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Tzanakaki G, Cabrnochová H, Delić S, Draganescu A, Hilfanova A, Onozó B, Pokorn M, Skoczyńska A, Tešović G. Invasive meningococcal disease in South-Eastern European countries: Do we need to revise vaccination strategies? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2301186. [PMID: 38173392 PMCID: PMC10773623 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2301186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is an acute life-threatening infection caused by the gram-negative bacterium, Neisseria meningitidis. Globally, there are approximately half a million cases of IMD each year, with incidence varying across geographical regions. Vaccination has proven to be successful against IMD, as part of controlling outbreaks, and when incorporated into national immunization programs. The South-Eastern Europe Meningococcal Advocacy Group (including representatives from Croatia, the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Ukraine) was formed in order to discuss the potential challenges of IMD faced in the region. The incidence of IMD across Europe has been relatively low over the past decade; of the countries that came together for the South-Eastern Meningococcal Advocacy Group, the notification rates were lower than the European average for some country. The age distribution of IMD cases was highest in infants and children, and most countries also had a further peak in adolescents and young adults. Across the nine included countries between 2010 and 2020, the largest contributors to IMD were serogroups B and C; however, each individual country had distinct patterns for serogroup distribution. Along with the variations in epidemiology of IMD between the included countries, vaccination policies also differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Tzanakaki
- Public Health Microbiology, National Meningitis Reference Laboratory, Laboratory for Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Department of Public Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Hana Cabrnochová
- Center of children vaccination in Thomayer University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Anca Draganescu
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof.Dr.Matei Bals”, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anna Hilfanova
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology, Infectious and Rare Diseases, European Medical School of the International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Beáta Onozó
- Pediatric Department of County Hospital, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Marko Pokorn
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna Skoczyńska
- National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis, Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Goran Tešović
- University of Zagreb, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia
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Idries IY, Zadoretska I, Nevolina A, Andrade M, Galer R, Jaswani V, Gunsburg M. Ventricular Tachycardia Crisis: Assessing Norepinephrine vs. Stress Steroids in the Battle Against Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome With Distributive Shock. Cureus 2024; 16:e55093. [PMID: 38558654 PMCID: PMC10978463 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (WFS) is a rare but life-threatening complication associated with acute hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal glands, primarily linked to meningococcal infection. This report details the case of a 62-year-old female with HIV/AIDS and substance misuse who presented with ventricular tachycardia and hemodynamic instability. Subsequent evaluation revealed WFS in the context of disseminated meningococcal infection. The case highlights the diversity of WFS manifestations and the diagnostic challenges, particularly in patients with comorbidities. Managing WFS involves a delicate balance of steroids and vasopressors, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach. Timely diagnosis and intervention are critical in mitigating the high mortality associated with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyad Y Idries
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Iryna Zadoretska
- Hematology and Oncology, Institute of Blood Pathology and Transfusion Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, lviv, UKR
| | - Anna Nevolina
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Melissa Andrade
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Rebecca Galer
- Emergency Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Vijay Jaswani
- Radiology, One Brooklyn Health-Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Moshe Gunsburg
- Electrophysiology, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
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Invasive Meningococcal Disease and Meningococcal Serogroup B Vaccination in Adults and Their Offspring: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Italy (2019). Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030508. [PMID: 36992092 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its effectiveness in preventing invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), pediatric uptake of recombinant meningococcal vaccination for serogroup B meningitis (MenB) is low in Italy. This study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) about IMD and the vaccine uptake for MenB from July to December 2019, in a sample collected from a series of local Facebook discussion groups from the provinces of Parma and Reggio Emilia (North-Eastern Italy; 337,104 registered users). A self-administered anonymous web-based questionnaire was used to collect demographics, knowledge status, perceived risk for contracting meningitis, attitude towards the utility of meningococcal vaccine, and willingness to receive/perform MenB vaccine in their offspring. In total, 541 parents returned a fully completed questionnaire (response rate of 1.6% of potential recipients), with a mean age of 39.2 years ± 6.3 (78.1% females). Meningococcal infection was identified as severe or highly severe by most participants (88.9%), while it was recognized as being frequent/highly frequent in the general population by 18.6% of respondents. The overall knowledge status was unsatisfactory (57.6% ± 33.6 of correct answers to the knowledge test). Even though 63.4% of participants were somewhat favorable to MenB/MenC vaccines, offspring’s vaccination towards MenB was reported by only 38.7% of participants. In a binary logistic regression model, the male gender of respondents (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.184, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.772 to 5.721), living in a municipality >15,000 inhabitants (aOR 1.675, 95%CI 1.051 to 2.668), reporting a favorable attitude on meningococcus B vaccine (aOR 12.472, 95%CI 3.030 to 51.338), having been vaccinated against serogroup B (aOR 5.624, 95%CI 1.936 to 16.337) and/or serogroup C (aOR 2.652, 95%CI 1.442 to 4.872), and having previously vaccinated their offspring against serogroup C meningococcus (aOR 6.585, 95%CI 3.648 to 11.888) were characterized as positive effectors of offspring’s vaccination. On the contrary, having a higher risk perception on vaccines was identified as the only negative effector (aOR 0.429, 95%CI 0.241 to 0.765). Our results hint towards extensive knowledge gaps on IMD and preventive interventions in the general population, suggesting that a positive attitude towards vaccines and vaccinations could be identified as the main effector also for MenB acceptance. Interventions in the general population aimed at improving confidence, compliance, and acknowledgment of the collective responsibility, as well as preventing actual constraints and the sharing of false beliefs on infectious diseases and their preventive measures, could therefore increase vaccination acceptance in both targeted individuals and their offspring.
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Valmas C, Arcà E, Hensen M, Rashid H. A policy review of the introduction of the MenACWY vaccine in toddlers across multiple countries. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1637-1646. [PMID: 36222056 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2128771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunization is the best strategy to protect individuals from invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). To support decision-making around immunization, this paper considers what has led four countries and regions of two more to introduce the quadrivalent MenACWY vaccine in toddlers (ages 12-24 months). AREAS COVERED A narrative literature review was conducted to identify countries that have introduced a MenACWY vaccination program for toddlers. Information from peer-reviewed publications, reports, and policy documents for each identified country was extracted. Australia, Chile, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and regions of Italy and Spain have introduced the MenACWY vaccine in their toddler programs, driven by the rising incidence of MenW and MenY and the vaccine's ability to provide protection against other serogroups. Australia and the Netherlands considered the economic impacts of implementing a MenACWY toddler vaccination program. Vaccination uptake and effects are reported for three countries; however, in two, isolating the vaccine's effect from the collateral effect of COVID-related measures is difficult. EXPERT OPINION Increased convergence of vaccination policies and programs is needed internationally, as IMD recognizes no borders.PL AIN LANGUAGE SUMMARYVaccination is the best defense against meningitis, a deadly disease. While someone of any age can contract it, children 0-24 months of age are disproportionately affected. The increasing number of cases of meningitis has led four countries plus regions of two more to introduce into their vaccination schedules for toddlers (ages 12-24 months) a vaccine that protects against four different serogroups rather than one serogroup alone. This paper considers what has driven that shift.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Arcà
- Research Consultant, Strategic Market Access, OPEN Health, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Hensen
- Senior Director, Strategic Market Access, OPEN Health, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Habeeda Rashid
- Value & Access Associate, Market Access Department, Sanofi, Reading, UK
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Sohn WY, Tahrat H, Novy P, Bekkat-Berkani R. Real-world implementation of 4-component meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (4CMenB): implications for clinical practices. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:325-335. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2021881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Evaluation of Multiplex Real-time PCR and WHO Criteria for Diagnosing Childhood Bacterial Meningitis in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Iran. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Childhood bacterial meningitis (BM) requires prompt and precise diagnosis to provide proper treatment and decline mortality and morbidity. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosing BM in children admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in Shiraz, southern Iran. Materials: We included all 492 children aged one month to 17 years suspected of meningitis who had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocytosis admitted to Nemazi Hospital from August 2016 to September 2017. The CSF specimens were examined for routine analysis, Gram staining, and culture. A multiplex real-time PCR was used to identify Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and Neisseria meningitidis in the CSF samples. Seven viruses were also investigated using real-time PCR. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated using the WHO criteria and the multiplex real-time PCR results. Results: Seventy-four CSF samples had leukocytosis. Nineteen (22.9%) patients had BM caused by S. pneumoniae (n = 14), Hib (n = 2), Salmonella enterica (n = 2), and N. meningitidis (n = 1). The PCR test detected all cases, except for two with Salmonella meningitis (sensitivity 89.4%, specificity 100%, PPV 100%, and NPV 96%). The WHO criteria detected all cases, except three who received antibiotics at least four days before performing lumbar puncture (sensitivity 84.2%, specificity 98.2%, PPV 94.1%, and NPV 94.7%). Enterovirus was the most common viral etiology (6.75%). Conclusions: The WHO criteria and the multiplex real-time PCR had high accuracy in our setting, and their use could decrease the antibiotic over-prescription in febrile children suspected of meningitis.
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De Vitis E, Ricci S, Nieddu F, Moriondo M, Cortimiglia M, Casini A, Lodi L, Indolfi G, Azzari C. Real-time polymerase chain reaction on filter paper spotted samples: a gateway to molecular diagnosis of invasive bacterial diseases for rural areas in low-income countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:233-241. [PMID: 34328186 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of invasive bacterial diseases (IBDs) but molecular methods are more specific and sensitive. Fresh liquid samples (FLSs) show patent limitations for shipping and storage. We aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed on dried sample spots (DSSs) obtained from different biological fluids compared with real-time PCR or culture performed on FLSs. METHODS FLSs positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bordetella pertussis and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa were spotted on filter paper. Real-time PCR was performed on both FLSs and DSSs and results were compared. The stability of the DSS results over time was evaluated. RESULTS Real-time PCR performed on 114 DSSs showed a specificity of 99.1% and a sensitivity of 91.2% for IBD diagnosis. A positive correlation was found between FLS cycle threshold (Ct) and DSS Ct (r=0.84; r2=0.71) with the Pearson statistical test and Bland-Altman analysis showing that 95% of the specimens were within agreeable limits. Although we observed a trend towards signal reduction over time in the DSSs, there was no statistical evidence of an increase in Ct values. Real-time PCR on DSSs was 2.2 times more sensitive than culture. CONCLUSIONS Real-time PCR applied to DSSs may be a useful approach in different situations, such as IBD diagnosis, both for rural areas of low-income countries and family practitioners in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Vitis
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Ricci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Nieddu
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Moriondo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Cortimiglia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Arianna Casini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lodi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Indolfi
- Department of Paediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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BOCCALINI SARA, PANATTO DONATELLA, MENNINI FRANCESCOSAVERIO, MARCELLUSI ANDREA, BINI CHIARA, AMICIZIA DANIELA, LAI PIEROLUIGI, MICALE ROSANNATINDARA, FRUMENTO DAVIDE, AZZARI CHIARA, RICCI SILVIA, BONITO BENEDETTA, DI PISA GIULIA, IOVINE MARIASILVIA, LODI LORENZO, GIOVANNINI MATTIA, MOSCADELLI ANDREA, PAOLI SONIA, PENNATI BEATRICEMARINA, PISANO LAURA, BECHINI ANGELA, BONANNI PAOLO. [ Health Technology Assessment (HTA) of the introduction of additional cohorts for anti-meningococcal vaccination with quadrivalent conjugate vaccines in Italy]. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E1-E128. [PMID: 34622076 PMCID: PMC8452280 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.1s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SARA BOCCALINI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
- Autore corrispondente: Sara Boccalini, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italia - Tel.: 055-2751084 E-mail:
| | - DONATELLA PANATTO
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - FRANCESCO SAVERIO MENNINI
- Economic Evaluation and HTA - CEIS (EEHTA - CEIS), Facoltà di Economia, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata"
- Institute for Leadership and Management in Health, Kingston University, London, UK
| | - ANDREA MARCELLUSI
- Economic Evaluation and HTA - CEIS (EEHTA - CEIS), Facoltà di Economia, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata"
| | - CHIARA BINI
- Economic Evaluation and HTA - CEIS (EEHTA - CEIS), Facoltà di Economia, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata"
| | - DANIELA AMICIZIA
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - PIERO LUIGI LAI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | | | - DAVIDE FRUMENTO
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - CHIARA AZZARI
- Immunologia, Clinica Pediatrica II, AOU Meyer, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - SILVIA RICCI
- Immunologia, Clinica Pediatrica II, AOU Meyer, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - BENEDETTA BONITO
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - GIULIA DI PISA
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | | | - LORENZO LODI
- Immunologia, Clinica Pediatrica II, AOU Meyer, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - MATTIA GIOVANNINI
- Immunologia, Clinica Pediatrica II, AOU Meyer, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - ANDREA MOSCADELLI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - SONIA PAOLI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | | | - LAURA PISANO
- Immunologia, Clinica Pediatrica II, AOU Meyer, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - ANGELA BECHINI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - PAOLO BONANNI
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
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Lodi L, Moriondo M, Nieddu F, Ricci S, Guiducci S, Lippi F, Canessa C, Calistri E, Citera F, Giovannini M, Indolfi G, Resti M, Azzari C. Molecular typing of group B Neisseria meningitidis'subcapsular antigens directly on biological samples demonstrates epidemiological congruence between culture-positive and -negative cases: A surveillance study of invasive disease over a 13-year period. J Infect 2021; 82:28-36. [PMID: 33610687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surveillance of serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB) subcapsular antigen variant distribution in invasive disease (IMD) is fundamental for multicomponent vaccine coverage prediction. IMD incidence in Tuscany in 2018 was 0.37/100,000 inhabitants, with MenB representing 57% of cases. More than 50% of MenB responsible for IMD cannot be grown in culture, and molecular characterization of these cases is often lacking. The aim of the present study was to describe the distribution of MenB subcapsular antigens, comparing their distribution in culture-positive and culture-negative cases. METHODS Molecular data regarding clonal complexes and subcapsular antigen variants of the 55 MenB-IMD occurring in Tuscany from 2007 to 2019 were made available, and their distribution between culture-positive and culture-negative cases was compared. Genetic-MATS and MenDeVAR prediction systems were used to assess multicomponent vaccine coverage predictions. RESULTS Culture-positive and culture-negative cases presented a similar percentage representation of fHbp subfamilies. Clonal complex 162 was almost constantly associated with fHbp B231/v1.390, Neisserial-heparin-binding-antigen (NHBA) peptide 20, and PorinA P1.22,14 (BAST-3033): these were the most represented antigenic variants, both in culture-positive and culture-negative groups. Point-estimate 4CMenB coverage prediction was 88.5% (84.6%-92.3%). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that non-cultivable meningococci, responsible for IMD, possess genetic variants of subcapsular antigens that are representative of what has been observed in culture. The vaccine-related antigenic epidemiology of MenB is thus similar in both groups. One of the first on-field applications of gMATS and MenDeVAR identifies their major advantage in their accessibility and in the possibility of dynamic data implementation that must be pursued continuously in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lodi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Moriondo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Nieddu
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Ricci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Sara Guiducci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Lippi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Clementina Canessa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Calistri
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Citera
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Mattia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Indolfi
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Resti
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Haddad-Boubaker S, Lakhal M, Fathallah C, Mhimdi S, Bouafsoun A, Kechrid A, Smaoui H. Epidemiological study of bacterial meningitis in Tunisian children, beyond neonatal age, using molecular methods: 2014-2017. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1124-1132. [PMID: 33402957 PMCID: PMC7751517 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the 1990s, the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis worldwide has changed thanks to vaccination. In Tunisia, the main causative pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib). Only Hib vaccination was available during our study period. OBJECTIVES We performed a laboratory case report based-study of suspected bacterial meningitis in Northern Tunisia from January 2014 to June 2017. METHODS CSF samples obtained from children beyond neonatal age with suspicion of meningitis were tested by two real time PCRs, targeting pneumococcus, meningococcus and Hib, and conventional methods. RESULTS Using real-time PCR, 63 were positive including ten supplementary cases compared to conventional methods. A general decrease of bacterial meningitis cases was demonstrated comparing to previous data. Pneumococcus was predominant (69.84%) followed by meningococcus (28.57%) and Hib (1.59%). The main serotypes were 14, 19F, 6B and 23F for pneumococcus and serogroup B for meningococcus. Most cases occurred during cold season and children under one year were the most affected by bacterial meningitis. CONCLUSION Our study suggests the predominance of pneumococcal cases. It may provide valuable data on meningitis epidemiology before the introduction of pneumococcal vaccine, which may be useful for future evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondes Haddad-Boubaker
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Bechir Hamza Children's Hospital, LR18ES39, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El-Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO EMRO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory of Virus, Vector and Host, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis El-Manar University, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Lakhal
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Bechir Hamza Children's Hospital, LR18ES39, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El-Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cyrine Fathallah
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Bechir Hamza Children's Hospital, LR18ES39, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El-Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samar Mhimdi
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Bechir Hamza Children's Hospital, LR18ES39, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El-Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aida Bouafsoun
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Bechir Hamza Children's Hospital, LR18ES39, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El-Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Kechrid
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Bechir Hamza Children's Hospital, LR18ES39, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El-Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Bechir Hamza Children's Hospital, LR18ES39, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El-Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
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Effectiveness and Impact of the 4CMenB Vaccine against Group B Meningococcal Disease in Two Italian Regions Using Different Vaccination Schedules: A Five-Year Retrospective Observational Study (2014-2018). Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030469. [PMID: 32842669 PMCID: PMC7563708 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A few years after the introduction in Italy of a four-component anti-meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB), we evaluated the effectiveness and impact of vaccination in two regions using different schedules (2, 4, 6, 12 months in Tuscany vs. 7, 9, 15 months in Veneto) through an observational retrospective study. Methods: Vaccination started in 2014 in Tuscany and in 2015 in Veneto; the data collected referred to the period 2006–2018 for Tuscany and 2007–2018 for Veneto. Cases of invasive meningococcal disease due to N. Meningitidis B were identified by culture and/or real-time PCR. Results: In Tuscany, pre-vaccine incidence was 1.96 (95% CL 1.52; 2.40) and dropped to 0.62 (95% CL 0.60; 0.64) in the post-4CMenB era. Evaluating only vaccinated children, post-4CMenB incidence was 0.12 (95% CL 0.08; 0.15). In Veneto pre-vaccine incidence was 1.94 (95% CL 1.92; 1.96) and dropped to 1.34 (95% CL 1.31; 1.38) in the post-4CMenB era. In the vaccinated population, MenB incidence was 0.53 (95% CL 0.50; 0.56). Vaccine effectiveness was 93.6% (95% CL 55.4; 99.1) in Tuscany and 91.0% (95% CL 59.9; 97.9) in Veneto, with mean vaccine coverages of 83.9% and 81.7%, respectively. The overall impact (evaluating both vaccinated and unvaccinated children) was 0.68 (95% CL 0.10; 0.89) in Tuscany and 0.31 (95% CL −0.56; 0.69) in Veneto; the total impact (evaluating only vaccinated children) was 0.94 (95% CL 0.56; 0.99) and 0.90 (95% CL 0.57; 0.97), respectively. The relative case reduction (RCR) was 65% in Tuscany and 31% in Veneto. Considering the vaccinated population, the RCR was equal to 91% and 80%, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, 4CMenB appears to have a very high effectiveness in Italy; the impact of vaccination appears greater where the immunization program is started early.
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IGIDBASHIAN S, BERTIZZOLO L, TOGNETTO A, AZZARI C, BONANNI P, CASTIGLIA P, CONVERSANO M, ESPOSITO S, GABUTTI G, ICARDI G, LOPALCO P, VITALE F, PARISI S, CHECCUCCI LISI G. Invasive meningococcal disease in Italy: from analysis of national data to an evidence-based vaccination strategy. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2020; 61:E152-E161. [PMID: 32802999 PMCID: PMC7419122 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.2.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is one of the most severe vaccine-preventable disease not yet under control. In Italy, although different anti-meningococcal vaccines are available, their offer among regions is heterogeneous. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of IMD in Italy based on analysis of national surveillance data for 2011-2017 to optimize the vaccination strategy. Methods IMD surveillance data from the Italian National Health Institute were analysed. Microsoft Excel was used to present trend analysis, stratifying by age and serogroups. Results In Italy, during the period 2011-2017, the incidence of IMD increased from 0.25 cases/100,000 inhabitants in 2011 to 0.33 cases/100,000 in 2017. Most cases after 2012 were caused by non-B serogroups. The number of cases in subjects aged 25-64 years increased steadily after 2012 (36 cases in 2011, 79 in 2017), mostly due to non-B serogroups, representing more than 65% of cases in those aged 25+ years. Conclusions In the period from 2011 to 2017, the incidence of IMDs increased in Italy. The increase, probably due also to a better surveillance, highlights the importance of the disease in the adult population and the high level of circulation of non-B serogroups in particular after 2012. Our analysis supports an anti-meningococcal vaccination plan in Italy that should include the highest number of preventable serogroups and be aimed at vaccinating a wider population through a multicohort strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. IGIDBASHIAN
- Sanofi Pasteur, Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: Sarah Igidbashian, Sanofi Pasteur Italia, viale Luigi Bodio 37/b, 20158 Milan, Italy - E-mail:
| | | | - A. TOGNETTO
- Section of Hygiene, Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - C. AZZARI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
- Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - P. BONANNI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - P. CASTIGLIA
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - M. CONVERSANO
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Authority of Taranto, Italy
| | - S. ESPOSITO
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, Italy
| | - G. GABUTTI
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - G. ICARDI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy; IRCCS San Martino Policlinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - P.L. LOPALCO
- Department of Translational Research, New Technologies in Medicine & Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - F. VITALE
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Italy
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Methods to evaluate serogroup B meningococcal vaccines: From predictions to real-world evidence. J Infect 2020; 81:862-872. [PMID: 32745637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Serogroup B meningococci (MenB) remain a prominent cause of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). The protein-based multicomponent 4CMenB and the bivalent MenB-FHbp are the only currently available vaccines against MenB-caused IMD. Efficacy studies are not possible, due to the low incidence of IMD. Therefore, the vaccines' immunogenicity has been evaluated against several target strains chosen to quantify complement-mediated killing induced by each vaccine component in the serum bactericidal antibody assay. However, due to the wide genetic diversity and different expression levels of vaccine antigens across MenB strains, vaccine performance may differ from one strain to another. Here, we review the methods used to predict MenB strain coverage for 4CMenB and MenB-FHbp. Phenotypic assays such as the meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS, 4CMenB-specific) and the flow cytometric meningococcal antigen surface expression assay (MEASURE; MenB-FHbp-specific) were developed. Genomic approaches are also available, such as genetic MATS (gMATS) and the Bexsero antigen sequence type (BAST) scheme, both 4CMenB-specific. All methods allow tentative predictions of coverage across MenB strains, including that afforded by each vaccine antigen, and are rapid and reproducible. Real-world data on vaccine effectiveness are needed to confirm predictions obtained by these methods.
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14
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Krone M, Lâm TT, Claus H, Vogel U. Recurrent invasive meningococcal infections - quantifying the risk, Germany, 2002 to 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25. [PMID: 32613936 PMCID: PMC7331141 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.25.1900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a rare condition with a high case fatality rate. While most patients suffer from one single episode in life, there is anecdotal evidence for recurrent infection. Aim The German National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae (NRZMHi) analysed IMD cases from 2002 to 2018 to retrospectively quantify the risk of recurrent infection. Methods Recurrent IMD was defined as detection of Neisseria meningitidis in a sample of the same patient more than 30 days after the first episode of IMD. Results Among 5,854 patients with a median observation period of 9.4 years, 14 suffered a second IMD episode and one patient a third one. The risk of a recurrent IMD was 29.4 per 100,000 person-years for survivors of the first episode. Rare serogroups (Y, W, E and Z) were more common in patients with recurrent IMD (p < 0.0001). Discussion Patients surviving IMD were at least at a 50-fold risk of another IMD episode compared with the general population. The study most likely underestimated the risk of recurrent infection. Increased risk may be due to undiagnosed complement deficiencies. The high risk of re-infection argues for vaccination of patients who have survived IMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Krone
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thiên-Trí Lâm
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Claus
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Lodi L, Rubino C, Ricci S, Indolfi G, Giovannini M, Consales G, Magazzini S, Lai F, Vasarri P, Conti A, Brunelli T, Moriondo M, Azzari C. Neisseria meningitidis with H552Y substitution on rpoB gene shows attenuated behavior in vivo: report of a rifampicin-resistant case following chemoprophylaxis. J Chemother 2020; 32:98-102. [PMID: 32037986 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2020.1723967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We present the first Italian reported case of an invasive meningococcal disease with rifampicin-resistance (Rif-R)secondary to chemoprophylaxis. The case is entered in a cluster of two IMDs registered in Tuscany, Italy, in November 2019 caused by two non-differentiable group-C Neisseria meningitidis belonging to ST-11 clonal-complex. The contact case, differently from the index, harbored H552Y mutation on rpoB gene which is known to confer Rif-R putting a high-cost fee on bacterial fitness. The extremely mild clinical presentation in the contact can constitute an in vivo demonstration of the virulence attenuation observed in vitro for H552Ymutants. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of secondary cases with induced Rif-R and keep a high level of suspicion on contacts who received rifampicin-chemoprophylaxis. Molecular characterization of Rif-R should be performed routinely directly on biological samples and not only on isolates, in order to rapidly detect rare cases of resistance and consequently modify chemoprophylaxis for contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lodi
- Post-graduate School of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Rubino
- Post-graduate School of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Ricci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Indolfi
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Mattia Giovannini
- Post-graduate School of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Simone Magazzini
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Santo Stefano Hospital, Prato, Italy
| | - Franco Lai
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Santo Stefano Hospital, Prato, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Conti
- Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory, Santo Stefano Hospital, Prato, Italy
| | - Tamara Brunelli
- Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory, Santo Stefano Hospital, Prato, Italy
| | - Maria Moriondo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease in the Post Hexavalent Era: Ten Years of Molecular Surveillance in Tuscany. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:294-297. [PMID: 32032175 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiologic characteristics of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease (HIBD) have markedly changed since the introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine worldwide. The immunization schedule against Haemophilus influenzae type b differs in Europe. METHODS This is a retrospective observational study which evaluates all the data included in the molecular surveillance register for invasive infectious diseases at the Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis at Meyer Children's University Hospital from December 2008 to December 2018 with a diagnosis of invasive HIBD in children <5 years of age. RESULTS We identified 4 cases of HIBD: all the cases presented signs or symptoms of invasive infection and the H. influenzae type b was identified in cerebrospinal fluid, or blood or bronchoalveolar lavage by molecular test. The crude incidence for Hib invasive disease in Tuscany is 0.26/100,000 p-y in children younger than 5 years, significantly different from the incidence rate before the introduction of the Hib vaccination. Vaccination effectiveness can be estimated at 97.9% and the impact of hexavalent (2p+1) vaccine at 99.6%. CONCLUSIONS This work confirms the high impact of the hexavalent vaccine 2p+1 schedule for HIBD in children <5 years, emphasizing the role of molecular test for HIBD diagnosis and surveillance.
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Boccalini S, Bechini A, Sartor G, Paolini D, Innocenti M, Bonanni P, Panatto D, Lai PL, Zangrillo F, Marchini F, Lecini E, Iovine M, Amicizia D, Landa P. [Health Technology Assessment of meningococcal B vaccine (Trumenba ®) in adolescent in Italy]. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2019; 60:E1-E94. [PMID: 32047867 PMCID: PMC7007189 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.3s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Boccalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - A Bechini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - G Sartor
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - D Paolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - M Innocenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - P Bonanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Firenze
| | - D Panatto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - P L Lai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - F Zangrillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - F Marchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - E Lecini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - M Iovine
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - D Amicizia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Genova
| | - P Landa
- Dipartimento di Economia, Università degli Studi di Genova
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Miglietta A, Fazio C, Neri A, Pezzotti P, Innocenti F, Azzari C, Rossolini GM, Moriondo M, Nieddu F, Iannazzo S, D'Ancona F, Maraglino FP, Guerra R, Rezza G, Voller F, Stefanelli P. Interconnected clusters of invasive meningococcal disease due to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C ST-11 (cc11), involving bisexuals and men who have sex with men, with discos and gay-venues hotspots of transmission, Tuscany, Italy, 2015 to 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23. [PMID: 30153883 PMCID: PMC6113744 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.34.1700636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In 2015 an increased incidence of invasive meningococcal disease due to serogroup-C (MenC) occurred in Tuscany, Italy. This led the Regional Health Authority of Tuscany to implement a reactive immunisation campaign and to launch an epidemiological field investigation aiming to address targeted immunisation interventions. In 2011–14, 10 MenC cases had been reported compared with 62 cases in 2015–16. The case fatality rate was 21% (n = 13) and 51 cases (82.3%) were confirmed as C:P1.5–1,10–8:F3–6:ST-11(cc11). Overall, 17 clusters were recognised. Six discos and four gay-venues were found to have a role as transmission-hotspots, having been attended by 20 and 14 cases in the 10 days before symptoms onset. Ten and three cases occurred, respectively, among men who have sex with men (MSM) and bisexual individuals, who were involved in 11 clusters. In addition, heterosexual cases (n = 5) attending gay-venues were also found. Secondary cases were not identified. Molecular typing indicated close relationship with MenC clusters recently described among gay, bisexual and other MSM in Europe and the United States, suggesting a possible international spread of the serogroup-C-variant P1.5–1,10–8:F3–6:ST-11(cc11) in this population-group; however, epidemiological links were not identified. In December 2016, a targeted vaccination campaign involving discos and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) associations was implemented. During 2017, 10 cases of MenC occurred, compared with 32 and 30 cases reported in 2015 and 2016 respectively, suggesting the effectiveness of the reactive and targeted immunisation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Miglietta
- Units of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Central Tuscany Health Authority, Florence, Italy.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Epidemiologic Observatory, Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Fazio
- These authors contributed equally to this work.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Neri
- These authors contributed equally to this work.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Pezzotti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Innocenti
- Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Epidemiologic Observatory, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, and Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Moriondo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Nieddu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Iannazzo
- Ministry of Health, Directorate-General of health prevention, Rome, Italy
| | - Fortunato D'Ancona
- Ministry of Health, Directorate-General of health prevention, Rome, Italy.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Raniero Guerra
- Ministry of Health, Directorate-General of health prevention, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Voller
- Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, Epidemiologic Observatory, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Impact of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Severe Invasive Disease Caused by Serotype 3 Streptococcus Pneumoniae in Italian Children. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040128. [PMID: 31554213 PMCID: PMC6963450 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness and impact of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) against invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) due to serotype 3 (ser3) has been questioned. However, the impact of PCV13 on different clinical presentations of ser3-IPD has not been studied so far. The impact of PCV13 on different clinical presentations of ser3-IPD in a population of Italian children aged 0–8 years was evaluated, comparing pre- and post-PCV13 introduction period. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the diagnosis and serotyping of IPD. During the observation period (1 January 2006–1 August 2018), ser3 was detected in 60/284 (21.1%) children under 8 with serotyped IPD. The incidence of sepsis and meningitis was 0.24 per 1,000,000 person-years (p-y) in pre-PCV13 and 0.02 per 1,000,000 p-y in post-PCV13. No cases occurred in vaccinated children. In the post-PCV13 period, case reduction was 13% for all ser3 IPD and 92% for sepsis and meningitis. Vaccination impact may be underestimated due to significant improvement in pneumococcal surveillance in post-PCVC13. Our data suggest a significant impact of PCV13 on meningitis and sepsis due to ser3 and a lower impact against pneumonia. While waiting for increasingly effective anti-pneumococcal vaccines, PCV13, which guarantees protection against the most severe clinical presentations of ser3-IPD, is currently the most effective prevention option available.
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Azzari C, Serranti D, Nieddu F, Moriondo M, Casini A, Lodi L, de Benedictis FM, De Vitis E, Cavone F, Cortimiglia M, Indolfi G, Lombardi E, Carloni I, Cutrera R, Lucenteforte E, Resti M, Ricci S. Significant impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on pediatric parapneumonic effusion: Italy 2006-2018. Vaccine 2019; 37:2704-2711. [PMID: 30981627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Etiology and serotyping of parapneumonic effusion (PPE) and the impact of vaccination was evaluated over a 12-year period, before and after the PCV13 introduction (2011) for Italian children From 0 to 16 years of age. Five hundred and two children were evaluated; 226 blood and 356 pleural fluid samples were obtained and tested using Realtime-PCR and culture. In the pre-PCV13 era S. pneumoniae was the most frequent pathogen identified (64/90; 71.1%) with a large predominance of serotypes 1 (42.4%), 3 (23.7%), 7F (5.1%) and 19A (11.9%). The impact of vaccination, calculated on children 0-8 years of age, demonstrated a significant reduction of PPE: with an incidence rate of 2.82 (95%CL 2.32-3.41) in the pre-PCV13 era and an age-standardized rate (ASR) of 0.66 (95% CL 0.37-1.99) in the post-PCV13 era, p < 0.0001. No increase in non-PCV13 serotypes was recorded. S. pneumoniae remained the most frequent pathogen identified in the post-PCV13 era in unvaccinated children with an unchanged serotype distribution: respectively 26/66 (39.4%), 25/66 (37.9%), 5/66 (7.6%), and 4/66 (6.1%) for 1, 3, 7F and 19A. On the other hand 7F and 19A disappeared in vaccinated children and serotype 1 and 3 decreased by 91.8% and 31.5%, respectively. Realtime PCR was significantly more sensitive than culture both in pleural fluid (79.7% vs 12.5%) and in blood (17.8% vs 7.4%). In conclusion, our findings indicate that routine immunization with PCV13 has significantly reduced the burden of childhood PPE in vaccinated children, without increasing PPE due to other bacteria and without serotype shift. Moreover, the impact of PCV13 may be underestimated due to the increase in pneumococcal surveillance in Italy. Data has also shown that Real-time PCR is an essential tool to better define the etiology of PPE and to monitor vaccination plans. Longer studies will be necessary to evaluate the role of herd protection in PPE prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Azzari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Daniele Serranti
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Francesco Nieddu
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Moriondo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Arianna Casini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Lodi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | | | - Elisa De Vitis
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Federica Cavone
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Cortimiglia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Indolfi
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Enrico Lombardi
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Ines Carloni
- Pediatric Unit, Salesi Childrens Hospital, Department of Mother and Child Health, Via Filippo Corridoni 10, 60123 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Renato Cutrera
- Ospedale Bambino Gesù, Pediatrics - Respiratory Unit, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Medical Statistics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | - Massimo Resti
- Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Silvia Ricci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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Guiducci S, Moriondo M, Nieddu F, Ricci S, De Vitis E, Casini A, Poggi GM, Indolfi G, Resti M, Azzari C. Culture and Real-time Polymerase Chain reaction sensitivity in the diagnosis of invasive meningococcal disease: Does culture miss less severe cases? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212922. [PMID: 30865671 PMCID: PMC6415896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a highly lethal disease. Diagnosis is commonly performed by culture or Realtime-PCR (qPCR). AIMS Our aim was to evaluate, retrospectively, whether culture positivity correlates with higher bacterial load and fatal outcome. Our secondary aim was to compare culture and qPCR sensitivity. METHODS The National Register for Molecular Surveillance was used as data source. Cycle threshold (CT), known to be inversely correlated with bacterial load, was used to compare bacterial load in different samples. RESULTS Three-hundred-thirteen patients were found positive for Neisseria meningitidis by qPCR, or culture, or both; 41 died (case fatality rate 13.1%); 128/143 (89.5%) blood samples and 138/144 (95.8%) CSF were positive by qPCR, 37/143 (25.9%) blood samples and 45/144 (31.2%) CSF were also positive in culture. qPCR was 3.5 times (blood) or 3.1 times (CSF) more sensitive than culture in achieving a laboratory diagnosis of IMD (OR 24.4; 95% CI 12.2-49.8; p < .10-4; Cohen's κ 0.08 for blood and OR 49.0; 95% CI 19.1-133.4; p<10-4; Cohen's κ 0.02; for CSF). Positivity of culture did not correlate with higher bacterial loads in blood (mean CT 27.7±5.71, and CT 28.1±6.03, p = 0.739 respectively in culture positive or negative samples) or in CSF (mean CT 23.1±4.9 and 24.7±5.4 respectively in positive or negative CSF samples, p = 0.11).CT values in blood from patients who died were significantly lower than in patients who survived (respectively mean 18.0, range 14-23 and mean 29.6, range 16-39; p<10-17). No deaths occurred in patients with CT in blood over 23. Positive blood cultures were found in 10/25 (40%) patients who died and in 32/163 (19.6%) patients who survived, p = 0.036, OR 2.73; 95% CL 1.025-7.215), however 60% of deaths would have remained undiagnosed with the use of culture only. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion our study demonstrated that qPCR is significantly (at least 3 times) more sensitive than culture in the laboratory confirmation of IMD. The study also demonstrated that culture negativity is not associated with lower bacterial loads and with less severe cases. On the other side, in patients with sepsis, qPCR can predict fatal outcome since higher bacterial load, evaluated by qPCR, appears strictly associated with most severe cases and fatal outcome. The study also showed that molecular techniques such as qPCR can provide a valuable addition to the proportion of diagnosed and serotyped cases of IMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guiducci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Pediatric Clinic 2, Pediatric Immunology, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Moriondo
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Nieddu
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Pediatric Clinic 2, Pediatric Immunology, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia Ricci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Pediatric Clinic 2, Pediatric Immunology, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa De Vitis
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Pediatric Clinic 2, Pediatric Immunology, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Arianna Casini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maria Poggi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Interdisciplinary Pediatrics, Section of Medical Pediatrics, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Indolfi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Pediatrics, Section of Medical Pediatrics, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Resti
- Department of Interdisciplinary Pediatrics, Section of Medical Pediatrics, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Pediatric Clinic 2, Pediatric Immunology, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
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22
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Muzzi A, Brozzi A, Serino L, Bodini M, Abad R, Caugant D, Comanducci M, Lemos AP, Gorla MC, Křížová P, Mikula C, Mulhall R, Nissen M, Nohynek H, Simões MJ, Skoczyńska A, Stefanelli P, Taha MK, Toropainen M, Tzanakaki G, Vadivelu-Pechai K, Watson P, Vazquez JA, Rajam G, Rappuoli R, Borrow R, Medini D. Genetic Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (gMATS): A genotyping tool that predicts 4CMenB strain coverage worldwide. Vaccine 2019; 37:991-1000. [PMID: 30661831 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (MATS) was developed to identify meningococcus group B strains with a high likelihood of being covered by the 4CMenB vaccine, but is limited by the requirement for viable isolates from culture-confirmed cases. We examined if antigen genotyping could complement MATS in predicting strain coverage by the 4CMenB vaccine. METHODS From a panel of 3912 MATS-typed invasive meningococcal disease isolates collected in England and Wales in 2007-2008, 2014-2015 and 2015-2016, and in 16 other countries in 2000-2015, 3481 isolates were also characterized by antigen genotyping. Individual associations between antigen genotypes and MATS coverage for each 4CMenB component were used to define a genetic MATS (gMATS). gMATS estimates were compared with England and Wales human complement serum bactericidal assay (hSBA) data and vaccine effectiveness (VE) data from England. RESULTS Overall, 81% of the strain panel had genetically predictable MATS coverage, with 92% accuracy and highly concordant results across national panels (Lin's accuracy coefficient, 0.98; root-mean-square deviation, 6%). England and Wales strain coverage estimates were 72-73% by genotyping (66-73% by MATS), underestimating hSBA values after four vaccine doses (88%) and VE after two doses (83%). The gMATS predicted strain coverage in other countries was 58-88%. CONCLUSIONS gMATS can replace MATS in predicting 4CMenB strain coverage in four out of five cases, without requiring a cultivable isolate, and is open to further improvement. Both methods underestimated VE in England. Strain coverage predictions in other countries matched or exceeded England and Wales estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Abad
- National Centre for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | - Pavla Křížová
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Claudia Mikula
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Graz, Austria.
| | - Robert Mulhall
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory (IMSRL), Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Michael Nissen
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Hanna Nohynek
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Maija Toropainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Georgina Tzanakaki
- National Meningitis Reference Laboratory, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | - Julio A Vazquez
- National Centre for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Ray Borrow
- Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK.
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23
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Ricci S, Montemaggi A, Nieddu F, Serranti D, Indolfi G, Moriondo M, Azzari C. Is primary meningococcal arthritis in children more frequent than we expect? Two pediatric case reports revealed by molecular test. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:703. [PMID: 30591016 PMCID: PMC6307139 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary meningococcal arthritis is a rare infectious disease that occurs in less than 3% of meningococcal infections and is characterized by arthritis without meningitis, fever, rash, or hemodynamic instability Barahona [Case Rep Orthop 4696014:2017 ]. There are no validated clinical criteria that can be used for the diagnosis. We present two pediatric cases of atypical presentation of meningococcal disease revealed by molecular tests. Case presentation The clinical presentation of the two children (6- and 9-years-old) was characterized by signs of arthritis. By Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), we identified N. meningitidis serogroup Y in the joint fluid in both cases. After specific antimicrobial treatment, the clinical conditions of the two patients quickly improved during hospitalization. Conclusions. We believe that the incidence of meningococcal arthritis could be underestimated in those settings where the use of RT-PCR is limited. Clearer data on the incidence of meningococcal disease would help to design specific treatments and the best possible national vaccine strategies [Fiji Sci Rep 23:39784, 2016, J Infect 67:385-90, 2013].
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ricci
- Immunology Division, Section of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - A Montemaggi
- Section of Paediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - F Nieddu
- Section of Paediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - D Serranti
- Section of Paediatrics, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - G Indolfi
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - M Moriondo
- Immunology Division, Section of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - C Azzari
- Immunology Division, Section of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence and Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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24
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BECHINI A, PAOLINI D, PIERALLI F, BAGGIANI L, MEREU G, SANTINI M, BROCCA T, GOSTINICCHI S, GORI E, BOCCALINI S, BONANNI P, BONACCORSI G. Do Tuscan people adhere to meningococcal C vaccination during an emergency campaign? JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2018; 59:E187-E193. [PMID: 30397674 PMCID: PMC6196373 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2018.59.3.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tuscany region (Italy) recorded a rise in the number of meningococcal disease cases between January 2015 and February 2016, (52 cases) compared to 2014 (16 cases). The aim of this study was to describe the emergency meningococcal C (MenC) vaccination programme in Tuscany and the population's adherence to the activities performed in the Local Health Unit (LHU) of Florence. METHODS The MenC vaccination programme and the planning of the prevention and communication activities were analysed in the LHU of Florence. As an indicator of population's adherence, the vaccination coverage (VC) during the emergency campaign was investigated and adverse drug reactions (ADR) surveillance was reported. RESULTS The communication campaign included a dedicated toll-free telephone number, press releases (newspapers, radio, television, websites), and informative letters addressed to mayors, secondary schools, and sports associations. Citizens aged 11-20 years were the primary target of the campaign. Due to the high incidence of cases among older people, the vaccination was extended to subjects over 45 years. The population's adherence to the vaccination campaign was satisfactory: VC reached 47.1% for the primary target. The ADR reporting rate (3.1/10,000) on meningococcal vaccine in our study confirmed the safety of the vaccination. CONCLUSIONS In 2017, only 10 cases of invasive meningococcal diseases (IMD) were reported, suggesting the effectiveness of the immunization campaign. Similar VC during emergency MenC vaccination programmes have been reached in other Italian regions and other EU countries, too. The achievement of greater vaccination coverage is restricted by a sentiment of hesitancy towards vaccines among the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. BECHINI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * Correspondence: Angela Bechini, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, viale G.B. Morgagni 48, 50134 Florence, Italy - Tel. +39 055 2751081 - E-mail:
| | - D. PAOLINI
- Medical School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - F. PIERALLI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - G. MEREU
- Central Tuscany LHU, Florence, Italy
| | | | - T. BROCCA
- Central Tuscany LHU, Florence, Italy
| | | | - E. GORI
- Central Tuscany LHU, Florence, Italy
| | - S. BOCCALINI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - P. BONANNI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G. BONACCORSI
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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25
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Menichetti F, Fortunato S, Ricci A, Salani F, Ripoli A, Tascini C, Fusco FM, Mencarini J, Bartoloni A, Di Pietro M. Invasive Meningococcal Disease due to group C N. meningitidis ST11 (cc11): The Tuscany cluster 2015-2016. Vaccine 2018; 36:5962-5966. [PMID: 30172636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the cluster of MenC ST11 Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD) occurred in Tuscany in the years 2015-2016. METHODS A retrospective charts analysis of clinical, epidemiological and microbiological aspects of documented IMD was performed. Prognostic factors for death were evaluated. RESULTS Sixty-one patients with IMD in the 2015-2016 period were documented: 28 had meningococcemia, 24 meningitis plus meningococcemia and 9 meningitis. MenC ST11 (cc11) was identified in 48/54 (89%) of the tested strains. All patients, with the exception of three very early death, received timely and appropriate antibiotic therapy and, in selected case, adjunctive therapy with steroids and Pentaglobin®. Forty-one patients recovered (67.3%, mean age: 26 years), 7 had permanent sequelae (11.3%, mean age 31 years) and 13 died (21.3%; mean age: 46 years). In a multivariate analysis, septic shock, purpura fulminans and advanced age were negative prognostic factors, while emergency admittance to a tertiary-care, university hospital, positively influenced the survival rate. The epidemiological analysis of the cluster identified close contacts and recreational environments such as discos as hotspot for MenC transmission. After a massive vaccination campaign, the number of MenC cases reported in Tuscany in 2017 decreased to 10, with no death. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination campaign of key populations together with the need for rapid and qualified emergency care of the affected patients seems to be the main lesson learned by the MenC ST11 Tuscany epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Menichetti
- Infectious Diseases Department, Cisanello Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Simona Fortunato
- Infectious Diseases Department, Cisanello Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Ricci
- Infectious Diseases Department, Cisanello Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Salani
- Infectious Diseases Department, Cisanello Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Ripoli
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Italy
| | - Carlo Tascini
- First Division, Cotugno Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Maria Fusco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, S. Maria Annunziata Hospital, Central Tuscany Health Authority, Florence, Italy
| | - Jessica Mencarini
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Pietro
- S.O.C. Malattie Infettive 2 Pistoia - Prato, Azienda USL Toscana-Centro Ospedale San Jacopo, Pistoia, Italy
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26
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Riccò M, Vezzosi L, Odone A, Signorelli C. Invasive Meningococcal Disease on the Workplaces: a systematic review. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2017; 88:337-351. [PMID: 29083344 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v88i3.6726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims of the work: Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD) represents a global health threat, and occupational settings have the potential to contribute to its spreading. Therefore, here we present the available evidences on the epidemiology of IMD on the workplaces. METHODS The following key words were used to explore PubMed: Neisseria meningitidis, meningococcus, meningococcal, invasive meningococcal disease, epidemiology, outbreaks, profession(al), occupation(al). RESULTS We identified a total of 12 IMD cases among healthcare workers (HCW), 44 involving biological laboratory workers (BLW), 8 among school personnel, and eventually 27 from other settings, including 3 large industrial working populations. Eventual prognosis of BLW, particularly the case/fatality ratio, was dismal. As clustered in time and space, data about school cases as well as industrial cases seem to reflect community rather than occupational outbreaks. In general, we identified a common pattern for HCW and BLW, i.e. the exposure to droplets or aerosol containing N meningitidis in absence of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and/or microbiological safety devices (MSD) (e.g. cabinets). Post-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PEC) was rarely reported by HCW (16.7%) workers, and never by BLW. Data regarding vaccination status were available only for a case, who had failed requested boosters. CONCLUSIONS The risk for occupational transmission of IMD appears relatively low, possibly as a consequence of significant reporting bias, with the exception of HCW and BLW. Improved preventive measures should be implemented in these occupational groups, in order to improve the strict use of PPE and MSD, and the appropriate implementation of PEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riccò
- Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia V.le Amendola n.2 - 42122 RE Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza negli Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL) Dip. di Prevenzione.
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27
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Gianchecchi E, Piccini G, Torelli A, Rappuoli R, Montomoli E. An unwanted guest:Neisseria meningitidis– carriage, risk for invasive disease and the impact of vaccination with insight on Italy incidence. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15:689-701. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1333422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Piccini
- VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torelli
- VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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28
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Baldovin T, Lazzari R, Cocchio S, Furlan P, Bertoncello C, Saia M, Russo F, Baldo V. Invasive meningococcal disease in the Veneto region of Italy: a capture-recapture analysis for assessing the effectiveness of an integrated surveillance system. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e012478. [PMID: 28465304 PMCID: PMC5623379 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis has been changing since the introduction of universal vaccination programmes against meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) and meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) has now become dominant. This study aimed to analyse the cases reported in institutional data recording systems to estimate the burden of invasive meningococcal diseases (IMDs) and assess the effectiveness of surveillance in Veneto region (Italy). METHODS Analysis was performed from 2007 to 2014 on data recorded in different systems: Mandatory Notification System, National Surveillance of Invasive Bacterial Diseases System and Laboratories Surveillance System (LSS), which were pooled into a combined surveillance system (CSS) and hospital discharge records (HDRs). A capture-recapture method was used and completeness of each source estimated. Number of cases with IMD by source of information and year, incidence of IMD by age group, case fatality rate (CFR) and distribution of meningococcal serogroups by year were also analysed. RESULTS Combining the four data systems enabled the identification of 179 confirmed cases with IMD, achieving an overall sensitivity of 94.7% (95% CI: 90.8% to 98.8%), while it was 76.7% (95% CI: 73.6% to 80.1%) for CSS and 77.2% (95% CI: 74.1% to 80.6%) for HDRs. Typing of isolates was done in 80% of cases, and 95.2% of the typed cases were provided by LSS. Serogroup B was confirmed in 50.3% of cases. The estimated IMD notification rate (cases with IMD diagnosed and reported to the surveillance systems) was 0.48/100 000 population, and incidence peaked at 6.2/100 000 in children aged <1 year old (60.9% due to MenB), and increased slightly in the age group between 15 and 19 years (1.1/100 000). A CFR of 14% was recorded (8.7% in paediatric age). CONCLUSIONS Quality of surveillance systems relies on case ascertainment based on serological characterisation of the circulating strains by microbiology laboratories. All available sources should be routinely combined to improve the epidemiology of IMD and the information used by public health departments to conduct timely preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Baldovin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Lazzari
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Cocchio
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Patrizia Furlan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertoncello
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Saia
- Area Sanità e Sociale, Veneto Regional Authority, Venice, Italy
| | - Francesca Russo
- Service of Hygiene Promotion and Development and Public Health, Veneto Region, Venice, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Hygiene and Public Health Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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29
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Maurer FP, Hentschke M, Rohde H. [Advances in diagnostic microbiology : Opportunities and limitations]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2017; 112:199-205. [PMID: 28342095 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-017-0275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the light of ever increasing problems related to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, rapid microbiological diagnostics are of growing importance. Timely pathogen detection and availability of susceptibility data are essential for optimal treatment, but are even more crucial for de-escalation of broad spectrum empiric therapies. Medical microbiology is, thus, an integral part of antimicrobial stewardship programs. Traditional microbiological techniques for species identification and susceptibility testing rely on bacterial growth and are, thus, characterized by inherent slowness. Time-to-report is usually 48 h or longer, and typically delays optimization of therapeutic regimens. Constant improvement of available techniques (e. g., molecular methods) and introduction of novel methods (e. g., matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight [MALDI-ToF] mass spectrometry) have fundamentally changed diagnostic procedures. As a consequence, sensitivity and specificity as well as time-to-report have been dramatically improved. In this manuscript, key methodological advances in medical microbiology are discussed, emphasizing consequences for daily management of infectious disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Maurer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland.,Antibiotic Stewardship Team, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - M Hentschke
- MVZ Labor Dr. Fenner und Kollegen, Bergstraße 14, 20095, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - H Rohde
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland.
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30
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Findlow J, Borrow R. Does post-implementation vaccine effectiveness data support pre-implementation predictions of 4CMenB utility? Pathog Dis 2017; 75:3063886. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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31
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Riccò M, Vezzosi L, Odone A, Signorelli C. Invasive Meningococcal Disease on the Workplaces: a systematic review. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2017; 88. [PMID: 29083344 PMCID: PMC6142849 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v%vi%i.6726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background and aims of the work: Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD) represents a global health threat, and occupational settings have the potential to contribute to its spreading. Therefore, here we present the available evidences on the epidemiology of IMD on the workplaces. METHODS The following key words were used to explore PubMed: Neisseria meningitidis, meningococcus, meningococcal, invasive meningococcal disease, epidemiology, outbreaks, profession(al), occupation(al). RESULTS We identified a total of 12 IMD cases among healthcare workers (HCW), 44 involving biological laboratory workers (BLW), 8 among school personnel, and eventually 27 from other settings, including 3 large industrial working populations. Eventual prognosis of BLW, particularly the case/fatality ratio, was dismal. As clustered in time and space, data about school cases as well as industrial cases seem to reflect community rather than occupational outbreaks. In general, we identified a common pattern for HCW and BLW, i.e. the exposure to droplets or aerosol containing N meningitidis in absence of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and/or microbiological safety devices (MSD) (e.g. cabinets). Post-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PEC) was rarely reported by HCW (16.7%) workers, and never by BLW. Data regarding vaccination status were available only for a case, who had failed requested boosters. CONCLUSIONS The risk for occupational transmission of IMD appears relatively low, possibly as a consequence of significant reporting bias, with the exception of HCW and BLW. Improved preventive measures should be implemented in these occupational groups, in order to improve the strict use of PPE and MSD, and the appropriate implementation of PEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riccò
- Provincial Agency for Health Services (APSS) of the Autonomous Province of Trento, Department of Prevention, Operative Unit for Health and Safety in the Workplaces, Trento (TN),Local Health Unit of Reggio Emilia - Regional Health Service of Emilia Romagna, Department of Public Health, Service for Health and Safety in the Workplace, Reggio Emilia (RE),Correspondence: Dr. Matteo Riccò Local Health Unit of Reggio Emilia Via Amendola, 2 - 42122 Reggio Emilia (RE) Tel. 0039.3392994343 - 0039.522.837587; E-mail: ;
| | - Luigi Vezzosi
- University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Department of Experimental Medicine, Napoli (NA)
| | - Anna Odone
- University “Vita-Salute San Raffaele”, Milan (MI),University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Parma (PR)
| | - Carlo Signorelli
- University “Vita-Salute San Raffaele”, Milan (MI),University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Parma (PR)
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Correia Repeat Enclosed Elements and Non-Coding RNAs in the Neisseria Species. Microorganisms 2016; 4:microorganisms4030031. [PMID: 27681925 PMCID: PMC5039591 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is capable of causing gonorrhoea and more complex diseases in the human host. Neisseria meningitidis is a closely related pathogen that shares many of the same genomic features and virulence factors, but causes the life threatening diseases meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. The importance of non-coding RNAs in gene regulation has become increasingly evident having been demonstrated to be involved in regulons responsible for iron acquisition, antigenic variation, and virulence. Neisseria spp. contain an IS-like element, the Correia Repeat Enclosed Element, which has been predicted to be mobile within the genomes or to have been in the past. This repeat, present in over 100 copies in the genome, has the ability to alter gene expression and regulation in several ways. We reveal here that Correia Repeat Enclosed Elements tend to be near non-coding RNAs in the Neisseria spp., especially N. gonorrhoeae. These results suggest that Correia Repeat Enclosed Elements may have disrupted ancestral regulatory networks not just through their influence on regulatory proteins but also for non-coding RNAs.
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Vossen M, Mitteregger D, Steininger C. Meningococcal pneumonia. Vaccine 2016; 34:4364-70. [PMID: 27443594 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis remains the most important cause of bacterial meningitis worldwide, particularly in children and young adults. The second most common and a potentially severe end-organ manifestation of invasive meningococcal disease (excluding systemic sepsis) is meningococcal pneumonia. It occurs in between 5% and 15% of all patients with invasive meningococcal disease and is thus the second most common non-systemic end-organ manifestation. To establish the diagnosis requires a high level of clinical awareness - the incidence is therefore very likely underreported and underestimated. This review of 344 meningococcal pneumonia cases reported in the Americas, Europe, Australia, and Asia between 1906 and 2015 presents risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatment, and prognosis of meningococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vossen
- Department of Medicine I, Div. of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Mitteregger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Div. of Clinical Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Steininger
- Department of Medicine I, Div. of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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