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Llada IM, Mote RS, Hill NS, Lourenco JM, Jones DP, Suen G, Ross MK, Filipov NM. Ruminal ergovaline and volatile fatty acid dynamics: Association with poor performance and a key growth regulator in steers grazing toxic tall fescue. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104354. [PMID: 38151218 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Fescue toxicosis (FT) is produced by an ergot alkaloid (i.e., ergovaline [EV])-producing fungus residing in toxic fescue plants. Associations between EV, decreased weight gain and ruminal volatile fatty acids are unclear. Feces, rumen fluid, and blood were collected from 12 steers that grazed non-toxic (NT) or toxic (E +) fescue for 28 days. The E + group exhibited decreased propionate (P), increased acetate (A), and increased ruminal A:P ratio, with similar trends in feces. Plasma GASP-1 (G-Protein-Coupled-Receptor-Associated-Sorting-Protein), a myostatin inhibitor, decreased (day 14) only in E + steers. Ergovaline was present only in E + ruminal fluid and peaked on day 14. The lower ruminal propionate and higher A:P ratio might contribute to FT while reduced GASP-1 might be a new mechanism linked to E + -related weight gain reduction. Day 14 ergovaline zenith likely reflects ruminal adaptations favoring EV breakdown and its presence only in rumen points to local, rather than systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Llada
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, United States
| | - R S Mote
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, United States
| | - N S Hill
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, United States
| | - J M Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - D P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - G Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - M K Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - N M Filipov
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, United States.
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2
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Carrillo-Muro O, Rivera-Villegas A, Hernandez-Briano P, Lopez-Carlos MA, Plascencia A. Effects of Duration of Calcium Propionate Supplementation in Lambs Finished with Supplemental Zilpaterol Hydrochloride: Productive Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3113. [PMID: 37835718 PMCID: PMC10572044 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty-five male non-castrated crossbred Dorper lambs (40.17 ± 0.35 kg body weight, BW) were employed in a completely randomized design with five treatments to investigate the effects of the duration of calcium propionate (CaPr) supplementation (10 g CaPr/lamb/d for 0, 14, 28, or 42 d before slaughter) on lambs finished with zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH, 7.2 mg/lamb/d for a fixed period of 28 d before slaughter) regarding their productive performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Treatments consisted of the following: (1) No additives (CTL), (2) 0 days on CaPr plus 28 d on ZH, (3) 14 days on CaPr plus 28 d on ZH, (4) 28 days on CaPr plus 28 d on ZH, and (5) 42 days on CaPr plus 28 d on ZH. When compared with CTL, ZH lambs exhibited a similar average daily gain (ADG) but had lower dry matter intake (DMI), leading to increased feed efficiency. Supplementing with ZH alone did not affect carcass traits, visceral mass, whole cuts, or meat quality. Lambs that received both CaPr 28 d and ZH exhibited quadratic increases (p < 0.05) in final body weight (FBW), ADG, and dressing percentage (D%). These increases were optimal at estimated inclusion durations of 26 d for FBW, 30 for ADG, and 39 d for D%. The ADG:DMI ratio and the longissimus muscle area (LMA) both exhibited quadratic increases (p < 0.05). The optimal duration of CaPr supplementation for ADG:DMI ratio was found to be 28 d, while for LMA, it was 14 d. As the period of CaPr supplementation increased, there was a linear increase (p < 0.05) in hot carcass weight, leg circumference, and whole cuts of breast IMPS209 and shoulder IMPS207. Cook loss percent increased quadratically (p < 0.05), and was higher when CaPr was included for an estimated duration of 26 d. As the duration of CaPr supplementation increased, the purge loss percentage (PRL) also increased linearly (p < 0.05). In conclusion, including CaPr in the diet for a duration of 28 d in lambs improved the response to ZH supplementation on the productive performance, carcass weight, and some whole cuts. However, it can also have a negative effect on PRL%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Carrillo-Muro
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.H.-B.); (M.A.L.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Rivera-Villegas
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.H.-B.); (M.A.L.-C.)
| | - Pedro Hernandez-Briano
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.H.-B.); (M.A.L.-C.)
| | - Marco Antonio Lopez-Carlos
- Unidad Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, General Enrique Estrada 98500, Mexico; (O.C.-M.); (P.H.-B.); (M.A.L.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Plascencia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan 80260, Mexico;
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Red osier dogwood and its use in animal nutrition: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 13:64-77. [PMID: 37009073 PMCID: PMC10060110 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As the human population increases globally, the food animal industry has not been spared from the monumental demand for edible animal products, particularly meat. This has necessitated the simultaneous expansion of the productivity of the animal sector to meet the ever-growing human needs. Although antibiotics have been used in food animal production with commendable positive impacts on their growth performance, their sole contributive factor to the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance has ushered the strict restrictions placed on their use in the animal sector. This has handed a setback to both animals and farmers; thus, the intense push for a more sustainable antibiotic alternative for use in animal production. The use of plants with concentrated phytogenic compounds has gained much interest due to their beneficial bioactivities, including antioxidant and selective antimicrobial. While the reported beneficial activities of phytogenic additives on animals vary due to their varying total polyphenol concentrations (TPC), red osier dogwood (ROD) plant materials boast of high TPC with excellent antioxidant prowess and growth improvement capacities compared to some plant extracts commonly used in research. However, its adoption in research and commercial scale is still low. Thus, the present review aims to provide concise information on the dietary potential of ROD plant materials in animal feeding.
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Multiomic Analyses Reveal the Effects of Supplementing Phytosterols on the Metabolic Function of the Rumen Microbiota in Perinatal Cows. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0099222. [PMID: 35856688 PMCID: PMC9361816 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00992-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols are natural steroids in plants, possessing bioactivities that could modify gut microbes. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding phytosterols on the community structures and metabolic functions of the rumen microbiota in perinatal cows. Perinatal cows were supplied with 0 mg (control) or 200 mg (treatment) phytosterols per day. Multiomic analyses were used to analyze the community structures and metabolic functions of rumen microbiota. Results showed that dietary phytosterols increased the copy number of total ruminal bacteria, the concentration of microbial crude protein, and the molar percentage of propionate in the rumen of perinatal cows but had no effects on the alpha diversity of ruminal bacteria. However, they enriched three genera (i.e., Fibrobacter) and seven species (i.e., Fibrobacter succinogenes) within active ruminal bacteria. Metatranscriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that dietary phytosterols enhanced the pathway of glycolysis and the family of glycoside hydrolase 13 but depressed the citrate cycle and pyruvate metabolism and several pathways of amino acid biosynthesis. In conclusion, dietary addition of phytosterols improved the growth of ruminal bacteria and changed rumen fermentation by modifying the rumen microbiome and the energy metabolism pathways, which would be beneficial for the energy utilization of perinatal cows. IMPORTANCE Perinatal cows suffer serious physiological stress and energy deficiency. Phytosterols have bioactive functions for gut microbes. However, little knowledge is available on their effects on rumen microbiota and rumen fermentation. Results of the present experiment revealed that dietary supplementation of phytosterols could improve the growth of ruminal bacteria and changed the rumen fermentation to provide more glycogenetic precursors for the perinatal cows by modifying the ruminal bacteria community and altering the energy metabolism pathways of the rumen microbiota. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation of phytosterols would be beneficial for perinatal cows suffering from a negative energy balance.
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Engelking LE, Ambrose DJ, Oba M. Effects of dietary butyrate supplementation and oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration on serum inflammatory markers and productivity of dairy cows during the calving transition. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4144-4155. [PMID: 35307174 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cattle experience inflammation during the calving transition period, and butyrate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are expected to reduce the inflammation. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary butyrate supplementation and oral NSAID administration on feed intake, serum inflammatory markers, plasma metabolites, and milk production of dairy cows during the calving transition period. Eighty-three Holstein cows were used in the experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The cows were blocked by parity and calving date, and randomly assigned to a dietary butyrate or control supplement, and NSAID or a placebo oral administration. Experimental diets were iso-energetic containing calcium butyrate at 1.42% of diet dry matter (DM) or the control supplement (1.04% commercial fat supplement and 0.38% calcium carbonate of diet DM). The close-up diets contained 13.3% starch and 42.4% neutral detergent fiber on a DM basis, and were fed from 28 d before expected calving date until calving. The postpartum diets contained 22.1% starch and 34.1% neutral detergent fiber on a DM basis and were fed from calving to 24 d after calving. Oral NSAID (1 mg of meloxicam/kg of body weight) or placebo (food dye) was administered 12 to 24 h after calving. Dietary butyrate supplementation and oral NSAID administration did not affect milk yield or postpartum serum concentrations of amyloid A and haptoglobin. However, butyrate-fed cows increased plasma fatty acid concentration on d -4 relative to calving (501 vs. 340 μEq/L) and tended to increase serum haptoglobin concentration (0.23 vs. 0.10 mg/mL). There was a supplement by drug interaction effect on plasma glucose concentration on d 4; in cows administered the placebo drug, butyrate supplementation decreased plasma glucose concentration compared with control-fed cows (62.8 vs. 70.1 mg/dL). Butyrate-fed cows tended to have lower milk crude protein yield compared with cows fed the control diet (1.21 vs. 1.27 kg/d). Dietary butyrate supplementation and oral NSAID administration did not have overall positive effects on production performance of dairy cows during the calving transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Engelking
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - D J Ambrose
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - M Oba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
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Effect of calcium propionate level on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of feedlot ram lambs. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Effects of Dietary Calcium Propionate Supplementation on Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Messenger RNA Expression and Growth Performance in Finishing Rambouillet Lambs. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060566. [PMID: 34208526 PMCID: PMC8233891 DOI: 10.3390/life11060566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels concentrations of dietary calcium propionate (CaPr) on lambs’ growth performance; ruminal fermentation parameters; glucose–insulin concentration; and hypothalamic mRNA expression for neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Thirty-two individually fed lambs were randomly assigned to four treatments: (1) control diet (0 g/kg of CaPr), (2) low CaPr, (30 g/kg dry matter (DM)), (3) medium CaPr, (35 g/kg DM), and (4) high CaPr (40 g/kg DM). After 42 days of feeding, lambs were slaughtered for collecting samples of the hypothalamus. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design, and means were separated using linear and quadratic polynomial contrast. Growth performance was not affected (p ≥ 0.11) by dietary CaPr inclusion. The ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased linearly (p = 0.04) as dietary CaPr increased. Likewise, a linear increase in plasma insulin concentration (p = 0.03) as dietary CaPr concentration increased. The relative mRNA expression of NPY exhibited a quadratic effect (p < 0.01), but there were significant differences in the mRNA expression of AgRP and POMC (p ≥ 0.10). Dietary calcium propionate did not improve lamb growth performance in lambs feed with only forage diets. Intake was not correlated with feed intake with mRNA expression of neuropeptides.
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8
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Effects of supplemental calcium butyrate on lamb growth, plasma metabolites, and hepatic gluconeogenic and inflammatory gene expression changes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Kennedy KM, Donkin SS, Allen MS. Effects of propionate concentration on short-term metabolism in liver explants from dairy cows in the postpartum period. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11449-11460. [PMID: 33222857 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the temporal effects of increasing supply of propionate on propionate metabolism in liver tissue of dairy cows in the postpartum (PP) period. A total of 6 dairy cows [primiparous: n = 3, 9.00 ± 1.00 d PP (mean ± SD) and multiparous: n = 3; 4.67 ± 1.15 d PP] were biopsied for liver explants in a block-design experiment. Explants were treated with 3 concentrations of [13C3]sodium propionate of 1, 2, or 4 mM. Explants were incubated in 2 mL of Medium 199 supplemented with 1% BSA, 0.6 mM oleic acid, 2 mM sodium l-lactate, 0.2 mM sodium pyruvate, and 0.5 mMl-glutamine at 38°C and sampled at 0.5, 15, and 60 min. Increasing the concentration of [13C3]propionate increased total 13C% enrichment of propionyl coenzyme A (CoA), succinate, fumarate, malate, and citrate with time. Concentration of propionate did not affect total 13C% enrichment of hepatic glucose or acetyl CoA, but total 13C% enrichment increased with time for hepatic glucose. The 13C labeling from propionate was incorporated into acetyl CoA, but increased concentrations of propionate did not result in greater labeling of acetyl CoA. However, increases in 13C% enrichment of [M+4]citrate and [M+5]citrate concentrations of [13C3]propionate indicate propionate conversion to acetyl CoA and subsequent entry of acetyl CoA into the tricarboxylic acid cycle in dairy cows in the PP period. This research presents evidence that despite an increase in hepatic acetyl CoA concentration and general consensus on the upregulation of gluconeogenesis of dairy cows during the PP period, carbon derived from propionate contributes to the pool of acetyl CoA, which increases as concentration of propionate increases, in addition to stimulating oxidation of acetyl CoA from other sources. Because of the hypophagic effects of propionate, but importance of propionate as a glucose precursor, a balance of propionate supply to dairy cows could lead to improvements in dry matter intake, and subsequently, health and production in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawn S Donkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Michael S Allen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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Moriel P, Vedovatto M, Palmer EA, Oliveira RA, Silva HM, Ranches J, Vendramini JMB. Maternal supplementation of energy and protein, but not methionine hydroxy analog, enhanced postnatal growth and response to vaccination in Bos indicus-influenced beef offspring. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5822641. [PMID: 32309862 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-yr study evaluated the growth and postvaccination immune response of beef calves born from heifers offered no supplementation or pre- and postpartum supplementation of sugarcane molasses + urea with or without methionine hydroxy analog (MHA). On day 0 of each year (57 ± 5 d prepartum), Brangus crossbred beef heifers (n = 36/yr; 20 to 22 mo of age) were stratified by their initial body weight (BW; 396 ± 24.1 kg) and body condition score (BCS; 5.6 ± 0.43) and randomly allocated into 1 of 12 bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pastures (3 heifers/pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (4 pastures/treatment/yr) and consisted of no supplementation (NOSUP) and supplementation of sugarcane molasses + urea (7.2 kg of DM/heifer/wk) with (MOL+) or without (MOL-) fortification with 105 g/heifer/wk of MHA. Treatments were provided from 57 ± 5 d prepartum until 17 ± 5 d postpartum (day 0 to 74). On day 74, all heifer-calf pairs were combined and managed as a single group until the end of the breeding season (day 237). Calves were early weaned at 89 ± 5 d of age (day 147), limit-fed at 3.5% of BW (DM basis) in drylot until day 201, and vaccinated against respiratory disease pathogens on days 160 and 188. Prepartum BCS on day 44 did not differ (P = 0.26) between MOL+ and MOL- heifers but both groups had greater (P < 0.0001) BCS than NOSUP heifers. Plasma concentrations of l-methionine on day 44 were the greatest (P ≤ 0.04) for MOL+ heifers and did not differ (P = 0.40) between NOSUP vs. MOL- heifers. Calf birth BW did not differ (P = 0.13) among treatments. Calf average daily gain (ADG) from birth to day 201 did not differ (P ≥ 0.17) between MOL+ vs. MOL- calves, but both groups had greater (P ≤ 0.05) ADG from birth to day 201 than NOSUP calves. Calf postvaccination plasma concentrations of glucose, cortisol, and haptoglobin did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.13). However, plasma concentrations of IGF-1 on day 167 and the overall positive vaccine seroconversion did not differ (P ≥ 0.18) between MOL- and MOL+ calves, but both were greater (P ≤ 0.04) compared with NOSUP calves. Hence, maternal supplementation of sugarcane molasses + urea increased BCS at calving and offspring BW gain and response to vaccination against respiratory pathogens compared with no maternal supplementation. MHA inclusion into maternal supplements effectively increased maternal plasma l-methionine concentrations but did not enhance maternal BCS at calving and offspring growth and postvaccination immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe Moriel
- IFAS - Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL
| | - Marcelo Vedovatto
- IFAS - Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL
| | - Elizabeth A Palmer
- IFAS - Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL
| | - Rhaiza A Oliveira
- IFAS - Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL
| | - Hiran Marcelo Silva
- IFAS - Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL
| | - Juliana Ranches
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, Burns, OR
| | - Joao M B Vendramini
- IFAS - Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL
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Stahl TC, Hatungimana E, Klanderman KD, Moreland SC, Erickson PS. Sodium butyrate and monensin supplementation to postweaning heifer diets: Effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and health. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10207-10218. [PMID: 32952029 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate growth and performance of postweaning heifers supplemented with monensin (MON), sodium butyrate (SB), or the combination of MON and SB (MSB) compared with heifers not receiving these feed additives. Forty Holstein heifers [mean age 84.2 ± 1.2 d; body weight (BW) 99.8 ± 10.8 kg (mean ± SD)] were housed in a freestall barn, blocked by birth date, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were (1) 100 g of soybean meal carrier (control; CON); (2) 0.75 g of SB/kg of BW + carrier (SB); (3) 1 mg of MON/kg of BW + carrier (MON); (4) 1 mg of MON/kg of BW + 0.75 g of SB/kg of BW (MSB). Data were analyzed using single degree of freedom contrasts evaluating CON versus additives (ADD), SB versus MON, and SB and MON versus MSB. Treatments were hand-mixed daily. Feed and orts were measured daily and frozen at -20°C. Orts samples were subsampled for dry matter (DM) determination, and total mixed ration samples were taken weekly and composited monthly for DM and nutrient analysis. Initial BW, heart and paunch girths, body length, blood samples, and fecal coccidia counts were measured before the start and weekly during the 12-wk trial. Blood samples were analyzed for glucose, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), and ketone concentrations. Apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility was determined from d 21 to 27 and from d 63 to 69 using acid detergent insoluble ash as a marker. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) and metabolizable energy intake were increased in ADD compared with CON, and average BW, final BW, and heart girth tended to increase. Whereas MSB tended to be greater than SB and MON for heart girth, feed efficiency was greater with MON compared with SB. Compared with CON, ADD decreased coccidia counts. No effect of treatment on PUN was detected. Monensin and SB tended to have greater plasma glucose than MSB did. Average blood ketone concentrations were greater with ADD versus CON, in SB versus MON, and in MSB versus SB and MON. During the wk-3 digestibility phase, DMI tended to be greater in heifers fed SB versus MON, as well as in heifers fed MSB versus SB and MON. Digestibility of nutrients were similar, except that starch digestibility was increased in heifers fed MSB versus SB and MON. During the wk-9 digestibility phase, DMI and digestibility of nutrients were similar, except NDF, which tended to be greater in CON than in ADD. Overall, ADD resulted in positive growth and reduced coccidia compared with CON.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Stahl
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 03824
| | - E Hatungimana
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 03824
| | | | | | - P S Erickson
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 03824.
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12
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Cao N, Wu H, Zhang XZ, Meng QX, Zhou ZM. Calcium propionate supplementation alters the ruminal bacterial and archaeal communities in pre- and postweaning calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3204-3218. [PMID: 32113756 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of calcium propionate (CaP) on rumen microbiota, fermentation indicators, and weight gain in calves both pre- and postweaning. Twenty-four newborn calves were randomly divided into 4 groups (2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement): either pre- (90 d) or postweaning (160 d), and either without or with dietary CaP supplementation (5% dry matter). The CaP supplementation increased the body weight and rumen weight of the calves and lowered NH3-N concentration in the rumen. Microbiota composition was characterized by sequencing the amplicons of the bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes. The CaP supplementation decreased the relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes but tended to increase that of Proteobacteria. In addition, CaP supplementation decreased the diversity of bacteria and archaea in the rumen compared with the calves fed the control diet. Linear discriminant analysis of the rumen microbiota revealed that Succinivibrionaceae and Methanobrevibacter were enriched in the CaP group postweaning. A correlation was also present between the acetate to propionate ratio and the species that acted as co-occurrence network hubs, including Succiniclasticum, Treponema, and Megasphaera. In conclusion, CaP supplementation can improve body weight gain and rumen growth and alter the ruminal microbiota in calves both pre- and postweaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - H Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - X Z Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Q X Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Z M Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Chishti GA, Salfer IJ, Suarez-Mena FX, Harvatine KJ, Heinrichs AJ. Short communication: Relationships between physical form of oats in starter, rumen pH, and volatile fatty acids on hepatic expression of genes involved in metabolism and inflammation in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:439-446. [PMID: 31733869 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In early-weaning programs, dietary effects on calf rumen development have been studied extensively, but very little information is available about the effects of a solid diet on hepatic metabolism in preweaned dairy calves. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of physical form of oats in calf starter on the expression of key hepatic gluconeogenic, β-oxidation, and acute phase protein genes in preweaned dairy calves. Samples were analyzed from 3 experiments that fed either ground or whole oats in calf starters. Briefly, 7 calves were slaughtered at 5 wk of age in experiment 1, 6 were slaughtered at 6 wk in experiment 2, and 7 were slaughtered at 7 wk in experiment 3, and liver tissue was collected for gene expression analysis. Calves from experiments 1 and 2 were cannulated, and their rumen pH and volatile fatty acids were measured during treatment periods. The mRNA expression of gluconeogenic enzymes pyruvate carboxylase (PC), cytosolic and mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1 and PCK2), fatty acid oxidation enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), and positive acute phase protein haptoglobin (HPT) was measured by real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. Expression of HPT was greater in calves fed whole oats than in calves fed ground oats; however, PC, PCK1, PCK2, and CPT1 were not affected by the physical form of oats. All enzymes (PCK1, PCK2, HPT, and CPT1) except PC were affected by experiment; PCK1 and CPT1 had greater expression in experiment 2 than in experiments 1 and 3. Expression of PCK2 was similar in experiments 2 and 3 but greater than experiment 1. Expression of HPT was similar in experiments 1 and 2 but greater than experiment 3. The mRNA expression of enzymes PCK1, PCK2, and CPT1 differed between experiments 1 and 2 and was negatively correlated with rumen propionate and butyrate but had a positive relationship with rumen acetate. Similarly, rumen pH was different in experiments 1 and 2, averaging 5.69 in experiment 1 and 4.81 in experiment 2, and there was a negative correlation between mRNA expression of rate-limiting gluconeogenic PCK1, PCK2, and β-oxidation CPT1 enzymes and rumen pH of calves in experiments 1 and 2. We concluded that the physical form of oats in calf starter did not affect gene expression of gluconeogenic and β-oxidation enzymes in preweaned dairy calves. However, lower rumen pH may be related to the upregulation of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Chishti
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - I J Salfer
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | | | - K J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A J Heinrichs
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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Kennedy KM, Allen MS. Hepatic metabolism of propionate relative to meals for cows in the postpartum period. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7997-8010. [PMID: 31279545 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to identify potential short-term metabolic bottlenecks of propionate metabolism in the liver of dairy cows in the postpartum (PP) period and how such bottlenecks are affected by feeding status. Propionate, produced primarily from the fermentation of starch, decreases dry matter intake for cows in the postpartum period, likely by stimulating oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the liver. In this study, 8 dairy cows [2 blocks of 4 cows each, 6.63 ± 1.19 (mean ± SD) days PP; body condition score of 2.84 ± 0.39] were administered a pulse dose of either 1.5 mol/500 mL of propionic acid (PA) or 500 mL of water (control; CON) to the rumen either 1 h before or 2 h after feeding in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Liver tissue was sampled at -1, 10 and 20 min relative to dosing, and blood was sampled at -30, -20, -10, -1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 60 min relative to dosing. We hypothesized that rapid propionate absorption results in bottlenecks as enzymes become saturated and cofactors require regeneration. The PA treatment increased plasma propionate and insulin concentrations rapidly, with peaks reached by 5 min regardless of feeding status and cleared from the plasma within 30 min of dosing. The PA treatment decreased plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration over 30 min compared with CON before but not after feeding. The PA treatment decreased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration and increased plasma lactate concentration compared with CON both before and after feeding. The PA treatment also increased hepatic pyruvate and lactate concentrations compared with CON. The PA treatment tended to increase hepatic isocitrate and fumarate concentrations but did not affect hepatic malate and oxaloacetate concentrations, suggesting that elevated mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ may have slowed the isocitrate dehydrogenase and fumarase reactions. The PA treatment also increased succinate concentration compared with CON, suggesting that a bottleneck may be present at succinate dehydrogenase. The PA treatment tended to increase citrate concentration despite having no effects on acetyl-CoA or oxaloacetate concentrations. These results are in agreement with our hypothesis that rapid absorption of propionate from the rumen and extraction by the liver results in metabolic bottlenecks in the liver that may affect feeding behavior and dry matter intake in dairy cows in the PP period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S Allen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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15
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Rice EM, Aragona KM, Moreland SC, Erickson PS. Supplementation of sodium butyrate to postweaned heifer diets: Effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and health. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3121-3130. [PMID: 30738684 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of varying levels of sodium butyrate (SB) supplementation in feed on the growth, digestibility, and health of postweaned heifers. Forty Holstein dairy heifers with a mean age of 84 d and average body weight (BW) of 100.9 ± 11.2 kg were housed in a naturally ventilated freestall barn. Heifers were blocked by birth date and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a completely randomized block design: (1) 100 g of soybean meal carrier (control), (2) 0.25 g of SB/kg of BW plus carrier, (3) 0.50 g of SB/kg of BW plus carrier, and (4) 0.75 g of SB/kg of BW plus carrier. Carrier with or without SB was top-dressed and hand-mixed into a total mixed ration once daily. Heifers were fed to provide 10% orts. Initial BW, hip and withers heights, heart girth, and body length were measured before the start of the study and every week thereafter until the 14-wk trial was over. Blood samples were obtained and plasma urea nitrogen, plasma glucose, and whole-blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were determined before the start of treatment and weekly thereafter until the conclusion of the study. Fecal samples were taken before treatment and every other week from each heifer for coccidia counts. Apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility was determined using acid detergent insoluble ash as an internal marker. Each heifer underwent this phase from d 47 until d 54 of the study. Sodium butyrate had a positive effect on average BW and overall BW gain. Feed efficiency tended to improve as SB supplementation increased. Coccidia counts were lowest in the treatment with 0.25 g of SB/kg of BW plus carrier. Sodium butyrate had no effects on skeletal growth or plasma urea nitrogen concentration. Blood glucose concentration decreased linearly and β-hydroxybutyrate increased linearly with increasing levels of SB supplementation. Sodium butyrate supplementation did not affect apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility. Sodium butyrate supplementation offers positive results in the growth performance and feed efficiency of postweaned heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Rice
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - K M Aragona
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | | | - P S Erickson
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824.
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16
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Doelman J, McKnight LL, Carson M, Nichols K, Waterman DF, Metcalf JA. Postruminal infusion of calcium gluconate increases milk fat production and alters fecal volatile fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1274-1280. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Moriel P, Vendramini JMB, Carnelos C, Piccolo MB, da Silva HM. Effects of monensin on growth performance of beef heifers consuming warm-season perennial grass and supplemented with sugarcane molasses. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:339-344. [PMID: 30128912 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of monensin on performance of beef heifers fed warm-season forages. Brangus heifers (n = 24) were stratified by BW and BCS, and randomly assigned into 1 of 12 bahiagrass pastures (1.2 ha and 2 heifers/pasture). Heifers were offered 14 kg of sugarcane molasses and 3.5 kg of cottonseed meal weekly from day 0 to 84. Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (6 pastures/treatment) and consisted of heifers supplemented with or without 200 mg/day of monensin. On d 85, heifers were allocated to individual drylot pens, provided free choice access to bermudagrass hay, and received their respective treatment for 10 d of adaptation and 11 d of data collection. Monensin did not impact (P ≥ 0.13) heifer BW, BCS, overall ADG, bahiagrass IVDOM, CP, herbage mass, and allowance. Supplement disappearance after 10 and 34 h of supplementation was greater for control vs. monensin heifers (P = 0.04) and tended to be greater for control vs. monensin heifers 24 h post-supplementation (P = 0.07). Plasma concentrations of glucose, IGF-1, and BUN (P ≥ 0.24) did not differ between treatments. From d 85 to 106, forage and total DM intake, in vivo DM digestibility, and heifer growth performance did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.12). Therefore, adding monensin to sugarcane molasses-based supplements decreased supplement consumption rate, but did not impact growth and blood parameters of heifers grazing warm-season grasses with limited nutritive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipe Moriel
- University of Florida - Range Cattle Research & Education Center, Ona, FL, 33865-9706, USA.
| | - Joao M B Vendramini
- University of Florida - Range Cattle Research & Education Center, Ona, FL, 33865-9706, USA
| | - Caio Carnelos
- University of Florida - Range Cattle Research & Education Center, Ona, FL, 33865-9706, USA
| | - Matheus B Piccolo
- University of Florida - Range Cattle Research & Education Center, Ona, FL, 33865-9706, USA
| | - Hiran M da Silva
- University of Florida - Range Cattle Research & Education Center, Ona, FL, 33865-9706, USA
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18
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Herrick K, Hippen A, Kalscheur K, Schingoethe D, Ranathunga S, Anderson J, Moreland S, van Eys J. Infusion of butyrate affects plasma glucose, butyrate, and β-hydroxybutyrate but not plasma insulin in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3524-3536. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Yao Q, Li Y, Meng Q, Zhou Z. The effect of calcium propionate on the ruminal bacterial community composition in finishing bulls. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:495-504. [PMID: 27660024 PMCID: PMC5394835 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective Manipulating the fermentation to improve the performance of the ruminant has attracted the attention of both farmers and animal scientists. Propionate salt supplementation in the diet could disturb the concentration of propionate and total volatile fatty acids in the rumen. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of calcium propionate supplementation on the ruminal bacterial community composition in finishing bulls. Methods Eight finishing bulls were randomly assigned to control group (CONT) and calcium propionate supplementation (PROP) feeding group, with four head per group. The control group was fed normal the total mixed ration (TMR) finishing diet, and PROP group was fed TMR supplemented with 200 g/d calcium propionate. At the end of the 51-day feeding trial, all bulls were slaughtered and rumen fluid was collected from each of the animals. Results Propionate supplementation had no influence the rumen fermentation parameters (p>0.05). Ruminal bacterial community composition was analyzed by sequencing of hypervariable V3 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The most abundant phyla were the Firmicutes (60.68%) and Bacteroidetes (23.67%), followed by Tenericutes (4.95%) and TM7 (3.39%). The predominant genera included Succiniclasticum (9.43%), Butyrivibrio (3.74%), Ruminococcus (3.46%) and Prevotella (2.86%). Bacterial community composition in the two groups were highly similar, except the abundance of Tenericutes declined along with the calcium propionate supplementation (p = 0.0078). Conclusion These data suggest that the ruminal bacterial community composition is nearly unchanged by propionate supplementation in finishing bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100094, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100094, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100094, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing 100094, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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20
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Tsuruoka K, Kanamaru H, Takahashi H, Gotoh T. Preliminary study of the effects of condensed barley distillers soluble on rumen fermentation and plasma metabolites in Japanese Black cows. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:610-617. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Tsuruoka
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyushu University; Kuju Oita Japan
- Livestock Research Institute; Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center; Takeda Oita Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kanamaru
- Livestock Technology Office, Oita Prefectural Agriculture; Forestry and Fisheries Institute; Oita Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyushu University; Kuju Oita Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyushu University; Kuju Oita Japan
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21
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McCarthy MM, Yasui T, Ryan CM, Pelton SH, Mechor GD, Overton TR. Metabolism of early-lactation dairy cows as affected by dietary starch and monensin supplementation. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3351-65. [PMID: 25771049 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary starch content and monensin (MON) on metabolism of dairy cows during early lactation. Before parturition, primiparous (n=21) and multiparous (n=49) Holstein cows were fed a common controlled-energy close-up diet with a daily topdress of either 0 or 400mg/d monensin. From d 1 to 21 postpartum, cows were fed a high-starch (HS; 26.2% starch, 34.3% neutral detergent fiber, 22.7% acid detergent fiber, 15.5% crude protein) or low-starch (LS; 21.5% starch, 36.9% neutral detergent fiber, 25.2% acid detergent fiber, 15.4% crude protein) total mixed ration with a daily topdress of either 0mg/d monensin (CON) or 450mg/d monensin (MON), continuing with prepartum topdress assignment. From d 22 through 63 postpartum, all cows were fed HS and continued with the assigned topdress treatment until d 63. Cows fed HS had higher plasma glucose and insulin and lower nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) than cows fed LS during d 1 to 21 postpartum. Cows fed LS had elevated early-lactation β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) compared with cows fed HS. Cows fed HS had greater insulin resistance and increased plasma haptoglobin in the early lactation period. There was no effect of MON on postpartum plasma NEFA. Cows fed MON had higher plasma glucose compared with CON cows, which was driven by a MON × parity interaction in which primiparous cows fed MON had greater plasma glucose concentrations than cows fed CON. Cows fed MON had lower plasma BHBA compared with CON, which was contributed to by a MON × parity interaction in which primiparous cows fed MON had lower BHBA concentrations than CON. Starch treatment had no effect on overall liver triglyceride content. Primiparous cows fed MON had increased liver triglyceride content compared with CON primiparous cows, and multiparous cows fed MON had decreased liver triglyceride content compared with CON cows. Multiparous cows fed LS with MON had higher liver glycogen content than multiparous cows fed the LS without MON, with no effect of MON treatment for multiparous cows fed HS. There was no effect of starch or MON treatment on liver capacity to oxidize propionate to CO2, and effects of starch on gluconeogenesis were not significant. Cows fed MON tended to have greater capacity to convert propionate to glucose than CON. Supplementation with MON increased the ratio of glucose to CO2, which indicated that cows fed MON had a greater propensity to convert propionate to glucose. Overall, cows fed more propiogenic diets in early lactation (high starch or monensin) exhibited improved energy metabolism during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M McCarthy
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - T Yasui
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C M Ryan
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S H Pelton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - G D Mechor
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN 46140
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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23
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Carbohydrate quantitative digestion and absorption in ruminants: from feed starch and fibre to nutrients available for tissues. Animal 2010; 4:1057-74. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Seal CJ, Reynolds CK. Nutritional Implications of Gastrointestinal and Liver Metabolism in Ruminants. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 6:185-208. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr19930012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Cooke RF, Arthington JD, Staples CR, Thatcher WW, Lamb GC. Effects of supplement type on performance, reproductive, and physiological responses of Brahman-crossbred females. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:2564-74. [PMID: 17526669 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to compare the performance and physiological responses of forage-fed beef females supplemented with either a molasses-based (ML) or a citrus pulp-based (CT) supplement. In Exp. 1, BW gain, reproductive performance, and concentrations of blood urea N (BUN), plasma glucose, insulin, IGF-I, and progesterone (P4) were assessed in 60 Brahman x Angus heifers supplemented 3 times weekly with either ML or CT. Supplement intakes were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Reproductive performance was not affected by treatments, but mean BW gain was greater (P < 0.01) for heifers fed CT than for those fed ML (0.40 vs. 0.30 kg/d). Mean plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and IGF-I were greater (P < 0.05) for heifers fed CT, whereas BUN was greater (P < 0.05) for heifers fed ML. Mean plasma P4 concentration did not differ between treatments, but both groups had lower plasma P4 concentrations during days that supplements were offered (P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, forage DMI and concentrations of BUN, plasma glucose, insulin, IGF-I, and P4 were assessed in 24 Brahman x British mature cows supplemented with the same treatments described in Exp. 1. Overall forage DMI did not differ between treatments, but a day effect and a treatment x day interaction were detected (P < 0.05). Both groups consumed less forage during the days on which the supplements were offered (P < 0.01), and forage DMI for cows fed CT was less (P < 0.05) than for cows fed ML during those days. No differences were detected in any blood or plasma measurement. In addition, no differences in concentrations of P4 were detected between CT- and ML-fed cows. We concluded that CT-supplemented heifers had greater BW gain compared with ML-supplemented heifers, but no differences in reproductive performance were observed. We also observed that CT-supplemented cows had a greater variability in forage DMI compared with ML-supplemented cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Cooke
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, Ona 33865, USA
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Tricarico JM, Johnston JD, Dawson KA, Hanson KC, McLeod KR, Harmon DL. The effects of anAspergillus oryzaeextract containing alpha-amylase activity on ruminal fermentation and milk production in lactating Holstein cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/asc50410365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effects of anAspergillus oryzaeextract containing alpha-amylase activity (Amaize™, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) were examinedin vivoandin vitro. A lactating cow study employed 20 intact and four ruminally fistulated Holstein cows in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin-square design to examine the effects of four concentrations of dietary Amaize™ extract on milk production and composition, ruminal fermentation and serum metabolite concentrations. The treatment diets contained 0, 240, 480 or 720 alpha-amylase dextrinizing units (DU) per kg of total mixed ration (TMR) (dry-matter basis). The supplemental alpha-amylase increased the yields of milk (P= 0·02), fat (P= 0·02) and protein (P= 0·06) quadratically. The maximum milk yield was obtained when 240 DU per kg of TMR were offered. Ruminalin situstarch disappearance was not affected by alpha-amylase supplementation in lactating cows or ruminally cannulated steers. Supplemental alpha-amylase extract reduced the molar proportion of propionate in the rumen of steers (P= 0·08) and lactating cows (P= 0·04), and in rumen-simulating cultures (P= 0·04). The supplement also increased the molar proportions of acetate (P= 0·06) and butyrate (P= 0·05), and the serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (P= 0·01) and non-esterified fatty acid (P= 0·03) concentrations in lactating cows. The improvements in milk production appear to be a consequence of the effects of alpha-amylase on ruminal fermentation and the potential changes in nutrient metabolism that result from them. We conclude that supplemental alpha-amylase may be given to modify ruminal fermentation and improve milk and component yield in lactating Holstein cattle.
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Kristensen NB, Harmon DL. Effect of increasing ruminal butyrate absorption on splanchnic metabolism of volatile fatty acids absorbed from the washed reticulorumen of steers. J Anim Sci 2006; 82:3549-59. [PMID: 15537776 DOI: 10.2527/2004.82123549x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four steers fitted with a ruminal cannula and chronic indwelling catheters in the mesenteric artery, mesenteric vein, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, and the right ruminal vein were used to study the absorption and metabolism of VFA from bicarbonate buffers incubated in the temporarily emptied and washed reticulorumen. Portal and hepatic vein blood flows were determined by infusion of p-aminohippurate into the mesenteric vein, and portal VFA fluxes were calibrated by infusion of isovalerate into the ruminal vein. The steers were subjected to four experimental treatments in a Latin square design with four periods within 1 d. The treatments were Control (bicarbonate buffer) and VFA buffers containing 4, 12, or 36 mmol butyrate/kg of buffer, respectively. The acetate content of the buffers was decreased with increasing butyrate to balance the acidity. The butyrate absorption from the rumen was 39, 111, and 300 +/- 4 mmol/h for the three VFA buffers, respectively. The ruminal absorption rates of propionate (260 +/- 12 mmol/h), isobutyrate (11.4 +/- 0.7 mmol/h), and valerate (17.3 +/- 0.7 mmol/h) were not affected by VFA buffers. The portal recovery of butyrate and valerate absorbed from the rumen increased (P < 0.01) with increasing butyrate absorption and reached 52 to 54 +/- 4% with the greatest butyrate absorption. The liver responded to the increased butyrate absorption with a decreasing fractional extraction of propionate and butyrate, and with the greatest butyrate absorption, the splanchnic flux was 22 +/- 1% and 18 +/- 1% of the absorbed propionate and butyrate, respectively. The increased propionate and butyrate release to peripheral tissues was followed by increased (P < 0.05) arterial concentrations of propionate (0.08 +/- 0.01 mmol/kg) and butyrate (0.07 +/- 0.01 mmol/kg). Arterial insulin concentration increased (P = 0.01) with incubation of VFA buffers compared with Control and was numerically greatest with the greatest level of butyrate absorption. We conclude that the capacity to metabolize butyrate by the ruminal epithelium and liver is limited. If butyrate absorption exceeds the metabolic capacity, it affects rumen epithelial and hepatic nutrient metabolism and affects the nutrient supply of peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Kristensen
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Denmark.
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Kristensen NB, Harmon DL. Effects of adding valerate, caproate, and heptanoate to ruminal buffers on splanchnic metabolism in steers under washed-rumen conditions1. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:1899-907. [PMID: 16024710 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8381899x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four steers fitted with a ruminal cannula and chronic indwelling catheters in the mesenteric artery, mesenteric vein, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, and the right ruminal vein were used to study VFA absorption from bicarbonate buffers incubated in the washed reticulorumen, and metabolism by splanchnic tissues. Portal and hepatic vein blood flows were determined by infusion of p-aminohippurate into the mesenteric vein. The steers were subjected to four experimental treatments in a Latin square design. The treatments were Control (ruminal bicarbonate buffer with [mmol/kg]: acetate = 72; propionate = 30; isobutyrate = 2.1; butyrate = 12; valerate = 1.2; caproate = 0; and heptanoate = 0); Val (same as control except for valerate = 8 mmol/kg); Cap (same as control except for caproate = 3.5 mmol/kg); and Hep (same as control except for heptanoate = 3 mmol/kg). All buffers were incubated for 90 min in the rumen, and ruminal VFA absorption rates were maintained by continuous intraruminal infusion of VFA. The arterial concentrations of valerate and heptanoate showed a small increase (< or = 1 micromol/L; P < 0.05) with inclusion of the respective acid in the ruminal buffer, but no change (P = 0.57) in arterial concentration of caproate was detected. Valerate increased (P < 0.05) the net portal flux of butyrate and valerate, as well as the net splanchnic flux of propionate, butyrate, and valerate. With Cap and Hep, the net portal flux of caproate and heptanoate accounted for 54 and 45% of ruminal disappearance rates, respectively, indicating that these acids were extensively metabolized by the ruminal epithelium. Caproate was ketogenic both in the ruminal epithelium and in the liver, and Cap increased (P < 0.05) the arterial concentration, ruminal vein minus arterial concentration difference, net hepatic flux, and net splanchnic flux of 3-hydroxybutyrate. The net hepatic flux of glucose decreased (P = 0.02) with Cap and Hep compared with Control and Val; however, no effect (P = 0.14) on the net splanchnic flux of glucose could be detected. We conclude that the strong biological activity of valerate, caproate, and heptanoate warrant increased emphasis on monitoring their ruminal presence and their potential systemic effects on ruminant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Kristensen
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Denmark.
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Majdoub L, Vermorel M, Ortigues-Marty I. Ryegrass-based diet and barley supplementation: partition of energy-yielding nutrients among splanchnic tissues and hind limbs in finishing lambs. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:1068-79. [PMID: 12723097 DOI: 10.2527/2003.8141068x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Splanchnic metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients and their uptake by the hind limb were studied in finishing lambs receiving ryegrass harvested at grazing stage (ear at 10 cm) with or without barley supplementation. Six ruminally cannulated and multicatherized lambs (40.2 +/- 1.5 kg) were fed with frozen ryegrass (RG) at 690 kJ of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) x d(-1) x BW(-0.75) successively with and without barley supplementation (RG + B), according to a triplicated Latin square design. Barley supplementation represented 21% of DM intake and increased the MEI by 32% (P < 0.002). In ruminal fluid, barley supplementation increased the acetate and butyrate concentrations by 21.2 and 49.6%, respectively (P < 0.04), without modifying those of propionate. Thus, molar proportions of acetate and butyrate were not modified, and those of propionate tended (P < 0.06) to decrease from 26 to 23%. As a result, the net portal appearance of propionate was not modified. Net portal appearance of butyrate and beta-hydroxybutyrate increased (P < 0.03), and that of acetate was not modified. Consequently, hepatic uptake of butyrate increased and probably spared acetate from hepatic metabolism. The hepatic fractional extraction of propionate decreased (P < 0.03), whereas the net flux of lactate switched from a net release to a net uptake, suggesting an alteration in the contribution of gluconeogenic substrates to glucose synthesis without modification in net hepatic glucose release. As a consequence, barley supplementation increased net splanchnic release of acetate (P < 0.02), propionate (P < 0.001), and beta-hydroxybutyrate (P < 0.01) by 60, 157, and 78%, respectively. In addition, the net splanchnic release of insulin increased (P < 0.03) because of a decrease (P < 0.02) in its hepatic extraction. Despite those changes, the net uptake of nutrients by the hind limb was not modified and even decreased in the case of glucose (P < 0.02), suggesting a stimulation of lipogenesis in adipose tissues. Results from the present study suggested that supplementation of a ryegrass-based diet would likely have little effect on the orientation of muscle energy metabolism and on meat quality because the net uptake of nutrients by the hind limb was unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Majdoub
- Unité de Recherches sur les Herbivores, INRA, Theix, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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Gäbel G, Aschenbach JR, Müller F. Transfer of energy substrates across the ruminal epithelium: implications and limitations. Anim Health Res Rev 2002; 3:15-30. [PMID: 12400867 DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ruminal epithelium has an enormous capacity for the absorption of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This not only delivers metabolic energy to the animal but is also an essential regulatory mechanism that stabilizes the intraruminal milieu. The epithelium itself, however, is endangered by the influx of SCFAs because the intracellular pH (pHi) may drop to a lethal level. To prevent severe cytosolic acidosis, the ruminal epithelium is able to extrude (or buffer) protons by various mechanisms: (i) a Na+/H+ exchanger, (ii) a bicarbonate importing system and (iii) an H+/monocarboxylate cotransporter (MCT). Besides pHi regulation, the MCT also provides the animal with ketone bodies derived from the intraepithelial breakdown of SCFAs. Ketone bodies, in turn, can serve as an energy source for extrahepatic tissues. In addition to SCFA uptake, glucose absorption has recently been identified as a potential way of eliminating acidogenic substrates from the rumen. At least with respect to SCFAs, absorption rates can be elevated when adapting animals to energy-rich diets. Although they are very effective under physiological conditions, the absorptive and regulatory mechanisms of the ruminal epithelium also have their limits. An increased number of protons during the state of ruminal acidosis can be eliminated neither from the lumen nor the cytosol, thus worsening dysfermentation and finally leading to functional and morphological alterations of the epithelial lining.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gäbel
- Veterinär-Physiologisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, Germany.
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31
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Berthelot V, Pierzynowski S, Sauvant D, Kristensen N. Hepatic metabolism of propionate and methylmalonate in growing lambs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(01)00281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Murphy M, Akerlind M, Holtenius K. Rumen fermentation in lactating cows selected for milk fat content fed two forage to concentrate ratios with hay or silage. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:756-64. [PMID: 10791792 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)74938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen multiparous cows, including eight rumen fistulated cows, were used in a 4x4 Latin square experiment designed to study dietary effects on rumen and blood parameters and milk production in cows differing in genetic capacity for milk fat content. Diets contained forage to concentrate ratios of 50:50 or 30:70 with either grass hay or silage as the forage. Ruminal fermentation was characterized by a high molar percentage of butyrate, 14 to 17%. Forage to concentrate ratio affected most rumen parameters, with the exception of the molar percentage of propionate (18 to 19%). The silage had a higher fiber degradation rate compared with hay. Compared to hay diets, silage diets had higher ruminal outflow rates, lower acetate:propionate ratios, and greater milk production with no differences in milk composition. Cows selected for low milk fat had higher molar percentages of propionate in the rumen. The low milk fat cows had higher milk production than cows selected for high milk fat but did not differ in milk fat yield. Cows fed the 30:70 diets had higher plasma insulin concentrations in response to a glucose challenge. The low milk fat cows had lower basal concentrations of insulin and lower insulin responses to a glucose challenge. Small changes in nutrient metabolism and supply were sufficient to influence milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murphy
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Kungsängen Research Centre, Uppsala
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Ali AM, Jois M. Uptake and metabolism of propionate in the liver isolated from sheep treated with glucagon. Br J Nutr 1997; 77:783-93. [PMID: 9175997 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19970075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and metabolism of propionate in the isolated perfused caudal lobe of the liver and in isolated hepatocytes were examined following treatment of sheep with glucagon or saline. Glucagon or sterile saline was infused at 9.8 micrograms/min for 3 h into the jugular vein and then the caudal lobe of the liver was removed surgically under anaesthesia. The caudal lobe was used either to prepare hepatocytes or in a non-recirculating perfusion experiment. Uptake and metabolism of propionate were studied using [2-14C]propionate. In studies using the non-recirculation perfusion of the caudal lobe of the sheep liver it was shown that the treatment of sheep with glucagon resulted in an increased rate of gluconeogenesis from propionate and in an increased net uptake of propionate by the caudal lobe. The uptake of propionate into the hepatocytes was saturable, concentrative and exhibited a K(m) for propionate of 0.24 (SE 0.07) mM and a maximal rate of uptake (Vmax) of 6.7 (SE 0.6) nmol/mg dry cells per min and was unaffected by glucagon treatment of sheep. After incubation of cells in medium containing 0.5 mM-[2-14C]propionate for 10 min, the rate of gluconeogenesis from propionate was 22% higher in the hepatocytes isolated from glucagon-treated sheep. Concentrations in the medium of 1.35 mM butyrate and 1 mM-caproate inhibited propionate uptake by about 50% and abolished the glucagon-induced stimulation of gluconeogenesis from propionate. The results are consistent with a regulatory role for glucagon in the gluconeogenesis from propionate in the sheep liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Ali
- School of Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Chang C, Chen C, Wu C. Changes in apparent mammary uptake of blood metabolites during involution in dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(96)00941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Miettinen H, Huhtanen P. Effects of the ratio of ruminal propionate to butyrate on milk yield and blood metabolites in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1996; 79:851-61. [PMID: 8792285 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Four Ayrshire cows (mean = 56 DIM) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to study the effects of the ratio of propionate to butyrate in the rumen on milk yield, milk composition, and blood metabolites. The cows were fed a basal diet (16.2% CP, 43.4% NDF) consisting of 50% grass silage, 6% grass hay, and 44% concentrate (percentage of DM). The diet supplied 44 Mcal/d of metabolizable energy and was supplemented with isoenergetic infusions of VFA (4.5 Mcal/d). Propionate (900 g/d) was replaced gradually with 33, 67, and 100% of butyrate on an energy basis. Replacement of propionate with butyrate in the infusate decreased propionate and increased butyrate concentrations in ruminal fluid and in blood plasma. Yields of milk and lactose decreased, and yield of milk fat increased, as butyrate increased. Milk fat content increased, and lactose content decreased, as butyrate increased. Increased ruminal supply of butyrate decreased plasma glucose concentration and increased blood ketone body concentration. When only butyrate was infused (750 g/d), either liver metabolism was changed or tissue mobilization was increased, as indicated by the increased production of long-chain milk fatty acids and increased plasma concentrations of acetate, Gly, and branched-chain AA. An increase in ruminal butyrate supply at the expense of propionate adversely affected milk yield and the repartitioning of nutrients between milk components. At a high percentage, increased butyrate might also adversely affect the overall metabolism of the cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miettinen
- Valio Ltd., Farm Services, Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Danfaer A, Tetens V, Agergaard N. Review and an experimental study on the physiological and quantitative aspects of gluconeogenesis in lactating ruminants. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 111:201-10. [PMID: 7599986 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(94)00242-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A short review describes quantitative aspects of glucose metabolism in lactating ruminants, including the contribution of different substrates to glucose synthesis as affected by nutritional and hormonal regulation. Gluconeogenesis from propionate (the major gluconeogenic substrate in the fed state) is mainly regulated by feed intake and increased propionate availability and is less affected by insulin and glucagon. Quantitative estimates of amino acid contribution to glucose synthesis are highly variable (from 2 to 40% of glucose flux), but no conclusive data exist by which this large variation can be explained. An experimental model is described by which nutrient exchanges across the liver as well as the contribution of different substrates to glucose synthesis can be quantitated. The novel approach is continuous infusion of differently labelled (3H and 14C) gluconeogenic substrates into multi-catheterized goats. Results are reported from a preliminary experiment using this model. A goat in mid-lactation was fed hay ad libitum, and the experimental treatments were continuous infusion into a mesenteric vein of either sodium propionate or a complete mixture of amino acids. Measurements were nutrient exchanges across portal-drained viscera and liver, whole body glucose flux rate, and hepatic gluconeogenesis from propionate, lactate and glycerol. Glucose synthesis from amino acids was estimated by difference. Net portal appearance and hepatic uptake of propionate and of amino acids were increased by propionate and amino acid infusions, respectively. Glucose flux rate and hepatic glucose output were not affected by treatments. With propionate infusion, the proportions of liver glucose derived from propionate and amino acids were 62 and 19%, respectively. With amino acid infusion, the corresponding figures were 24 and 36%. Glucagon concentration in portal blood plasma was 2.7 times higher on the amino acid than on the propionate treatment. It is concluded that the hepatic metabolism of propionate and glucogenic amino acids into glucose synthesis is regulated to a great extent by the availability of these substrates, and that glucagon may be involved in this regulation. It is further concluded that the described experimental approach is suitable for investigations of nutrient absorption and hepatic gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Danfaer
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Foulum Research Centre, Tjele, Denmark
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37
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Huhtanen P, Miettinen H, Ylinen M. Effect of increasing ruminal butyrate on milk yield and blood constituents in dairy cows fed a grass silage-based diet. J Dairy Sci 1993; 76:1114-24. [PMID: 8486840 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of increased ruminal supply of butyrate on milk yield, milk composition, and blood metabolites were studied in four lactating cows in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The basal diet comprised grass silage, hay, and concentrate (34:22:42, DM basis) and was supplemented with isoenergetic VFA infusions (3.58 Mcal/d). A 3:1 molar mixture of acetate and propionate was replaced gradually with butyrate at the rates of 0, 200, 400, or 600 g/d. When the amount of infused butyrate increased, isobutyrate, butyrate, and isovalerate in plasma and acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate in whole blood increased linearly, but plasma glucose concentration decreased. The latter was associated with a trend toward higher plasma urea concentration, suggesting that more AA were used for gluconeogenesis as the supply of propionate decreased and that of butyrate increased. Milk yield was not changed. The concentrations of milk fat and protein increased, and that of lactose decreased linearly, with the rate of butyrate infusion. Milk fat yield increased, and lactose yield tended to decrease, with increased butyrate infusion. These results indicate that changes in the supply of butyrate do not affect markedly milk yield in cows yielding less than 20 kg/d but cause marked changes in milk composition. The increase in ruminal butyrate supply increased ketogenesis and decreased gluconeogenesis in the liver of lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Huhtanen
- Department of Animal Hygiene, College of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
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Chow JC, Jesse BW. Interactions between gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in isolated sheep hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci 1992; 75:2142-8. [PMID: 1401366 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)77974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in isolated sheep hepatocytes was studied. Addition of tetradecylglycidic acid, an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (EC 2.3.1.21), to isolated hepatocytes inhibited gluconeogenesis from a mixture of pyruvate plus lactate and from propionate alone. Inhibition constants for tetradecylglycidic acid on gluconeogenesis were 4.77 +/- 1.00 microM and 7.25 +/- 1.52 microM, respectively, for pyruvate plus lactate and for propionate as gluconeogenic substrates. The inhibition constants were not different. At the highest substrate concentrations examined, gluconeogenesis from pyruvate plus lactate and from propionate in the presence of 10 microM tetradecylglycidic acid was 47.3 and 41.4% of their respective controls. Similar to previous observations with butyrate, caproate addition inhibited gluconeogenesis from propionate by isolated hepatocytes and was unable to prevent inhibition of gluconeogenesis induced by tetradecylglycidic acid. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity was lower in mitochondria isolated from hepatocytes preincubated with insulin than in control hepatocytes. The data suggest 1) that maximum rates of gluconeogenesis in isolated sheep hepatocytes from either pyruvate plus lactate or from propionate as gluconeogenic substrates require beta-oxidation, 2) that intermediates common to the metabolism of butyrate and caproate may be involved in the inhibition of propionate conversion to glucose by isolated sheep hepatocytes, and 3) that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity in isolated sheep hepatocytes can be modulated by insulin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Chow
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
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van 't Klooster GA, Woutersen-van Nijnanten FM, Klein WR, Blaauboer BJ, Noordhoek J, van Miert AS. Effects of various medium formulations and attachment substrata on the performance of cultured ruminant hepatocytes in biotransformation studies. Xenobiotica 1992; 22:523-34. [PMID: 1413867 DOI: 10.3109/00498259209053115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. A procedure for the isolation and primary culture of hepatocytes from goat and cattle is described. Hepatocyte culture performance was monitored for 51 h by measuring viability, cytochrome P-450 maintenance, dealkylation of scoparone and ethylmorphine, and glucuronidation of phenol red. 2. Culture medium composition is discussed in relation to differences between splanchnic blood composition of ruminant and monogastric animal species. Main differences are in glucose and volatile fatty acid concentrations. Modified Williams' E culture medium did not yield higher culture performance than non-modified Williams' E. 3. Coating of culture dishes with either collagen or fibronectin did not improve culture performance. 4. Williams' E, although developed for rodent cells, proves to be a suitable basal medium for ruminant hepatocytes. In this medium, culture quality is high for at least several days. 5. In cultured goat hepatocytes, biotransformation rate for scoparone amounted to 20 nmol/mg protein per h, for ethylmorphine 96 nmol/mg protein per h and for phenol red 2 nmol/mg protein per h. Biotransformation activity in cow hepatocytes is approximately half that in goat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A van 't Klooster
- University of Utrecht, Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Netherlands
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40
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Knapp JR, Freetly HC, Reis BL, Calvert CC, Baldwin RL. Effects of somatotropin and substrates on patterns of liver metabolism in lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 1992; 75:1025-35. [PMID: 1578017 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)77846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives of this study were to quantitate metabolite fluxes in ruminant liver and to delineate effects of recombinant bST on patterns of nutrient metabolism by liver. Nineteen multiparous cows ranging in previous lactational performance from 6400 to 13,500 kg per 305-d lactation were treated with either placebo or bST (40 mg/d) from wk 11 to 18 of lactation. Liver tissue was collected at slaughter. Tissue slices were incubated with various 14C-labeled substrates, and rates of conversion of label to CO2 and metabolites were measured. In vivo recombinant bST treatment increased in vitro conversion of [1-14C]propionate and [2-14C]acetate to glucose more than twofold. At 2.5 mM propionate, bST-treated cows converted propionate to glucose at 90% efficiency. Recombinant bST increased [14C]bicarbonate incorporation into glucose five-fold. Overall, bST treatment resulted in greater C flow from propionate and acetate through the TCA cycle. Acetate had only small effects on propionate metabolism and no effects on lactate plus pyruvate metabolism. Unexpectedly, propionate decreased acetate conversion to ketone bodies. Suggested mechanisms for this observation include depletion of coenzyme A and allosteric regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I by methylmalonyl-coenzyme A formed from propionate. In summary, bST treatment resulted in increased rates of gluconeogenesis and oxidation in liver in support of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Knapp
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
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Demigné C, Yacoub C, Morand C, Rémésy C. Interactions between propionate and amino acid metabolism in isolated sheep hepatocytes. Br J Nutr 1991; 65:301-17. [PMID: 2043606 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19910088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of various substrates to glucose synthesis in isolated sheep hepatocytes, and more specifically to quantify the contribution of propionate to gluconeogenesis. Liver cells from fed sheep have a very high capacity for propionate utilization and conversion into glucose. The gluogenicity of lactate or amino acids was very low in hepatocytes from fed sheep, but was significantly increased in hepatocytes from starved animals. Amino acids such as alanine or glutamine were characterized by a substantial utilization towards ureogenesis; whereas their conversion to glucose was very low. Propionate utilization and conversion into glucose was inhibited by butyrate, ammonia and especially ethanol (by up to 80%). Ethanol promoted a striking accumulation of intracellular malate in hepatocytes incubated with propionate (reaching 14.9 mumol/g cell) and led to a depletion of phosphoenolpyruvate; ethanol inhibition could be counteracted by pyruvate. Propionate and butyrate enhanced ureogenesis from ammonia in ruminant liver cells but their effects were not additive. Propionate also elicited a marked increase in cellular concentrations of phosphoserine and serine, particularly in the presence of ammonia; such effects could influence phospholipid metabolism in the liver. These findings emphasize the contribution of propionate, compared with the other glucogenic substrates, to glucose synthesis in ruminants and point to the possibilities of modulation of the glucogenicity of propionate by various substrates which may be present in portal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Demigné
- INRA Laboratoire des Maladies Metaboliques, Centre de Recherches, Ceyrat, France
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42
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Hoogenboom L, Oorsprong M, van Vliet T, Kuiper H. The use of pig hepatocytes for cytotoxicity studies of veterinary drugs: A comparative study with furazolidone and other nitrofurans. Toxicol In Vitro 1991; 5:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(91)90045-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/1989] [Revised: 04/09/1990] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Armentano LE, Grummer RR, Bertics SJ, Skaar TC, Donkin SS. Effects of energy balance on hepatic capacity for oleate and propionate metabolism and triglyceride secretion. J Dairy Sci 1991; 74:132-9. [PMID: 2030168 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify conditions that could decrease accumulation of triglyceride in liver, preferably by increasing hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Hepatocytes isolated from lactating goats were incubated in vitro, and the fate of [1-14C]oleate was measured to determine hepatic capacity for various routes of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. The effect of in vivo energy balance and modifications of the nutrients present in the culture media were tested. Addition of linoleic acid, isovalerate, niacin, propionate, or propylene glycol did not affect triglyceride accumulation or secretion. Pyruvate decreased intracellular triglyceride accumulation. Changes in oxidation of oleate through manipulation of carnitine acyl transferase activity did not influence oleate esterification rate. Livers and hepatocytes isolated from goats in negative energy balance contained more lipid and triglyceride. Liver cells from goats in negative energy balance had decreased capacity for converting propionate to glucose with no change in ketogenic capacity as judged by acid soluble product formation from oleate. Hepatocytes from goats in negative energy balance retained less oleate as cell triglyceride with no change in triglyceride export, indicating a decreased net rate of esterification. Lactating goats, either in negative or positive energy balance, demonstrated the same low capacity for export of newly synthesized triglyceride as previously reported for fed wethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Armentano
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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