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Domingos IJS, Rocha KLS, Graciano JM, Almeida LR, Doty JB, Paglia AP, Oliveira DB, Nakazawa YJ, Trindade GDS. Orthopoxvirus Circulation in an Endemic Area in Brazil: Investigation of Infections in Small Mammals during an Absence of Outbreaks. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040842. [PMID: 37112823 PMCID: PMC10144947 DOI: 10.3390/v15040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the causative agent of an emerging viral zoonosis called bovine vaccinia (BV). Several studies have documented characteristics of VACV infections in Brazil; however, the manner in which this virus is maintained in wildlife remains unknown. This work investigated the presence of viral DNA and anti-orthopoxvirus (OPXV) antibodies in samples collected from small mammals in a VACV-endemic area in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the absence of current outbreaks. Samples did not show amplification of OPXV DNA in molecular tests. However, 5/142 serum samples demonstrated the presence of anti-OPXV neutralizing antibodies in serological tests. These data reinforce the involvement of small mammals in the natural cycle of VACV, highlighting the need for further ecological studies to better understand how this virus is maintained in nature and to develop measures to prevent BV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago J. S. Domingos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
- Correspondence: (I.J.S.D.); (Y.J.N.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-(31)-3409-2755 (G.d.S.T.)
| | - Kamila L. S. Rocha
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jessica M. Graciano
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lara R. Almeida
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey B. Doty
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Adriano P. Paglia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Danilo B. Oliveira
- Centro Integrado de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, MGC 367 Km 583, 5000, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Yoshinori J. Nakazawa
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
- Correspondence: (I.J.S.D.); (Y.J.N.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-(31)-3409-2755 (G.d.S.T.)
| | - Giliane de S. Trindade
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
- Correspondence: (I.J.S.D.); (Y.J.N.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-(31)-3409-2755 (G.d.S.T.)
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Barbosa Costa G, Silva de Oliveira J, Townsend MB, Carson WC, Borges IA, McCollum AM, Kroon EG, Satheshkumar PS, Reynolds MG, Nakazawa YJ, de Souza Trindade G. Educational Approach to Prevent the Burden of Vaccinia Virus Infections in a Bovine Vaccinia Endemic Area in Brazil. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050511. [PMID: 33922509 PMCID: PMC8145679 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonotic disease characterized by exanthematous lesions on the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers, and is an important public health issue in Brazil and South America. BV also results in economic losses to the dairy industry, being a burden to the regions involved in milk production. In the past 20 years, much effort has been made to increase the knowledge regarding BV epidemiology, etiologic agents, and interactions with the hosts and the environment. In the present study, we evaluated milking practices that could be associated with VACV infections in an endemic area in Brazil and proposed an educational tool to help prevent VACV infections. In our survey, 124 individuals (51.7%) from a total of 240 had previously heard of BV, 94 of which knew about it through BV outbreaks. Although most individuals involved in dairy activities (n = 85/91) reported having good hygiene practices, only 29.7% used adequate disinfecting products to clean their hands and 39.5% disinfected cows’ teats before and after milking. Furthermore, 46.7% of individuals reported having contact with other farm and domestic animals besides dairy cattle. We also evaluated the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies in the surveyed population. Overall, 6.1% of likely unvaccinated individuals were positive for anti-Orthopoxvirus IgG antibodies, and 1.7% of all individuals were positive for IgM antibodies. Based on our findings, we proposed educational materials which target individuals with permanent residence in rural areas (mainly farmers and milkers), providing an overview and basic information about preventive measures against VACV infections that could enhance BV control and prevention efforts, especially for vulnerable populations located in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças não Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília 70723-040, Brazil
- Correspondence: or (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-61-3315-7708 (G.B.C.); +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Michael B. Townsend
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - William C. Carson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Iara Apolinário Borges
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Andrea M. McCollum
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Mary G. Reynolds
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Yoshinori J. Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
- Correspondence: or (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-61-3315-7708 (G.B.C.); +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
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Silva NIO, de Oliveira JS, Kroon EG, Trindade GDS, Drumond BP. Here, There, and Everywhere: The Wide Host Range and Geographic Distribution of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Viruses 2020; 13:E43. [PMID: 33396609 PMCID: PMC7823380 DOI: 10.3390/v13010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of zoonotic viruses, including poxviruses, poses one of the greatest threats to human and animal health. Forty years after the eradication of smallpox, emerging zoonotic orthopoxviruses, such as monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses continue to infect humans as well as wild and domestic animals. Currently, the geographical distribution of poxviruses in a broad range of hosts worldwide raises concerns regarding the possibility of outbreaks or viral dissemination to new geographical regions. Here, we review the global host ranges and current epidemiological understanding of zoonotic orthopoxviruses while focusing on orthopoxviruses with epidemic potential, including monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (N.I.O.S.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.); (G.d.S.T.)
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4
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Lima MT, Oliveira GP, Afonso JAB, Souto RJC, de Mendonça CL, Dantas AFM, Abrahao JS, Kroon EG. An Update on the Known Host Range of the Brazilian Vaccinia Virus: An Outbreak in Buffalo Calves. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3327. [PMID: 30723465 PMCID: PMC6350457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even nearly forty years after the eradication of smallpox, members of the Poxviridae family continue to be the focus of an increasing number of studies. Among these studies, prominently stands vaccinia virus, an orthopoxvirus that is associated with bovine vaccinia outbreaks. Although more frequently associated with infections in cattle and humans, the host range of vaccinia virus is not restricted only to these hosts. There are several instances of molecular and serological evidence of circulation of vaccinia virus among wildlife species. In addition, viral isolation has confirmed a broad spectrum of vaccinia virus hosts. In this report, we provide a brief update on the host range of Brazilian vaccinia virus, and present a case description of an outbreak in domestic buffalo calves from Northeastern Brazil that corroborates previous serological and molecular studies. Furthermore, in the present study, vaccinia virus has been isolated for the first time in buffaloes, and referred to as vaccinia virus Pernambuco (VACV-PE). Phylogenetic reconstruction was based on A56R clustered VACV-PE with vaccinia virus isolates belonging to group 1 Brazilian vaccinia virus. Furthermore, the vaccinia virus genome was detected in the milk of a lactating cow, which thereby revealed a pathway for future studies on the possible impact of vaccinia virus on buffalo milk and milk products. Taken together, these results provide the first description of clinical disease caused by vaccinia virus in buffaloes in South America. They also raise new questions about the chain of transmission of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Teixeira Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Graziele Pereira Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla Lopes de Mendonça
- Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Brazil
| | | | - Jonatas Santos Abrahao
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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5
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Gelderblom HR, Madeley D. Rapid Viral Diagnosis of Orthopoxviruses by Electron Microscopy: Optional or a Must? Viruses 2018; 10:E142. [PMID: 29565285 PMCID: PMC5923436 DOI: 10.3390/v10040142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic electron microscopy (DEM) was an essential component of viral diagnosis until the development of highly sensitive nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAT). The simple negative staining technique of DEM was applied widely to smallpox diagnosis until the world-wide eradication of the human-specific pathogen in 1980. Since then, the threat of smallpox re-emerging through laboratory escape, molecular manipulation, synthetic biology or bioterrorism has not totally disappeared and would be a major problem in an unvaccinated population. Other animal poxviruses may also emerge as human pathogens. With its rapid results (only a few minutes after arrival of the specimen), no requirement for specific reagents and its "open view", DEM remains an important component of virus diagnosis, particularly because it can easily and reliably distinguish smallpox virus or any other member of the orthopoxvirus (OPV) genus from parapoxviruses (PPV) and the far more common and less serious herpesviruses (herpes simplex and varicella zoster). Preparation, enrichment, examination, internal standards and suitable organisations are discussed to make clear its continuing value as a diagnostic technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans R Gelderblom
- (ret) Robert Koch Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, ZBS 4: Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Seestrasse 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dick Madeley
- (ret) University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Burnfoot, Stocksfield, Northumberland, NE43 7TN, UK.
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Pires MA, Rodrigues NFS, de Oliveira DB, de Assis FL, Costa GB, Kroon EG, Mota BEF. In vitro susceptibility to ST-246 and Cidofovir corroborates the phylogenetic separation of Brazilian Vaccinia virus into two clades. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:36-44. [PMID: 29427676 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Orthopoxvirus (OPV) genus of the Poxviridae family contains several human pathogens, including Vaccinia virus (VACV), which have been implicating in outbreaks of a zoonotic disease called Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil. So far, no approved treatment exists for OPV infections, but ST-246 and Cidofovir (CDV) are now in clinical development. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the susceptibility of five strains of Brazilian VACV (Br-VACV) to ST-246 and Cidofovir. The susceptibility of these strains to both drugs was evaluated by plaque reduction assay, extracellular virus's quantification in the presence of ST-246 and one-step growth curve in cells treated with CDV. Besides that, the ORFs F13L and E9L were sequenced for searching of polymorphisms associated with drug resistance. The effective concentration of 50% (EC50) from both drugs varies significantly for different strains (from 0.0054 to 0.051 μM for ST-246 and from 27.14 to 61.23 μM for CDV). ST-246 strongly inhibits the production of extracellular virus for all isolates in concentrations as low as 0.1 μM and it was observed a relevant decrease of progeny production for all Br-VACV after CDV treatment. Sequencing of the F13L and E9L ORFs showed that Br-VACV do not present the polymorphism(s) associated with resistance to ST-246 and CDV. Taken together, our results showed that ST-246 and CDV are effective against diverse, wild VACV strains and that the susceptibility of Br-VACV to these drugs mirrored the phylogenetic split of these isolates into two groups. Thus, both ST-246 and CDV are of great interest as compounds to treat individuals during Bovine Vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Pires
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nathália F S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danilo B de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe L de Assis
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Galileu B Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erna G Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno E F Mota
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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7
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A Model to Detect Autochthonous Group 1 and 2 Brazilian Vaccinia virus Coinfections: Development of a qPCR Tool for Diagnosis and Pathogenesis Studies. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010015. [PMID: 29301202 PMCID: PMC5795428 DOI: 10.3390/v10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), an emerging zoonosis that has been associated with economic losses and social effects. Despite increasing reports of BV outbreaks in Brazil, little is known about the biological interactions of Brazilian VACV (VACV-BR) isolates during coinfections; furthermore, there are no tools for the diagnosis of these coinfections. In this study, a tool to co-detect two variants of VACV was developed to provide new information regarding the pathogenesis, virulence profile, and viral spread during coinfection with VACV-BR isolates. To test the quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) tool, groups of BALB/c mice were intranasally monoinfected with Pelotas virus 1-Group II (PV1-GII) and Pelotas virus 2-Group I (PV2-GI), or were coinfected with PV1-GII and PV2-GI. Clinical signs of the mice were evaluated and the viral load in lung and spleen were detected using simultaneous polymerase chain reactions (PCR) targeting the A56R (hemagglutinin) gene of VACV. The results showed that qPCR for the quantification of viral load in coinfection was efficient and highly sensitive. Coinfected mice presented more severe disease and a higher frequency of VACV detection in lung and spleen, when compared to monoinfected groups. This study is the first description of PV1 and PV2 pathogenicity during coinfection in mice, and provides a new method to detect VACV-BR coinfections.
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Borges IA, McCollum AM, Mehal JM, Haberling D, Dutra LAL, Vieira FN, Andrade LAO, Kroon EG, Holman RC, Reynolds MG, Trindade GS. Dairy production practices and associated risks for bovine vaccinia exposure in cattle, Brazil. New Microbes New Infect 2017; 20:43-50. [PMID: 29158908 PMCID: PMC5682884 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional serosurvey was performed to identify environmental features or practices of dairy farms associated with risk for exposure to vaccinia-like viruses in dairy cattle in Brazil. Sera from 103 cows from 18 farms in Minas Gerais state were examined for Orthopoxvirus-neutralizing antibodies. A database of 243 binary or multiple-selection categorical variables regarding the physical features and surrounding ecology of each property was obtained. Thirteen of 46 presumptive predictor variables were found to be significantly associated with Orthopoxvirus serostatus by univariate logistic regression methods. Use of teat sanitizer and having felids on the property were independently associated with virus exposure by multivariable analysis. Rodents have long been suspected of serving as maintenance reservoirs for vaccinia-like viruses in Brazil. Therefore, domestic felids are not only effective predators of small rodent pests, but also their urine can serve as a deterrent to rodent habitation in buildings such as stables and barns. These results corroborate previous evidence of the high significance of rodents in the Vaccinia virus transmission cycle, and they also raise questions regarding the common use of teat sanitizers in dairy production areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A M McCollum
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J M Mehal
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Haberling
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - F N Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - E G Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Brazil
| | - R C Holman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M G Reynolds
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Miranda JB, Borges IA, Campos SPS, Vieira FN, de Ázara TMF, Marques FA, Costa GB, Luis APMF, de Oliveira JS, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA, da Silva SLM, Eiras ÁE, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, Drumond BP, Paglia AP, Trindade GDS. Serologic and Molecular Evidence of Vaccinia Virus Circulation among Small Mammals from Different Biomes, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:931-938. [PMID: 28518030 PMCID: PMC5443434 DOI: 10.3201/eid2306.161643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a zoonotic agent that causes a disease called bovine vaccinia, which is detected mainly in milking cattle and humans in close contact with these animals. Even though many aspects of VACV infection have been described, much is still unknown about its circulation in the environment and its natural hosts/reservoirs. To investigate the presence of Orthopoxvirus antibodies or VACV DNA, we captured small rodents and marsupials in 3 areas of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and tested their samples in a laboratory. A total of 336 animals were tested; positivity ranged from 18.1% to 25.5% in the 3 studied regions located in different biomes, including the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado. Analysis of nucleotide sequences indicated co-circulation of VACV groups I and II. Our findings reinforce the possible role played by rodents and marsupials in VACV maintenance and its transmission chain.
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10
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Cross-sectional study involving healthcare professionals in a Vaccinia virus endemic area. Vaccine 2017; 35:3281-3285. [PMID: 28495317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses (OPV) are emerging viruses with great importance in human and veterinary medicine, such as Vaccinia virus (VACV), which causes outbreaks of bovine vaccinia (BV) in South America. The clinical aspects of BV are similar to other vesicular infections, complicating the clinical diagnosis. This cross-sectional study evaluated the knowledge of Healthcare Professionals about BV and revealed their unpreparedness about BV in a VACV hyper-endemic area in Brazil, highlighting the public health issues associated with VACV infections. This study presents an opportunity to discuss the importance of vaccination for healthcare professionals who work in areas of VACV circulation and brings an educational measure on VACV infections for health professionals around the world.
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11
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Trindade GDS, Emerson GL, Sammons S, Frace M, Govil D, Fernandes Mota BE, Abrahão JS, de Assis FL, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Goldsmith CS, Li Y, Carroll D, Guimarães da Fonseca F, Kroon E, Damon IK. Serro 2 Virus Highlights the Fundamental Genomic and Biological Features of a Natural Vaccinia Virus Infecting Humans. Viruses 2016; 8:v8120328. [PMID: 27973399 PMCID: PMC5192389 DOI: 10.3390/v8120328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been implicated in infections of dairy cattle and humans, and outbreaks have substantially impacted local economies and public health in Brazil. During a 2005 outbreak, a VACV strain designated Serro 2 virus (S2V) was collected from a 30-year old male milker. Our aim was to phenotypically and genetically characterize this VACV Brazilian isolate. S2V produced small round plaques without associated comets when grown in BSC40 cells. Furthermore, S2V was less virulent than the prototype strain VACV-Western Reserve (WR) in a murine model of intradermal infection, producing a tiny lesion with virtually no surrounding inflammation. The genome of S2V was sequenced by primer walking. The coding region spans 184,572 bp and contains 211 predicted genes. Mutations in envelope genes specifically associated with small plaque phenotypes were not found in S2V; however, other alterations in amino acid sequences within these genes were identified. In addition, some immunomodulatory genes were truncated in S2V. Phylogenetic analysis using immune regulatory-related genes, besides the hemagglutinin gene, segregated the Brazilian viruses into two clusters, grouping the S2V into Brazilian VACV group 1. S2V is the first naturally-circulating human-associated VACV, with a low passage history, to be extensively genetically and phenotypically characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Ginny L Emerson
- Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA.
| | - Scott Sammons
- Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA.
| | - Michael Frace
- Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA.
| | - Dhwani Govil
- Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA.
| | | | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Lopes de Assis
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Melissa Olsen-Rasmussen
- Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA.
| | - Cynthia S Goldsmith
- Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA.
| | - Yu Li
- Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA.
| | - Darin Carroll
- Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA.
| | | | - Erna Kroon
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Inger K Damon
- Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA.
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12
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Costa GB, Augusto LTS, Leite JA, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, Moreno EC, Trindade GDS. Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus in rural Brazil: insights into anti-OPV immunity status and its implications for emergent zoonotic OPV. Virol J 2016; 13:121. [PMID: 27377374 PMCID: PMC4932698 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus, a virus from Orthopoxvirus genus (OPV) that affects mainly cattle herds and humans in rural areas in Brazil. Because most studies have focused on outbreaks situations, data on BV epidemiology is limited. A cross sectional study in Brazilian rural areas during 2012–2013 was conducted to determine the neutralizing antibodies seroprevalence and risk factors for BV. Methods A structured questionnaire was applied to elicit demographics data and farming practices considered risk factors for BV exposure. Neutralizing anti-OPV antibodies were investigated using plaque reduction neutralization test. The neutralizing antibodies prevalence rates were calculated and the risk factor analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression. Results Two hundred and forty participants were enrolled in this study with a prevalence of neutralizing antibodies of 30.8 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 25.3–36.9). In multivariate analysis, age > 35 years (Odds Ratio [OR] = 18.2; CI 95 % = 7.7 – 43.2) and previous outbreak in property (OR = 3.9; C I95 % = 1.2 – 12.6) were independently associated with anti-OPV neutralizing antibodies. Conclusions In this study, anti-OPV protective immunity (neutralizing antibody titers) was assessed in an endemic BV Brazilian rural area. Our findings indicate that epidemiological surveillance is required and should be applied by public health authorities to create interventions and/or prevention strategies to avoid viral spread causing future outbreaks among individuals who are under risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,, Present address: Av Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Juliana Almeida Leite
- Respiratory Virus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Peregrino Ferreira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antônio Bonjardim
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Castro Moreno
- Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais (HEMOMINAS), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,, Present address: Av Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
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13
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Assis FL, Franco-Luiz APM, Paim LM, Oliveira GP, Pereira AF, de Almeida GMF, Figueiredo LB, Tanus A, Trindade GS, Ferreira PP, Kroon EG, Abrahão JS. Horizontal study of vaccinia virus infections in an endemic area: epidemiologic, phylogenetic and economic aspects. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2703-8. [PMID: 26239343 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV), the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), is widespread in Brazil and present in most of the milk-producing regions. We conducted a horizontal study of BV in Bahia, a state of Brazil in which the production of milk is increasing. During 2011, human and bovine clinical samples were collected during outbreaks for BV diagnosis, virus isolation and molecular analysis. We collected data for epidemiological inferences. Vaccinia virus was detected in 87.7% of the analyzed outbreaks, highlighting the effective circulation of VACV in Bahia. The molecular data showed the spreading of group 1 Brazilian VACV to Bahia. We observed a seasonal profile of BV, with its peak in the drier and cooler season. Manual milking was observed in 96 % of the visited properties, showing its importance to viral spread in herds. Under-notification of BV, ineffective animal trade surveillance, and bad milking practices have contributed to the spread of VACV in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L Assis
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Franco-Luiz
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luis M Paim
- Animal Defense Division, Agência Estadual de Defesa Agropecuária da Bahia, 481, Barão do Rio Branco street, Salvador, 46830-000, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Graziele P Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Pereira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M F de Almeida
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Leandra B Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriano Tanus
- Animal Defense Division, Agência Estadual de Defesa Agropecuária da Bahia, 481, Barão do Rio Branco street, Salvador, 46830-000, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Giliane S Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo P Ferreira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Erna G Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jônatas S Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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14
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From lesions to viral clones: biological and molecular diversity amongst autochthonous Brazilian vaccinia virus. Viruses 2015; 7:1218-37. [PMID: 25785515 PMCID: PMC4379567 DOI: 10.3390/v7031218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) has had an important role for humanity because of its use during the smallpox eradication campaign. VACV is the etiologic agent of the bovine vaccinia (BV), an emerging zoonosis that has been associated with economic, social, veterinary and public health problems, mainly in Brazil and India. Despite the current and historical VACV importance, there is little information about its circulation, prevalence, origins and maintenance in the environment, natural reservoirs and diversity. Brazilian VACV (VACV-BR) are grouped into at least two groups based on genetic and biological diversity: group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). In this study, we went to the field and investigated VACV clonal diversity directly from exanthemous lesions, during BV outbreaks. Our results demonstrate that the G1 VACV-BR were more frequently isolated. Furthermore, we were able to co-detect the two variants (G1 and G2) in the same sample. Molecular and biological analysis corroborated previous reports and confirmed the co-circulation of two VACV-BR lineages. The detected G2 clones presented exclusive genetic and biological markers, distinct to reference isolates, including VACV-Western Reserve. Two clones presented a mosaic profile, with both G1 and G2 features based on the molecular analysis of A56R, A26L and C23L genes. Indeed, some SNPs and INDELs in A56R nucleotide sequences were observed among clones of the same virus population, maybe as a result of an increased mutation rate in a mixed population. These results provide information about the diversity profile in VACV populations, highlighting its importance to VACV evolution and maintenance in the environment.
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