874 American Pacific Drive, Henderson, NV, 89052, USA
| | - Oleg V. Bulgakov
- University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | | | - Norberto Diaz-Diaz
- Intelligent Data Analysis Group (DATAi), School of Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Larisa Fedorova
- University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Svetlana Guryanova
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklay str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Rahul Kumar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Noa Lavid
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Qingxian Lu
- Louisville University, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Swapna Menon
- AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Ernakulam, India
| | - Yael Ouliel
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | | | - Alexander Prokhorov
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklay str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Edward Sanders
- Edward Sanders Scientific Consulting, Rue du Clos 33, 2034 Peseux, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schrier
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Irina Shvydchenko
- Kuban State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism, 161, Budennogo Str., Krasnodar City, 350015, Russian Federation
| | - Aravind Tallam
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch sur Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - John Wu
- Cal Biopharma, 710 Somerset Ln, Foster Cit, CA, 94404-3728, USA
| | - Ilya Yudkevich
- University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mariya Zelikman
- University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB T-466, Seattle, WA, USA
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44
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Boue S, Fields B, Hoeng J, Park J, Peitsch MC, Schlage WK, Talikka M, Binenbaum I, Bondarenko V, Bulgakov OV, Cherkasova V, Diaz-Diaz N, Fedorova L, Guryanova S, Guzova J, Igorevna Koroleva G, Kozhemyakina E, Kumar R, Lavid N, Lu Q, Menon S, Ouliel Y, Peterson SC, Prokhorov A, Sanders E, Schrier S, Schwaitzer Neta G, Shvydchenko I, Tallam A, Villa-Fombuena G, Wu J, Yudkevich I, Zelikman M. Enhancement of COPD biological networks using a web-based collaboration interface. F1000Res 2015; 4:32. [PMID: 25767696 PMCID: PMC4350443 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5984.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction and application of biological network models is an approach that offers a holistic way to understand biological processes involved in disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory disease of the airways for which therapeutic options currently are limited after diagnosis, even in its earliest stage. COPD network models are important tools to better understand the biological components and processes underlying initial disease development. With the increasing amounts of literature that are now available, crowdsourcing approaches offer new forms of collaboration for researchers to review biological findings, which can be applied to the construction and verification of complex biological networks. We report the construction of 50 biological network models relevant to lung biology and early COPD using an integrative systems biology and collaborative crowd-verification approach. By combining traditional literature curation with a data-driven approach that predicts molecular activities from transcriptomics data, we constructed an initial COPD network model set based on a previously published non-diseased lung-relevant model set. The crowd was given the opportunity to enhance and refine the networks on a website ( https://bionet.sbvimprover.com/) and to add mechanistic detail, as well as critically review existing evidence and evidence added by other users, so as to enhance the accuracy of the biological representation of the processes captured in the networks. Finally, scientists and experts in the field discussed and refined the networks during an in-person jamboree meeting. Here, we describe examples of the changes made to three of these networks: Neutrophil Signaling, Macrophage Signaling, and Th1-Th2 Signaling. We describe an innovative approach to biological network construction that combines literature and data mining and a crowdsourcing approach to generate a comprehensive set of COPD-relevant models that can be used to help understand the mechanisms related to lung pathobiology. Registered users of the website can freely browse and download the networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- The sbv IMPROVER project team (in alphabetical order)
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
- Systems Bioengineering Group - National Technical University of Athens, Ethniko Metsovio Politechnio, , 28is Oktovriou 42, Athina, 106 82, Greece
- Touro University Nevada, 874 American Pacific Drive, Henderson, NV, 89052, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Intelligent Data Analysis Group (DATAi), School of Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklay str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Private, Washington DC, USA
- USAMRIID, Attn: MCMR-UIZ-R, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
- Private, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Louisville University, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Ernakulam, India
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Edward Sanders Scientific Consulting, Rue du Clos 33, 2034 Peseux, Switzerland
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Kuban State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism, 161, Budennogo Str., Krasnodar City, 350015, Russian Federation
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch sur Alzette, Luxembourg
- Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Cal Biopharma, 710 Somerset Ln, Foster Cit, CA, 94404-3728, USA
- University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB T-466, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie Boue
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Brett Fields
- Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Park
- Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K. Schlage
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - The Challenge Best Performers (in alphabetical order)
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
- Systems Bioengineering Group - National Technical University of Athens, Ethniko Metsovio Politechnio, , 28is Oktovriou 42, Athina, 106 82, Greece
- Touro University Nevada, 874 American Pacific Drive, Henderson, NV, 89052, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Intelligent Data Analysis Group (DATAi), School of Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklay str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Private, Washington DC, USA
- USAMRIID, Attn: MCMR-UIZ-R, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
- Private, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Louisville University, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Ernakulam, India
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Edward Sanders Scientific Consulting, Rue du Clos 33, 2034 Peseux, Switzerland
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Kuban State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism, 161, Budennogo Str., Krasnodar City, 350015, Russian Federation
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch sur Alzette, Luxembourg
- Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Cal Biopharma, 710 Somerset Ln, Foster Cit, CA, 94404-3728, USA
- University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB T-466, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ilona Binenbaum
- Systems Bioengineering Group - National Technical University of Athens, Ethniko Metsovio Politechnio, , 28is Oktovriou 42, Athina, 106 82, Greece
| | - Vladimir Bondarenko
- Touro University Nevada, 874 American Pacific Drive, Henderson, NV, 89052, USA
| | - Oleg V. Bulgakov
- University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | | | - Norberto Diaz-Diaz
- Intelligent Data Analysis Group (DATAi), School of Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Larisa Fedorova
- University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Svetlana Guryanova
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklay str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Rahul Kumar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Noa Lavid
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Qingxian Lu
- Louisville University, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Swapna Menon
- AnalyzeDat Consulting Services, Ernakulam, India
| | - Yael Ouliel
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | | | - Alexander Prokhorov
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklay str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Edward Sanders
- Edward Sanders Scientific Consulting, Rue du Clos 33, 2034 Peseux, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schrier
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Irina Shvydchenko
- Kuban State University of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism, 161, Budennogo Str., Krasnodar City, 350015, Russian Federation
| | - Aravind Tallam
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362 Esch sur Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - John Wu
- Cal Biopharma, 710 Somerset Ln, Foster Cit, CA, 94404-3728, USA
| | - Ilya Yudkevich
- University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mariya Zelikman
- University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB T-466, Seattle, WA, USA
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Majeed S, Frentzel S, Wagner S, Kuehn D, Leroy P, Guy PA, Knorr A, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Characterization of the Vitrocell® 24/48 in vitro aerosol exposure system using mainstream cigarette smoke. Chem Cent J 2014; 8:62. [PMID: 25411580 PMCID: PMC4236458 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-014-0062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Only a few exposure systems are presently available that enable cigarette smoke exposure of living cells at the air–liquid interface, of which one of the most versatile is the Vitrocell® system (Vitrocell® Systems GmbH). To assess its performance and optimize the exposure conditions, we characterized a Vitrocell® 24/48 system connected to a 30-port carousel smoking machine. The Vitrocell® 24/48 system allows for simultaneous exposure of 48 cell culture inserts using dilution airflow rates of 0–3.0 L/min and exposes six inserts per dilution. These flow rates represent cigarette smoke concentrations of 7–100%. Results By characterizing the exposure inside the Vitrocell® 24/48, we verified that (I) the cigarette smoke aerosol distribution is uniform across all inserts, (II) the utility of Vitrocell® crystal quartz microbalances for determining the online deposition of particle mass on the inserts, and (III) the amount of particles deposited per surface area and the amounts of trapped carbonyls and nicotine were concentration dependent. At a fixed dilution airflow of 0.5 L/min, the results showed a coefficient of variation of 12.2% between inserts of the Vitrocell® 24/48 module, excluding variations caused by different runs. Although nicotine and carbonyl concentrations were linear over the tested dilution range, particle mass deposition increased nonlinearly. The observed effect on cell viability was well-correlated with increasing concentration of cigarette smoke. Conclusions Overall, the obtained results highlight the suitability of the Vitrocell® 24/48 system to assess the effect of cigarette smoke on cells under air–liquid interface exposure conditions, which is closely related to the conditions occurring in human airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Wagner
- Eurofins Umwelt West GmbH, Vorgebirgsstraße 20, D-50389 Wesseling, Germany
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A Guy
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Knorr
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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