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Islam R, Choudhary HH, Mehta H, Zhang F, Jovin TG, Hanafy KA. Development of a 3D Brain Model to Study Sex-Specific Neuroinflammation After Hemorrhagic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01243-y. [PMID: 38558012 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) accounts for 5% of stroke, with women having a decreased inflammatory response compared to men; however, this mechanism has yet to be identified. One hurdle in SAH research is the lack of human brain models. Studies in murine models are helpful, but human models should be used in conjunction for improved translatability. These observations lead us to develop a 3D system to study the sex-specific microglial and neuroglial function in a novel in vitro human SAH model and compare it to our validated in vivo SAH model. Our lab has developed a 3D, membrane-based in vitro cell culture system with human astrocytes, microglia, and neurons from both sexes. The 3D cultures were incubated with male and female cerebrospinal fluid from SAH patients in the Neuro-ICU. Furthermore, microglial morphology, erythrophagocytosis, microglial inflammatory cytokine production, and neuronal apoptosis were studied and compared with our murine SAH models. The human 3D system demonstrated intercellular interactions and proportions of the three cell types similar to the adult human brain. In vitro and in vivo models of SAH showed concordance in male microglia being more inflammatory than females via morphology and flow cytometry. On the contrary, both in vitro and in vivo models revealed that female microglia were more phagocytic and less prone to damaging neurons than males. One possible explanation for the increased phagocytic ability of female microglia was the increased expression of CD206 and MerTK. Our in vitro, human, 3D cell culture SAH model showed similar results to our in vivo murine SAH model with respect to microglial morphology, inflammation, and phagocytosis when comparing the sexes. A human 3D brain model of SAH may be a useful adjunct to murine models to improve translation to SAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezwanul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
- Cooper Neurological Institute, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Hadi Hasan Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Hritik Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
- Cooper Neurological Institute, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
- Cooper Neurological Institute, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Tudor G Jovin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
- Cooper Neurological Institute, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Khalid A Hanafy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA.
- Cooper Neurological Institute, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA.
- Center for Neuroinflammation, Cooper Medical School at Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA.
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Deng GH, Wu CF, Li YJ, Shi H, Zhong WC, Hong MK, Li JJ, Zhao JM, Liu C, Qin MC, Zeng ZY, Zhang WM, Yung KKL, Lv ZP, Gao L. Caveolin-1 is critical for hepatic iron storage capacity in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:53. [PMID: 37941054 PMCID: PMC10631186 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with disordered lipid and iron metabolism. Our previous study has substantiated the pivotal role of Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in protecting hepatocytes and mediating iron metabolism in the liver. This study aimed to explore the specific mechanisms underlying the regulation of iron metabolism by Cav-1 in NAFLD. METHODS Hepatocyte-specific Cav-1 overexpression mice and knockout mice were used in this study. Cav-1-knockdown of RAW264.7 cells and mouse primary hepatocytes were performed to verify the changes in vitro. Moreover, a high-fat diet and palmitic acid plus oleic acid treatment were utilized to construct a NAFLD model in vivo and in vitro, respectively, while a high-iron diet was used to construct an in vivo iron overload model. Besides, iron concentration, the expression of Cav-1 and iron metabolism-related proteins in liver tissue or serum were detected using iron assay kit, Prussian blue staining, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, immunohistochemical staining and ELISA. The related indicators of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress were evaluated by the corresponding reagent kit and staining. RESULTS Significant disorder of lipid and iron metabolism occurred in NAFLD. The expression of Cav-1 was decreased in NAFLD hepatocytes (P < 0.05), accompanied by iron metabolism disorder. Cav-1 enhanced the iron storage capacity of hepatocytes by activating the ferritin light chain/ferritin heavy chain pathway in NAFLD, subsequently alleviating the oxidative stress induced by excess ferrous ions in the liver. Further, CD68+CD163+ macrophages expressing Cav-1 were found to accelerate iron accumulation in the liver, which was contrary to the effect of Cav-1 in hepatocytes. Positive correlations were also observed between the serum Cav-1 concentration and the serum iron-related protein levels in NAFLD patients and healthy volunteers (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that Cav-1 is an essential target protein that regulates iron and lipid metabolic homeostasis. It is a pivotal molecule for predicting and protecting against the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Chao-Feng Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yun-Jia Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hao Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wei-Chao Zhong
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Mu-Keng Hong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jun-Jie Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jia-Min Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Meng-Chen Qin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wei-Min Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China.
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China.
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Cui Y, Wu C, Li L, shi H, Li C, Yin S. Toward nanotechnology-enabled application of bilirubin in the treatment and diagnosis of various civilization diseases. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100658. [PMID: 37214553 PMCID: PMC10196858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilirubin, an open chain tetrapyrrole, has powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immuno-suppressive, metabolic-modulating and anti-proliferative activities. Bilirubin is a natural molecule that is produced and metabolized within the human body, making it highly biocompatible and well suited for clinical use. However, the use of bilirubin has been hampered by its poor water solubility and instability. With advanced construction strategies, bilirubin-derived nanoparticles (BRNPs) have not only overcome the disadvantages of bilirubin but also enhanced its therapeutic effects by targeting damaged tissues, passing through physiological barriers, and ensuring controlled sustained release. We review the mechanisms underlying the biological activities of bilirubin, BRNP preparation strategies and BRNP applications in various disease models. Based on their superior performance, BRNPs require further exploration of their efficacy, biodistribution and long-term biosafety in nonhuman primate models that recapitulate human disease to promote their clinical translation.
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Tartara F, Montalbetti A, Crobeddu E, Armocida D, Tavazzi E, Cardia A, Cenzato M, Boeris D, Garbossa D, Cofano F. Compartmental Cerebrospinal Fluid Events Occurring after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An "Heparin Oriented" Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7832. [PMID: 37175544 PMCID: PMC10178276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a severe acute event with high morbidity and mortality due to the development of early brain injury (EBI), secondary delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and shunt-related hydrocephalus. Secondary events (SSE) such as neuroinflammation, vasospasm, excitotoxicity, blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative cascade, and neuronal apoptosis are related to DCI. Despite improvement in management strategies and therapeutic protocols, surviving patients frequently present neurological deficits with neurocognitive impairment. The aim of this paper is to offer to clinicians a practical review of the actually documented pathophysiological events following subarachnoid hemorrhage. To reach our goal we performed a literature review analyzing reported studies regarding the mediators involved in the pathophysiological events following SAH occurring in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (hemoglobin degradation products, platelets, complement, cytokines, chemokines, leucocytes, endothelin-1, NO-synthase, osteopontin, matricellular proteins, blood-brain barrier disruption, microglia polarization). The cascade of pathophysiological events secondary to SAH is very complex and involves several interconnected, but also distinct pathways. The identification of single therapeutical targets or specific pharmacological agents may be a limited strategy able to block only selective pathophysiological paths, but not the global evolution of SAH-related events. We report furthermore on the role of heparin in SAH management and discuss the rationale for use of intrathecal heparin as a pleiotropic therapeutical agent. The combination of the anticoagulant effect and the ability to interfere with SSE theoretically make heparin a very interesting molecule for SAH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Tartara
- IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C. Mondino, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Montalbetti
- A.O.U. Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Crobeddu
- A.O.U. Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniele Armocida
- A.U.O. Policlinico Umberto I, Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Tavazzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale C. Mondino, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Cardia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cenzato
- Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Department of Neurosurgery, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Boeris
- Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Department of Neurosurgery, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Garbossa
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, Neurosurgery Unit, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Cofano
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, Neurosurgery Unit, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy
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5
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Wang X, Wen D, You C, Ma L. Identification of the key immune-related genes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:931753. [PMID: 36172261 PMCID: PMC9511034 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.931753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a major cause of death and morbidity worldwide, often due to rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IAs). Immune infiltration and inflammatory activation play key roles in the process of aneurysmal SAH (aSAH). This study aimed to elaborate the immune infiltration and identify related biomarkers both in blood and tissue samples from patients with aSAH. Expression data of aSAH and healthy control samples were obtained from gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Overall, a blood sample dataset GSE36791 and a tissue sample dataset GSE122897 were included. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between aSAH and healthy samples were explored. We applied GO biological and Gene Set Enrichment Analyses (GSEA) processes to access the functional enrichment. Then feature elimination algorithms based on random forest were used to screen and verify the biomarkers of aSAH. We performed three computational algorithms including Cell type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT), Microenvironment Cell Populations-counter (MCPcounter), and xcell to evaluate the immune cell infiltration landscape to identify the unique infiltration characteristics associated with rupturing. We found 2,220 DEGs (856 upregulated and 1,364 downregulated) in the original dataset. Functional analysis revealed most of these genes are enriched in immunological process, especially related with neutrophil response. Similar signaling pathway enrichment patterns were observed in tissue sample dataset and ClueGo. Analysis of immune microenvironment infiltration suggested neutrophils were abnormally upregulated in aSAH compared with those in the control group. Key gene SRPK1 was then filtered based on feature elimination algorithms, and transcription factor (TF) ZNF281 is assumed to participate in immunomodulation by regulating expression of SRPK1. Several immunomodulators such as CXCR1 and CXCR2 also appear to be involved in the progression of aSAH. In the present study, we performed a comprehensive stratification and quantification of the immune infiltration status of aSAH. By exploring the potential mechanism for aSAH based on several computational algorithms, key genes including SRPK1 and ZNF281 were filtered. This study may be of benefit to patients who are at high risk of suffering aSAH which allows for early diagnosis and potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingke Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Brain Research Centre, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chao You Lu Ma
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chao You Lu Ma
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6
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Fang Y, Doyle MF, Chen J, Alosco ML, Mez J, Satizabal CL, Qiu WQ, Murabito JM, Lunetta KL. Association between inflammatory biomarkers and cognitive aging. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274350. [PMID: 36083988 PMCID: PMC9462682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines related to the innate and adaptive immune system have been linked to neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease, dementia, and cognitive disorders. We examined the association of 11 plasma proteins (CD14, CD163, CD5L, CD56, CD40L, CXCL16, SDF1, DPP4, SGP130, sRAGE, and MPO) related to immune and inflammatory responses with measures of cognitive function, brain MRI and dementia risk. We identified Framingham Heart Study Offspring participants who underwent neuropsychological testing (n = 2358) or brain MRI (n = 2100) within five years of the seventh examination where a blood sample for quantifying the protein biomarkers was obtained; and who were followed for 10 years for incident all-cause dementia (n = 1616). We investigated the association of inflammatory biomarkers with neuropsychological test performance and brain MRI volumes using linear mixed effect models accounting for family relationships. We further used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association with incident dementia. False discovery rate p-values were used to account for multiple testing. Participants included in the neuropsychological test and MRI samples were on average 61 years old and 54% female. Participants from the incident dementia sample (average 68 years old at baseline) included 124 participants with incident dementia. In addition to CD14, which has an established association, we found significant associations between higher levels of CD40L and myeloperoxidase (MPO) with executive dysfunction. Higher CD5L levels were significantly associated with smaller total brain volumes (TCBV), whereas higher levels of sRAGE were associated with larger TCBV. Associations persisted after adjustment for APOE ε4 carrier status and additional cardiovascular risk factors. None of the studied inflammatory biomarkers were significantly associated with risk of incident all-cause dementia. Higher circulating levels of soluble CD40L and MPO, markers of immune cell activation, were associated with poorer performance on neuropsychological tests, while higher CD5L, a key regulator of inflammation, was associated with smaller total brain volumes. Higher circulating soluble RAGE, a decoy receptor for the proinflammatory RAGE/AGE pathway, was associated with larger total brain volume. If confirmed in other studies, this data indicates the involvement of an activated immune system in abnormal brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret F. Doyle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jiachen Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Alosco
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jesse Mez
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and CTE Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Chen Y, Galea I, Macdonald RL, Wong GKC, Zhang JH. Rethinking the initial changes in subarachnoid haemorrhage: Focusing on real-time metabolism during early brain injury. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104223. [PMID: 35973388 PMCID: PMC9396538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, neurological researchers have uncovered many pathophysiological mechanisms associated with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), with early brain injury and delayed cerebral ischaemia both contributing to morbidity and mortality. The current dilemma in SAH management inspired us to rethink the nature of the insult in SAH: sudden bleeding into the subarachnoid space and hypoxia due to disturbed cerebral circulation and increased intracranial pressure, generating exogenous stimuli and subsequent pathophysiological processes. Exogenous stimuli are defined as factors which the brain tissue is not normally exposed to when in the healthy state. Intersections of these initial pathogenic factors lead to secondary brain injury with related metabolic changes after SAH. Herein, we summarized the current understanding of efforts to monitor and analyse SAH-related metabolic changes to identify those precise pathophysiological processes and potential therapeutic strategies; in particular, we highlight the restoration of normal cerebrospinal fluid circulation and the normalization of brain-blood interface physiology to alleviate early brain injury and delayed neurological deterioration after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Ian Galea
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - R Loch Macdonald
- Community Neurosciences Institutes, Community Regional Medical Center, Fresno, CA 93701, USA
| | - George Kwok Chu Wong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Solár P, Zamani A, Lakatosová K, Joukal M. The blood-brain barrier and the neurovascular unit in subarachnoid hemorrhage: molecular events and potential treatments. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:29. [PMID: 35410231 PMCID: PMC8996682 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following a stroke, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), has been studied extensively. The main components of this reaction are endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes that affect microglia, neurons, and vascular smooth muscle cells. SAH induces alterations in individual BBB cells, leading to brain homeostasis disruption. Recent experiments have uncovered many pathophysiological cascades affecting the BBB following SAH. Targeting some of these pathways is important for restoring brain function following SAH. BBB injury occurs immediately after SAH and has long-lasting consequences, but most changes in the pathophysiological cascades occur in the first few days following SAH. These changes determine the development of early brain injury as well as delayed cerebral ischemia. SAH-induced neuroprotection also plays an important role and weakens the negative impact of SAH. Supporting some of these beneficial cascades while attenuating the major pathophysiological pathways might be decisive in inhibiting the negative impact of bleeding in the subarachnoid space. In this review, we attempt a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular changes in the BBB following SAH and their possible modulation by various drugs and substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Solár
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alemeh Zamani
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klaudia Lakatosová
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Joukal
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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9
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Munro DAD, Movahedi K, Priller J. Macrophage compartmentalization in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid system. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabk0391. [PMID: 35245085 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abk0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages reside within the diverse anatomical compartments of the central nervous system (CNS). Within each compartment, these phagocytes are exposed to unique combinations of niche signals and mechanical stimuli that instruct their tissue-specific identities. Whereas most CNS macrophages are tissue-embedded, the macrophages of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system are bathed in an oscillating liquid. Studies using multiomics technologies have recently uncovered the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of CSF macrophages, enhancing our understanding of their cellular characteristics in both rodents and humans. Here, we review the relationships between CNS macrophage populations, with a focus on the origins, phenotypes, and functions of CSF macrophages in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A D Munro
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Josef Priller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.,Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Shtaya A, Bridges LR, Williams R, Trippier S, Zhang L, Pereira AC, Nicoll JAR, Boche D, Hainsworth AH. Innate Immune Anti-Inflammatory Response in Human Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2021; 52:3613-3623. [PMID: 34281379 PMCID: PMC7611898 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.034673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is a common form of hemorrhagic stroke, with high mortality and morbidity. Pathophysiological mechanisms in sICH are poorly understood and treatments limited. Neuroinflammation driven by microglial-macrophage activation contributes to brain damage post-sICH. We aim to test the hypothesis that an anti-inflammatory (repair) process occurs in parallel with neuroinflammation in clinical sICH. Methods We performed quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical markers for microglia and macrophages (Iba1, CD68, TMEM119, CD163, and CD206) in brain tissue biospecimens 1 to 12 days post-sICH and matched control cases. In a parallel, prospective group of patients, we assayed circulating inflammatory markers (CRP [C-reactive protein], total white cell, and monocyte count) over 1 to 12 days following sICH. Results In 27 supratentorial sICH cases (n=27, median [interquartile range] age: 59 [52–80.5], 14F/13M) all microglia-macrophage markers increased post-sICH, relative to control brains. Anti-inflammatory markers (CD163 and CD206) were elevated alongside proinflammatory markers (CD68 and TMEM119). CD163 increased progressively post-sICH (15.0-fold increase at 7–12 days, P<0.001). CD206 increased at 3 to 5 days (5.2-fold, P<0.001) then returned to control levels at 7 to 12 days. The parenchymal immune response combined brain-derived microglia (TMEM119 positive) and invading monocyte-derived macrophages (CD206 positive). In a prospective sICH patient cohort (n=26, age 74 [66–79], National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale on admission: 8 [4–17]; 14F/12M) blood CRP concentration and monocyte density (but not white blood cell) increased post-sICH. CRP increased from 0 to 2 to 3 to 5 days (8.3-fold, P=0.020) then declined at 7 to 12 days. Monocytes increased from 0 to 2 to 3 to 5 days (1.8-fold, P<0.001) then declined at 7 to 12 days. Conclusions An anti-inflammatory pathway, enlisting native microglia and blood monocytes, occurs alongside neuroinflammation post-sICH. This novel pathway offers therapeutic targets and a window of opportunity (3–5 days post-sICH) for delivery of therapeutics via invading monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan Shtaya
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Wessex Spinal Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Leslie R Bridges
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Williams
- Neurology Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah Trippier
- Neurology Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Neurology Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony C Pereira
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Neurology Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - James AR Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Atticus H Hainsworth
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Neurology Department, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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11
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Zhou J, Guo P, Guo Z, Sun X, Chen Y, Feng H. Fluid metabolic pathways after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurochem 2021; 160:13-33. [PMID: 34160835 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity. In recent years, a large number of studies have focused on the mechanism of early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), including vasospasm, neurotoxicity of hematoma and neuroinflammatory storm, after aSAH. Despite considerable efforts, no novel drugs have significantly improved the prognosis of patients in phase III clinical trials, indicating the need to further re-examine the multifactorial pathophysiological process that occurs after aSAH. The complex pathogenesis is reflected by the destruction of the dynamic balance of the energy metabolism in the nervous system after aSAH, which prevents the maintenance of normal neural function. This review focuses on the fluid metabolic pathways of the central nervous system (CNS), starting with ruptured aneurysms, and discusses the dysfunction of blood circulation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation and the glymphatic system during disease progression. It also proposes a hypothesis on the metabolic disorder mechanism and potential therapeutic targets for aSAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiru Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Peiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregeneration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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12
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Soluble Receptors Affecting Stroke Outcomes: Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031108. [PMID: 33498620 PMCID: PMC7865279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble receptors are widely understood to be freestanding moieties formed via cleavage from their membrane-bound counterparts. They have unique structures, are found among various receptor families, and have intriguing mechanisms of generation and release. Soluble receptors’ ability to exhibit pleiotropic action by receptor modulation or by exhibiting a dual role in cytoprotection and neuroinflammation is concentration dependent and has continually mystified researchers. Here, we have compiled findings from preclinical and clinical studies to provide insights into the role of soluble/decoy receptors, focusing on the soluble cluster of differentiation 36, the soluble cluster of differentiation 163, and soluble lipoprotein-related protein 1 (sCD36, sCD163, and sLRP1, respectively) and the functions they could likely serve in the management of stroke, as they would notably regulate the bioavailability of the hemoglobin and heme after red blood cell lysis. The key roles that these soluble receptors play in inflammation, oxidative stress, and the related pharmacotherapeutic potential in improving stroke outcomes are described. The precise pleiotropic physiological functions of soluble receptors remain unclear, and further scientific investigation/validation is required to establish their respective role in diagnosis and therapy.
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13
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Fernández-Mendívil C, Luengo E, Trigo-Alonso P, García-Magro N, Negredo P, López MG. Protective role of microglial HO-1 blockade in aging: Implication of iron metabolism. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101789. [PMID: 33212416 PMCID: PMC7680814 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible enzyme known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. However, increased expression of HO-1 during aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases have been associated to neurotoxic ferric iron deposits. Being microglia responsible for the brain's innate immune response, the aim of this study was to understand the role of microglial HO-1 under inflammatory conditions in aged mice. For this purpose, aged wild type (WT) and LysMCreHmox1△△ (HMOX1M-KO) mice that lack HO-1 in microglial cells, were used. Aged WT mice showed higher basal expression levels of microglial HO-1 in the brain than adult mice. This increase was even higher when exposed to an inflammatory stimulus (LPS via i.p.) and was accompanied by alterations in different iron-related metabolism proteins, resulting in an increase of iron deposits, oxidative stress, ferroptosis and cognitive decline. Furthermore, microglia exhibited a primed phenotype and increased levels of inflammatory markers such as iNOS, p65, IL-1β, TNF-α, Caspase-1 and NLRP3. Interestingly, all these alterations were prevented in aged HMOX1M-KO and WT mice treated with the HO-1 inhibitor ZnPPIX. In order to determine the effects of microglial HO-1-dependent iron overload, aged WT mice were treated with the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFX). DFX caused major improvements in iron, inflammatory and behavioral alterations found in aged mice exposed to LPS. In conclusion, this study highlights how microglial HO-1 overexpression contributes to neurotoxic iron accumulation providing deleterious effects in aged mice exposed to an inflammatory insult. Microglial HO-1 increases with aging and under an acute inflammatory stimulus. LPS-dependent microglial HO-1 upregulation during aging leads to iron overload. Microglial HO-1-dependent iron accumulation leads to ferroptosis. HO-1-dependent iron alterations lead to neuroinflammation. HO-1 inhibitors/iron chelators reduce iron accumulation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fernández-Mendívil
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery. Department of Pharmacology. School of Medicine. Universidad Autónoma Madrid. Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitario (IIS-IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Luengo
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery. Department of Pharmacology. School of Medicine. Universidad Autónoma Madrid. Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitario (IIS-IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Trigo-Alonso
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery. Department of Pharmacology. School of Medicine. Universidad Autónoma Madrid. Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitario (IIS-IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Magro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience. School of Medicine. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Negredo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience. School of Medicine. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery. Department of Pharmacology. School of Medicine. Universidad Autónoma Madrid. Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitario (IIS-IP), Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Ye F, Garton HJL, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. The Role of Thrombin in Brain Injury After Hemorrhagic and Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:496-511. [PMID: 32989665 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is increased in the brain after hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke primarily due to the prothrombin entry from blood either with a hemorrhage or following blood-brain barrier disruption. Increasing evidence indicates that thrombin and its receptors (protease-activated receptors (PARs)) play a major role in brain pathology following ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (including intracerebral, intraventricular, and subarachnoid hemorrhage). Thrombin and PARs affect brain injury via multiple mechanisms that can be detrimental or protective. The cleavage of prothrombin into thrombin is the key step of hemostasis and thrombosis which takes place in every stroke and subsequent brain injury. The extravascular effects and direct cellular interactions of thrombin are mediated by PARs (PAR-1, PAR-3, and PAR-4) and their downstream signaling in multiple brain cell types. Such effects include inducing blood-brain-barrier disruption, brain edema, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death, although low thrombin concentrations can promote cell survival. Also, thrombin directly links the coagulation system to the immune system by activating interleukin-1α. Such effects of thrombin can result in both short-term brain injury and long-term functional deficits, making extravascular thrombin an understudied therapeutic target for stroke. This review examines the role of thrombin and PARs in brain injury following hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and the potential treatment strategies which are complicated by their role in both hemostasis and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Hugh J L Garton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 Biomedical Science Research Building, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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15
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Sai KSS, Manjunath RGS, Kumar G, Chaudhary B. Soluble CD163 as a biomarker of periodontal disease - A biochemical study using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2020; 24:409-413. [PMID: 33144767 PMCID: PMC7592616 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_97_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of soluble CD163 (sCD163) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and blood serum of individuals having periodontitis, gingivitis, and healthy periodontium. Further, the role of sCD163 as a biomarker of periodontal disease was also assessed. Materials and Methods: A minimum of 5-μl GCF and 10 ml of venous blood was collected using a micropipette and 10-ml syringe, respectively, from the study population which was divided into three groups as healthy (Group I, n = 10), gingivitis (Group II, n = 10), and periodontitis (Group III, n = 10). sCD163 samples were assessed using a commercially available sCD163 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Clinical parameters such as oral hygiene index simplified, gingival index (GI), percentage of sites with bleeding on probing, probing depth, and clinical attachment loss were recorded. Results: The mean serum sCD13 levels were 743.45 ± 51.17 ng/ml, 563.25 ± 103.74 ng/ml, and 431.0 ± 31.08 ng/ml when compared to the mean GCF sCD163 levels which were 59.81 ± 7.61 ng/ml, 38.93 ± 12.42 ng/ml, and 30.49 ± 12.60 ng/ml for periodontitis, gingivitis, and healthy individuals, respectively. The sCD163 levels were higher in patients with periodontitis when compared to the periodontally healthy individuals. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that sCD163 levels can be used as a diagnostic marker of disease as its levels are remarkably increased in GCFs of patients having periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan S S Sai
- Department of Periodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly International University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R G Shiva Manjunath
- Department of Periodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly International University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Geetika Kumar
- Department of Periodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly International University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bharti Chaudhary
- Department of Periodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly International University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Chen J, Wang L, Xu H, Xing L, Zhuang Z, Zheng Y, Li X, Wang C, Chen S, Guo Z, Liang Q, Wang Y. Meningeal lymphatics clear erythrocytes that arise from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3159. [PMID: 32572022 PMCID: PMC7308412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Extravasated erythrocytes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) critically contribute to the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Meningeal lymphatics have been reported to drain macromolecules and immune cells from CSF into cervical lymph nodes (CLNs). However, whether meningeal lymphatics are involved in clearing extravasated erythrocytes in CSF after SAH remains unclear. Here we show that a markedly higher number of erythrocytes are accumulated in the lymphatics of CLNs and meningeal lymphatics after SAH. When the meningeal lymphatics are depleted in a mouse model of SAH, the degree of erythrocyte aggregation in CLNs is significantly lower, while the associated neuroinflammation and the neurologic deficits are dramatically exacerbated. In addition, during SAH lymph flow is increased but without significant lymphangiogenesis and lymphangiectasia. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the meningeal lymphatics drain extravasated erythrocytes from CSF into CLNs after SAH, while suggesting that modulating this draining may offer therapeutic approaches to alleviate SAH severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinman Chen
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Spine Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Linmei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Spine Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Zixin Zhuang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Spine Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangkang Zheng
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Spine Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Spine Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Chinyun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Spine Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,The International Education College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Spine Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Zibin Guo
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 232 Huandong Road, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Spine Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Spine Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), 1200 Cailun Road, 201203, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Akamatsu Y, Pagan VA, Hanafy KA. The role of TLR4 and HO-1 in neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:549-556. [PMID: 31468571 PMCID: PMC6980436 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review on the mechanisms of neuroinflammation following subarachnoid hemorrhage will focus mainly on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the role of microglia and macrophages in this process. Vasospasm has long been the focus of research in SAH; however, clinical trials have shown that amelioration of vasospasm does not lead to an improved clinical outcome. This necessitates the need for novel avenues of research. Our work has demonstrated that microglial TLR4 and microglial HO-1, not only affects cognitive dysfunction, but also circadian dysrhythmia in a mouse model of SAH. To attempt to translate these findings, we have also begun investigating macrophages in the cerebrospinal fluid of SAH patients. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the role of TLR4, HO-1, and other signal transduction pathways in SAH-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Akamatsu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vicente A Pagan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Khalid A Hanafy
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Neurointensive Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Wan Y, Hua Y, Garton HJL, Novakovic N, Keep RF, Xi G. Activation of epiplexus macrophages in hydrocephalus caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage and thrombin. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1134-1141. [PMID: 31433571 PMCID: PMC6776740 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims We have found that hydrocephalus development in spontaneously hypertensive rats was associated with activation of epiplexus cells. The current study examined whether epiplexus cell activation occurs in a rat subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), whether activation would be greater in a subset of rats that developed hydrocephalus and the potential role of thrombin in epiplexus cell activation. Methods There were two parts in this study. First, an endovascular perforation was performed in rats to induce SAH. Second, rats received an intraventricular infusion of either thrombin or saline. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure the ventricular volumes. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to study epiplexus cell activation. Results Iba‐1, OX‐6, and CD68 were expressed in the epiplexus cells of the choroid plexus in sham‐operated rats. SAH increased Iba‐1 and CD68 immunoreactivity in epiplexus cells in addition to an increase in Iba‐1‐positive cell soma size. Those effects were greater in rats that developed hydrocephalus. Intraventricular thrombin mimicked the effects of SAH on epiplexus cell activation and hydrocephalus. Conclusion This study supports the concept that epiplexus cell activation is associated with hydrocephalus development. Epiplexus cell activation may be in response to thrombin production after hemorrhage, and it may be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hugh J L Garton
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nemanja Novakovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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