1
|
de Nijs M, Crews C, Dorgelo F, MacDonald S, Mulder PPJ. Emerging Issues on Tropane Alkaloid Contamination of Food in Europe. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020098. [PMID: 36828413 PMCID: PMC9961018 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of tropane alkaloids (TAs), toxic plant metabolites, in food in Europe was studied to identify those TAs in food most relevant for human health. Information was extracted from the literature and the 2016 study from the European Food Safety Authority. Calystegines were identified as being inherent TAs in foods common in Europe, such as Solanum tuberosum (potato), S. melongena (eggplant, aubergine), Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) and Brassica oleracea (broccoli, Brussels sprouts). In addition, some low-molecular-weight tropanes and Convolvulaceae-type TAs were found inherent to bell pepper. On the other hand, atropine, scopolamine, convolvine, pseudotropine and tropine were identified as emerging TAs resulting from the presence of associated weeds in food. The most relevant food products in this respect are unprocessed and processed cereal-based foods for infants, young children or adults, dry (herbal) teas and canned or frozen vegetables. Overall, the occurrence data on both inherent as well as on associated TAs in foods are still scarce, highlighting the need for monitoring data. It also indicates the urge for food safety authorities to work with farmers, plant breeders and food business operators to prevent the spreading of invasive weeds and to increase awareness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique de Nijs
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Folke Dorgelo
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick P. J. Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barceló B, Gomila I, de-Castro-Ríos A, Perez-Barcena J, Jimenez C, Lendoiro E, Elorza MÁ. Diminished Consciousness in a Woman Following an Unsuspected Scopolamine Overdose. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:e7-e14. [PMID: 33025011 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scopolamine is used clinically, but it is also used as a recreational drug and as an incapacitating drug, in sexual crimes and robberies. In this paper, the authors report the case of a woman with a diminished consciousness following an unsuspected overdose with scopolamine and review published articles on scopolamine poisoning that included concentrations in biological samples. Scopolamine was identified in the patient's serum and urine samples collected 1 h post-admission to intensive care unit at concentrations of 8.4 ng/mL and 62,560 ng/mL (169,539 ng/mg creatinine), respectively. In non-fatal cases, the median [interquartile range] of serum scopolamine levels was 1.9 [2.1] ng/mL. The serum concentration found in our case would explain the abrupt clinical presentation suffered by the patient. Scopolamine in urine could be detected up to 48 h after admission. This report illustrates that broad toxicology screening, including scopolamine, should be considered when patients with diminished consciousness are attended after ruling out infection or cerebrovascular disease. This can play an important role in identifying this potentially life-threatening etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Barceló
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Clinical Analysis Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases. Research Institute of Health Sciences (IdISBa), Valldemossa road 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Isabel Gomila
- Clinical Analysis Department, Hospital Universitari Son Llàtzer. Research Institute of Health Sciences (IdISBa), Manacor road, 07198 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ana de-Castro-Ríos
- Servicio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses "Luis Concheiro". Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jon Perez-Barcena
- Intensive Care Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IdISBa), Valldemossa road 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Carmen Jimenez
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IdISBa), Valldemossa road 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Elena Lendoiro
- Servicio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses "Luis Concheiro". Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Elorza
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Clinical Analysis Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases. Research Institute of Health Sciences (IdISBa), Valldemossa road 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abia WA, Montgomery H, Nugent AP, Elliott CT. Tropane alkaloid contamination of agricultural commodities and food products in relation to consumer health: Learnings from the 2019 Uganda food aid outbreak. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:501-525. [PMID: 33443796 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are secondary plant metabolites derived mainly from Solanaceae plant families, with the most virulent invasive species being Datura stramonium. Datura stramonium commonly grows in cereal fields and produce TAs (e.g., hyoscyamine and scopolamine) which may accidentally contaminate cereals (and cereal-based foods) at occasionally high levels. Dietary exposure to TAs can be toxic and depending on the dose ingested can cause outcomes ranging from anticholinergic effects to acute poisoning and death. In 2019, 315 adults became ill and another five adults died in Uganda following consumption of a "Super Cereal" (a fortified blended food) that was later confirmed to be contaminated by TAs-a scenario which provoked this holistic review on TAs in foodstuffs. Thus, this article provides information on the history, development, occurrences, exposures, and human legislative and health benchmarks for TAs. It describes control strategies for reducing TA contamination of agricultural commodities and resultant health implications following consumption of TA contaminated foodstuffs. Adequate application of food safety control measures (including maximum limits) and good practices, from the start of cereal cultivation through to the final stages of manufacturing of food products can aid in the reduction of seeing toxic plants including D. stramonium in cereal fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred A Abia
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Holly Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anne P Nugent
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Determination of atropine and scopolamine in spinach-based products contaminated with genus Datura by UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2021; 347:129020. [PMID: 33482490 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Datura species are well known because of their high concentration of tropane alkaloids, which has led to poisoning episodes when Datura is accidentally mixed with edible crops. Therefore, the European Union has set a maximum level in cereal-based infant food products of 1 µg kg-1 for atropine and scopolamine. However, the occurrence of these compounds in other commodities has become a global concern. Spinach and derived products can be contaminated with Datura innoxia leaves. In this study, we tested frozen spinachs and spinach-based infant food products. The determination was carried out by UHPLC-MS/MS after applying the QuEChERS method as sample treatment. The LOQs were below 0.016 µg kg-1, achieving satisfactory results in terms of precision, accuracy, and matrix effects. The obtained results (ranging between 0.02 and 8.19 µg kg-1) were close to the maximum level set by the European Union for 24% of the samples tested.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fatur K, Kreft S. Common anticholinergic solanaceaous plants of temperate Europe - A review of intoxications from the literature (1966–2018). Toxicon 2020; 177:52-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Attempt of scopolamine-facilitated robbery: an original case of poisoning by inhalation confirmed by LC–MS/MS and review of the literature. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
Doan UV, Wu ML, Phua DH, Mendez Rojas B, Yang CC. Datura and Brugmansia plants related antimuscarinic toxicity: an analysis of poisoning cases reported to the Taiwan poison control center. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 57:246-253. [PMID: 30522351 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1513527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Vy Doan
- International Health Program, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Toxicology & Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Wu
- Division of Clinical Toxicology & Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Haur Phua
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bomar Mendez Rojas
- Centro de Investigaciones e Intervenciones en Salud, Leon, Nicaragua
- Pan American Health Organization, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Chen-Chang Yang
- Division of Clinical Toxicology & Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mulder PP, de Nijs M, Castellari M, Hortos M, MacDonald S, Crews C, Hajslova J, Stranska M. Occurrence of tropane alkaloids in food. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimo Castellari
- Institute for Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA) Spain
| | - Maria Hortos
- Institute for Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA) Spain
| | | | | | - Jana Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT) Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gomila Muñiz I, Puiguriguer Ferrando J, Quesada Redondo L. [Drug facilitated crime using burundanga: First analytical confirmation in Spain]. Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 147:421. [PMID: 27567338 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gomila Muñiz
- Unidad de Toxicología Clínica, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, España
| | - Jordi Puiguriguer Ferrando
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, España; Unidad de Toxicología Clínica, Servicio de Urgencias Médicas, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, España
| | - Loreto Quesada Redondo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, España.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kummer S, Rickert A, Daldrup T, Mayatepek E. Abuse of the over-the-counter antispasmodic butylscopolamine for the home synthesis of psychoactive scopolamine. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:1019-21. [PMID: 26691719 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-015-2683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report on two patients who ingested psychoactive scopolamine that was synthesized at home from butylscopolamine (Buscopan®), which is available as over-the-counter antispasmodic in nearly 100 countries worldwide. Patient 1 presented with severe central anticholinergic toxidrome, while patient 2 suffered from minor symptoms. An empty blister of Buscopan® was found in the patients' home, but initially was not suspected to be causative for the observed central anticholinergic symptoms, as Buscopan® is not able to pass the blood-brain barrier in its native form. Only later, the information by third parties and a Google search helped to identify homemade scopolamine derived from Buscopan® as the responsible agent in these two cases. Retrospectively, scopolamine could be detected in serum and urine of both patients, while it was absent in one control after ingestion of native Buscopan®. CONCLUSION Over-the-counter drugs can be used to synthesize psychoactives with means that are available in every household. Such knowledge can spread via social media and internet discussion boards long before appearing in medical literature. While typical clinical presentation often enables clinicians to adequately identify and treat specific toxidromes, these sources of information need to be increasingly taken into account by medical professionals for identification of its causative agent. This potential of Buscopan® might gain importance as an easily accessible source of psychoactive scopolamine. WHAT IS KNOWN • Substances with central anticholinergic effects are known for their hallucinogenic potential and may be used as psychoactives. What is New: • The over-the-counter antispasmodic butylscopolamine (Buscopan®) can be abused to synthesize anticholinergic, psychoactive scopolamine at home with means that are available in every household.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kummer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Annette Rickert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Daldrup
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Le Garff E, Delannoy Y, Mesli V, Hédouin V, Tournel G. Forensic features of a fatal Datura poisoning case during a robbery. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:e17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Bodeau S, Bennis Y, Knapp A, Mayer C, Alvarez JC, Bricca G, Lemaire-Hurtel AS. Hallucinations sous Datura : le piège atropinique. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Koželj G, Perharič L, Stanovnik L, Prosen H. Simple validated LC–MS/MS method for the determination of atropine and scopolamine in plasma for clinical and forensic toxicological purposes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Adamse P, van Egmond H, Noordam M, Mulder P, de Nijs M. Tropane alkaloids in food: poisoning incidents. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2013.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Adamse
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H.P. van Egmond
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M.Y. Noordam
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P.P.J. Mulder
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M. de Nijs
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brewer K, Dirikolu L, Hughes CG, Tobin T. Scopolamine in racing horses: trace identifications associated with dietary or environmental exposure. Vet J 2014; 199:324-31. [PMID: 24440440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Scopolamine (L-hyoscine) identifications, often in small-number clusters, have been reported worldwide in performance horses over the last 30 years. Scopolamine is an Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI) class 3, penalty class B, substance with potential to affect performance. As such, scopolamine identification(s) in race or performance horses can result in significant penalties for the connections of the horse(s). Reviewed here is the worldwide distribution of scopolamine containing plants (primarily Datura spp.), with estimates of their potential toxicity to horses through dietary and/or environmental exposure. Also reviewed are the basic pharmacology of scopolamine and its precursor, urinary concentrations following feedstuff exposure, and the probable pharmacological/forensic significance of such findings. Based on an overview of the world literature on scopolamine, the expected characteristics of inadvertent environmental exposure are also presented with a view to making clear the potential of scopolamine identifications, with or without atropine, as a direct and expected outcome of both the worldwide distribution of scopolamine-containing plants and the sensitivity of modern equine drug testing. It is of particular interest that only 2/30 reported post-event equine identifications of scopolamine have been associated with atropine, suggesting that failure to identify atropine is not a biomarker of pharmaceutical administration of scopolamine. Available quantitative information associated with scopolamine identifications is consistent with the 75 ng/mL regulatory threshold for scopolamine currently used in Louisiana racing in the USA and the 30 ng/mL reporting threshold in effect in European racing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Levent Dirikolu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Charlie G Hughes
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Thomas Tobin
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Ricard F, Abe E, Duverneuil-Mayer C, Charlier P, de la Grandmaison G, Alvarez JC. Measurement of atropine and scopolamine in hair by LC-MS/MS after Datura stramonium chronic exposure. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 223:256-60. [PMID: 23084788 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Datura stramonium is an herbaceous annual plant. All parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids such as atropine and scopolamine. We report the case of a 22-year-old man admitted to a general hospital for visual and aural hallucinations. One week after his admission, as the hallucinations remained, the patient was transferred to a psychiatric hospital. Neither blood nor urine was conserved during his hospitalization, so a hair analysis was requested in order to identify a possible consumption of a Datura seed infusion. METHODS After decontamination and washing, hair strands were segmented into four pieces and grinded into a fine and homogeneous powder. We then incubated 20 mg for 10 min in 1 mL of phosphate buffer at pH 5.0 in the presence of 100 ng of ketamine-d4, used as internal standard (IS). Liquid-liquid extraction was performed with 4 mL of a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate (1/1, v/v). The residue was reconstituted in 80 μL of mobile phase. A further 10 μL were injected into an 1.9 μm Hypersil GOLD PFP column (100 mm×2.1 mm) eluted with a gradient of acetonitrile and 2 mmol/L 0.1% formate buffer at a flow rate of 300 μL/min. Compounds were detected by a LCQ TSQ Vantage XP triple-quadripole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source set in positive mode. SRM transitions m/z 290.2→124.1, m/z 304.2→138.1, and m/z 242.1→129.1 were optimized for atropine, scopolamine and IS, respectively. RESULTS The assay was accurate and precise over the range of 1.0 (lower limit of quantification) to 1000.0 pg/mg (upper limit of quantification) in hair. Both atropine (from 8.4 to 15.0 pg/mg) and scopolamine (1.0-1.3 pg/mg) were identified in the four segment of the hair showing a regular consumption of Datura admitted by the patient himself. CONCLUSION We report here the first description of atropine with scopolamine in a Caucasian dark man's hair after D. stramonium chronic exposure, using a validated LC-MS/MS method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ricard
- Laboratory of Pharmacology-Toxicology, AP-HP, Raymond Poincaré Universitary Hospital, Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines University, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|