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Lee RT, Evanowski RL, Greenbaum HE, Pawloski DA, Wiedmann M, Martin NH. Troubleshooting high laboratory pasteurization counts in organic raw milk requires characterization of dominant thermoduric bacteria, which includes nonsporeformers as well as sporeformers. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3478-3491. [PMID: 38246545 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Laboratory pasteurization count (LPC) enumerates thermoduric bacteria and is one parameter used to assess raw milk quality. No regulatory limit has presently been set for LPC, but LPC data are used by some dairy processors and cooperatives to designate raw milk quality premiums paid to farmers and may also be used for troubleshooting bacterial contamination issues. Although it is occasionally used as a proxy for levels of bacterial spores in raw milk, limited knowledge is available on the types of organisms that are enumerated by LPC in contemporary raw milk supplies. Although historical studies have reported that thermoduric bacteria quantified by LPC may predominantly represent gram-positive cocci, updated knowledge on microbial populations enumerated by LPC in contemporary organic raw milk supplies is needed. To address this gap, organic raw milk samples from across the United States (n = 94) were assessed using LPC, and bacterial isolates were characterized. LPC ranged from below detection (<0.70 log cfu/mL) to 4.07 log cfu/mL, with a geometric mean of 1.48 log cfu/mL. Among 380 isolates characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing, 52.6%, 44.5%, and 2.4% were identified as gram-positive sporeformers, gram-positive nonsporeformers, and gram-negatives, respectively; 0.5% could not be categorized into those groups because they could only be assigned a higher level of taxonomy. Isolates identified as gram-positive sporeformers were predominantly Bacillus (168/200), and gram-positive nonsporeformers were predominantly Brachybacterium (56/169) and Kocuria (47/169). To elucidate if the LPC level can be an indicator of the type of thermoduric (e.g., sporeforming bacteria) present in raw milk, we evaluated the proportion of sporeformers in raw milk samples with LPC of ≤100 cfu/mL, 100 to 200 cfu/mL, and ≥200 cfu/mL (51%, 67%, and 35%), showing a trend for sporeformers to represent a smaller proportion of the total thermoduric population when LPC increases, although overall linear regression showed no significant association between the proportion of sporeformers and the LPC concentration. Hence, LPC level alone provides no insight into the makeup of the thermoduric population in raw milk, and further characterization is needed to elucidate the bacterial drivers of elevated LPC in raw milk. We therefore further characterized the isolates from this study using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), a rapid microbial identification tool that is more readily available to dairy producers than 16S rDNA PCR and sequencing. Although our data indicated agreement between 16S rDNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS for 66.6% of isolates at the genus level, 24.2% and 9.2% could not be reliably identified or were mischaracterized using MALDI-TOF MS, respectively. This suggests that further optimization of this method is needed to allow for accurate characterization of thermoduric organisms commonly found in raw milk. Ultimately, our study provides a contemporary perspective on thermoduric bacteria selected by the LPC method and establishes that the LPC alone is not sufficient for identifying the bacterial drivers of LPC levels. Further development of rapid characterization methods that are accessible to producers, cooperatives, and processors will support milk quality troubleshooting efforts and ultimately improve outcomes for dairy industry community members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee T Lee
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Rachel L Evanowski
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Halle E Greenbaum
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Deborah A Pawloski
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Cobleskill, NY 12043
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Nicole H Martin
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Haw SR, Adkins PRF, Bernier Gosselin V, Poock SE, Middleton JR. Intramammary infections in lactating Jersey cows: Prevalence of microbial organisms and association with milk somatic cell count and persistence of infection. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3157-3167. [PMID: 37949401 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
There are limited data available regarding pathogens causing intramammary infections (IMI) in Jersey cows. The objectives of this study were to characterize the prevalence of IMI caused by different microorganisms in lactating Jersey cattle and evaluate the associations among microbes and somatic cell count (SCC) and persistence of IMI. This prospective, observational, longitudinal study included lactating Jersey cows (n = 753) from 4 farms within a 415 km radius of Columbia, Missouri. Quarter foremilk samples were aseptically collected monthly for 3 consecutive months. Microorganisms were identified using aerobic milk culture and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. A commercial laboratory measured SCC using flow cytometry. Milk culture results were used to classify single microorganism infections as persistent (same microorganism species identified at first sampling and one other sampling) or nonpersistent infection. Mixed models were built to evaluate the associations between IMI status and SCC natural logarithm (lnSCC), as well as persistence and lnSCC. Overall, staphylococci were the most commonly isolated microorganisms among the 7,370 quarter-level milk samples collected. Median prevalence (using all 3 samplings) of specific microbes varied among farms; however, Staphylococcus chromogenes was a common species found at all farms. The most common microbial species that persisted were Staph. chromogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, and Streptococcus uberis. Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Staph. aureus were the IMI associated with the most inflammation based on lnSCC. The small number of herds included in this study with the large variation in herd type limits the generalizability of the data. However, results of this study seem to be similar to those of previous studies in other breeds, suggesting management factors are more important than breed-specific differences when evaluating causes of IMI and associated subclinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Haw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - P R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211.
| | - V Bernier Gosselin
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - S E Poock
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - J R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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Peña-Mosca F, Dean C, Fernandes L, Doster E, Sharpe K, Ray T, Feijoo V, Antunes A, Baumann C, Wehri T, Heins B, Pinedo P, Machado V, Noyes N, Caixeta L. Associations between early lactation intramammary infections and udder health and performance during the first 180 days in milk in first-lactation organic dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2426-2443. [PMID: 37923212 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior data from our group showed that first-lactation cows under organic management in United States have a high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus chromogenes intramammary infections (IMI) in early lactation. Nonetheless, the relationship between IMI, udder health, and milk production in organically reared primiparous cows remains elusive. The objectives of this observational study were to investigate the relationship between presence and persistence of IMI in the first 35 d in milk (DIM) and somatic cell count (SCC) and milk production during the first 6 mo of lactation on first-lactation organic dairy cows. The analysis included a total of 1,348 composite milk samples collected during the first 35 DIM that were submitted for milk culture and 1,674 Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) tests during the first 180 DIM from 333 heifers in 4 organic dairy farms, enrolled between February 2019 and January 2020. The association between IMI in the first 35 DIM and new high SCC (SCC > 200,000 cells/mL) and milk production during the first 6 mo of lactation was investigated using Cox proportional hazards regression and mixed linear regression, respectively. The association between IMI persistence (harboring the same microorganism as reported by the laboratory for 2 or more samples) in the first 35 DIM and number of DHIA tests with high SCC during the first 6 mo of lactation was modeled using negative binomial regression. The presence of IMI by Staph. aureus (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval {CI}]: 3.35 [2.64, 4.25]) or Streptococcus spp. (HR [95% CI]: 2.25 [2.12, 2.39]) during the first 35 DIM was associated with an increased risk of new high SCC during the first 6 mo of lactation. Milk production was reduced when Streptococcus spp. were identified in milk samples. However, there was no evidence of a difference in milk production in Staph. aureus IMI. Isolation of non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci was related to a mild increase in the hazards of high SCC (HR [95% CI]: 1.34 [0.97, 1.85]) and a decrease in milk production during one or more postpartum tests. Presence of gram-negative or Streptococcus-like organisms IMI was not associated with either high SCC or milk production. Presence of Bacillus IMI was associated with a lower hazard of new high SCC (HR [95% CI]: 0.45 [0.30, 0.68]), and higher milk production during the first 180 d of lactation (overall estimate [95% CI]: 1.7 kg/d [0.3, 3.0]). The persistence of IMI in the first 35 DIM was associated with the number of tests with high SCC during the lactation for all microorganisms except for Staphylococcus chromogenes. Therefore, our results suggest that the persistence of IMI in the first 35 DIM could be an important factor to understand the association between IMI detected in early lactation and lactational SCC and milk production in organic dairy heifers. Our study described associations between IMI, udder health, and milk production in first-lactation organic dairy cows that are consistent with findings from conventional dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Peña-Mosca
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Chris Dean
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Leticia Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Enrique Doster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108; Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Kirsten Sharpe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Tui Ray
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Victoria Feijoo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Acir Antunes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Carol Baumann
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Thomas Wehri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Bradley Heins
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Pablo Pinedo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Vinicius Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Noelle Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Luciano Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108.
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Khasapane NG, Koos M, Nkhebenyane SJ, Khumalo ZTH, Ramatla T, Thekisoe O. Detection of Staphylococcus Isolates and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Virulence Genes from Subclinical Mastitis Cattle Milk Using MALDI-TOF MS, PCR and Sequencing in Free State Province, South Africa. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:154. [PMID: 38200885 PMCID: PMC10778211 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus species are amongst the bacteria that cause bovine mastitis worldwide, whereby they produce a wide range of protein toxins, virulence factors, and antimicrobial-resistant properties which are enhancing the pathogenicity of these organisms. This study aimed to detect Staphylococcus spp. from the milk of cattle with subclinical mastitis using MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA PCR as well as screening for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence genes. Our results uncovered that from 166 sampled cows, only 33.13% had subclinical mastitis after initial screening, while the quarter-level prevalence was 54%. Of the 50 cultured bacterial isolates, MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA PCR assay and sequencing identified S. aureus as the dominant bacteria by 76%. Furthermore, an AMR susceptibility test showed that 86% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, followed by ciprofloxacin (80%) and cefoxitin (52%). Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes showed that 16% of the isolates carried the mecA gene, while 52% of the isolates carried the Lg G-binding region gene, followed by coa (42%), spa (40%), hla (38%), and hlb (38%), whereas sea and bap genes were detected in 10% and 2% of the isolates, respectively. The occurrence of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance profiles highlights the need for appropriate strategies to control the spread of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntelekwane G. Khasapane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Myburgh Koos
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;
| | - Sebolelo J. Nkhebenyane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Zamantungwa T. H. Khumalo
- Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.)
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.)
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Peña-Mosca F, Dean C, Machado V, Fernandes L, Pinedo P, Doster E, Heins B, Sharpe K, Ray T, Feijoo V, Antunes A, Baumann C, Wehri T, Noyes N, Caixeta L. Investigation of intramammary infections in primiparous cows during early lactation on organic dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9377-9392. [PMID: 37641314 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that organically raised dairy cows have an increased prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus compared with conventionally raised dairy cows. However, little information exists about the dynamics of intramammary infection (IMI) in primiparous cows during early lactation on organic dairy farms. The objective of this study was to describe the IMI dynamics of primiparous cows on certified organic farms during early lactation. This longitudinal study enrolled 503 primiparous cows from 5 organic dairy farms from February 2019 to January 2020. Quarter-level milk samples were collected aseptically on a weekly basis during the first 5 wk of lactation. Samples were pooled by cow and time point into composite samples inside a sterilized laminar hood and submitted for microbiological culture. For each of the different microorganisms identified, we estimated the prevalence in each postpartum sample, period prevalence (PP), cumulative incidence, and persistence of IMI. Logistic regression models were used to investigate whether the prevalence of IMI differed by farm or sampling time points and whether IMI persistence differed between detected microorganisms. Our findings revealed a high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (PP = 18.9%), non-aureus staphylococci and closely related mammaliicoccal species (PP = 52.1%), and Streptococcus spp. and Streptococcus-like organisms (PP = 32.1%) within the study population. The prevalence of these microorganisms varied significantly between farms. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus chromogenes exhibited significantly higher IMI persistence compared with other detected bacterial taxa, confirming the divergent epidemiological behavior in terms of IMI chronicity across different microorganisms. This study improves our understanding of the epidemiology of mastitis-causing pathogens in organically raised primiparous cows, which can be used to tailor mastitis control plans for this unique yet growing subpopulation of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Peña-Mosca
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Chris Dean
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Vinicius Machado
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Leticia Fernandes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Pablo Pinedo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Enrique Doster
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Bradley Heins
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Kirsten Sharpe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Tui Ray
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Victoria Feijoo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Acir Antunes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Carol Baumann
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Thomas Wehri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Noelle Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| | - Luciano Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108.
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Islam MS, Ballah FM, Hoque MN, Rahman AMMT, Rahman MT. Draft genome sequence of Staphylococcus gallinarum MTR_B001 strain isolated from breast muscle of a chicken in Bangladesh. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0064723. [PMID: 37846982 PMCID: PMC10652911 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00647-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We announce the genome sequence of the Staphylococcus gallinarum MTR_B001 strain isolated from the breast muscle of a chicken in 2022 in Bangladesh. This assembled genome had an estimated length of 2,889,393 bp (with 50× genome coverage), 15 contigs, 36 predicted antibiotic resistance genes, and 27 predicted virulence factor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California—Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Fatimah Muhammad Ballah
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - M. Nazmul Hoque
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Ballah FM, Islam MS, Rana ML, Khatun MM, Rahman M, Hassan J, Rahman MT. Draft genome sequence of Staphylococcus gallinarum BAU_KME002 strain isolated from egg surface in Bangladesh. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0055523. [PMID: 37737608 PMCID: PMC10586152 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00555-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes the genome sequence of the Staphylococcus gallinarum BAU_KME002 strain isolated in Bangladesh in 2021 from a chicken egg surface. Our assembled genome had 50 contigs, an estimated genome length of 2,866,882 bp (with coverage of 90.0×), 36 predicted antibiotic resistance genes, and 28 predicted virulence factor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Muhammad Ballah
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Liton Rana
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. Minara Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Marzia Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Jayedul Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Belhout C, Boyen F, Vereecke N, Theuns S, Taibi N, Stegger M, de la Fé-Rodríguez PY, Bouayad L, Elgroud R, Butaye P. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci (MRS) and Mammaliicocci (MRM) in Dromedary Camels from Algeria: First Detection of SCC mec- mecC Hybrid in Methicillin-Resistant Mammaliicoccus lentus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:674. [PMID: 37107036 PMCID: PMC10134997 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dromedary camels are an important source of food and income in many countries. However, it has been largely overlooked that they can also transmit antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify the Staphylococcaceae bacteria composition of the nasal flora in dromedary camels and evaluate the presence of methicillin-resistant Mammaliicoccus (MRM) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) in dromedary camels in Algeria. Nasal swabs were collected from 46 camels from seven farms located in two different regions of Algeria (M'sila and Ouargla). We used non-selective media to determine the nasal flora, and antibiotic-supplemented media to isolate MRS and MRM. The staphylococcal isolates were identified using an Autoflex Biotyper Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS). The mecA and mecC genes were detected by PCR. Methicillin-resistant strains were further analysed by long-read whole genome sequencing (WGS). Thirteen known Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species were identified in the nasal flora, of which half (49.2%) were coagulase-positive staphylococci. The results showed that four out of seven farms were positive for MRS and/or MRM, with a total of 16 isolates from 13 dromedary camels. The predominant species were M. lentus, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. Three methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were found to be ST6 and spa type t304. Among methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), ST61 was the predominant ST identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed clonal relatedness among M. lentus strains, while S. epidermidis strains were not closely related. Resistance genes were detected, including mecA, mecC, ermB, tet(K), and blaZ. An SCCmec type VIII element was found in a methicillin-resistant S. hominis (MRSH) belonging to the ST1 strain. An SCCmec-mecC hybrid element was detected in M. lentus, similar to what was previously detected in M. sciuri. This study highlights that dromedary camels may be a reservoir for MRS and MRM, and that they contain a specific set of SCCmec elements. This emphasizes the need for further research in this ecological niche from a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Belhout
- HASAQ Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, El Harrach, Algiers 16270, Algeria
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick Vereecke
- PathoSense, Pastoriestraat 10, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- PathoSense, Pastoriestraat 10, 2500 Lier, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nadia Taibi
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Bou-Ismail, Tipaza 42415, Algeria
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro Yoelvys de la Fé-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuaní km 5½, Santa Clara 54 830, Cuba
| | - Leila Bouayad
- HASAQ Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, El Harrach, Algiers 16270, Algeria
| | - Rachid Elgroud
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25017, Algeria
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Loy JD, Clawson ML, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR. Current and Emerging Diagnostic Approaches to Bacterial Diseases of Ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:93-114. [PMID: 36732002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic approaches and methods to detect bacterial pathogens in ruminants are discussed, with a focus on cattle. Conventional diagnostic methods using culture, isolation, and characterization are being replaced or supplemented with new methods. These include molecular diagnostics such as real-time polymerase chain reaction and whole-genome sequencing. In addition, methods such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry enable rapid identification and enhanced pathogen characterization. These emerging diagnostic tools can greatly enhance the ability to detect and characterize pathogens, but performance and interpretation vary greatly across sample and pathogen types, disease syndromes, assay performance, and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Michael L Clawson
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Kurban D, Roy JP, Kabera F, Fréchette A, Um MM, Albaaj A, Rowe S, Godden S, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR, Gauthier ML, Keefe GP, DeVries TJ, Kelton DF, Moroni P, Veiga dos Santos M, Barkema HW, Dufour S. Diagnosing Intramammary Infection: Meta-Analysis and Mapping Review on Frequency and Udder Health Relevance of Microorganism Species Isolated from Bovine Milk Samples. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233288. [PMID: 36496808 PMCID: PMC9738497 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry provides accurate species-level identification of many, microorganisms retrieved from bovine milk samples. However, not all those microorganisms are pathogenic. Our study aimed to: (1) determine the species-specific prevalence of microorganisms identified in bovine milk of apparently healthy lactating quarters vs. quarters with clinical mastitis (CM); and (2) map current information and knowledge gaps on udder health relevance of microorganisms retrieved from bovine milk samples. A mixed study design (meta-analysis and mapping review) was chosen. We gathered several large Canadian, US and Brazilian data sets of MALDI-TOF results for organisms cultured from quarter milk samples. For meta-analysis, two datasets (apparently healthy quarters vs. CM samples) were organized. A series of meta-analyses was conducted to determine microorganisms' prevalence. Then, each species reported was searched through PubMed to investigate whether inflammation (increased somatic cell count (SCC) or signs of CM) was associated with microorganism's recovery from milk. A total of 294 different species of microorganisms recovered from milk samples were identified. Among 50,429 quarter-milk samples from apparently healthy quarters, the 5 most frequent species were Staphylococcus chromogenes (6.7%, 95% CI 4.5-9.2%), Aerococcus viridans (1.6%, 95% CI 0.4-3.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (1.5%, 95% CI 0.5-2.8%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (0.9%, 95% CI 0.4-1.5%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (0.7%, 95% CI 0.2-1.6%). Among the 43,924 quarter-milk CM samples, the 5 most frequent species were Escherichia coli (11%, 95% CI 8.1-14.3%), Streptococcus uberis (8.5%, 95% CI 5.3-12.2%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (7.8%, 95% CI 4.9-11.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.8%, 95% CI 4.4-11.9%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.6%, 95% CI 3.4-8.2%). When conducting the PubMed literature search, there were 206 species identified by MALDI-TOF for which we were not able to find any information regarding their association with CM or SCC. Some of them, however, were frequently isolated in our multi-country dataset from the milk of quarters with CM (e.g., Citrobacter koseri, Enterococcus saccharolyticus, Streptococcus gallolyticus). Our study provides guidance to veterinarians for interpretation of milk bacteriology results obtained using MALDI-TOF and identifies knowledge gaps for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryna Kurban
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Research Group Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Research Group Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Fidèle Kabera
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Research Group Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Annie Fréchette
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Research Group Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Maryse Michèle Um
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Research Group Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Ahmad Albaaj
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Research Group Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sam Rowe
- Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Sandra Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pamela R. F. Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - John R. Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Marie-Lou Gauthier
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec (MAPAQ), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Greg P. Keefe
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Trevor J. DeVries
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David F. Kelton
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Quality Milk Production Services (QMPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Dipartimento Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Universita’ Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13630-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Research Group Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (S.D.)
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11
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Reydams H, Wuytack A, Piepers S, Mertens K, Boyen F, de Souza FN, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Genetic diversity and iron metabolism of Staphylococcus hominis isolates originating from bovine quarter milk, rectal feces, and teat apices. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9995-10006. [PMID: 36270870 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus hominis, a member of the non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) group, is part of the human and animal microbiota. Although it has been isolated from multiple bovine-associated habitats, its relevance as a cause of bovine mastitis is currently not well described. To successfully colonize and proliferate in the bovine mammary gland, a bacterial species must be able to acquire iron from host iron-binding proteins. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the genetic diversity of S. hominis isolated from bovine quarter milk, rectal feces, and teat apices, and (2) to investigate the capacity of bovine S. hominis isolates belonging to these different habitats to utilize ferritin and lactoferrin as iron sources. To expand on an available collection of bovine S. hominis isolates (2 from quarter milk, 8 from rectal feces, and 19 from teat apices) from one commercial dairy herd, a subsequent single cross-sectional quarter milk sampling (n = 360) was performed on all lactating cows (n = 90) of the same herd. In total, 514 NAS isolates were recovered and identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry; the 6 most prevalent NAS species were S. cohnii (33.9%), S. sciuri (16.7%), S. haemolyticus (16.3%), S. xylosus (9.6%), S. equorum (9.4%), and S. hominis (3.5%). A random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on 46 S. hominis isolates (19 from quarter milk, 8 from rectal feces, and 19 from teat apices). Eighteen distinct RAPD fingerprint groups were distinguished although we were unable to detect the presence of the same RAPD type in all 3 habitats. One S. hominis isolate of a distinct RAPD type unique to a specific habitat (8 from quarter milk, 3 from rectal feces, and 4 from teat apices) along with the quality control strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and 2 well-studied Staphylococcus chromogenes isolates ("IM" and "TA") were included in the phenotypical iron test. All isolates were grown in 4 types of media: iron-rich tryptic soy broth, iron-rich tryptic soy broth deferrated by 2,2'-bipyridyl, and deferrated tryptic soy broth supplemented with human recombinant lactoferrin or equine spleen-derived ferritin. The growth of the different strains was modified by the medium in which they were grown. Staphylococcus chromogenes TA showed significantly lower growth under iron-deprived conditions, and adding an iron supplement (lactoferrin or ferritin) resulted in no improvement in growth; in contrast, growth of S. chromogenes IM was significantly recovered with iron supplementation. Staphylococcus hominis strains from all 3 habitats were able to significantly utilize ferritin but not lactoferrin as an iron source to reverse the growth inhibition, in varying degrees, caused by the chelating agent 2,2'-bipyridyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Reydams
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - A Wuytack
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Mertens
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F N de Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva Av. 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraiba, Rodovia PB-079 12, Areia, João Pessoa 58397-000, Brazil
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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Rosa NM, Penati M, Fusar-Poli S, Addis MF, Tola S. Species identification by MALDI-TOF MS and gap PCR-RFLP of non-aureus Staphylococcus, Mammaliicoccus, and Streptococcus spp. associated with sheep and goat mastitis. Vet Res 2022; 53:84. [PMID: 36243811 PMCID: PMC9569034 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci and streptococci are common causes of intramammary infection in small ruminants, and reliable species identification is crucial for understanding epidemiology and impact on animal health and welfare. We applied MALDI-TOF MS and gap PCR–RFLP to 204 non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) and mammaliicocci (NASM) and to 57 streptococci isolated from the milk of sheep and goats with mastitis. The top identified NAS was Staphylococcus epidermidis (28.9%) followed by Staph. chromogenes (27.9%), haemolyticus (15.7%), caprae, and simulans (6.4% each), according to both methods (agreement rate, AR, 100%). By MALDI-TOF MS, 13.2% were Staph. microti (2.9%), xylosus (2.0%), equorum, petrasii and warneri (1.5% each), Staph. sciuri (now Mammaliicoccus sciuri, 1.0%), arlettae, capitis, cohnii, lentus (now M. lentus), pseudintermedius, succinus (0.5% each), and 3 isolates (1.5%) were not identified. PCR–RFLP showed 100% AR for Staph. equorum, warneri, arlettae, capitis, and pseudintermedius, 50% for Staph. xylosus, and 0% for the remaining NASM. The top identified streptococcus was Streptococcus uberis (89.5%), followed by Strep. dysgalactiae and parauberis (3.5% each) and by Strep. gallolyticus (1.8%) according to both methods (AR 100%). Only one isolate was identified as a different species by MALDI-TOF MS and PCR–RFLP. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS and PCR–RFLP showed a high level of agreement in the identification of the most prevalent NAS and streptococci causing small ruminant mastitis. Therefore, gap PCR–RFLP can represent a good identification alternative when MALDI-TOF MS is not available. Nevertheless, some issues remain for Staph. haemolyticus, minor NAS species including Staph. microti, and species of the novel genus Mammaliicoccus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Maria Rosa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Martina Penati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.,MILab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Sara Fusar-Poli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.,MILab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy. .,MILab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Sebastiana Tola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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13
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Gioia G, Freeman J, Sipka A, Santisteban C, Wieland M, Gallardo VA, Monistero V, Scott J, Moroni P. Pathogens associated with houseflies from different areas within a New York State dairy. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:285-290. [PMID: 36338025 PMCID: PMC9623797 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Houseflies (Musca domestica) are nonbiting muscoids of importance because they can be mechanical vectors of many kinds of pathogens such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and helminth eggs. This study aimed to evaluate the bacterial communities associated with houseflies captured in 3 different areas on a dairy farm located in New York State. Variations in the bacterial community were also evaluated based on the flies' sex and external or internal location where the bacteria were isolated. A total of 101 flies were collected: 27 flies from the sick pen, 42 from calf hutches, and 32 from the milking parlor. A total of 485 organisms were isolated, 233 (48.0%) from 53 female flies and 252 (52.0%) from 48 male flies. Most (74%) bacteria were found in the internal parts of the flies, with only 26% isolated from the external surfaces. The number of isolates detected per fly ranged between 1 and 11. A total of 392 bacteria were identified at the species level. We isolated 26 species reported to be bovine contagious or environmental mastitis pathogens. Within the group of organisms considered contagious, we isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Mycoplasma arginini. This was the first time that a Mycoplasma species was isolated from houseflies. We identified 5 organisms considered foodborne pathogens that affect human health: Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Staph. aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus subtilis. Four of the organisms isolated in this study were also linked with milk spoilage, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, and Paenibacillus lactis. This study confirmed that houseflies carry a high bacterial diversity, including organisms associated with animal infections, organisms that could be a concern for public health, or organisms that could negatively affect milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Gioia
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - J. Freeman
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - A. Sipka
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - C. Santisteban
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - M. Wieland
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - V. Alanis Gallardo
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX 04510, México
| | - V. Monistero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi LO, Italy
| | - J.G. Scott
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - P. Moroni
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi LO, Italy
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14
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Thwala T, Madoroba E, Maliehe TS, Magwedere K, Basson AK, Butaye P. Antimicrobial Resistance, Enterotoxin and mec Gene Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Beef-Based Protein Sources from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061211. [PMID: 35744729 PMCID: PMC9228960 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, approximately 23,000 cases of food poisoning by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are reported worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and characterize S. aureus on beef and beef products in South Africa. Organ meats (n = 169), raw processed meat (n = 110), raw intact (n = 53), and ready-to-eat meats (n = 68) were obtained from 25 retail outlets. S. aureus was isolated and enumerated according to the ISO 6888-1 method. Identification of the strains was performed by MALDI-TOF MS. The antimicrobial resistance was determined using the disc diffusion test. The presence of methicillin-resistance genes and the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was determined by PCR. Prevalence was low (13/400; CI 1.7–5) and all but one positive sample were from organ meats. Eight isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Two isolates carried the mecC gene. All the isolates tested positive for seg, seh, sei, and sep, whilst 53.8% were positive for sea. None of the isolates was positive for ser, sej, seb, sec, or sed. The prevalence of S. aureus was low, with organ meats being the most contaminated. The presence of mecC-positive MRSA and of enterotoxins warrants further investigation and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thembeka Thwala
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Tsolanku S. Maliehe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Albert K. Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, Empangeni 3886, South Africa; (T.T.); (E.M.); (T.S.M.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Correspondence:
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15
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Toledo-Silva B, Beuckelaere L, De Visscher A, Geeroms C, Meyer E, Piepers S, Thiry D, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Novel Quantitative Assay to Describe In Vitro Bovine Mastitis Bacterial Pathogen Inhibition by Non-aureus Staphylococci. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020264. [PMID: 35215206 PMCID: PMC8879122 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a new quantitative method to evaluate and quantify in vitro growth inhibition of mastitis-related bacteria. Colony-forming units of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (n = 10), Escherichia (E.) coli (n = 10), and Streptococcus (S.) uberis (n = 10) were quantified after their growth on top of layers of trypticase soy agar (TSA) containing six different concentrations (varying from 102 to 107 CFU/mL) of bovine non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), i.e., S. chromogenes (n = 3) and S. simulans (n = 3) isolates. Growth inhibition of the mastitis-related major bacterial pathogens, including E. coli, was confirmed by all NAS, an effect that varied highly among NAS isolates and was not evident from the semiquantitative method with which the new method was compared. By subsequent application of the new method on a larger set of 14 bovine NAS isolates, we observed that S. simulans and NAS originating from teat apices (especially S. epidermidis) required lower concentrations to inhibit both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) (n = 5) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates (n = 5) originating from milk. Therefore, the new assay is a promising tool to precisely quantify the intra- and inter-species differences in growth inhibition between NAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Toledo-Silva
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.B.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (S.D.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lisa Beuckelaere
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.B.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (S.D.V.)
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Agricultural Engineering, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Chloë Geeroms
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.B.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (S.D.V.)
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.B.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (S.D.V.)
| | - Damien Thiry
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-Team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.B.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (S.D.V.)
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16
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van den Beld MJC, Rossen JWA, Evers N, Kooistra-Smid MAMD, Reubsaet FAG. MALDI-TOF MS Using a Custom-Made Database, Biomarker Assignment, or Mathematical Classifiers Does Not Differentiate Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020435. [PMID: 35208889 PMCID: PMC8878589 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. and E. coli are closely related and cannot be distinguished using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with commercially available databases. Here, three alternative approaches using MALDI-TOF MS to identify and distinguish Shigella spp., E. coli, and its pathotype EIEC were explored and evaluated using spectra of 456 Shigella spp., 42 E. coli, and 61 EIEC isolates. Identification with a custom-made database resulted in >94% Shigella identified at the genus level and >91% S. sonnei and S. flexneri at the species level, but the distinction of S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, and E. coli was poor. With biomarker assignment, 98% S. sonnei isolates were correctly identified, although specificity was low. Discriminating markers for S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, and E. coli were not assigned at all. Classification models using machine learning correctly identified Shigella in 96% of isolates, but most E. coli isolates were also assigned to Shigella. None of the proposed alternative approaches were suitable for clinical diagnostics for identifying Shigella spp., E. coli, and EIEC, reflecting their relatedness and taxonomical classification. We suggest the use of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of the Shigella spp./E. coli complex, but other tests should be used for distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike J. C. van den Beld
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (N.E.); (F.A.G.R.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.A.R.); (M.A.M.D.K.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-88-689-3454
| | - John W. A. Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.A.R.); (M.A.M.D.K.-S.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala Hospital, Dr. Van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Noah Evers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (N.E.); (F.A.G.R.)
| | - Mirjam A. M. D. Kooistra-Smid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.A.R.); (M.A.M.D.K.-S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Certe, Van Swietenlaan 2, 9728 NZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans A. G. Reubsaet
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (N.E.); (F.A.G.R.)
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17
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Fergestad ME, Touzain F, De Vliegher S, De Visscher A, Thiry D, Ngassam Tchamba C, Mainil JG, L’Abee-Lund T, Blanchard Y, Wasteson Y. Whole Genome Sequencing of Staphylococci Isolated From Bovine Milk Samples. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715851. [PMID: 34987483 PMCID: PMC8721127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are among the commonly isolated bacteria from intramammary infections in bovines, where Staphylococcus aureus is the most studied species. This species carries a variety of virulence genes, contributing to bacterial survival and spread. Less is known about non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) and their range of virulence genes and mechanisms, but they are the most frequently isolated bacteria from bovine milk. Staphylococci can also carry a range of antimicrobial resistance genes, complicating treatment of the infections they cause. We used Illumina sequencing to whole genome sequence 93 staphylococcal isolates selected from a collection of staphylococcal isolates; 45 S. aureus isolates and 48 NAS isolates from 16 different species, determining their content of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes. Antimicrobial resistance genes were frequently observed in the NAS species as a group compared to S. aureus. However, the lincosamide resistance gene lnuA and penicillin resistance gene blaZ were frequently identified in NAS, as well as a small number of S. aureus. The erm genes conferring macrolide resistance were also identified in several NAS isolates and in a small number of S. aureus isolates. In most S. aureus isolates, no antimicrobial resistance genes were detected, but in five S. aureus isolates three to six resistance genes were identified and all five of these carried the mecA gene. Virulence genes were more frequently identified in S. aureus, which contained on average five times more virulence genes compared to NAS. Among the NAS species there were also differences in content of virulence genes, such as S. chromogenes with a higher average number of virulence genes. By determining the content of a large selection of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes in S. aureus and 16 different NAS species our results contribute with knowledge regarding the genetic basis for virulence and antimicrobial resistance in bovine staphylococci, especially the less studied NAS. The results can create a broader basis for further research into the virulence mechanisms of this important group of bacteria in bovine intramammary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Ekeland Fergestad
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fabrice Touzain
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cyrille Ngassam Tchamba
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacques G. Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH Research Centre, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Trine L’Abee-Lund
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Yngvild Wasteson,
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18
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Beuckelaere L, De Visscher A, Souza FN, Meyer E, Haesebrouck F, Piepers S, De Vliegher S. Colonization and local host response following intramammary Staphylococcus chromogenes challenge in dry cows. Vet Res 2021; 52:137. [PMID: 34711282 PMCID: PMC8554945 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-01007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extensive research has been performed on bovine non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), several aspects such as bacteria-host interaction remain largely unstudied. Moreover, only a few mastitis pathogen challenge studies in cows have been conducted in the dry period, an important period that allows intramammary infection (IMI) to cure and new IMI to occur. We challenged 16 quarters of 4 Holstein Friesian cows at dry off with 100; 100 000 or 10 000 000 CFU of the udder-adapted S. chromogenes IM strain. Four quarters from one cow served as negative controls. Internally sealed quarters remained untouched, whereas non-sealed quarters were sampled 3 times during the dry period. After parturition, colostrum and daily milk samples were taken during the first week of lactation of all quarters. In total, 8 quarters appeared to be colonized, since S. chromogenes IM was recovered at least once during the experiment, as substantiated using Multilocus Sequence Typing. S. chromogenes IM shedding was highest in dry quarters inoculated with 10 000 000 CFU. Colonized quarters had the highest quarter somatic cell count (qSCC) in early lactation. Inoculated quarters (both colonized and non-colonized) had lower IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations in the dry period, whilst IFN-γ levels tended to be higher in colonized quarters compared to non-inoculated quarters. Also, IgG2 levels were higher in inoculated compared to non-inoculated quarters and the IgG2/IgG1 ratio was on average above 1. To conclude, we showed that dry quarters can be colonized with S. chromogenes IM, resulting in a shift towards a Th1 response in late gestation and early lactation characterised by an increased IgG2 concentration. However, further research is needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Beuckelaere
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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19
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Fréchette A, Fecteau G, Côté C, Dufour S. Clinical Mastitis Incidence in Dairy Cows Housed on Recycled Manure Solids Bedding: A Canadian Cohort Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:742868. [PMID: 34631863 PMCID: PMC8495071 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.742868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedding can affect mammary health of dairy cows. The objectives of this study were to evaluate clinical mastitis incidence in cows housed on recycled manure solids bedding and, more specifically, to determine which pathogens were involved. We followed 26 recycled manure solids farms and 60 straw-bedded farms as a comparative group during 1 year (2018-2019). For each episode of clinical mastitis, defined as a visual alteration of the milk, with or without local or systemic signs of infection, producers sampled aseptically the affected quarter, provided some details about the animal, and sent the sample to the research team at the Université de Montréal. We received and analyzed 1,144 milk samples. The samples were cultured according to the National Mastitis Council guidelines and the different colony phenotypes were subsequently identified with mass spectrometry. In 54.6% of CM cases, a single phenotype of bacteria was cultured (pure culture), while two different phenotypes were found in 16.8% of the samples (mixed culture), and no growth was observed in 14.4% of the samples. Samples with three or more phenotypes were considered contaminated and were not included in the pathogen-specific analyses (14.3% of the submitted samples). The most frequently identified bacterial species in pure and mixed culture in farms using recycled manure solids were Streptococcus uberis (16.0%), Escherichia coli (13.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.2%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (6.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (3.4%). In straw farms, the most frequent species were S. aureus (16.6%), S. uberis (11.0%), E. coli (9.1%), S. dysgalactiae (8.0%), and K. pneumoniae (1.1%). The incidence of clinical mastitis (all cases together) was not higher in recycled manure solids farms (14.0 cases/100 cow-year; 95% CI: 8.3-23.7) compared with straw-bedded farms (16.3 cases/100 cow-year; 95% CI: 9.0-29.6). However, K. pneumoniae clinical mastitis episodes were 7.0 (95% CI: 2.0-24.6) times more frequent in recycled manure solids farms than in straw farms. Adjusted least square means estimates were 1.6 K. pneumoniae clinical mastitis cases/100 cow-year (95% CI: 0.8-3.4) in recycled manure solids farms vs. 0.2 cases/100 cow-year (95% CI: 0.1-0.6) in straw-bedded farms. Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical mastitis is in general severe. Producers interested in this bedding alternative need to be aware of this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Fréchette
- Regroupement Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies (FRQ-NT) Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Regroupement Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies (FRQ-NT) Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Côté
- Institut de Recherche et de Développement en Agroenvironnement, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Regroupement Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et Technologies (FRQ-NT) Op+lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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20
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Kabera F, Roy JP, Keefe G, Dufour S. Bayesian estimation of diagnostic accuracy of somatic cell counts history and on-farm milk culture using Petrifilm® to identify quarters or cows that should be treated with antimicrobials in selective treatment protocols at dry off. Prev Vet Med 2021; 195:105452. [PMID: 34399169 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bayesian latent class models were used to estimate the test accuracy (sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and predictive values (NPV and PPV)) of cow-level somatic cell counts (SCC) data, quarter-level Petrifilm® on-farm milk culture, and quarter-level standard milk bacteriology for the identification of quarters that should possibly be treated with antimicrobials at dry off in dairy cows. Data of 282 cows from 9 dairy herds in Québec, Canada, with bulk tank SCC < 250,000 cells/mL were used. Estimated median herd-prevalence of infections that should be treated was 16.2 % (95 % credibility interval (CI): 11.0-22.7). Se and Sp estimates for quarter-milk culture using Petrifilm® were 82.2 % (95 %CI: 74.0-89.5) and 62.0 % (95 %CI: 58.6-65.6), respectively. Se and Sp for quarter-milk standard bacteriology were 67.4 % (95 %CI: 55.8-81.2) and 79.6 % (95 %CI: 76.4-83.0), respectively. Se and Sp of different SCC scenarios and thresholds were estimated. For first parity cows, using only the last Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) test SCC with a threshold of 100,000 cells/mL appeared quite accurate, with Se, Sp, PPV, NPV and reduction of antimicrobial usage of 85.6 % (95 %CI: 69.6-95.6), 86.0 % (95 %CI: 80.0-91.7), 58.0 % (95 %CI: 42.3-74.2), 96.4 % (95 %CI: 91.3-99.0), and 75.3 % (95 %CI: 70.7-79.3), respectively. For cows of ≥ 2nd parity, using only the last DHI test SCC with a threshold of 200,000 cells/mL resulted in Se, Sp, PPV, NPV and reduction of antimicrobial usage of 75.3 % (95 %CI: 55.8-87.3), 84.0 % (95 %CI: 78.8-89.3), 47.2 % (95 %CI: 32.0-63.7), 94.7 % (95 %CI: 89.0-97.6), and of 77.0 % (95 %CI: 73.3-80.3), respectively. Adding quarter-level milk culture using Petrifilm® to cows identified as unhealthy using cow-level SCC data improved the test accuracy (mainly the PPV) and further reduced the use of antimicrobials. For instance, in ≥ 2nd parity cows, using only the last DHI SCC with a threshold of 200,000 cells/mL, adding a subsequent Petrifilm® test increased the reduction from 77.0 % (95 %CI: 73.3-80.3) to 89.5 % (95 %CI: 86.7-91.8). Considering the availability of SCC data, the easiness of using just the last DHI test, and the high NPV that could be achieved, producers may consider using just the last DHI test as a potential tool to identify cows that should be treated with antimicrobials at dry off. It may be used alone or in combination with quarter-level on-farm Petrifilm® milk culture on high SCC cows to further reduce the use of antimicrobials by identifying quarters that need to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidèle Kabera
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada; Mastitis Network, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Mastitis Network, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada; Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Greg Keefe
- Mastitis Network, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada; Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada; Mastitis Network, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada.
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21
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Fergestad ME, De Visscher A, L'Abee-Lund T, Tchamba CN, Mainil JG, Thiry D, De Vliegher S, Wasteson Y. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence characteristics in 3 collections of staphylococci from bovine milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10250-10267. [PMID: 33934873 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a prevalent disease in dairy cattle, and staphylococci are among the most common causative pathogens. Staphylococci can express resistance to a range of antimicrobials, of which methicillin resistance is of particular public health concern. Additionally, Staphylococcus aureus carries a variety of virulence factors, although less is understood about the virulence of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS). The aim of our study was to identify and characterize 3 collections of staphylococcal isolates from bovine milk samples regarding antimicrobial resistance, with emphasis on methicillin resistance, and their carriage of virulence genes typically displayed by Staph. aureus. A total of 272 staphylococcal isolates collected in Norway and Belgium in 2016 were included, distributed as follows: group 1, Norway, 100 isolates; group 2, Flanders, Belgium, 64 isolates; group 3, Wallonia, Belgium, 108 isolates. Species identification was performed by use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Phenotypic resistance was determined via disk diffusion, and PCR was used for detection of methicillin resistance genes, mecA and mecC, and virulence genes. Antimicrobial resistance was common in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus from all different groups, with resistance to trimethoprim-sulfonamide frequently occurring in Staph. epidermidis and Staph. haemolyticus as well as in Staph. aureus. Resistance to penicillin was most frequently observed in group 1. Ten Belgian isolates (1 from group 2, 9 from group 3) carried the methicillin resistance determinant mecA: 5 Staph. aureus from 2 different farms and 5 NAS from 3 different farms. Almost all Staph. aureus isolates were positive for at least 3 of the screened virulence genes, whereas, in total, only 8 NAS isolates harbored any of the same genes. Our study contributes to the continuous need for knowledge regarding staphylococci from food-producing animals as a basis for better understanding of occurrence of resistance and virulence traits in these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Fergestad
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - A De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University (UGent), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T L'Abee-Lund
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - C Ngassam Tchamba
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - J G Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - D Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infection Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research in Animal and Health (FARAH) Centre, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University (UGent), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Y Wasteson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
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22
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De Buck J, Ha V, Naushad S, Nobrega DB, Luby C, Middleton JR, De Vliegher S, Barkema HW. Non- aureus Staphylococci and Bovine Udder Health: Current Understanding and Knowledge Gaps. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:658031. [PMID: 33937379 PMCID: PMC8081856 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.658031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts to control bovine mastitis and explain its causes, it remains the most costly and common disease of dairy cattle worldwide. The role and impact of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) in udder health are not entirely understood. These Gram-positive bacteria have become the most frequently isolated group of bacteria in milk samples of dairy cows and are associated with (mild) clinical and subclinical mastitis. Different species and strains of NAS differ in their epidemiology, pathogenicity, virulence, ecology and host adaptation, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. They have distinct relationships with the microbiome composition of the udder and may also have protective effects against other mastitis pathogens. Some appear to persist on the skin and in the teat canal and udder, while others seem to be transient residents of the udder from the environment. Analyzing genotypic and phenotypic differences in individual species may also hold clues to why some appear more successful than others in colonizing the udder. Understanding species-level interactions within the microbiome and its interactions with host genetics will clarify the role of NAS in bovine mastitis and udder health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vivian Ha
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sohail Naushad
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Diego B Nobrega
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher Luby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John R Middleton
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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23
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Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus from Vervet Monkeys ( Chlorocebus sabaeus) in Saint Kitts. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030290. [PMID: 33802161 PMCID: PMC8000491 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has been described in all ecosystems, including wildlife. Here we investigated the presence of methicillin-resistant and susceptible staphylococci in both colony-born and wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus). Through selective isolation, PCR, MALDI-TOF, and whole-genome sequencing, methicillin-resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus spp. isolated from vervet monkeys were characterized. We obtained putatively methicillin-resistant staphylococci from 29 of the 34 nasal samples collected. Strains were identified by MALDI-TOF analysis. Staphylococcus cohnii (n = 15) was the most commonly isolated species, while nine other species were isolated one or two times. PCR analysis indicated that eight [28%] strains were mecA positive. The whole-genome sequencing [WGS] included eight methicillin-resistant strains (S. epidermidis (n = 2), S. cohnii (n = 3), S. arlettae (n = 2) and S. hominis (n = 1)), nine additional S. cohnii strains and two strains that could not be identified by MALDI-TOF, but genetically characterized as one S. cohnii and one S. warneri. Different resistance genes carried by different mobile genetic elements, mainly blaZ (n = 10) and tet(K) (n = 5) were found, while msr(A), cat, fosB, dfrG, erm(C), mph(C) and str were identified in one to three strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the S. cohnii strains based on SNPs indicated four clusters associated with colony born or wild. In addition, one singleton S. cohnii isolated did not form a separate group and clustered within other S. cohnii strains submitted to the NCBI. In this study, we demonstrated the presence of AMR and mobile genetic elements to both colony-born and wild vervet monkeys. We also identified a previously undescribed prevalence of S. cohnii in the nasal flora of these monkeys, which merits further investigation.
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Jahan NA, Godden SM, Royster E, Schoenfuss TC, Gebhart C, Timmerman J, Fink RC. Evaluation of the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) system in the detection of mastitis pathogens from bovine milk samples. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 182:106168. [PMID: 33600875 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF is a chemistry analytical tool that has recently been deployed in the identification of microorganisms isolated from nosocomial environments. Its use in diagnostics has been extremely advantageous in terms of cost effectiveness, sample preparation easiness, turn-around time and result analysis accessibility. In the dairy industry, where mastitis causes great financial losses, a rapid diagnostic method such as MALDI-TOF could assist in the control and prevention program of mastitis, in addition to the sanitation and safety level of the dairy farms and processing facility. However, the diagnostic strengths and limitations of this test method require further understanding. In the present study, we prospectively compared MALDI-TOF MS to conventional 16S rDNA sequencing method for the identification of pathogens recovered from milk associated with clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis cases. Initially, 810 bacterial isolates were collected from raw milk samples over a period of three months. However, only the isolates (481) having both 16S rDNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF identification were included in the final phase of the study. Among the 481 milk isolates, a total of 26 genera (12 g-postive and 14 g-negative), including 71 different species, were taxonomically charecterized by 16S rDNA at the species level. Comparatively, MALDI-TOF identified 17 genera (9 g-positive and 8 g-negative) and 33 differernt species. Overall, 445 (93%) were putatively identified to the genus level by MALDI-TOF MS and 355 (74%) were identified to the species level, but no reliable identification was obtained for 16 (3.3%), and 20 (4.2%) discordant results were identified. Future studies may help to overcome the limitations of the MALDI database and additional sample preparation steps might help to reduce the number of discordances in identification. In conclusion, our results show that MALDI-TOF MS is a fast and reliable technique which has the potential to replace conventional identification methods for common mastitis pathogens, routinely isolated from raw milk. Thus it's adoption will strengthen the capacity, quality, and possibly the scope of diagnostic services to support the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat A Jahan
- Department of Biology, St. Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, MN, USA
| | - Sandra M Godden
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Erin Royster
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tonya C Schoenfuss
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Connie Gebhart
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer Timmerman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ryan C Fink
- Department of Biology, St. Cloud State University, Saint Cloud, MN, USA,.
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Wuytack A, De Visscher A, Piepers S, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Distribution of non-aureus staphylococci from quarter milk, teat apices, and rectal feces of dairy cows, and their virulence potential. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10658-10675. [PMID: 32921446 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are predominantly isolated from bovine milk samples of quarters suffering from subclinical mastitis. They are also abundantly present on dairy cows' teat apices and can be recovered from bovine fecal samples, as recently described. Differences in ecology, epidemiology, effect on udder health, and virulence or protective traits have been reported among the species within this group. The objectives of this study were (1) to describe the species-specific distribution of NAS in 3 bovine-associated habitats, namely quarter milk, teat apices, and rectal feces, and (2) to evaluate the virulence potential of NAS by comparing their distribution in contrasting milk sample strata and the presence of selected virulence genes. A cross-sectional, systematic sampling procedure was followed in 8 dairy herds that participated in the local Dairy Herd Improvement program in Flanders, Belgium. Quarter milk samples (n = 573) were collected from 144 lactating cows in 8 herds. In 5 of the 8 herds, teat apex swabs (n = 192) were taken from 15 lactating cows, before and after milking, and from 18 dry cows. In the same 5 herds, rectal feces were sampled from 80 lactating cows (n = 80), taking into account that a cow could only serve as the source of one type of sample. In addition, milk samples of all clinical mastitis cases were continuously collected during the 1-yr study period from March 2017 to March 2018 in the 8 herds. In total, 1,676 Staphylococcus isolates were phenotypically identified and subjected to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Thirty-three, 98, and 28% of all quarter milk, teat apex, and rectal fecal samples were NAS-positive, respectively, reaffirming the presence of NAS in rectal feces. The overall predominant species in the 3 habitats combined were Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Staphylococcus hominis. Four, 16, and 12% of the healthy quarters (quarter milk somatic cell count ≤50,000 cells/mL of milk), quarters with subclinical mastitis (quarter milk somatic cell count >50,000 cells/mL of milk), and quarters with clinical mastitis, respectively, were NAS-positive, suggesting that the potential to cause (mild) clinical mastitis is present among NAS. This was substantiated by comparing the presence of virulence genes of NAS isolates originating from contrasting milk sample strata (healthy quarters and quarters with clinical mastitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wuytack
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A De Visscher
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Agricultural Engineering, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Conesa A, Dieser S, Barberis C, Bonetto C, Lasagno M, Vay C, Odierno L, Porporatto C, Raspanti C. Differentiation of non-aureus staphylococci species isolated from bovine mastitis by PCR-RFLP of groEL and gap genes in comparison to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104489. [PMID: 32910983 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Intramammary infections (IMI) cause serious economic losses for farmers and the dairy industry. Cases of subclinical mastitis are commonly the result of infection by minor pathogens such as non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), so their correct identification is important for appropriate therapeutic intervention and management. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the groEL and gap genes to discriminate between bovine-associated NAS species, using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) as the reference method. MALDI-TOF MS was able to correctly identify 112 NAS isolates from bovine IMI at species level out of a total of 115 (97.4%). These results were considered definitive and thus compared with those from the PCR-RFLP analyses. Only 50% (56/112) of the samples classified through groEL PCR-RFLP matched the molecular identity determined by MALDI-TOF MS, whereas coincidence rose to 96.4% (108/112) when comparing results from gap PCR-RFLP and the spectral analysis. This study demonstrates that gap PCR-RFLP is a useful and reliable tool for the identification of NAS species isolated from bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Conesa
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas (IAPCByA), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, X5900KBJ, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvana Dieser
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, X5806JRA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Barberis
- Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, C1113AAD, Caba, Argentina
| | - Cesar Bonetto
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas (IAPCByA), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, X5900KBJ, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mirta Lasagno
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, X5806JRA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Vay
- Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, C1113AAD, Caba, Argentina
| | - Liliana Odierno
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, X5806JRA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carina Porporatto
- Instituto Académico Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas (IAPCByA), Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Arturo Jauretche 1555, X5900KBJ, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Raspanti
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, X5806JRA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Schwarz D, Santschi DE, Durocher J, Lefebvre DM. Evaluation of the new differential somatic cell count parameter as a rapid and inexpensive supplementary tool for udder health management through regular milk recording. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105079. [PMID: 32653488 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis, particularly in its subclinical form, is the costliest disease in milk production causing substantial financial losses to the dairy industry, impairing animal welfare, and one of the main reasons for treating dairy cows with antimicrobials. Somatic cell count (SCC) is broadly used as an indicator for mastitis or intramammary infection (IMI) and is the basis for udder health management programmes, e.g., through monthly dairy herd improvement (DHI) testing. While SCC shows the total number of cells in milk, the new Differential SCC (DSCC) shows also the combined proportion of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and lymphocytes as a percentage of the total SCC. In this study, we investigated the test characteristics of DSCC as a new supplementary indicator for mastitis screening. We collaborated with 11 herds totalling 969 dairy cows and collected metered DHI samples once a month over four months. The IMI status was assessed through analysis of aseptic composite hand-stripped samples using culture and followed by species identification using MALDI-ToF. The pathogens detected were categorised as 'no', 'minor', 'major', or 'other' pathogens. The results of our study showed that the DSCC parameter was significantly associated with the IMI status and the cow's parity but not with days in milk or test-day milk weight. On the other hand, SCC was associated with all these four factors. DSCC counts were significantly higher in samples of cows with IMI caused by major pathogens as compared to cows with no IMI or IMI by minor or other pathogens. SCC alone, DSCC alone, and the combination of DSCC and SCC were further compared based on test characteristics using exemplary cut-offs. For example, working with a cut-off of 200,000 cells/ for SCC alone compared to working with the combination of DSCC of 65 % and/or 200,000 cells/mL to classify cows as infected by major pathogens, the sensitivity increased from 78 % to 92 % and the specificity decreased from 87 % to 66 %. With the combination, the positive predictive value changed from 52 % to 34 %, and the negative predictive value stayed at the same level (96 % vs 98 %). In summary, our study provides first insights on test characteristics of the DSCC parameter used in combination with the well-established SCC for monitoring udder health using DHI testing. This combination opens up the possibility to further improve udder health monitoring programmes (e.g., improved identification of IMI caused by major pathogens) but more work on the subject is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schwarz
- FOSS Analytical A/S, Foss Allé 1, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
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Piepers S, Van Den Brulle I, Mertens K, De Vliegher S. Short communication: Barrier characteristics of 3 external teat sealants to prevent bacterial penetration under in vitro conditions using rubber calf-feeding nipples. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6569-6575. [PMID: 32331896 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the barrier characteristics of 3 external teat sealants for dry cows in preventing bacterial penetration by 3 common major mastitis pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus uberis) via a novel in vitro simulation model using rubber calf-feeding nipples. All feeding nipples were filled with a sterile cotton plug soaked in sterile broth heart infusion medium and were treated as follows: rubber teats 1 and 5 were sealed with Ubera Dry (Inovet, Arendonk, Belgium); rubber teats 2 and 6 were sealed with T-Hexx Dry (Huvepharma Livestock, St. Louis, MO); rubber teats 3 and 7 were sealed with Uddergold Dry (Ecolab Food and Beverage Division, St. Paul, MN); and rubber teats 4 and 8 remained unsealed and served as positive and negative controls, respectively. After the dips had dried, rubber teats 1 to 4 were immersed in a suspension of E. coli (experiment 1), Staph. aureus (experiment 2), or Strep. uberis (experiment 3; ≥1.5 × 108 cfu/mL) for 24 h, whereas rubber teats 5 to 8 were not exposed to the bacterial suspensions. All external teat sealants adhered well to the rubber teats. All cotton plugs collected from the teats that were not exposed to E. coli, Staph. aureus, or Strep. uberis (rubber teats 5 to 8) remained culture-negative, except for 1 (due to contamination). Of the rubber teats that were exposed to the major mastitis pathogens, all cotton plugs collected from the teats dipped with Ubera Dry and T-Hexx Dry remained culture-negative for the mastitis pathogen they were exposed to. The cotton plugs of the rubber teats that were sealed with Uddergold Dry and exposed to E. coli and Strep. uberis showed positive cultures for the respective bacteria, as demonstrated using strain-typing. The cotton plugs collected from the rubber teats that were not sealed with an external teat sealant and that served as positive controls became culture-positive for the mastitis pathogens they were exposed to. We conclude that Ubera Dry showed comparable and superior barrier performance against penetration of E. coli, Staph. aureus, and Strep. uberis compared with T-Hexx Dry and Uddergold Dry, respectively, under in vitro conditions using a novel in vitro simulation model. Although one should be aware that the method has not yet been validated to predict risk of intramammary infections, the proposed technique can be a meaningful starting point to evaluate and compare the barrier characteristics of external teat sealants in preventing bacterial penetration. A large-scale clinical trial is needed before any definite conclusions can be drawn as to the adherence, duration of adherence, barrier performance, and efficacy in protection against intramammary infections of the 3 external teat sealants under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - I Van Den Brulle
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Mertens
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Karadjian G, Bilska-Zając E, Bahn P, Py JS, Johne A, Gassilloud B, Różycki M, Cencek T, Mayer-Scholl A, Vallée I. Species identification of Trichinella originated from various host and different geographical location by MALDI-TOF. Exp Parasitol 2020; 213:107890. [PMID: 32272128 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne zoonotic nematode Trichinella spp. can cause human trichinellosis when raw or undercooked contaminated meat is ingested. To date, twelve Trichinella species/genotypes have been described. According to EU regulation any Trichinella larvae detected during mandatory routine examinations need to be identified at a species level by a competent laboratory. Currently, Trichinella species identification is performed using molecular biology tools such as multiplex PCR, PCR-sequencing or PCR-RFLP. These techniques require high level of skills for good interpretation of the results. Due to its rapidness and ease of use a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) protocol was previously developed for the identification of Trichinella species. Using this method, spectra from different Trichinella species and strains were acquired allowing to generate new Main Spectra (MSP). Finally a new MSP database from Trichinella spp. Samples of different countries (France, Germany and Poland), including field samples, was generated. Comparing the different main spectra, Trichinella worms were identified at the species level and differences in the genetic diversities within the different species are discussed. In conclusion, using the previously described method on field samples is a reliable, rapid, easy-to-use and cheap tool for Trichinella species identification. The new Trichinella database could be incremented with new samples. It constitutes a tool, which could be used as an alternative method to replace the actual molecular methods for Trichinella species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Karadjian
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, Alfort National Veterinary School, INRA, Animal Health Laboratory, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Peter Bahn
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Sébastien Py
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Microbiology Unit, MALDI-TOF Platform, Nancy, France
| | - Anette Johne
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benoit Gassilloud
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Microbiology Unit, MALDI-TOF Platform, Nancy, France
| | - Mirosław Różycki
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Vallée
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, Alfort National Veterinary School, INRA, Animal Health Laboratory, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Wuytack A, De Visscher A, Piepers S, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Fecal non-aureus Staphylococci are a potential cause of bovine intramammary infection. Vet Res 2020; 51:32. [PMID: 32122405 PMCID: PMC7052973 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) in bovine rectal feces has recently been described. Similar to other mastitis causing pathogens, shedding of NAS in the environment could result in intramammary infection. The objective of this study was to investigate whether NAS strains present in feces can cause intramammary infection, likely via teat apex colonization. During a cross-sectional study in 5 dairy herds, samples were collected from the habitats quarter milk, teat apices, and rectal feces from 25%, 10%, and 25% of the lactating cows, respectively, with a cow serving as the source of one type of sample only. Samples from clinical mastitis cases were continuously collected during the 1-year study period as well. The 6 most prevalent NAS species, Staphylococcus (S.) chromogenes, S. cohnii, S. devriesei, S. equorum, S. haemolyticus, and S. hominis, were further subtyped by random amplification of polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), when the same NAS species was present in the same herd in the three habitats. For S. chromogenes, S. cohnii, S. devriesei, and S. haemolyticus, the same RAPD type was found in rectal feces, teat apices, and quarter milk, indicating that fecal NAS can infect the mammary gland. For S. hominis and S. equorum, we were unable to confirm the presence of the same RAPD types in the three habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameline Wuytack
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Agricultural Engineering, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115 Bus 1, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Valckenier D, Piepers S, De Visscher A, De Vliegher S. The effect of intramammary infection in early lactation with non-aureus staphylococci in general and Staphylococcus chromogenes specifically on quarter milk somatic cell count and quarter milk yield. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:768-782. [PMID: 31677845 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the impact of subclinical intramammary infection (IMI) with non-aureus staphylococcal (NAS) species in the first 18 d in milk (DIM) on the quarter milk somatic cell count (qSCC) and quarter milk yield (qMY) during the first 4 mo of lactation in Holstein Friesian heifers. Quarter milk samples were collected from 82 heifers from 1 to 4 DIM until 130 DIM on a biweekly (14 d) basis for determination of the qSCC; qMY data were available through the automatic milking systems. The quarter samples collected on the first (1-4 DIM) and second (15-18 DIM) sampling days were used for bacteriological culturing to determine the IMI status. In this study, 324 quarters from 82 heifers were enrolled, of which 68 were NAS-infected at the first sampling day. Only 16 (23.5%) of these quarters were still NAS-infected at the second sampling day, demonstrating the high spontaneous cure rate of these infections shortly after calving; 9 of these 16 cases were infected with the same NAS species. Interestingly, none of the NAS-infected quarters at the first sampling day acquired a new infection with a major pathogen at the second sampling day, whereas 2.3% of the noninfected quarters did. All 102 isolates phenotypically identified as NAS were further identified to the species level. Staphylococcus chromogenes was the most prevalent species on the first (29.4% of all NAS) and second (52.9%) sampling days. Quarters infected with Staph. chromogenes at the first sampling day had a significantly higher qSCC in later lactation than noninfected quarters, whereas this was not true for quarters infected with all other NAS species (i.e., as a group of species). The average daily qMY in the first 4 mo of lactation did not differ between noninfected quarters and quarters infected with Staph. chromogenes or all other NAS species at the first sampling day. Persistently NAS species-infected quarters in the first 18 DIM (i.e., infected with the same NAS species on the first and second sampling days) had the highest qSCC later in lactation, followed by quarters with a new NAS IMI (i.e., noninfected at the first sampling day and infected with NAS at the second sampling day). The qSCC from transiently NAS species-infected quarters (i.e., not infected with the same NAS species at the second sampling day) was not significantly higher in later lactation compared with that in noninfected quarters. The IMI status of quarters in the first 18 DIM, combining culture results at 1 to 4 and 15 to 18 DIM (new, persistent, and transient IMI), was not significantly associated with daily qMY in the first 4 mo after calving. In general, NAS should be considered minor pathogens with no adverse effect on daily qMY in quarters of heifers infected in the first 18 DIM and with a high spontaneous cure rate. Staphylococcus chromogenes was the most prevalent species, causing an increase in qSCC comparable to the level of quarters infected with a major pathogen; Staph. chromogenes caused most infections that persisted through at least the first 18 DIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Valckenier
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A De Visscher
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science, Agricultural Engineering, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team & Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Abstract
Staphylococci have been isolated from various sites of the body of healthy sheep, as well as from many infections of those animals, the main one being mastitis. The objective of this review is to appraise the importance and significance of staphylococci in causing mastitis in ewes. The review includes a brief classification and taxonomy of staphylococci and describes the procedures for their isolation and identification, as well as their virulence determinants and the mechanisms of resistance to antibacterial agents. Various staphylococcal species have been implicated in staphylococcal mastitis and the characteristics of isolates are discussed with regards to potential virulence factors. Staphylococcal mastitis is explicitly described, with reference to sources of infection, the course of the disease and the relevant control measures. Finally, the potential significance of staphylococci present in ewes' milk for public health is discussed briefly.
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Supré K, Roupie V, Ribbens S, Stevens M, Boyen F, Roels S. Short communication: Mycolicibacterium smegmatis, basonym Mycobacterium smegmatis, causing pyogranulomatous mastitis and its cross-reactivity in bovine (para)tuberculosis testing. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8405-8409. [PMID: 31301842 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Different mycobacterial species are encountered in bovine medicine. The fastidiously growing mycobacteria (Mycobacterium bovis as the cause of bovine tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, MAP, as the cause of paratuberculosis) are well known and targeted in eradication/control or monitoring programs in different countries, whereas the rapidly growing species is only rarely identified from bovine disease. The latter have occasionally been reported as the cause of bovine clinical mastitis, but recent reports are scarce. In this study, Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (basonym Mycobacterium smegmatis) was identified as cause of granulomatous, relapsing clinical mastitis in 2 cows from one Belgian dairy herd. Milk, blood, and fecal samples were collected, as well as tissue samples after the cows were culled. Serological analysis conducted on milk and serum samples resulted in positive reactions for MAP, but negative for Mycobacterium bovis. Production of IFN-γ showed sensitization with mycobacteria or similar organisms, other than M. bovis, in one cow. Detection of MAP by bacteriological culture and IS900-based quantitative PCR on milk and feces remained negative. In conclusion, this paper describes M. smegmatis as a cause of bovine clinical mastitis in Belgium and suggests cross-reactivity of the intramammary M. smegmatis infection with routinely used serological tests for MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Supré
- Flanders Milk Control Centre (MCC-Vlaanderen), 2500 Lier, Belgium.
| | - V Roupie
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction "Infectious diseases in animals," 1180 Brussel, Belgium
| | - S Ribbens
- Animal Health Service (DGZ-Vlaanderen), 8820 Torhout, Belgium
| | - M Stevens
- Vetoquinol, 2630 Aartselaar, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Roels
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction "Infectious diseases in animals," 1180 Brussel, Belgium
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Ngassam Tchamba C, Rao AS, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Duprez JN, Théron L, Thiry D, Mainil JG. Comparison of quantitative PCR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry assays for identification of bacteria in milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:683-692. [PMID: 31216600 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to compare qualitatively and quantitatively the results of identification of the bacteria present in milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis using multiplex qPCR assay and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS® ) after bacteriological growth. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 182 samples were aseptically collected from 119 cows with high somatic cell counts (>2·105 SCC per ml) on 11 farms in Belgium in 2014. The mutiplex qPCR assay was carried out on 350 µl of milk with the PathoProof® Complete-16kit. Ten microlitre of milk was streaked on Columbia blood agar and three selective agar plates. Growing colonies were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Of the 182 samples, 90 gave positive results with either or both tests for one or two bacterial species/genera. Total qualitative agreement of the bacteria identified was observed in 41 mono- or bi-bacterial samples (46%) and partial agreement in 19 bi-bacterial samples at both or either tests (21%). The results of both tests on those mono- and bi-bacterial samples were not significantly different (McNemar test; P = 0·395) with a fair agreement (Cohen's kappa test; k = 0·375; P = 0·055). Moreover, quantitative correlation between the qPCR intensity and the numbers of growing colonies was observed in half of the 60 samples with qualitative matching results. CONCLUSIONS Both methods give identical qualitative and quantitative results with approximately a half and a quarter of the mono- and bi-bacterial samples respectively. Several reasons can explain the differences. The multiplex qPCR assay only targets the most important mammary gland pathogens and can detect DNA of bacteria both alive and dead. Conversely, bacteria only grow when alive and the MALDI-TOF MS databases do not include all bovine milk-associated bacterial species yet. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study further highlights the limitations and complementarity of the genetic and phenotypic tests for the identification of bacteria present in milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ngassam Tchamba
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A S Rao
- Obstetrics, Department of Large Animal Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J-N Duprez
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - L Théron
- Obstetrics, Department of Large Animal Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - D Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J G Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Test Agreement among Biochemical Methods, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry, and 16S rRNA Sequencing for Identification of Microorganisms Isolated from Bovine Milk. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01381-18. [PMID: 30567749 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01381-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this prospective study was a blinded comparison of three methods for the identification of bacteria isolated on Columbia blood agar from milk samples of dairy cows. Basic biochemical testing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and 16S rRNA partial genome sequence analysis were compared for bacterial identification to the genus or species level. Milk samples submitted from a commercial dairy farm from recently calved cows or clinical mastitis cases were cultured, and 181 isolates were identified by biochemical testing, MALDI-TOF MS, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis (179 isolates; 2 isolates could not be recovered from storage). For Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, agreement was determined at the species level. For other microbes, agreement was determined at the genus level or at the group level for streptococcus-like organisms. The positive agreement among all 3 diagnostic methods was 94%, with 95% to 98% between each pair of methods. The overall (including negative agreement) agreement among all 3 methods ranged from 97% to 100%. MALDI-TOF MS is becoming more commonplace for the genus- and/or species-level identification of bacteria isolated from milk samples and, in some laboratories, has replaced conventional biochemical methods. The results of the present study suggest that when identifying pathogens at the genus or group level, conventional culture followed up with either secondary biochemical testing or MALDI-TOF MS is of practical value. For purposes of milk quality and udder health monitoring or research, any of the 3 methods is a valuable tool for genus-level identification of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk.
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36
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Abstract
A diagnosis of mastitis is based on clinical observations or direct/indirect measures of the inflammatory response to infection, whereas a diagnosis of an intramammary infection is based on identification of the infectious agent. Somatic cell count/somatic cell score are common diagnostic tests for the detection of subclinical mastitis. Culture and polymerase chain reaction can be useful in the diagnosis of an intramammary infection; however, both have their advantages and disadvantages. Diagnosing the bacterial agent causing the intramammary infection can help to determine treatment and prevention strategies on the farm, which in turn can help to reduce incidence and prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Mahmmod YS, Nonnemann B, Svennesen L, Pedersen K, Klaas IC. Typeability of MALDI-TOF assay for identification of non-aureus staphylococci associated with bovine intramammary infections and teat apex colonization. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9430-9438. [PMID: 30100507 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF), a culture-dependent assay, has recently been implemented for routine identification of non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) species from milk, but the assay has never been investigated for NAS from nonmilk or environmental samples. The objective of this study was to evaluate the typeability of the MALDI-TOF assay for the identification and differentiation of bovine-associated NAS species on aseptically collected quarter milk and teat skin samples in dairy herds. In 8 herds, 14 to 20 cows with elevated somatic cell count were randomly selected for teat skin swabs and foremilk samples from right hind and left front quarters. Teat skin swabs and milk samples were collected aseptically for preliminary identification using bacterial culture on chromogenic and calf blood agars. Colonies from milk and teat skin samples with suspicion of having NAS were identified to species-level by MALDI-TOF assay. Out of 511 isolates from 284 quarters (142 cows), 78% (n = 399) were identified by MALDI-TOF. The percentage of correctly identified NAS from milk (91%, 105/115) using MALDI-TOF was higher than the percentage from teat skin (68%, 268/396). Out of the identified isolates, 93% (n = 373) were successfully identified as NAS, whereas the remaining 26 (7%) were shown to be other bacterial species. Out of 26 NAS isolates, 1 originated from milk (Corynebacterium stationis), whereas 25 originated from teat skin representing Aerococcus viridans (n = 7), Bacillus pumilus (n = 13), Enterococcus saccharolyticus (n = 1), Clostridium septicum (n = 1), Corynebacterium stationis (n = 2), and Corynebacterium casei (n = 1). The MALDI-TOF identified 85 (98/115) and 62% (245/396) of the isolates in the first test. Isolates that were not identified to species-level at first test were subjected to a second test, and 47 (8/17) and 32% (48/151) from milk and teat skin, respectively, were identified. After 2 rounds of MALDI-TOF, 22% (n = 112) of the isolates were not identified, representing 103 from teat skin and 9 from milk. Eighteen isolates without identification by MALDI-TOF were successfully identified to species-level using sequencing, where 16 were correctly identified as NAS, whereas the other 2 were Corynebacterium stationis. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF is a reliable assay for identification and typeability of NAS species from aseptically collected quarter milk samples. The assay may be used for identification of NAS species from teat skin swabs. However, confirmation using nucleic acid-based tools is vital for accurate species identification of some species and strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser S Mahmmod
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511-Zagazig, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - Bettina Nonnemann
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Line Svennesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ilka Christine Klaas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Gosselin VB, Lovstad J, Dufour S, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR. Use of MALDI-TOF to characterize staphylococcal intramammary infections in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6262-6270. [PMID: 29705416 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The most common pathogens causing intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy goats are staphylococci. Gene sequencing has been the reference method for identification of staphylococcal species, but MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry could represent a rapid and cost-effective alternative method. The objectives were to evaluate the typeability and accuracy of partial gene sequencing and MALDI-TOF for identifying staphylococci isolated from caprine milk samples, and to evaluate the relationship between staphylococcal species IMI, milk somatic cell score (SCS), and milk yield (MY). A composite (goat-level) milk sample was collected from all 940 lactating goats in a single herd. Dairy Herd Information Association test-day data for parity, days in milk, SCS, and MY were retrieved from Dairy Herd Information Association records. Milk samples were cultured on Columbia blood agar, and isolates from samples that yielded a single colony type of a presumptively identified Staphylococcus spp. were identified by PCR amplification and partial sequencing of rpoB, tuf, or 16S-rRNA, and MALDI-TOF. Mixed linear models were used to evaluate the relationship between staphylococcal IMI, SCS, and MY. The goat-level prevalence of staphylococcal IMI based on isolation of a single colony type was 24.4% (213/874). Seventeen goats had a contaminated sample. Among the remaining goats (n = 857), the most common species causing single colony-type IMI were Staphylococcus simulans (7.9%), Staphylococcus xylosus (3.5%), Staphylococcus caprae (3.6%), Staphylococcus chromogenes (2.9%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.2%). The typeability of staphylococcal isolates with partial housekeeping gene sequence analysis (rpoB, complemented by tuf and 16S as needed) was 97.7%. The typeability and accuracy of MALDI-TOF were 84 and 100%, respectively. Overall, only Staphylococcus chromogenes IMI was associated with a higher SCS than goats with no growth. After adjusting for parity and stage of lactation, staphylococcal IMI status was not significantly associated with MY. For the staphylococci isolated from goats in this herd, MALDI-TOF proved an accurate method of speciation with a relatively high typeability. An association between staphylococcal IMI, SCS, and MY was not defined using goat-level data with the exception of S. chromogenes IMI, which was associated with a higher SCS than goats with no growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bernier Gosselin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211
| | - Jessica Lovstad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211
| | - Simon Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2; Canadian Bovine Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Network, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Dr., Columbia 65211.
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Adkins PRF, Dufour S, Spain JN, Calcutt MJ, Reilly TJ, Stewart GC, Middleton JR. Molecular characterization of non-aureus Staphylococcus spp. from heifer intramammary infections and body sites. J Dairy Sci 2018. [PMID: 29525303 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate non-aureus Staphylococcus spp. intramammary infections (IMI) in periparturient heifers and determine the relationship of precalving body site isolation with precalving IMI and postcalving IMI using molecular speciation and strain-typing methods. Primiparous heifers were enrolled at approximately 14 d before expected calving date. Precalving mammary quarter secretions and body site swabbing samples (teat skin, inguinal skin, muzzle, and perineum) were collected. Postcalving, mammary quarter milk samples were collected for culture and somatic cell counting. Precalving body site samples were cultured, and up to 10 staphylococcal colonies were saved for characterization. Staphylococcal isolates were speciated using matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry or sequencing of rpoB or tuf. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to strain type a subset of isolates. Overall, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus agnetis, and Staphylococcus simulans were the most common species identified in precalving mammary secretions, whereas S. chromogenes, Staphylococcus xylosus, and S. agnetis were the most common species found in postcalving milk samples. The most common species identified from body site samples were S. chromogenes, S. xylosus, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Mammary quarters that had a precalving mammary secretion that was culture positive for S. agnetis, S. chromogenes, or Staphylococcus devriesei had increased odds of having an IMI with the same species postcalving. A S. chromogenes IMI postcalving was associated with higher somatic cell count when compared with postcalving culture-negative quarters. Among heifers identified with a non-aureus Staphylococcus spp. IMI either precalving or postcalving, heifers that had S. agnetis or S. chromogenes isolated from their teat skin had increased odds of having the same species found in their precalving mammary secretions, and heifers with S. chromogenes, S. simulans, and S. xylosus isolated from their teat skin precalving were at increased odds of having an IMI with the same species postcalving. Overall, 44% of all heifers with a S. chromogenes IMI around the time of parturition had the same strain isolated from a body site. Based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, a high level of strain diversity was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - S Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - J N Spain
- Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - M J Calcutt
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - T J Reilly
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - G C Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - J R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
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40
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Adkins PRF, Dufour S, Spain JN, Calcutt MJ, Reilly TJ, Stewart GC, Middleton JR. Cross-sectional study to identify staphylococcal species isolated from teat and inguinal skin of different-aged dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3213-3225. [PMID: 29397170 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence and distribution of staphylococcal species on the teat and inguinal skin of dairy heifers across the various stages of the heifer life cycle. The cross-sectional study included 106 Holstein heifers with an age range of 0 d to 27 mo that were selected from 11 different groups, based on housing type and age, on a single dairy operation. A composite swabbing sample including all 4 teats and a second composite sample including both inguinal regions of each heifer were collected using gas-sterilized electrostatic dusters (Swiffers; Procter and Gamble, Cincinnati, OH). Swabbing samples were mixed with 10 mL of sterile saline, agitated, and cultured on mannitol salt agar plates. At 24 h, plates were read and up to 10 staphylococcal colonies were saved for further analysis. Staphylococcal isolates were speciated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry or PCR amplification and partial sequencing of rpoB or tuf. The prevalence of staphylococci was compared between the inguinal and teat regions using the chi-squared or Fisher's exact test, as applicable. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between a heifer's age (treated as a quantitative continuous variable) and the probability of isolating a given staphylococcal species from a given body site (inguinal region or teats). Overall, the most common species identified were Staphylococcus haemolyticus followed by Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus devriesei, and Staphylococcus sciuri. Staphylococcus aureus was more prevalent on the teat than in the inguinal region, whereas Staphylococcus arlettae was more prevalent in the inguinal region than on the teat. All other staphylococcal species were as likely to be found on the teat skin as the inguinal region skin. Isolation from the inguinal and teat skin was associated with age for Staphylococcus agnetis, S. chromogenes, S. devriesei, Staphylococcus equorum, S. haemolyticus, Staphylococcus lentus, S. sciuri, Staphylococcus vitulinus, and S. xylosus. The probability of finding S. chromogenes and S. agnetis on the teat and inguinal region increased with age, whereas the probability of S. devriesei and S. haemolyticus decreased with age. This study provides further insight into the ecology of staphylococcal species involved in heifer mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - S Dufour
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - J N Spain
- Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - M J Calcutt
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - T J Reilly
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - G C Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | - J R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211.
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