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Giunti G, Becker N, Benelli G. Invasive mosquito vectors in Europe: From bioecology to surveillance and management. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106832. [PMID: 36642256 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Invasive mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) play a key role in the spread of a number of mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. Anthropogenic changes play a significant role in affecting their distribution. Invasive mosquitoes usually take advantage from biotic homogenization and biodiversity reduction, therefore expanding in their distribution range and abundance. In Europe, climate warming and increasing urbanization are boosting the spread of several mosquito species of high public health importance. The present article contains a literature review focused on the biology and ecology of Aedes albopictus, Ae. aegypti, Ae. japonicus japonicus, Ae. koreicus, Ae. atropalpus and Ae. triseriatus, outlining their distribution and public health relevance in Europe. Bioecology insights were tightly connected with vector surveillance and control programs targeting these species. In the final section, a research agenda aiming for the effective and sustainable monitoring and control of invasive mosquitoes in the framework of Integrated Vector Management and One Health is presented. The WHO Vector Control Advisory Group recommends priority should be given to vector control tools with proven epidemiological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giunti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, Fisciano, SA 84084, Italy
| | - Norbert Becker
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Institute of Dipterology (IfD), Georg-Peter-Süß-Str. 3, Speyer 67346, Germany; IcyBac-Biologische Stechmückenbekämpfung GmbH (ICYBAC), Georg-Peter-Süß-Str. 1, Speyer 67346, Germany
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy.
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[Travel diseases-Danger of infections in the era of globalization]. Z Rheumatol 2021; 80:597-610. [PMID: 34383116 PMCID: PMC8358912 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-021-01060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Reisen mit Vorerkrankungen sind heute keine Besonderheit mehr. Mehr und mehr chronisch kranke Menschen begeben sich auf immer weitere Fernreisen, zum Teil unter durchaus abenteuerlichen Bedingungen. Reiseveranstalter haben sich diesem Bedürfnis schon seit Langem angepasst und bieten immer neue Ziele an. Die Erfahrungen der letzten Jahrzehnte haben zu einer erheblichen Steigerung der Sicherheitsstandards und der Betreuung von Reisenden geführt. Heute kann ein durchschnittlich mobiler Mensch nahezu jedes Ziel der Welt ansteuern. Dennoch ist die Belastung einer Reise umso größer, je relevanter die chronischen Erkrankungen sind. Vor allem auch durch die reduzierten körperlichen Abwehrkräfte stellen Infektionskrankheiten bei Fernreisen ein erhöhtes Gesundheitsrisiko dar. In dieser Übersicht werden exemplarische Erkrankungen diskutiert.
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Ammar SE, Mclntyre M, Swan T, Kasper J, Derraik JGB, Baker MG, Hales S. Intercepted Mosquitoes at New Zealand's Ports of Entry, 2001 to 2018: Current Status and Future Concerns. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:E101. [PMID: 31284464 PMCID: PMC6789606 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito vectors are extending their range via international travel and trade. Climate change makes New Zealand an increasingly suitable environment for less tropically adapted exotic mosquito vectors to become established. This shift will add a multiplier effect to existing risks of both the establishment of new species and of resident exotic species extending into new areas. We describe trends in the border interceptions of exotic mosquitoes and evaluate the role of imported goods as a pathway for these introductions. Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, the two most commonly intercepted species, were only intercepted in Auckland. Used tyres and machinery were the main mode of entry for both species. The majority of Ae. albopictus were transported as larvae by sea, while most Ae. aegypti were transported as adults by air. Continuing introductions of these mosquitoes, mainly arriving via Japan or Australia, increase the risk of the local transmission of mosquito-borne diseases in New Zealand in general and in the Auckland region in particular. These findings reinforce the need for a high performing and adequately resourced national biosecurity system, particularly port surveillance and inspection. Recommended biosecurity improvements are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif E Ammar
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Mary Mclntyre
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Tom Swan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - Julia Kasper
- Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - José G B Derraik
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael G Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Simon Hales
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
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Abstract
Mosquito-transmitted diseases represent one of the greatest health risks when traveling to tropical and sub-tropical countries. Only Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever can be avoided by inoculation, and only malaria can be prevented by chemoprophylaxis. Exposure prophylaxis is the only protection against all other mosquito-born diseases. These infections need to be carefully considered in the differential diagnosis of returning travelers, taking current epidemiology into account. This review discusses common infectious diseases and the options for their diagnosis and therapy.
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Krystosik AR, Curtis A, Buritica P, Ajayakumar J, Squires R, Dávalos D, Pacheco R, Bhatta MP, James MA. Community context and sub-neighborhood scale detail to explain dengue, chikungunya and Zika patterns in Cali, Colombia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181208. [PMID: 28767730 PMCID: PMC5540594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cali, Colombia has experienced chikungunya and Zika outbreaks and hypoendemic dengue. Studies have explained Cali’s dengue patterns but lack the sub-neighborhood-scale detail investigated here. Methods Spatial-video geonarratives (SVG) with Ministry of Health officials and Community Health Workers were collected in hotspots, providing perspective on perceptions of why dengue, chikungunya and Zika hotspots exist, impediments to control, and social outcomes. Using spatial video and Google Street View, sub-neighborhood features possibly contributing to incidence were mapped to create risk surfaces, later compared with dengue, chikungunya and Zika case data. Results SVG captured insights in 24 neighborhoods. Trash and water risks in Calipso were mapped using SVG results. Perceived risk factors included proximity to standing water, canals, poverty, invasions, localized violence and military migration. These risks overlapped case density maps and identified areas that are suitable for transmission but are possibly underreporting to the surveillance system. Conclusion Resulting risk maps with local context could be leveraged to increase vector-control efficiency- targeting key areas of environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Krystosik
- Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences, and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew Curtis
- Health & Hazards Lab, Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Paola Buritica
- Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología y Servicios (GRIEPIS), Universidad Libre, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jayakrishnan Ajayakumar
- Health & Hazards Lab, Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Robert Squires
- Health & Hazards Lab, Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Diana Dávalos
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Center for Clinical Research, Fundación Valle del Lili (FVL), Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Robinson Pacheco
- Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología y Servicios (GRIEPIS), Universidad Libre, Cali, Colombia
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
- Center for Clinical Research, Fundación Valle del Lili (FVL), Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
| | - Madhav P. Bhatta
- Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences, and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Mark A. James
- Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences, and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
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Henry M, Francis L, Asin V, Polson-Edwards K, Olowokure B. Chikungunya virus outbreak in Sint Maarten, 2013–2014. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2017. [PMID: 28902274 PMCID: PMC6612734 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2017.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the outbreak of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Sint Maarten, a constituent country of Kingdom of the Netherlands comprising the southern part of the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, from 22 December 2013 (first reported case) through 5 December 2014. The outbreak was first reported by the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Martin in the northern part of the island—the first site in the Americas to report autochthonous transmission of CHIKV. By 5 December 2014, Sint Maarten had reported a total of 658 cases—an overall attack rate of 1.76%. Actual prevalence may have been higher, as some cases may have been misdiagnosed as dengue. Fever and arthralgia affected 71% and 69% of reported cases respectively. Of the 390 laboratory-confirmed cases, 61% were female and the majority were 20–59 years old (mean: 42; range: 4–92). The spread of CHIKV to Sint Maarten was inevitable given the ease of movement of people, and the vector, island-wide. Continuing their history of collaboration, the French and Dutch parts of the island coordinated efforts for prevention and control of the disease. These included a formal agreement to exchange epidemiological information on a regular basis and provide alerts in a timely manner; collaboration among personnel through joint island-wide planning of mosquito control activities, especially along borders; notification of all island visitors, upon their arrival at airports and seaports, of preventative measures to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes; dissemination of educational materials to the public; and island-wide public awareness campaigns, particularly in densely populated areas, for both residents and visitors. The information provided in this report could help increase understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of CHIKV and guide other countries dealing with vector-borne epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Henry
- General Health Care Section, Department of Collective Prevention Services, Ministry of Public Health, Social Development and Labour, Philipsburg, Sint Maarten
| | - Lorraine Francis
- Surveillance, Disease Prevention and Control, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Virginia Asin
- General Health Care Section, Department of Collective Prevention Services, Ministry of Public Health, Social Development and Labour, Philipsburg, Sint Maarten
| | - Karen Polson-Edwards
- Surveillance, Disease Prevention and Control, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Babatunde Olowokure
- Surveillance, Disease Prevention and Control, Caribbean Public Health Agency, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
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Ahmed S, Francis L, Ricketts RP, Christian T, Polson-Edwards K, Olowokure B. Chikungunya virus outbreak, Dominica, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:909-11. [PMID: 25898214 PMCID: PMC4412235 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Medlock JM, Hansford KM, Versteirt V, Cull B, Kampen H, Fontenille D, Hendrickx G, Zeller H, Van Bortel W, Schaffner F. An entomological review of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:637-63. [PMID: 25804287 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the invasive mosquitoes registered all over the world, Aedes species are particularly frequent and important. As several of them are potential vectors of disease, they present significant health concerns for 21st century Europe. Five species have established in mainland Europe, with two (Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus) becoming widespread and two (Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti) implicated in disease transmission to humans in Europe. The routes of importation and spread are often enigmatic, the ability to adapt to local environments and climates are rapid, and the biting nuisance and vector potential are both an ecomonic and public health concern. Europeans are used to cases of dengue and chikungunya in travellers returning from the tropics, but the threat to health and tourism in mainland Europe is substantive. Coupled to that are the emerging issues in the European overseas territorities and this paper is the first to consider the impacts in the remoter outposts of Europe. If entomologists and public health authorities are to address the spread of these mosquitoes and mitigate their health risks they must first be prepared to share information to better understand their biology and ecology, and share data on their distribution and control successes. This paper focusses in greater detail on the entomological and ecological aspects of these mosquitoes to assist with the risk assessment process, bringing together a large amount of information gathered through the ECDC VBORNET project.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Medlock
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - K M Hansford
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - V Versteirt
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
| | - B Cull
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - H Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health,Südufer 10,17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems,Germany
| | - D Fontenille
- Centre National d'Expertise sur les Vecteurs (CNEV), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC,BP 64501,34394 Montpellier,France
| | - G Hendrickx
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
| | - H Zeller
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,Tomtebodavägen 11A,17183 Stockholm,Sweden
| | - W Van Bortel
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,Tomtebodavägen 11A,17183 Stockholm,Sweden
| | - F Schaffner
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
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9
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Nunes MRT, Faria NR, de Vasconcelos JM, Golding N, Kraemer MUG, de Oliveira LF, Azevedo RDSDS, da Silva DEA, da Silva EVP, da Silva SP, Carvalho VL, Coelho GE, Cruz ACR, Rodrigues SG, Vianez JLDSG, Nunes BTD, Cardoso JF, Tesh RB, Hay SI, Pybus OG, Vasconcelos PFDC. Emergence and potential for spread of Chikungunya virus in Brazil. BMC Med 2015; 13:102. [PMID: 25976325 PMCID: PMC4433093 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2013, an outbreak of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) caused by the Asian genotype was notified in the Caribbean. The outbreak has since spread to 38 regions in the Americas. By September 2014, the first autochthonous CHIKV infections were confirmed in Oiapoque, North Brazil, and in Feira de Santana, Northeast Brazil. METHODS We compiled epidemiological and clinical data on suspected CHIKV cases in Brazil and polymerase-chain-reaction-based diagnostic was conducted on 68 serum samples from patients with symptom onset between April and September 2014. Two imported and four autochthonous cases were selected for virus propagation, RNA isolation, full-length genome sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. We then followed CDC/PAHO guidelines to estimate the risk of establishment of CHIKV in Brazilian municipalities. RESULTS We detected 41 CHIKV importations and 27 autochthonous cases in Brazil. Epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses indicated local transmission of the Asian CHIKV genotype in Oiapoque. Unexpectedly, we also discovered that the ECSA genotype is circulating in Feira de Santana. The presumed index case of the ECSA genotype was an individual who had recently returned from Angola and developed symptoms in Feira de Santana. We estimate that, if CHIKV becomes established in Brazil, transmission could occur in 94% of municipalities in the country and provide maps of the risk of importation of each strain of CHIKV in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS The etiological strains associated with the early-phase CHIKV outbreaks in Brazil belong to the Asian and ECSA genotypes. Continued surveillance and vector mitigation strategies are needed to reduce the future public health impact of CHIKV in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes
- Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Nuno Rodrigues Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Janaina Mota de Vasconcelos
- Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Nick Golding
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Layanna Freitas de Oliveira
- Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Daisy Elaine Andrade da Silva
- Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Eliana Vieira Pinto da Silva
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Sandro Patroca da Silva
- Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Lima Carvalho
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Giovanini Evelim Coelho
- National Dengue Control Program, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasilia, DF, 70058-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Sueli Guerreiro Rodrigues
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruno Tardelli Diniz Nunes
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Jedson Ferreira Cardoso
- Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas TX, 77555-0609, USA.
| | - Simon I Hay
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK. .,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, 67030-000, Brazil. .,Department of Pathology, Para State University, Belem, PA, 66087-670, Brazil.
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Powers AM. Risks to the Americas associated with the continued expansion of chikungunya virus. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:1-5. [PMID: 25239764 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.070136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne virus that has been responsible for over 2 million human infections during the past decade. This virus, which previously had a geographical range primarily restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia, has recently moved to subtropical latitudes as well as the western hemisphere. This expansion into novel habitats brings unique risks associated with further spread of the virus and the disease it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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11
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Delang L, Segura Guerrero N, Tas A, Quérat G, Pastorino B, Froeyen M, Dallmeier K, Jochmans D, Herdewijn P, Bello F, Snijder EJ, de Lamballerie X, Martina B, Neyts J, van Hemert MJ, Leyssen P. Mutations in the chikungunya virus non-structural proteins cause resistance to favipiravir (T-705), a broad-spectrum antiviral. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2770-84. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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12
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Lim PJ, Chu JJH. A polarized cell model for Chikungunya virus infection: entry and egress of virus occurs at the apical domain of polarized cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2661. [PMID: 24587455 PMCID: PMC3930524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has resulted in several outbreaks in the past six decades. The clinical symptoms of Chikungunya infection include fever, skin rash, arthralgia, and an increasing incidence of encephalitis. The re-emergence of CHIKV with more severe pathogenesis highlights its potential threat on our human health. In this study, polarized HBMEC, polarized Vero C1008 and non-polarized Vero cells grown on cell culture inserts were infected with CHIKV apically or basolaterally. Plaque assays, viral binding assays and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated apical entry and release of CHIKV in polarized HBMEC and Vero C1008. Drug treatment studies were performed to elucidate both host cell and viral factors involved in the sorting and release of CHIKV at the apical domain of polarized cells. Disruption of host cell myosin II, microtubule and microfilament networks did not disrupt the polarized release of CHIKV. However, treatment with tunicamycin resulted in a bi-directional release of CHIKV, suggesting that N-glycans of CHIKV envelope glycoproteins could serve as apical sorting signals. Polarized cells are found in many parts of the human body and are characterized by the presence of two distinct plasma membrane domains: the apical domain facing the lumen and the basolateral domain facing the underlying tissues. Polarized epithelial cells line the major cavities of our body, while polarized endothelial cells line the blood-tissue interface, both of which protect our body against the invasion of biological pathogens. Thus, many pathogens have to invade the monolayer of epithelial or endothelial cells in order to establish infection. During infection with Chikungunya virus, a mosquito vector bites a human host and inoculates the virus into the host's bloodstream. In recent epidemics of Chikungunya infection, more severe clinical manifestations such as neurological complications were observed. As such, we studied the infection of Chikungunya virus in polarized cells in an aim to provide explanations for the more severe pathogenesis observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Jin Lim
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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13
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Schaffner F, Medlock J, Bortel WV. Public health significance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:685-92. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Medlock JM, Hansford KM, Schaffner F, Versteirt V, Hendrickx G, Zeller H, Van Bortel W. A review of the invasive mosquitoes in Europe: ecology, public health risks, and control options. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:435-47. [PMID: 22448724 PMCID: PMC3366101 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in Europe in recent years in the establishment and spread of invasive mosquitoes, notably the incursion of Aedes albopictus through the international trade in used tires and lucky bamboo, with onward spread within Europe through ground transport. More recently, five other non-European aedine mosquito species have been found in Europe, and in some cases populations have established locally and are spreading. Concerns have been raised about the involvement of these mosquito species in transmission cycles of pathogens of public health importance, and these concerns were borne out following the outbreak of chikungunya fever in Italy in 2007, and subsequent autochthonous cases of dengue fever in France and Croatia in 2010. This article reviews current understanding of all exotic (five introduced invasive and one intercepted) aedine species in Europe, highlighting the known import pathways, biotic and abiotic constraints for establishment, control strategies, and public health significance, and encourages Europe-wide surveillance for invasive mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyon M Medlock
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Division, Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
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15
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Johansson MA, Arana-Vizcarrondo N, Biggerstaff BJ, Staples JE, Gallagher N, Marano N. On the treatment of airline travelers in mathematical models. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22151. [PMID: 21799782 PMCID: PMC3143116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of infectious diseases is facilitated by the ability of infected humans to travel thousands of miles in short time spans, rapidly transporting pathogens to distant locations. Mathematical models of the actual and potential spread of specific pathogens can assist public health planning in the case of such an event. Models should generally be parsimonious, but must consider all potentially important components of the system to the greatest extent possible. We demonstrate and discuss important assumptions relative to the parameterization and structural treatment of airline travel in mathematical models. Among other findings, we show that the most common structural treatment of travelers leads to underestimation of the speed of spread and that connecting travel is critical to a realistic spread pattern. Models involving travelers can be improved significantly by relatively simple structural changes but also may require further attention to details of parameterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Johansson
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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Soumahoro MK, Boelle PY, Gaüzere BA, Atsou K, Pelat C, Lambert B, La Ruche G, Gastellu-Etchegorry M, Renault P, Sarazin M, Yazdanpanah Y, Flahault A, Malvy D, Hanslik T. The Chikungunya epidemic on La Réunion Island in 2005-2006: a cost-of-illness study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1197. [PMID: 21695162 PMCID: PMC3114750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to assess the impact of chikungunya on health costs during the epidemic that occurred on La Réunion in 2005-2006. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS From data collected from health agencies, the additional costs incurred by chikungunya in terms of consultations, drug consumption and absence from work were determined by a comparison with the expected costs outside the epidemic period. The cost of hospitalization was estimated from data provided by the national hospitalization database for short-term care by considering all hospital stays in which the ICD-10 code A92.0 appeared. A cost-of-illness study was conducted from the perspective of the third-party payer. Direct medical costs per outpatient and inpatient case were evaluated. The costs were estimated in Euros at 2006 values. Additional reimbursements for consultations with general practitioners and drugs were estimated as € 12.4 million (range: € 7.7 million-€ 17.1 million) and € 5 million (€ 1.9 million-€ 8.1 million), respectively, while the cost of hospitalization for chikungunya was estimated to be € 8.5 million (€ 5.8 million-€ 8.7 million). Productivity costs were estimated as € 17.4 million (€ 6 million-€ 28.9 million). The medical cost of the chikungunya epidemic was estimated as € 43.9 million, 60% due to direct medical costs and 40% to indirect costs (€ 26.5 million and € 17.4 million, respectively). The direct medical cost was assessed as € 90 for each outpatient and € 2,000 for each inpatient. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The medical management of chikungunya during the epidemic on La Réunion Island was associated with an important economic burden. The estimated cost of the reported disease can be used to evaluate the cost/efficacy and cost/benefit ratios for prevention and control programmes of emerging arboviruses.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dengue and chikungunya are arboviruses that have caused major outbreaks and infected travelers, and both can be associated with fever and rash. We review the recent epidemiology of dengue and chikungunya infections and discuss their clinical presentations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. We highlight the findings in travelers. RECENT FINDINGS Globally dengue is one of the most common infections associated with travel, and incidence has increased in the Americas in recent years, especially in Brazil. Chikungunya has caused dramatic outbreaks in the Indian Ocean islands since 2004, and has spread to south and south-east Asia. Dengue virus and chikungunya virus also possess the potential to cause autochthonous transmission in temperate regions of developed countries due to the presence of the vector mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Such an outbreak (chikungunya infection) did occur in 2007 in Italy. A mutation in chikungunya virus (A226V) appears to improve virus survival in Aedes albopictus and also increase its virulence. SUMMARY The findings assist in differentiating dengue and chikungunya from other acute febrile illnesses and from each other. The findings also illustrate potential outbreaks in nonendemic countries, important toward developing control and prevention strategies.
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