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Hirschinger J, Vergne T, Corre T, Hingrat Y, Guerin JL, Le Loc'h G. Exposure assessment for avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses from peridomestic wild birds in a conservation breeding site in the United Arab Emirates. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2361-2372. [PMID: 34333870 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, wild birds are frequently suspected to be involved in the occurrence of outbreaks of different diseases in captive-bred birds although proofs are lacking and most of the dedicated studies are insufficiently conclusive to confirm or characterize the roles of wild birds in such outbreaks. The aim of this study was to assess and compare, for the most abundant peridomestic wild birds, the different exposure routes for avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses in conservation breeding sites of Houbara bustards in the United Arab Emirates. To do so, we considered all of the potential pathways by which captive bustards could be exposed to avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses by wild birds, and ran a comparative study of the likelihood of exposure via each of the pathways considered. We merged data from an ecological study dedicated to local wild bird communities with an analysis of the contacts between wild birds and captive bustards and with a prevalence survey of avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses in wild bird populations. We also extracted data from an extensive review of the scientific literature and by the elicitation of expert opinion. Overall, this analysis highlighted those captive bustards had a high risk of being exposed to pathogens by wild birds. This risk was higher for Newcastle disease virus than avian influenza virus, and House sparrows represented the riskiest species for the transmission of both viruses through direct exposure from direct contact with an infectious bird that got inside the aviary and indirect exposure from consumption of water contaminated from the faeces of an infected bird that got inside the aviary for Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus, respectively. These results also reaffirm the need to implement biosecurity measures to limit contacts between wild and captive birds and highlight priority targets for a thoughtful and efficient sanitary management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Hirschinger
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France.,Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothée Vergne
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France
| | - Tifenn Corre
- INRAE, US-ODR 0685, Observatoire du Développement Rural, Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Yves Hingrat
- Reneco International Wildlife Consultants LLC, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jean Luc Guerin
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc'h
- Université de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France
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Al-Hemoud A, AlSaraf M, Malak M, Al-Shatti M, Al-Jarba M, Othman A, Al-Shammari H, Al-Shatti A. Analytical and Early Detection System of Infectious Diseases and Animal Health Status in Kuwait. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:676661. [PMID: 34395570 PMCID: PMC8359926 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.676661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at the development of an analytic web-based system for the assessment of animal health in Kuwait. The data sources were based on the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) repository with data gathered for the period (2005–2020). An on-line web-based system using TABLEAU Creator was developed for monitoring and surveillance of animal disease outbreaks. Five animal diseases were identified in Kuwait; namely, HPAI, FMD, glanders, LSD and MERS-CoV. The highest numbers of outbreaks were recorded for HPAI, followed by FMD. Examples of spatio-temporal visualizations of the web based mappings are presented and include disease cases, number of outbreaks and farm locations, among other features. The web-based system can serve as a monitoring tool to easily display the status of animal health in Kuwait. It can also serve to quickly identify and track disease outbreaks and monitor the spread patterns of new or emerging animal diseases between neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Hemoud
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Manar AlSaraf
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mariam Malak
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Musab Al-Shatti
- Systems and Software Development, Science and Technology Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Meshael Al-Jarba
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ahmad Othman
- Systems and Software Development, Science and Technology Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hanadi Al-Shammari
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Alya Al-Shatti
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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3
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Functional genomics in chicken (Gallus gallus) - status and implications in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s004393391400004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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Sero-surveillance and risk factors for avian influenza and Newcastle disease virus in backyard poultry in Oman. Prev Vet Med 2015; 122:145-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
In this chapter, we describe 73 zoonotic viruses that were isolated in Northern Eurasia and that belong to the different families of viruses with a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome. The family includes viruses with a segmented negative-sense ssRNA genome (families Bunyaviridae and Orthomyxoviridae) and viruses with a positive-sense ssRNA genome (families Togaviridae and Flaviviridae). Among them are viruses associated with sporadic cases or outbreaks of human disease, such as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (viruses of the genus Hantavirus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV, Nairovirus), California encephalitis (INKV, TAHV, and KHATV; Orthobunyavirus), sandfly fever (SFCV and SFNV, Phlebovirus), Tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV, Flavivirus), Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV, Flavivirus), West Nile fever (WNV, Flavivirus), Sindbis fever (SINV, Alphavirus) Chikungunya fever (CHIKV, Alphavirus) and others. Other viruses described in the chapter can cause epizootics in wild or domestic animals: Geta virus (GETV, Alphavirus), Influenza A virus (Influenzavirus A), Bhanja virus (BHAV, Phlebovirus) and more. The chapter also discusses both ecological peculiarities that promote the circulation of these viruses in natural foci and factors influencing the occurrence of epidemic and epizootic outbreaks
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Li R, Jiang Z, Xu B. Global spatiotemporal and genetic footprint of the H5N1 avian influenza virus. Int J Health Geogr 2014; 13:14. [PMID: 24885233 PMCID: PMC4059878 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-13-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2005, the Qinghai-like lineage of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 has rapidly spread westward to Europe, the Middle East and Africa, reaching a dominant level at a global scale in 2006. Methods Based on a combination of genetic sequence data and H5N1 outbreak information from 2005 to 2011, we use an interdisciplinary approach to improve our understanding of the transmission pattern of this particular clade 2.2, and present cartography of global spatiotemporal transmission footprints with genetic characteristics. Results Four major viral transmission routes were derived with three sources— Russia, Mongolia, and the Middle East (Kuwait and Saudi Arabia)—in the three consecutive years 2005, 2006 and 2007. With spatiotemporal transmission along each route, genetic distances to isolate A/goose/Guangdong/1996 are becoming significantly larger, leading to a more challenging situation in certain regions like Korea, India, France, Germany, Nigeria and Sudan. Europe and India have had at least two incursions along multiple routes, causing a mixed virus situation. In addition, spatiotemporal distribution along the routes showed that 2007/2008 was a temporal separation point for the infection of different host species; specifically, wild birds were the main host in 2005–2007/2008 and poultry was responsible for the genetic mutation in 2009–2011. “Global-to-local” and “high-to-low latitude” transmission footprints have been observed. Conclusions Our results suggest that both wild birds and poultry play important roles in the transmission of the H5N1 virus clade, but with different spatial, temporal, and genetic dominance. These characteristics necessitate that special attention be paid to countries along the transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Liu Q, Liu DY, Yang ZQ. Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1257-69. [PMID: 24096642 PMCID: PMC3791557 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since 1997, several epizootic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been transmitted to humans, causing diseases and even deaths. The recent emergence of severe human infections with AIV (H7N9) in China has raised concerns about efficient interpersonal viral transmission, polygenic traits in viral pathogenicity and the management of newly emerging strains. The symptoms associated with viral infection are different in various AI strains: H5N1 and newly emerged H7N9 induce severe pneumonia and related complications in patients, while some H7 and H9 subtypes cause only conjunctivitis or mild respiratory symptoms. The virulence and tissue tropism of viruses as well as the host responses contribute to the pathogenesis of human AIV infection. Several preventive and therapeutic approaches have been proposed to combat AIV infection, including antiviral drugs such as M2 inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, attachment inhibitors and signal-transduction inhibitors etc. In this article, we summarize the recent progress in researches on the epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenicity determinants, and available or potential antivirals of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University/Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Dong-ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhan-qiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Bahl J, Krauss S, Kühnert D, Fourment M, Raven G, Pryor SP, Niles LJ, Danner A, Walker D, Mendenhall IH, Su YCF, Dugan VG, Halpin RA, Stockwell TB, Webby RJ, Wentworth DE, Drummond AJ, Smith GJD, Webster RG. Influenza a virus migration and persistence in North American wild birds. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003570. [PMID: 24009503 PMCID: PMC3757048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds have been implicated in the emergence of human and livestock influenza. The successful prediction of viral spread and disease emergence, as well as formulation of preparedness plans have been hampered by a critical lack of knowledge of viral movements between different host populations. The patterns of viral spread and subsequent risk posed by wild bird viruses therefore remain unpredictable. Here we analyze genomic data, including 287 newly sequenced avian influenza A virus (AIV) samples isolated over a 34-year period of continuous systematic surveillance of North American migratory birds. We use a Bayesian statistical framework to test hypotheses of viral migration, population structure and patterns of genetic reassortment. Our results reveal that despite the high prevalence of Charadriiformes infected in Delaware Bay this host population does not appear to significantly contribute to the North American AIV diversity sampled in Anseriformes. In contrast, influenza viruses sampled from Anseriformes in Alberta are representative of the AIV diversity circulating in North American Anseriformes. While AIV may be restricted to specific migratory flyways over short time frames, our large-scale analysis showed that the long-term persistence of AIV was independent of bird flyways with migration between populations throughout North America. Analysis of long-term surveillance data provides vital insights to develop appropriately informed predictive models critical for pandemic preparedness and livestock protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Bahl
- Laboratory of Virus Evolution, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Denise Kühnert
- Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mathieu Fourment
- Laboratory of Virus Evolution, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Garnet Raven
- Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - S. Paul Pryor
- Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lawrence J. Niles
- Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey, Bordentown, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Angela Danner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Laboratory of Virus Evolution, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yvonne C. F. Su
- Laboratory of Virus Evolution, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Vivien G. Dugan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Halpin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David E. Wentworth
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexei J. Drummond
- Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Laboratory of Virus Evolution, Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GJDS); (RGW)
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GJDS); (RGW)
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Bissel SJ, Giles BM, Wang G, Olevian DC, Ross TM, Wiley CA. Acute murine H5N1 influenza A encephalitis. Brain Pathol 2012; 22:150-8. [PMID: 21714828 PMCID: PMC3204170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A virus H5N1 has the proven capacity to infect humans through cross-species transmission, but to date, efficient human-to-human transmission is limited. In natural avian hosts, animal models and sporadic human outbreaks, H5N1 infection has been associated with neurological disease. We infected BALB/c mice intranasally with H5N1 influenza A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 to study the immune response during acute encephalitis. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we compared the time course of viral infection with activation of immunity. By 5 days postinfection (DPI), mice had lost substantial body weight and required sacrifice by 7 DPI. H5N1 influenza was detected in the lung as early as 1 DPI, whereas infected neurons were not observed until 4 DPI. H5N1 infection of BALB/c mice developed into severe acute panencephalitis. Infected neurons lacked evidence of a perineuronal net and exhibited signs of apoptosis. Whereas lung influenza infection was associated with an early type I interferon (IFN) response followed by a reduction in viral burden concordant with appearance of IFN-γ, the central nervous system environment exhibited a blunted type I IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Bissel
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology Graduate Program in Immunology Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Schat KA, Bingham J, Butler JM, Chen LM, Lowther S, Crowley TM, Moore RJ, Donis RO, Lowenthal JW. Role of position 627 of PB2 and the multibasic cleavage site of the hemagglutinin in the virulence of H5N1 avian influenza virus in chickens and ducks. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30960. [PMID: 22363523 PMCID: PMC3283584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses have caused major disease outbreaks in domestic and free-living birds with transmission to humans resulting in 59% mortality amongst 564 cases. The mutation of the amino acid at position 627 of the viral polymerase basic-2 protein (PB2) from glutamic acid (E) in avian isolates to lysine (K) in human isolates is frequently found, but it is not known if this change affects the fitness and pathogenicity of the virus in birds. We show here that horizontal transmission of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 H5N1 (VN/1203) virus in chickens and ducks was not affected by the change of K to E at PB2-627. All chickens died between 21 to 48 hours post infection (pi), while 70% of the ducks survived infection. Virus replication was detected in chickens within 12 hours pi and reached peak titers in spleen, lung and brain between 18 to 24 hours for both viruses. Viral antigen in chickens was predominantly in the endothelium, while in ducks it was present in multiple cell types, including neurons, myocardium, skeletal muscle and connective tissues. Virus replicated to a high titer in chicken thrombocytes and caused upregulation of TLR3 and several cell adhesion molecules, which may explain the rapid virus dissemination and location of viral antigen in endothelium. Virus replication in ducks reached peak values between 2 and 4 days pi in spleen, lung and brain tissues and in contrast to infection in chickens, thrombocytes were not involved. In addition, infection of chickens with low pathogenic VN/1203 caused neuropathology, with E at position PB2-627 causing significantly higher infection rates than K, indicating that it enhances virulence in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel A. Schat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - John Bingham
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeff M. Butler
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sue Lowther
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamsyn M. Crowley
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biotechnology, Chemistry and Systems Biology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J. Moore
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John W. Lowenthal
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Kayali G, Webby RJ, Ducatez MF, El Shesheny RA, Kandeil AM, Govorkova EA, Mostafa A, Ali MA. The epidemiological and molecular aspects of influenza H5N1 viruses at the human-animal interface in Egypt. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17730. [PMID: 21445292 PMCID: PMC3061862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With 119 confirmed cases between March 2006 and December 2010, Egypt ranks second among countries reporting human H5N1 influenza virus infections. In 2009–2010, Egypt reported 68 new human cases and became the new epicenter for H5N1 infections. We conducted an epidemiological and molecular analysis in order to better understand the situation in Egypt. The onset of new cases peaked annually during the winter and spring months, with majority of cases reported in the Nile Delta region. Most cases were less than 18 years old (62%) and females (60%). The overall case-fatality rate was 34% and significantly increased by age. There was a significant difference between the case-fatality rates among females and males. We observed a significant drop (p = 0.004) in case fatality rate in 2009 (10%) as compared to higher rates (36%–56%) in other years. Hospitalization within 2 or 3 days after onset of symptoms significantly decreased mortality. Molecular analysis showed that variations do occur among viruses isolated from birds as well as from humans in Egypt, and these mutations were especially noted in 2009 viruses. As the epidemiological profile of Egyptian cases differs from other countries, there is an urgent need to conduct prospective studies to enhance our understanding of incidence, prevalence, and determinants of virulence of human infections with avian H5N1 influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi Kayali
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America.
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Ibrahim MS, Watanabe Y, Ellakany HF, Yamagishi A, Sapsutthipas S, Toyoda T, Abd El-Hamied HS, Ikuta K. Host-specific genetic variation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1). Virus Genes 2011; 42:363-8. [PMID: 21327896 PMCID: PMC3112484 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequences of two isolates A/chicken/Egypt/CL6/07 (CL6/07) and A/duck/Egypt/D2br10/07 (D2br10/07) of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) H5N1 isolated at the beginning of 2007 outbreak in Egypt were determined and compared with all Egyptian HPAI H5N1 sequences available in the GenBank. Sequence analysis utilizing the RNA from the original tissue homogenate showed amino acid substitutions in seven of the viral segments in both samples. Interestingly, these changes were different between the CL6/07 and D2br10/07 when compared to other Egyptian isolates. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis showed independent sub-clustering of the two viruses within the Egyptian sequences signifying a possible differential adaptation in the two hosts. Further, pre-amplification analysis of H5N1 might be necessary for accurate data interpretation and identification of distinct factor(s) influencing the evolution of the virus in different poultry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Salah Ibrahim
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Yue H, Lei XW, Yang FL, Li MY, Tang C. Reference gene selection for normalization of PCR analysis in chicken embryo fibroblast infected with H5N1 AIV. Virol Sin 2010; 25:425-31. [PMID: 21221921 PMCID: PMC7090763 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-010-3114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) are among the most commonly used cells for the study of interactions between chicken hosts and H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV). In this study, the expression of eleven housekeeping genes typically used for the normalization of quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) analysis in mammals were compared in CEFs infected with H5N1 AIV to determine the most reliable reference genes in this system. CEFs cultured from 10-day-old SPF chicken embryos were infected with 100 TCID(50) of H5N1 AIV and harvested at 3, 12, 24 and 30 hours post-infection. The expression levels of the eleven reference genes in infected and uninfected CEFs were determined by real-time PCR. Based on expression stability and expression levels, our data suggest that the ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4) and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta polypeptide (YWHAZ) are the best reference genes to use in the study of host cell response to H5N1 AIV infection. However, for the study of replication levels of H5N1 AIV in CEFs, the β-actin gene (ACTB) and the ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4) gene are the best references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
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15
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Antiviral susceptibility of avian and swine influenza virus of the N1 neuraminidase subtype. J Virol 2010; 84:9800-9. [PMID: 20660186 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00296-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses of the N1 neuraminidase (NA) subtype affecting both animals and humans caused the 2009 pandemic. Anti-influenza virus NA inhibitors are crucial early in a pandemic, when specific influenza vaccines are unavailable. Thus, it is urgent to confirm the antiviral susceptibility of the avian viruses, a potential source of a pandemic virus. We evaluated the NA inhibitor susceptibilities of viruses of the N1 subtype isolated from wild waterbirds, swine, and humans. Most avian viruses were highly or moderately susceptible to oseltamivir (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)], <5.1 to 50 nM). Of 91 avian isolates, 7 (7.7%) had reduced susceptibility (IC(50), >50 nM) but were sensitive to the NA inhibitors zanamivir and peramivir. Oseltamivir susceptibility ranged more widely among the waterbird viruses (IC(50), 0.5 to 154.43 nM) than among swine and human viruses (IC(50), 0.33 to 2.56 nM). Swine viruses were sensitive to oseltamivir, compared to human seasonal H1N1 isolated before 2007 (mean IC(50), 1.4 nM). Avian viruses from 2007 to 2008 were sensitive to oseltamivir, in contrast to the emergence of resistant H1N1 in humans. Susceptibility remained high to moderate over time among influenza viruses. Sequence analysis of the outliers did not detect molecular markers of drug-resistance (e.g., H275Y NA mutation [N1 numbering]) but revealed mutations outside the NA active site. In particular, V267I, N307D, and V321I residue changes were found, and structural analyses suggest that these mutations distort hydrophobic pockets and affect residues in the NA active site. We determined that natural oseltamivir resistance among swine and wild waterbirds is rare. Minor naturally occurring variants in NA can affect antiviral susceptibility.
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Lvov DK, Shchelkanov MY, Prilipov AG, Vlasov NA, Fedyakina IT, Deryabin PG, Alkhovsky SV, Grebennikova TV, Zaberezhny AD, Suarez DL. Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Natural Ecosystems of Northern Eurasia (2005–08). Avian Dis 2010; 54:483-95. [PMID: 20521683 DOI: 10.1637/8893-042509-review.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Loulergue P, Launay O. [Pandemic and prepandemic H5N1 influenza vaccines: a 2009 update]. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 25:719-25. [PMID: 19765386 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2009258-9719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2003, hundreds of infections with H5N1 avian influenza virus have been reported in humans with a mortality rate of ca. 60 %, which makes us fear a pandemic influenza in a population without pre-existing immunity. Currently, the inter-human transmission is limited to persons in close contact with poultry. In anticipation of this pandemic threat, a global plan was established in which immunization represents a major issue. However, the development of a vaccine is related to many specific problems as the manipulation of strains or evaluation of immunogenicity. In addition, production delays after identification of the pandemic virus are incompressible and the pandemic is likely to develop before a vaccine is available. Specific approaches have been developed to produce prepandemic vaccines that can induce cross-immunity, partially effective on the pandemic strain. In 2009, several prepandemic and pandemic vaccines have obtained their licensure authorization and strategies are being developed in case of pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Loulergue
- Université Paris Descartes, faculté de médecine, INSERM CIC BT505, France.
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Gene flow and competitive exclusion of avian influenza A virus in natural reservoir hosts. Virology 2009; 390:289-97. [PMID: 19501380 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Geographical separation of host species has shaped the avian influenza A virus gene pool into independently evolving Eurasian and American lineages, although phylogenetic evidence for gene flow and reassortment indicates that these lineages also mix on occasion. While the evolutionary dynamics of the avian influenza gene pool have been described, the consequences of gene flow on virus evolution and population structure in this system have not been investigated. Here we show that viral gene flow from Eurasia has led to the replacement of endemic avian influenza viruses in North America, likely through competition for susceptible hosts. This competition is characterized by changes in rates of nucleotide substitution and selection pressures. However, the discontinuous distribution of susceptible hosts may produce long periods of co-circulation of competing virus strains before lineage extinction occurs. These results also suggest that viral competition for host resources may be an important mechanism in disease emergence.
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Duan L, Bahl J, Smith G, Wang J, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang L, Zhang J, Li K, Fan X, Cheung C, Huang K, Poon L, Shortridge K, Webster R, Peiris J, Chen H, Guan Y. The development and genetic diversity of H5N1 influenza virus in China, 1996-2006. Virology 2008; 380:243-54. [PMID: 18774155 PMCID: PMC2651962 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since it was first detected in 1996, the Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/GD) H5N1 influenza virus and its reassortants have spread to over 60 countries, with over 20 distinct genetic reassortants previously recognized. However, systematic analysis of their interrelationship and the development of genetic diversity have not been explored. As each of those reassortants was first detected in China, here 318 full-length H5N1 virus genomes isolated from 1996 to 2006 in this region were phylogenetically analyzed. Our findings revealed two major group reassortment events in 2001 and 2002 that were responsible for the generation of the majority of the 44 distinct Gs/GD genotypes identified, excepting those 1997 variants. Genotype replacement and emergence occurred continually, with 34 transient genotypes detected while only 10 variants were persistent. Two major replacements of predominant genotypes were also observed: genotype B replaced by Z in 2002 and then genotype Z replaced by the now predominant genotype V in 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Duan
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J. Bahl
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - G.J.D. Smith
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J. Wang
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - D. Vijaykrishna
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - L.J. Zhang
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J.X. Zhang
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K.S. Li
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong
| | - X.H. Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C.L. Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K. Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - L.L.M. Poon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K.F. Shortridge
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - R.G. Webster
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - J.S.M. Peiris
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - H. Chen
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y. Guan
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Alisky J. Bovine and human-derived passive immunization could help slow a future avian influenza pandemic. Med Hypotheses 2008; 72:74-5. [PMID: 18824305 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An epidemic of human transmitted avian influenza could have casualties on a scale seen in the great Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918. This paper proposes that should such occur before effective vaccines and antiviral drugs are available, the outbreak could be significantly slowed by consumption of raw milk produced by herds of pathogen-free lactating cows intranasally inoculated with heat-sterilized sputa pooled from avian influenza patients, supplemented by parenteral serum immune globulin from the same cows. Efficiency of bovine antibody production could be enhanced using cholera toxin subunit b, and milk production could be rapidly accelerated using recombinant bovine somatotropin hormone. In this way, it would be possible to quickly create and distribute large quantities of milk-based and serum-based passive immune globulin active against the strains of avian influenza present in a particular geographic area and gain time for production of human convalescent plasma and other public health measures. This novel approach might also have utility for other serious respiratory infectious diseases, including non-avian influenza, SARS, hantavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumonia-causing Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Alisky
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 Oak Avenue, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States.
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