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Basak S, Banerjee A, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Dietary Fats and the Gut Microbiota: Their impacts on lipid-induced metabolic syndrome. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Chen J, Li Y, Tang Z, Sun Z. Regulatory Functions of Fatty Acids with Different Chain Lengths on the Intestinal Health in Pigs and Relative Signaling Pathways. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:674-682. [PMID: 31084590 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190514120023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestines are not only major organs for nutrient digestion and absorption, but are also the largest immune organ in pigs. They are essential for maintaining the health and growth of piglets. Fatty acids, including short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, are important nutrients; they are a major energy source, important components of the cell membrane, metabolic substrates in many biochemical pathways, cell-signaling molecules, and play role as immune modulators. Research has shown that fatty acids exert beneficial effects on intestinal health in animal models and clinical trials. The objective of this review is to give a clear understanding of the regulatory effects of fatty acids of different chain lengths on intestinal health in pigs and their signaling pathways, providing scientific reference for developing a feeding technique to apply fatty acids to piglet diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Hu JN, Shen JR, Xiong CY, Zhu XM, Deng ZY. Investigation of Lipid Metabolism by a New Structured Lipid with Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerols from Cinnamomum camphora Seed Oil in Healthy C57BL/6J Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1990-1998. [PMID: 29429331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a new structured lipid with medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs) was synthesized from camellia oil (CO) and Cinnamomum camphora seed oil (CCSO) by enzymatic interesterification. Meanwhile, the antiobesity effects of structured lipid were investigated through observing the changes of enzymes related to lipid mobilization in healthy C57BL/6J mice. Results showed that after synthesis, the major triacylgeride (TAG) species of intesterificated product changed to LaCC/CLaC (12.6 ± 0.46%), LaCO/LCL (21.7 ± 0.76%), CCO/LaCL (14.2 ± 0.55%), COO/OCO (10.8 ± 0.43%), and OOO (18.6 ± 0.64%). Through second-stage molecular distillation, the purity of interesterified product (MLCT) achieved 95.6%. Later, male C57BL/6J mice were applied to study whether the new structured lipid with MLCT has the efficacy of preventing the formation of obesity or not. After feeding with different diets for 6 weeks, MLCTs could reduce body weight and fat deposition in adipose tissue, lower plasma triacylglycerols (TG) (0.89 ± 0.16 mmol/L), plasma total cholesterol (TC) (4.03 ± 0.08 mmol/L), and hepatic lipids (382 ± 34.2 mg/mice) by 28.8%, 16.0%, and 30.5%, respectively, when compared to the control 2 group. This was also accompanied by increasing fecal lipids (113%) and the level of enzymes including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) related to lipid mobilization in MLCT group. From the results, it can be concluded that MLCT reduced body fat deposition probably by modulating enzymes related to lipid mobilization in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ning Hu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Jin-Rong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Chao-Yue Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University , Dalian 116034, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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Zhou S, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Sun X, Yu LL. Dietary Intake of Structured Lipids with Different Contents of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids on Obesity Prevention in C57BL/6J Mice. J Food Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengmin Zhou
- Inst. of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.; Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqiang Wang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co. Ltd.; Shanghai 200137 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanrong Jiang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co. Ltd.; Shanghai 200137 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfei Zhang
- Inst. of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.; Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Sun
- Inst. of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology; Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.; Shanghai 200240 People's Republic of China
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science; Univ. of Maryland; College Park Md. 20742 U.S.A
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Terada S, Sekine S, Aoyama T. Dietary Intake of Medium- and Long-chain Triacylglycerols Prevents the Progression of Hyperglycemia in Diabetic ob/ob Mice. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:683-8. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Terada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Seiji Sekine
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd
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Increased Norepinephrine by Medium-Chain Triglyceride Attributable to Lipolysis in White and Brown Adipose Tissue of C57BL/6J Mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1213-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Triglyceride with medium-chain fatty acids increases the activity and expression of hormone-sensitive lipase in white adipose tissue of C57BL/6J mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:1939-44. [PMID: 21979067 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) resulted in significantly less body fat mass than long-chain triglyceride (LCT) did in hypertriglyceridimic subjects. The possible mechanism for this was investigated by measuring and analyzing changes in the body fat, blood lipid profile, enzymatic level and activity of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and its mRNA expression, and levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) in white adipose tissue (WAT) of C57BL/6J mice fed for 16 weeks on an MCT or LCT diet. MCT induced lower body weight and body fat, and an improved blood lipid profile than LCT did. The enzymatic level and activity of HSL and its mRNA expression, and the levels of cAMP and PKA were significantly higher in WAT of mice fed with the MCT diet. No significant differences in the levels of lipoprotein lipase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in WAT were apparent between the effects of MCT and LCT. It is concluded that lipolysis by the increased level and activity of HSL, which was induced by the activation of cAMP-dependent PKA in WAT, was partially responsible for the lower fat accumulation in C57BL/6J mice fed with MCT.
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Terada S, Yamamoto S, Sekine S, Aoyama T. Dietary intake of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols ameliorates insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet. Nutrition 2011; 28:92-7. [PMID: 21872431 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive accumulation of visceral fat is strongly associated with insulin resistance. The present investigation examined the effects of dietary intake of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs), which have been shown to induce significantly lower visceral fat accumulation in rats and humans, on high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in rats. These effects were then compared with those observed in long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT)-fed rats. METHODS After an 8-wk feeding of a high-fat diet, which induced severe whole-body insulin resistance, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a standard diet containing LCTs or MLCTs for 6 wk. After the dietary treatment, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. RESULTS Although body weight and total intra-abdominal fat mass did not differ between the two groups, mesenteric fat weight in the MLCT-fed group was significantly lower than that in the LCT group (P < 0.05). The increase in plasma insulin concentrations, but not in glucose, after glucose administration (area under the curve) was significantly smaller in the MLCT group than in the LCT group (P < 0.01) and was significantly associated with mesenteric fat weight (P < 0.05). MLCT-fed rats had significantly higher plasma adiponectin concentrations compared with LCT rats (P < 0.05). Adiponectin concentrations were negatively correlated with the area under the curve for plasma insulin (P < 0.05) and tended to be inversely related to mesenteric fat weight (P = 0.08). CONCLUSION These results suggest that dietary intake of MLCTs may improve insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet, at least in part through increased adiponectin concentrations caused by a lower mesenteric fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Terada
- Central Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
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Shirouchi B, Nagao K, Furuya K, Nagai T, Ichioka K, Tokairin S, Iida Y, Yanagita T. Physiological Functions of iso-type Short-Chain Fatty Acid and Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Containing Oil in Obese OLETF Rats. J Oleo Sci 2010; 59:299-305. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.59.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Suzuki S, Ishikawa SI, Arihara K, Itoh M. Molecular species-specific differences in composition of triacylglycerols of mouse adipose tissue and diet. Nutr Res 2008; 28:258-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nagao K, Yanagita T. Bioactive lipids in metabolic syndrome. Prog Lipid Res 2008; 47:127-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Takeuchi H, Sekine S, Seto A. Medium-chain fatty acids – Nutritional function and application to cooking oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/lite.200700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Matsuo T, Takeuchi H. Effects of structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols in diets with various levels of fat on body fat accumulation in rats. Br J Nutr 2007; 91:219-25. [PMID: 14756907 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20031041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) in diets containing 50–200 g fat/kg on body fat accumulation were compared with those of long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) in rats. In rats fedad libitum, weights of intra-abdominal adipose tissues and carcass fat contents were significantly smaller (P<0·05) in rats fed the 150–200 g MLCT/kg diet than in rats fed 150–200 g LCT/kg diet. Serum and liver triacylglycerol contents were significantly greater (P<0·05) in rats fed 200 g MLCT/kg diet, as were hepatic capacities of citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase (P<0·05). The effects of MLCT on body fat were also examined in adult rats fed a limited amount of food (approximately 50 % ofad libitumintake). Reduction of body fat deposition during the food restriction was the same between in LCT and MLCT groups. These results suggest that accumulation of body fat was less efficient during long-term feeding of MLCT than LCT in rats fed high-fat dietsad libitum. The effect of MLCT on body fat might be influenced by the dietary fat content or by energy sufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Matsuo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Kita-gun, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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Matulka RA, Noguchi O, Nosaka N. Safety evaluation of a medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol oil produced from medium-chain triacylglycerols and edible vegetable oil. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1530-8. [PMID: 16753249 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the incorporation of dietary lipids into adipose tissue, modified fats and oils have been developed, such as medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT). Typical dietary lipids from vegetable oils, termed long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT), are degraded by salivary, intestinal and pancreatic lipases into two fatty acids and a monoacyl glycerol; whereas, MCT are degraded by the same enzymes into three fatty acids and the simple glycerol backbone. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are readily absorbed from the small intestine directly into the bloodstream and transported to the liver for hepatic metabolism, while long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) are incorporated into chylomicrons and enter the lymphatic system. MCFA are readily broken down to carbon dioxide and two-carbon fragments, while LCFA are re-esterified to triacylglycerols and either metabolized for energy or stored in adipose tissue. Therefore, consumption of MCT decreases the incorporation of fatty acids into adipose tissue. However, MCT have technological disadvantages precluding their use in many food applications. A possible resolution is the manufacture and use of a triacylglycerol containing both LCT and MCT, termed medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT). This manuscript describes studies performed for the safety evaluation of a MLCT oil enzymatically produced from MCT and edible vegetable oil (containing LCT), by a transesterification process. The approximate fatty acid composition of this MLCT consists of caprylic acid (9.7%), capric acid (3.3%), palmitic acid (3.8%), stearic acid (1.7%), oleic acid (51.2%), linoleic acid (18.4%), linolenic acid (9.0%), and other fatty acids (2.9%). The approximate percentages of long (L) and medium (M) fatty acids in the triacylglyerols are as follows: L, L, L (55.1%), L, L, M (35.2%), L, M, M (9.1%), and M, M, M (0.6%). The studies included: (1) acute study in rats (LD50>5000 mg/kg); (2) 6 week repeat-dose safety study via dietary administration to rats (NOAEL of 3500 mg/kg/day), (3) in vitro genotoxicity studies using Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli (negative at 5000 mg/plate), and (4) a four-week, placebo-controlled, double blind, human clinical trial utilizing 20 test subjects (no effects at 42 g MLCT/day). These data are corroborated by other studies published in the peer-reviewed literature on analogous MLCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Matulka
- Burdock Group, 2001 9th Avenue, Vero Beach, FL 32960, USA.
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Shinohara H, Ogawa A, Kasai M, Aoyama T. Effect of randomly interesterified triacylglycerols containing medium- and long-chain fatty acids on energy expenditure and hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2006; 69:1811-8. [PMID: 16244428 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In our previous studies, medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT), randomly interesterified triacylglycerols containing medium-chain and long-chain fatty acids in the same glycerol molecule, significantly reduced body fat accumulation in humans and rats. To clarify mechanism(s) for this effect of MLCT, we measured energy expenditure and hepatic fatty acid metabolism in rats by comparison with long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) or medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT). MLCT, compared with LCT, showed significantly lower body fat accumulation, higher 24-h energy expenditure and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity measured using octanoyl-CoA as a substrate, and similar lipogenic activity. MCT, compared with LCT, showed significantly higher energy expenditure, but fat accumulation was comparable. Additionally, MCT exhibited significantly higher lipogenic activity than the other oils. These data suggest that enhancement of energy expenditure and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) oxidation without activating de novo lipogenesis are responsible at least for the lower body fat accumulation in rats fed MLCT. The activation of hepatic lipogenesis by excessive intake of MCFA might counteract their preventive effects on body fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisami Shinohara
- Division of Healthcare Science, Research Laboratory, The Nisshin OilliO Group, Ltd., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Mu H, Porsgaard T. The metabolism of structured triacylglycerols. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:430-48. [PMID: 16269186 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The triacylglycerol (TAG) structure in addition to the overall fatty acid profile is of importance when considering the nutritional effect of a dietary fat. This review aims at summarizing our current knowledge of the digestion, absorption, uptake, and transport of structured TAGs, with particular emphasis on the following aspects: gastric emptying, specificity of pancreatic lipase, lymphatic transport and clearance of chylomicrons, effects of lipid structure on tissue lipid compositions and the fecal loss of fats. So an overview will be provided for how the structure and fatty acid composition of TAGs affect their absorption and the distribution of the fatty acids in the body following digestion and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Mu
- BioCentrum-DTU, Biochemistry and Nutrition Group, Center for Advanced Food Studies, The Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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SHINOHARA H, SHIMADA H, NOGUCHI O, KUBOTA F, AOYAMA T. Effect of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids-Containing Dietary Oil on Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation Enzyme Activity in Rats. J Oleo Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.51.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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