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Asad A, Jahan I, Munni MA, Begum R, Mukta MA, Saif K, Faruque SN, Hayat S, Islam Z. Multidrug-resistant conjugative plasmid carrying mphA confers increased antimicrobial resistance in Shigella. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6947. [PMID: 38521802 PMCID: PMC10960829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57423-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis remains a common gastrointestinal disease mostly in children < 5 years of age in developing countries. Azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide, is currently the first-line treatment for shigellosis in Bangladesh; ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ceftriaxone (CRO) are also used frequently. We aimed to evaluate the current epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and mechanism(s) of increasing macrolide resistance in Shigella in Bangladesh. A total of 2407 clinical isolates of Shigella from 2009 to 2016 were studied. Over the study period, Shigella sonnei was gradually increasing and become predominant (55%) over Shigella flexneri (36%) by 2016. We used CLSI-guided epidemiological cut-off value (ECV) for AZM in Shigella to set resistance breakpoints (zone-diameter ≤ 15 mm for S. flexneri and ≤ 11 mm for S. sonnei). Between 2009 and 2016, AZM resistance increased from 22% to approximately 60%, CIP resistance increased by 40%, and CRO resistance increased from zero to 15%. The mphA gene was the key macrolide resistance factor in Shigella; a 63MDa conjugative middle-range plasmid was harboring AZM and CRO resistance factors. Our findings show that, especially after 2014, there has been a rapid increase in resistance to the three most effective antibiotics. The rapid spread of macrolide (AZM) resistance genes among Shigella are driven by horizontal gene transfer rather than direct lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaduzzaman Asad
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Jahan
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Moriam Akter Munni
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Ruma Begum
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Morium Akter Mukta
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Saif
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Nayeem Faruque
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shoma Hayat
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Zhahirul Islam
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Axis, Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
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Haston JC, Ford L, Vanden Esschert KL, Plumb ID, Logan N, Francois Watkins LK, Garcia-Williams AG. Healthcare providers' knowledge and clinical practice surrounding shigellosis - DocStyles Survey, 2020. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2023; 24:267. [PMID: 38087210 PMCID: PMC10717126 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-023-02213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigellosis is an acute diarrheal disease transmitted through contaminated food, water, objects, poor hand hygiene, or sexual activity. Healthcare providers (HCP) may not be aware of the multiple routes of Shigella transmission, populations at increased risk, or importance of antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). This study assessed HCP knowledge and clinical practices regarding shigellosis and antibiotic resistance. METHODS Porter Novelli Public Services administered a web-based survey (Fall DocStyles 2020) to HCP in the United States. Pediatricians, primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants completed questions about knowledge and clinical practice of acute diarrhea and shigellosis. RESULTS Of 2196 HCP contacted, 1503 responded (68% response rate). Most identified contaminated food (85%) and water (79%) as routes of Shigella transmission; fewer recognized person-to-person contact (40%) and sexual activity (18%). Men who have sex with men (MSM) were identified as being at risk for shigellosis by 35% of respondents. Most reported counseling patients to wash hands (86%) and avoid food preparation (77%) when ill with shigellosis; 29% reported recommending avoiding sex. Many HCP reported treating shigellosis empirically with ciprofloxacin (62%) and azithromycin (32%), and 29% reported using AST to guide treatment. CONCLUSIONS We identified several gaps in shigellosis knowledge among HCP including MSM as a risk group, person-to-person transmission, and appropriate antibiotic use. Improving HCP education could prevent the spread of shigellosis, including drug-resistant infections, among vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Haston
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Laura Ford
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kayla L Vanden Esschert
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ian D Plumb
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Naeemah Logan
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Louise K Francois Watkins
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amanda G Garcia-Williams
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Asad A, Jahan I, Munni MA, Begum R, Mukta MA, Saif K, Faruque SN, Hayat S, Islam Z. Increasing trend of antibiotic resistance in Shigella in Bangladesh: a plasmid-mediated transfer of mphA macrolide resistance gene. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3080386. [PMID: 37461575 PMCID: PMC10350201 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3080386/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Shigellosis remains a common gastrointestinal disease mostly in children <5 years of age in developing countries. Azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide, is currently the first-line treatment for shigellosis in Bangladesh; ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ceftriaxone (CRO) are also used frequently. We aimed to evaluate the current epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and mechanism(s) of increasing macrolide resistance in Shigella in Bangladesh. A total of 2407 clinical isolates of Shigella from 2009 to 2016 were studied. Over the study period, Shigella sonnei was gradually increasing and become predominant (55%) over Shigella flexneri (36%) by 2016. We used CLSI-guided epidemiological cut-off value (ECV) for AZM in Shigella to set resistance breakpoints (zone-diameter ≤ 15 mm for S. flexneri and ≤ 11 mm for S. sonnei). Between 2009 and 2016, AZM resistance increased from 22% to approximately 60%, CIP resistance increased by 40%, and CRO resistance increased from zero to 15%. The mphA gene was the key macrolide resistance factor in Shigella; a 63MDa conjugative middle-range plasmid was harboring AZM and CRO resistance factors. Our findings show that, especially after 2014, there has been a rapid increase in resistance to the three most effective antibiotics. The rapid spread of macrolide (AZM) resistance genes among Shigella are driven by horizontal gene transfer rather than direct lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Israt Jahan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
| | | | - Ruma Begum
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
| | | | - Kazi Saif
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
| | | | - Shoma Hayat
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
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Richardson D, Pakianathan M, Ewens M, Mitchell H, Mohammed H, Wiseman E, Tweed M, Nichols K, Rawdah W, Cooper R, Macrowan R, Irish M, Evans A, Godbole G. British Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) United Kingdom national guideline for the management of sexually transmitted enteric infections 2023. Int J STD AIDS 2023:9564624231168217. [PMID: 37247427 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231168217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This is the first British Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) national guideline for the management of sexually transmitted enteric infections (STEI). This guideline is primarily aimed for level 3 sexual health clinics; however, it may also be applicable to other settings such as primary care or other hospital departments where individuals with STEI may present. This guideline makes recommendations on testing, management, partner notification and public health control of STEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Richardson
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Waseem Rawdah
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Richard Cooper
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | | | | | - Amy Evans
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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5
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Fernández Vecilla D, Zugazaga Inchaurza K, Lombide Aguirre I, Díaz de Tuesta Del Arco JL. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Shigella sonnei carrying the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-27. A report of two cases in Spain in men who have sex with men. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2023; 41:248-250. [PMID: 36868981 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Fernández Vecilla
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces, Barakaldo, Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - Kristina Zugazaga Inchaurza
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces, Barakaldo, Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - Itxaso Lombide Aguirre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces, Barakaldo, Vizcaya, Spain; Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - José Luis Díaz de Tuesta Del Arco
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces, Barakaldo, Vizcaya, Spain.
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6
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O'Flanagan H, Siddiq M, Llewellyn C, Richardson D. Antimicrobial resistance in sexually transmitted Shigella in men who have sex with men: A systematic review. Int J STD AIDS 2023; 34:374-384. [PMID: 36786731 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231154942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of sexually transmitted Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei in men who have sex with men (MSM) are a major public health issue. While most cases can be managed conservatively, a minority require antimicrobial treatment. Recent reports have highlighted increasing antimicrobial resistant (AMR) strains of Shigella spp. in men who have sex with men. We aimed to systematically review antimicrobial resistance (and decreased antimicrobial sensitivity) in sexually transmitted shigella in men who have sex with men, focussing on macrolides, quinolones, and third generation cephalosporins. METHODS We systematically searched 4 bibliographical databases (EMBASE, medline, EMCARE and CINAHL) from January 2011 to November 2021. We used a 2-stage process to assess eligibility: the primary author conducted an initial screen and then 3 authors conducted independent full-text reviews to determine the final eligible manuscripts. We only included manuscripts in English which included men who have sex with men with sexually transmitted shigella where data on antimicrobial resistance was available. RESULTS Thirty-nine manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. A majority of the manuscripts (N = 34) described reduced susceptibility or antimicrobial resistant to macrolides, quinolones and third generation cephalosporins in circulating strains of shigella within sexual networks of men who have sex with men. Extensively drug resistant outbreaks of shigella in men who have sex with men have been reported containing genetic markers of ceftriaxone resistance (e.g. BlaCTX-M27) where isolates also contained markers of reduced susceptibility, and antimicrobial resistant to macrolides and quinolones. CONCLUSION There is little role for macrolides, quinolones or third generation cephalosporins in the management of sexually transmitted shigella in men who have sex with men. More research is needed to develop novel strategies for shigella control in men who have sex with men, as antimicrobial options are diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Richardson
- 12190Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.,8721University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
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Moreno-Mingorance A, Mir-Cros A, Goterris L, Rodriguez-Garrido V, Sulleiro E, Barberà MJ, Alberny M, Hoyos-Mallecot Y, Descalzo V, Bravo A, Roca-Grande J, Viñado B, Pumarola T, Larrosa MN, González-López JJ. Increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance in Shigella associated with MSM transmission in Barcelona, 2020-21: outbreak of XRD Shigella sonnei and dissemination of ESBL-producing Shigella flexneri. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:975-982. [PMID: 36760088 PMCID: PMC10068420 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several countries have recently reported the detection of ESBL-producing Shigella sonnei associated with transmission among MSM. In a previous study by our group, 2.8% of Shigella spp. obtained from MSM in Barcelona between 2015 and 2019 were ESBL producers. OBJECTIVES To describe and characterize the emerging ESBL-producing Shigella spp. associated with sexual transmission among MSM detected from 2020 to 2021 in Barcelona, elucidating their connectivity with contemporaneous ESBL-producing Shigella spp. from other countries. RESULTS From 2020 to 2021, we identified that among MSM, 68% of S. sonnei were XDR harbouring blaCTX-M-27 and 14% of Shigella flexneri were MDR harbouring blaCTX-M-27. WGS analysis showed that the ESBL-producing S. sonnei were part of a monophyletic cluster, which included isolates responsible for the prolonged outbreak occurring in the UK. Our data also reveal the first emergence and clonal dissemination of ESBL-producing and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. flexneri 2a among MSM. CONCLUSIONS We report an increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance in Shigella spp. among MSM in Barcelona since 2021, mainly as a consequence of the dissemination of XDR ESBL-producing S. sonnei, previously reported in the UK. These results highlight the importance of international collaborative surveillance of MDR/XDR S. sonnei and S. flexneri for rapid identification of their emergence and the prevention of the transmission of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Moreno-Mingorance
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alba Mir-Cros
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Goterris
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Rodriguez-Garrido
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sulleiro
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Jesús Barberà
- Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron Sexually Transmitted Infections Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Alberny
- Primary Health-Care Division, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yannick Hoyos-Mallecot
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Descalzo
- Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron Sexually Transmitted Infections Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bravo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Roca-Grande
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Viñado
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pumarola
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Nieves Larrosa
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José González-López
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Emergence of extensively drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri serotype 2a associated with sexual transmission among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, in England: a descriptive epidemiological study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:732-739. [PMID: 36731481 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery, is caused by Shigella spp that spread through fecal-oral contact and was traditionally associated with international travel in England. However, sexual transmission of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) is now common. In September, 2021, emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S sonnei harbouring plasmid-encoded blaCTX-M-27 raised concerns over further spread of this extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing gene. Using national surveillance in England, we identified and characterised isolates of S flexneri harbouring blaCTX-M-27. METHODS In this epidemiological study, we identified and phylogenetically characterised S flexneri isolates harbouring blaCTX-M-27 that were referred to the Gastrointestinal Bacterial Reference Unit (GBRU) at the UK Health Security Agency. All isolates referred to the GBRU undergo whole-genome sequencing, enabling antimicrobial resistance determination using genetic markers. Cases were defined as individuals diagnosed with S flexneri harbouring blaCTX-M-27 in England, with a specimen date between Sept 1, 2015, and June 12, 2022, who were phylogenetically confirmed as part of two t10 (approximately ten single nucleotide polymorphisms) clusters. Long-read sequencing elucidated the genomic location of blaCTX-M-27. Laboratory data, integrated with available demographic and clinical information from patient questionnaires, were summarised using descriptive statistics. FINDINGS A sustained increase in cases of S flexneri harbouring blaCTX-M-27 (n=26) occurred from September, 2021, having been sporadically reported (n=11) in the preceding 6 years. blaCTX-M-27 acquisition events within S flexneri 2a established an XDR paraphyletic (n=8) cluster and a multidrug-resistant monophyletic (n=18) cluster. Cases were among adult male individuals (median age 37 years [IQR 31-46]) and, of the 13 individuals who completed a patient questionnaire, ten (77%) identified as MSM. Antimicrobial treatment was received by seven (54%) of 13 individuals, and four (31%) individuals were admitted to hospital. The IncFII plasmids harbouring blaCTX-M-27 showed high similarity to the XDR S sonnei outbreak plasmid, with 82% and 99% nucleotide similarity between the cluster plasmids and the XDR S sonnei outbreak plasmid. INTERPRETATION We report emergence of XDR and multidrug-resistant S flexneri 2a harbouring blaCTX-M-27 among MSM in England. Epidemiological and plasmid similarities with the XDR S sonnei outbreak support horizontal acquisition events, emphasising the importance of mobilisable antimicrobial resistance and the need for genomic-based surveillance. FUNDING National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections at the University of Liverpool in partnership with the UK Health Security Agency.
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Sabour S, Teimourpour A, Mohammadshahi J, Peeridogaheh H, Teimourpour R, Azimi T, Hosseinali Z. Molecular detection and characterization of Shigella spp. harboring extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in children with diarrhea in northwest Iran. Mol Cell Pediatr 2022; 9:19. [PMID: 36480097 PMCID: PMC9732178 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is one of the acute bowel infections and remains a serious public health problem in resource-poor countries. The present study aimed to survey the distribution of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Shigella strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in northwest Iran. In the present cross-sectional study, from January 2019 to December 2020, 1280 fecal samples were collected from children with diarrhea in Ardabil, Iran. Multiplex PCR assay was applied for the presence of ipaH, invC, wbgZ, rfpB, and rfc genes to detect Shigella spp., Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii, respectively. Phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing isolates was carried out using the Double Disc Test (DDT). The frequency of main ESBL encoding genes including blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM was detected using multiplex PCR. The genetic similarity of S. sonnei isolates was determined using ERIC PCR. A total of 49 Shigella isolates (3.8%; 49/1280) including 42 (85.7%) S. sonnei, 5 (10.2%) S. flexneri, and 2 (4%) S. dysenteriae were identified. S. boydii was not detected in any fecal samples. ESBLs were produced by 10.2% of Shigella spp. including 3 S. sonnei, 1 S. flexneri, and 1 S. dysenteriae. The ESBL encoding genes include blaCTX-M and blaTEM found in 65.3% and 61.2% of isolates, respectively. blaSHV gene was not detected in any isolates. The ERIC-PCR profiles allowed the differentiation of 42 S. sonnei strains into 6 clusters. Our study revealed a high frequency of ESBL-encoding genes among Shigella spp. in northwest Iran. The high prevalence of S. sonnei harboring ESBL genes, in the present work, is the main challenge for dysentery treatment, and this concern justifies the need for effective and regular monitoring of antibiotic usage among patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sabour
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amir Teimourpour
- grid.418552.fBlood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Mohammadshahi
- grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hadi Peeridogaheh
- grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran ,grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Teimourpour
- grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran ,grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Genomics Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Hosseinali
- grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
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10
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Braam JF, Bruisten SM, Hoogeland M, de Vries HJC, Schim van der Loeff MF, van Dam AP. Shigella is common in symptomatic and asymptomatic men who have sex with men visiting a sexual health clinic in Amsterdam. Sex Transm Infect 2022; 98:564-569. [PMID: 35149579 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2021-055274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shigellosis is a reportable infectious disease. It can present as a severe bloody diarrhoea but is often asymptomatic. Shigella can be sexually transmissible. We performed a study among symptomatic and asymptomatic men who have sex with men (MSM) to assess the prevalence of Shigella, Salmonella and Campylobacter. METHODS From March to June 2020, MSM attending the Amsterdam centre for sexual health were consecutively included. Predefined minimal numbers of inclusion of 150, 100 and 50 were determined, respectively, for MSM who reported no diarrhoea, diarrhoea during last month or diarrhoea on the day of visit to clinic. Anal samples were tested for the presence of Shigella, Salmonella and Campylobacter. During the same period, the frequency of these bacteria was assessed in routinely tested samples requested by general physicians or nursing home physicians. Characteristics of included MSM were compared between the men with different diarrhoea anamnesis, and the prevalence of shigellosis was estimated in each group. RESULTS We included 212 MSM without diarrhoea, 109 MSM who recently had diarrhoea and 68 MSM who reported diarrhoea on the day of clinic visit. Thirteen (3.3%, 95% CI 1.7% to 5.6%) MSM were infected with Shigella, none with Salmonella and 7 (1.8%, 95% CI 0.7% to 3.7%) with Campylobacter. Shigella prevalence was 2.8% (95% CI 1.0% to 6.1%) in asymptomatic men, 3.7% (95% CI 1.0% to 9.1%) in men who recently had diarrhoea and 4.4% (95% CI 0.9% to 12.4%) in men with current diarrhoea (p=0.799). Shigella was more frequently found in MSM who had used pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the preceding 3 months (10/151), compared with those not having used PrEP (2/146) or being HIV positive (1/75) (p=0.038). Shigella was significantly more often detected among MSM compared with routinely obtained faecal samples being 11/770 (1.4%) (p=0.031). CONCLUSION Shigella infections are relatively common in both symptomatic and asymptomatic MSM. Future studies should focus on the risk of onward transmission via asymptomatic persons. Samenvatting Introductie Shigellose is een meldingsplichtige infectieziekte. Het kan zich presenteren als een ernstige bloederige diarree, maar is vaak asymptomatisch. Shigella kan seksueel overdraagbaar zijn. We hebben een onderzoek uitgevoerd onder symptomatische en asymptomatische mannen die seks hebben met mannen (MSM) om de prevalentie van Shigella, Salmonella en Campylobacter te bepalen. Methoden Van maart tot juni 2020 werden achtereenvolgens MSM van het Amsterdamse centrum voor seksuele gezondheid opgenomen. Vooraf gedefinieerde minimale aantallen van inclusie van respectievelijk 150, 100 en 50 waren bepaald voor MSM die geen diarree, diarree in de afgelopen maand of diarree op de dag van bezoek aan de kliniek meldden. Anale monsters werden getest op de aanwezigheid van Shigella, Salmonella en Campylobacter. In dezelfde periode werd de frequentie van deze bacteriën bepaald in routinematig geteste monsters aangevraagd door huisartsen of verpleeghuisartsen. Kenmerken van geïncludeerde MSM werden vergeleken tussen mannen met verschillende diarree anamnese, en de prevalentie van shigellose werd in elke groep geschat. Resultaten We includeerden 212 MSM zonder diarree, 109 MSM die onlangs diarree hadden en 68 MSM die diarree meldden op de dag van het bezoek aan de kliniek. Dertien (3,3%, 95% CI 1,7-5,6%) MSM waren geïnfecteerd met Shigella, geen enkele met Salmonella, en 7 (1,8%, 95% CI 0,7-3,7%) met Campylobacter. De prevalentie van Shigella was 2,8% (95%CI 1,0-6,1%) bij asymptomatische mannen, 3,7% (95%CI 1,0-9,1%) bij mannen die recent diarree hadden en 4,4% (95%CI 0,9-12,4%) bij mannen met huidige diarree (P=0,799). Shigella werd vaker gevonden bij MSM die in de voorgaande drie maanden (10/151) PrEP hadden gebruikt dan bij mensen die geen PrEP hadden gebruikt (2/146) of hiv-positief waren (1/75) (p=0,038). Shigella werd significant vaker gedetecteerd bij MSM in vergelijking met routinematig verkregen fecale monsters, namelijk 11/770 (1,4%) (p=0,031). Conclusie Shigella infecties komen relatief vaak voor bij zowel symptomatische als asymptomatische MSM. Toekomstige studies moeten zich richten op het risico van verdere overdracht via asymptomatische personen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce F Braam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M Bruisten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Hoogeland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry J C de Vries
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Schim van der Loeff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Alje P van Dam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC Locatie AMC, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
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11
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Qiu S, Liu K, Yang C, Xiang Y, Min K, Zhu K, Liu H, Du X, Yang M, Wang L, Sun Y, Zhou H, Mahe M, Zhao J, Li S, Yu D, Hawkey J, Holt KE, Baker S, Yang J, Xu X, Song H. A Shigella sonnei clone with extensive drug resistance associated with waterborne outbreaks in China. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7365. [PMID: 36450777 PMCID: PMC9709761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella sonnei has become a global concern. Here, we report a phylogenetic group of S. sonnei with extensive drug resistance, including a combination of multidrug resistance, coresistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin (cefRaziR), reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, and even colistin resistance (colR). This distinct clone caused six waterborne shigellosis outbreaks in China from 2015 to 2020. We collect 155 outbreak isolates and 152 sporadic isolates. The cefRaziR isolates, including outbreak strains, are mainly distributed in a distinct clade located in global Lineage III. The outbreak strains form a recently derived monophyletic group that may have emerged circa 2010. The cefRaziR and colR phenotypes are attributed to the acquisition of different plasmids, particularly the IncB/O/K/Z plasmid coharboring the blaCTX-M-14, mphA, aac(3)-IId, dfrA17, aadA5, and sul1 genes and the IncI2 plasmid with an mcr-1 gene. Genetic analyses identify 92 accessory genes and 60 single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the cefRaziR phenotype. Surveillance of this clone is required to determine its dissemination and threat to global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofu Qiu
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kangkang Liu
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chaojie Yang
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyuan Min
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhu
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Du
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjuan Yang
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ligui Wang
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Sun
- grid.410620.10000 0004 1757 8298Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Haijian Zhou
- grid.198530.60000 0000 8803 2373National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Muti Mahe
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiayong Zhao
- grid.418504.cHenan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shijun Li
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Deshan Yu
- grid.508057.fGansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jane Hawkey
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Stephen Baker
- grid.5335.00000000121885934University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Juntao Yang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- grid.430328.eShanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbin Song
- grid.488137.10000 0001 2267 2324The Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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12
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Ortiz de la Rosa JM, Rodríguez-Villodres Á, Casimiro-Soriguer CS, Ruiz-Pérez De Pipaón M, Briones E, Aznar Fernández M, Lepe JA. MDR Shigella sonnei in Spain: an ever-evolving emerging threat? JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac090. [PMID: 36072302 PMCID: PMC9442613 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seven CTX-M-27-producing Shigella sonnei strains were isolated at the University Hospital Virgen del Rocío (Seville, Spain) microbiology service from October to November 2021. Objectives To offer extensive information on the microbiological and molecular epidemiology results of the seven S. sonnei isolates and compare them with other previously documented CTX-M-27-producing S. sonnei associated with MSM transmission. Methods S. sonnei isolated from stool samples of patients with acute diarrhoea were identified through biochemical and serological typing. Whole characterization of the seven isolates was performed by sequencing with MinION Mk1C followed by genomic and molecular analysis. Results All the isolates were resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, cotrimoxazole and azithromycin. Sequencing showed the presence of several resistance determinants, outstanding blaCTX-M-27, azithromycin resistance genes [ermB and mph(A)], qnrB19 and mutations in the QRDRs. All isolates belonged to the same hierarchical clustering of cgMLST (HierCC) with five allele distance (HC5) scheme v1 from EnteroBase. However, they presented differences in plasmid composition, with all seven isolates harbouring IncFII, IncB/O/K/Z and ColE1-like while SH2, SH6 and SH7 had IncFIB only. Our isolates were closely related to others from Spain (HC5; 98748), Australia (HC5; 98748) and the UK (HC5; 98748), which were also associated with MSM transmission. Nevertheless, the structure of the non-chromosomal genetic elements and the genetic context of blaCTX-M-27 presented a certain variability compared with isolates from other countries and among them. Conclusions This study confirms the emergence of CTX-M-27-producing S. sonnei (ST152) associated with MSM transmission in Spain, adding it to the Europe outbreak list and reinforcing the necessity of active surveillance and control of this high-risk clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Ortiz de la Rosa
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville , Spain
| | - Ángel Rodríguez-Villodres
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville , Spain
| | - Carlos S Casimiro-Soriguer
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville , Spain
| | - Maite Ruiz-Pérez De Pipaón
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville , Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Eduardo Briones
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Sevilla Health District , Seville , Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) , Seville , Spain
| | - María Aznar Fernández
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville , Spain
| | - José Antonio Lepe
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío , Seville , Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville , Seville , Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) , Madrid , Spain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Seville , Seville , Spain
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13
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Fernández Vecilla D, Zugazaga Inchaurza K, Lombide Aguirre I, Díaz de Tuesta del Arco JL. Caracterización fenotípica y genotípica de Shigella sonnei portadora de la betalactamasa de espectro extendido CTX-M-27. A propósito de dos casos en España en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Shigella sonnei in Spain: Expanding the Geographic Distribution of Sequence Type 152/CTX-M-27 Clone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0033422. [PMID: 35762798 PMCID: PMC9295536 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00334-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the first occurrence in Spain of community cases of CTX-M-27-producing Shigella sonnei sequence type 152 (ST152), resistant to quinolones and azithromycin. The cases included adult males and also one pediatric case. The isolates were clustered together with an Australian isolate and differed from other outbreak-causing strains in England by more than 50 alleles. They carried the blaCTX-M-27 gene on an 83-Kb F2:A-:B- plasmid, similar to that found in a British isolate.
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15
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Charles H, Prochazka M, Thorley K, Crewdson A, Greig DR, Jenkins C, Painset A, Fifer H, Browning L, Cabrey P, Smith R, Richardson D, Waters L, Sinka K, Godbole G, Corkin H, Abrahams A, LeBlond H, Lo J, Holgate A, Saunders J, Plahe G, Vusirikala A, Green F, King M, Tewolde R, Jajja A. Outbreak of sexually transmitted, extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei in the UK, 2021–22: a descriptive epidemiological study. THE LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:1503-1510. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Clinical and Genomic Investigation of an International Ceftriaxone- and Azithromycin-Resistant Shigella sonnei Cluster among Men Who Have Sex with Men, Montréal, Canada 2017-2019. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0233721. [PMID: 35647695 PMCID: PMC9241791 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02337-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Shigella sonnei have become prevalent among men who have sex with men and have become a global public health concern. From June 2017 to April 2019, 32 men were infected with MDR S. sonnei acquired locally, in Montréal, which was suggestive of an outbreak. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), phylogenetic analysis, antimicrobial resistance and virulence characterization, and association to international clusters were performed. The outbreak strain was ceftriaxone- and azithromycin-resistant due to the acquisition of blaCTX-M-27, and mphA and ermB genes, respectively, with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin due to a single point mutation (gyrA S83L). One out of 27 patients treated with a fluoroquinolone experienced microbiological failure. Epidemiological evidence first supported by a rare unique MDR Shigella sonnei documented only in men in 2017 followed by similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles was confirmed by WGS. A core genome high-quality single-nucleotide variant (hqSNV)-based phylogeny found a median of 6 hqSNV differences among isolates. Virulence gene content was investigated, but no Shiga toxins were detected. An international cluster of highly related isolates was identified (PDS000019750.208) and belonged to the 3.7.29.1.4.1 S. sonnei genotype (Global III VN2.KH1.Aus). Genomic analysis revealed that this Montréal cluster was connected to other documented outbreaks in Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. This study highlights the urgent need for public health measures to focus on the prevention and the early detection of S. sonnei, since global transmission patterns of MDR strains is concerning and few antimicrobial treatment options are available. IMPORTANCEShigella sonnei, an important foodborne pathogen, recently became a frequent sexually transmitted agent involved in large and persistent outbreaks globally among men who have sex with men. Most strains also harbor several multidrug-resistant (MDR) determinants of particular concern. This study characterizes an outbreak strain at the source of an important MDR cluster identified in Montréal in 2017. Associations were made to many high-profile international outbreaks, and the causative S. sonnei lineage of these clusters was identified, which was not evident in past reports. The worldwide occurrence of this strain is of concern since treatment with antimicrobials like ceftriaxone and azithromycin may not be effective, and rare microbiological failures have been documented in patients treated with ciprofloxacin. Our investigation highlights the threats of Shigella spp. infection and the necessity for antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring in order to mitigate S. sonnei’s impact on public health and to avoid transmission to other at-risk communities.
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17
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McNeil CJ, Kirkcaldy RD, Workowski K. Enteric Infections in Men Who Have Sex With Men. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:S169-S178. [PMID: 35416972 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric pathogens are often associated with exposure to food, water, animals, and feces from infected individuals. However, in sexual networks of men who have sex with men (MSM), transmission of enteric pathogens may occur during direct or indirect oral-anal contact. METHODS We performed a scoping review of the literature for studies prior to July 2019 with key terms for gastrointestinal syndromes ("proctitis," "enteritis," "proctocolitis"), enteric pathogens or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and outbreaks using multiple electronic databases. RESULTS We identified 5861 records through database searches, bibliography reviews, and keyword searches, of which 117 references were included in the pathogen-specific reviews. CONCLUSIONS The strength of observational data describing enteric pathogens in MSM and possible sexual transmission of enteric pathogens varies by pathogen; however, a robust body of literature describes the sexual transmission of Campylobacter, Giardia lamblia, and Shigella (particularly antimicrobial-resistant strains) in sexual networks of MSM. Providers are encouraged to consider enteritis or proctocolitis in MSM as possibly having been sexually transmitted and encourage targeted STI testing. Risk/harm reduction and prevention messages should also be incorporated, though there is an acknowledged paucity of evidence with regards to effective strategies. Further research is needed to understand the transmission and prevention of enteric pathogens in MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice J McNeil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert D Kirkcaldy
- Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kimberly Workowski
- Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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18
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Dallman TJ, Charles H, Prochazka M, Sinka K, Hughes G, Godbole G, Jenkins C. Emergence of novel strains of Shigella flexneri associated with sexual transmission in adult men in England, 2019-2020. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34665107 PMCID: PMC8604172 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
National surveillance of shigellosis in England revealed an increase in sexually transmitted Shigella flexneri in adult males in 2019 that persisted throughout 2020. We observed a resurgence of azithromycin-resistant S. flexneri serotype 3a, and the emergence of two novel multidrug-resistant clades of S. flexneri 2a and S. flexneri 1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Dallman
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Hannah Charles
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Mateo Prochazka
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Katy Sinka
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Gwenda Hughes
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Gauri Godbole
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
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19
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Purpura L, Zucker J, LaSota E, Lopez M, Spicehandler R, Carnevale C, Perez E, Richards P, Chang J, Cohall A, Uhlemann AC, Whittier S, Sobieszczyk ME, Green DA. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Pathogens Detected by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction in a Prospective Cohort of Men Who Have Sex With Men Taking Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis-New York City, 2019-2020. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab411. [PMID: 34430675 PMCID: PMC8379716 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction testing for gastrointestinal pathogens was performed on a longitudinal cohort of 110 men who have sex with men taking human immunodeficiency virus preexposure prophylaxis. At least 1 pathogen was detected among 50 (45%) participants, with some participants testing positive for the same pathogen on multiple consecutive visits over a period of months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Purpura
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason Zucker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elijah LaSota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mabel Lopez
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca Spicehandler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Edward Perez
- New York Presbyterian-Columbia Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul Richards
- New York Presbyterian-Columbia Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Al Cohall
- New York Presbyterian-Columbia Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan Whittier
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Magdalena E Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel A Green
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Locke RK, Greig DR, Jenkins C, Dallman TJ, Cowley LA. Acquisition and loss of CTX-M plasmids in Shigella species associated with MSM transmission in the UK. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34427554 PMCID: PMC8549364 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis in men who have sex with men (MSM) is caused by multidrug resistant Shigellae, exhibiting resistance to antimicrobials including azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and more recently the third-generation cephalosporins. We sequenced four blaCTX-M-27-positive MSM Shigella isolates (2018–20) using Oxford Nanopore Technologies; three S. sonnei (identified as two MSM clade 2, one MSM clade 5) and one S. flexneri 3a, to explore AMR context. All S. sonnei isolates harboured Tn7/Int2 chromosomal integrons, whereas S. flexneri 3a contained the Shigella Resistance Locus. All strains harboured IncFII pKSR100-like plasmids (67-83kbp); where present blaCTX-M-27 was located on these plasmids flanked by IS26 and IS903B, however blaCTX-M-27 was lost in S. flexneri 3a during storage between Illumina and Nanopore sequencing. IncFII AMR regions were mosaic and likely reorganised by IS26; three of the four plasmids contained azithromycin-resistance genes erm(B) and mph(A) and one harboured the pKSR100 integron. Additionally, all S. sonnei isolates possessed a large IncB/O/K/Z plasmid, two of which carried aph(3’)-Ib/aph(6)-Id/sul2 and tet(A). Monitoring the transmission of mobile genetic elements with co-located AMR determinants is necessary to inform empirical treatment guidance and clinical management of MSM-associated shigellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Greig
- Gastrointestinal Reference Services, Public Health England, London, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Reference Services, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Tim J Dallman
- Gastrointestinal Reference Services, Public Health England, London, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK
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21
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Potential for Phages in the Treatment of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091030. [PMID: 34572612 PMCID: PMC8466579 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial sexually transmitted infections (BSTIs) are becoming increasingly significant with the approach of a post-antibiotic era. While treatment options dwindle, the transmission of many notable BSTIs, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Treponema pallidum, continues to increase. Bacteriophage therapy has been utilized in Poland, Russia and Georgia in the treatment of bacterial illnesses, but not in the treatment of bacterial sexually transmitted infections. With the ever-increasing likelihood of antibiotic resistance prevailing and the continuous transmission of BSTIs, alternative treatments must be explored. This paper discusses the potentiality and practicality of phage therapy to treat BSTIs, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Streptococcus agalactiae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. The challenges associated with the potential for phage in treatments vary for each bacterial sexually transmitted infection. Phage availability, bacterial structure and bacterial growth may impact the potential success of future phage treatments. Additional research is needed before BSTIs can be successfully clinically treated with phage therapy or phage-derived enzymes.
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22
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Moreno-Mingorance A, Espinal P, Rodriguez V, Goterris L, Fàbrega A, Serra-Pladevall J, Barberà MJ, Alberny M, Martín-González H, Cornejo-Sánchez T, Armas M, Mir-Cros A, Raventós A, Viñado B, Pumarola T, Larrosa MN, González-López JJ. Circulation of multi-drug-resistant Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri among men who have sex with men in Barcelona, Spain, 2015-2019. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 58:106378. [PMID: 34157402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In high-income countries, shigellosis is mainly found in travellers to high-risk regions or in men who have sex with men (MSM). This study investigated the genomic characteristics and the features of antimicrobial resistance of MSM-associated Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei circulating in Barcelona, Spain, elucidating their connectivity with contemporaneous Shigella spp. from other countries. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility, whole-genome sequencing, genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis were performed in MSM-associated Shigella spp. recovered from 2015 to 2019. Reference genomes of MSM-associated Shigella spp. were included for contextualization and to determine their connection with international outbreaks. RESULTS In total, 44 S. flexneri and 26 S. sonnei were identified among MSM. Overall, 80% showed resistance to azithromycin, 65.7% showed resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and 32.8% showed resistance to ciprofloxacin; 27.1% were resistant to all three antimicrobials. mphA and/or ermB, and qnrS and mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions were found in the azithromycin- and ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, respectively. Additionally, two isolates carried blaCTX-M-27. Single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based analysis revealed that the isolates were organized into different lineages, most of which were closely related to dominant MSM-associated lineages described previously in the UK and Australia. CONCLUSIONS This study investigated the circulation of lineages of S. flexneri and S. sonnei among MSM in Spain that were mainly resistant to first-/second-line oral treatments, and closely related to dominant MSM-associated lineages described previously in the UK and Australia. These data reinforce the urgent need for the implementation of public health measures focusing on the early detection and prevention of transmission of this emerging pathogen, which is contributing to the antimicrobial resistance crisis in sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Moreno-Mingorance
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Espinal
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Rodriguez
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Goterris
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Fàbrega
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Serra-Pladevall
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Jesús Barberà
- Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron Sexually Transmitted Infections Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Alberny
- Primary Healthcare Division, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor Martín-González
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thais Cornejo-Sánchez
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mayuli Armas
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Mir-Cros
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Raventós
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Viñado
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pumarola
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Nieves Larrosa
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan José González-López
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.
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Nahn EP, de Oliveira EC, Barbosa MJ, Mareco TCDS, Brígido HA. Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2020: sexually transmitted enteric infections. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e2020598. [PMID: 34008720 PMCID: PMC8210495 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-598-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The sexually transmitted enteric infections topic is one of the chapters of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. The document was developed based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with specialists. This article presents epidemiological and clinical aspects of these infections and guidance for service managers on their programmatic and operational management. The aim is to assist health professionals with screening, diagnosis, and treatment of people with sexually transmitted enteric infections and their sexual partners, in addition to supporting strategies for their surveillance, prevention, and control. The incidence of anorectal sexually transmitted infections has increased over the last years, mainly due to the increase in the practice of unprotected receptive anal sexual intercourse.
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24
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Arnold SLM. Target Product Profile and Development Path for Shigellosis Treatment with Antibacterials. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:948-958. [PMID: 33689318 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enteric infection with Shigella spp. can lead to symptoms ranging from acute watery diarrhea to sudden, severe dysentery. Approximately 212 000 diarrheal deaths annually are attributed to Shigella with a disproportionate impact in low-resource countries. The impact in under-resourced countries was illustrated by a reanalysis of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study which found that Shigella was the leading pathogen associated with moderate-to severe diarrhea in children under 5 years old. While recent studies have highlighted the burden of the disease, there has been a concurrent reduction in therapeutic options for the treatment of shigellosis as drug resistant strains increase in prevalence. In addition, increasing reports of drug resistant shigellosis cases in the men who have sex with men community confirm that the impact is not limited to low-resource countries. Despite the urgent need for new treatments, a target product profile (TPP) has not been established, and there is no clear development path for antibacterial treatments. To address this troubling concern, this manuscript describes a TPP for antishigellosis small molecule therapeutics and a development path that integrates currently available preclinical and clinical models of Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. M. Arnold
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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25
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Hawkey J, Paranagama K, Baker KS, Bengtsson RJ, Weill FX, Thomson NR, Baker S, Cerdeira L, Iqbal Z, Hunt M, Ingle DJ, Dallman TJ, Jenkins C, Williamson DA, Holt KE. Global population structure and genotyping framework for genomic surveillance of the major dysentery pathogen, Shigella sonnei. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2684. [PMID: 33976138 PMCID: PMC8113504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella sonnei is the most common agent of shigellosis in high-income countries, and causes a significant disease burden in low- and middle-income countries. Antimicrobial resistance is increasingly common in all settings. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly utilised for S. sonnei outbreak investigation and surveillance, but comparison of data between studies and labs is challenging. Here, we present a genomic framework and genotyping scheme for S. sonnei to efficiently identify genotype and resistance determinants from WGS data. The scheme is implemented in the software package Mykrobe and tested on thousands of genomes. Applying this approach to analyse >4,000 S. sonnei isolates sequenced in public health labs in three countries identified several common genotypes associated with increased rates of ciprofloxacin resistance and azithromycin resistance, confirming intercontinental spread of highly-resistant S. sonnei clones and demonstrating the genomic framework can facilitate monitoring the spread of resistant clones, including those that have recently emerged, at local and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hawkey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kalani Paranagama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate S Baker
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute for Infection, Ecological and Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca J Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute for Infection, Ecological and Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Dept Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Louise Cerdeira
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zamin Iqbal
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Martin Hunt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Danielle J Ingle
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Claire Jenkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Dept Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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26
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Nahn Junior EP, Oliveira ECD, Barbosa MJ, Mareco TCDS, Brígido HA. [Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: sexually transmitted enteric infections]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e2020598. [PMID: 33729403 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-4974202100012.esp1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The topic of sexually transmitted enteric infections is one of the chapters of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. The document was developed based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with specialists. This article presents epidemiological and clinical aspects related to these infections, as well as guidance for service managers on their programmatic and operational management. The aim is to assist health professionals with screening, diagnosis and treatment of people with sexually transmitted enteric infections and their sexual partners, in addition to supporting strategies for their surveillance, prevention and control.
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27
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Utility of whole-genome sequencing during an investigation of multiple foodborne outbreaks of Shigella sonnei. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e71. [PMID: 33641696 PMCID: PMC8060841 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In April 2018, Public Health England was notified of cases of Shigella sonnei who had eaten food from three different catering outlets in England. The outbreaks were initially investigated as separate events, but whole-genome sequencing (WGS) showed they were caused by the same strain. The investigation included analyses of epidemiological data, the food chain and microbiological examination of food samples. WGS was used to determine the phylogenetic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance profile of the outbreak strain. Ultimately, 33 cases were linked to this outbreak; the majority had eaten food from seven outlets specialising in Indian or Middle Eastern cuisine. Five outlets were linked to two or more cases, all of which used fresh coriander although a shared supplier was not identified. An investigation at one of the venues recorded that 86% of cases reported eating dishes with coriander as an ingredient or garnish. Four cases were admitted to hospital and one had evidence of treatment failure with ciprofloxacin. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the outbreak strain was part of a wider multidrug-resistant clade associated with travel to Pakistan. Poor hygiene practices during cultivation, distribution or preparation of fresh produce are likely contributing factors.
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28
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van Bilsen WPH, van Dulm E, Matser A, Linde I, van Duijnhoven YTHP, Prins JM, Prins M, Boyd A, van Dam AP. High carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae associated with sexual activity among men who have sex with men. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 57:106276. [PMID: 33434675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum β-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) may be sexually transmitted. Men who have sex with men (MSM) have different sexual behaviour than the general population, and thus may be at risk for ESBL-E carriage. This study determined the prevalence of ESBL-E carriage and its association with sexual behaviour among MSM in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 583 HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM from the Amsterdam Cohort Study were screened for rectal ESBL-E carriage between April and December 2018. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on (sexual) behaviour and risk factors for antimicrobial resistance. The proportion of the study population with ESBL-E carriage was compared by number of sexual partners using logistic regression, and across clusters of sexual behaviours with steady and casual partners, separately, using latent class analyses; all results were adjusted for recent use of antibiotics, travel and hospitalization. RESULTS Overall, 16.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.4-19.5] of the study population tested positive for ESBL-E. The odds of ESBL-E carriage increased as number of sexual partners increased [adjusted odds ratio per ln(partner+1), 1.57, 95% CI 1.26-1.94; P<0.001]. There was no association between ESBL-E carriage and sexual behaviour with steady partner(s). Compared with participants in the 'no sex with casual partner(s)' cluster, adjusted odds of being ESBL-E positive were 2.95-fold higher (95% CI 1.52-5.80) for participants in the 'rimming and frottage' cluster (P=0.001) and 2.28-fold higher (95% CI 0.98-5.31) for participants in the 'toy use and fisting' cluster (P=0.056). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ESBL-E in MSM is higher compared with the overall Dutch population, likely due to sexual transmission with casual partners. This implies that sexually active MSM should be considered a risk group for ESBL-E carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward P H van Bilsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline van Dulm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Amy Matser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke Linde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan M Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Boyd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alje P van Dam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Prolonged Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Harboring bla CTX-M-27 in Victoria, Australia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01518-20. [PMID: 33020158 PMCID: PMC7674062 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01518-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Australia, cases of shigellosis usually occur in returned travelers from regions of shigellosis endemicity or in men who have sex with men. Resistance to multiple antibiotics has significantly increased in Shigella sonnei isolates and represents a significant public health concern. We investigate an outbreak of multidrug-resistant S. sonnei in Victoria, Australia. We undertook whole-genome sequencing of 54 extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing S. sonnei isolates received at the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory between January 2019 and March 2020. In Australia, cases of shigellosis usually occur in returned travelers from regions of shigellosis endemicity or in men who have sex with men. Resistance to multiple antibiotics has significantly increased in Shigella sonnei isolates and represents a significant public health concern. We investigate an outbreak of multidrug-resistant S. sonnei in Victoria, Australia. We undertook whole-genome sequencing of 54 extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing S. sonnei isolates received at the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory between January 2019 and March 2020. The population structure and antimicrobial resistance profiles were identified by genomic analyses, with 73 previously characterized Australian S. sonnei isolates providing context. Epidemiological data, including age and sex of the shigellosis cases, were also collected. There was a significant increase in cases of ESBL S. sonnei from July 2019. Most of the ESBL S. sonnei isolates (65%) fell within a single cluster that was predominantly comprised of male cases that were characterized by the presence of the blaCTX-M-27 gene conferring resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. These isolates were also multidrug resistant, including resistance to azithromycin and co-trimoxazole and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Our data uncovered a prolonged clonal outbreak of ESBL S. sonnei infection that was likely first introduced by returned travelers and has subsequently been circulating locally in Australia. The emergence of a local outbreak of ESBL S. sonnei with a multidrug-resistant profile, including reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, represents a significant public health threat.
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30
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van den Beld MJC, Reubsaet FAG, Pijnacker R, Harpal A, Kuiling S, Heerkens EM, Hoeve-Bakker BJA(D, Noomen RCEA, Hendriks ACA, Borst D, van der Heide H, Kooistra-Smid AMD(M, Rossen JWA. A Multifactorial Approach for Surveillance of Shigella spp. and Entero-Invasive Escherichia coli Is Important for Detecting (Inter)national Clusters. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:564103. [PMID: 33193150 PMCID: PMC7604320 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.564103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella spp. and entero-invasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) can cause mild diarrhea to dysentery. In Netherlands, although shigellosis is a notifiable disease, there is no laboratory surveillance for Shigella spp. and EIEC in place. Consequently, the population structure for circulating Shigella spp. and EIEC isolates is not known. This study describes the phenotypic and serological characteristics, the phenotypic and genetic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, the virulence gene profiles, the classic multi-locus sequence types (MLST) and core genome (cg)MLST types, and the epidemiology of 414 Shigella spp. and EIEC isolates collected during a cross-sectional study in Netherlands in 2016 and 2017. S. sonnei (56%), S. flexneri (25%), and EIEC (15%) were detected predominantly in Netherlands, of which the EIEC isolates were most diverse according to their phenotypical profile, O-types, MLST types, and cgMLST clades. Virulence gene profiling showed that none of the isolates harbored Shiga toxin genes. Most S. flexneri and EIEC isolates possessed nearly all virulence genes examined, while these genes were only detected in approximately half of the S. sonnei isolates, probably due to loss of the large invasion plasmid upon subculturing. Phenotypical resistance correlated well with the resistant genotype, except for the genes involved in resistance to aminoglycosides. A substantial part of the characterized isolates was resistant to antimicrobials advised for treatment, i.e., 73% was phenotypically resistant to co-trimoxazole and 19% to ciprofloxacin. AMR was particularly observed in isolates from male patients who had sex with men (MSM) or from patients that had traveled to Asia. Furthermore, isolates related to international clusters were also circulating in Netherlands. Travel-related isolates formed clusters with isolates from patients without travel history, indicating their emergence into the Dutch population. In conclusion, laboratory surveillance using whole genome sequencing as high-resolution typing technique and for genetic characterization of isolates complements the current epidemiological surveillance, as the latter is not sufficient to detect all (inter)national clusters, emphasizing the importance of multifactorial public health approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike J. C. van den Beld
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frans A. G. Reubsaet
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Roan Pijnacker
- Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Airien Harpal
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Kuiling
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Evy M. Heerkens
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - B. J. A. (Dieneke) Hoeve-Bakker
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Ramón C. E. A. Noomen
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Amber C. A. Hendriks
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Dyogo Borst
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Han van der Heide
- Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - A. M. D. (Mirjam) Kooistra-Smid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Certe, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - John W. A. Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Rapid Increase of CTX-M-Producing Shigella sonnei Isolates in Switzerland Due to Spread of Common Plasmids and International Clones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01057-20. [PMID: 32718957 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01057-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Swiss Centre for Antibiotic Resistance (ANRESIS) has recently noted an increase of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R) Shigella sonnei isolates nationwide (3.8% in 2016 versus 37.5% in 2019). To understand this phenomenon, we analyzed 25 representative isolates (of which 14 were ESC-R) collected in Switzerland during 2016 to 2019. Whole-genome sequencing was achieved using both the Illumina and the Nanopore platforms. Both ESC-R and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-susceptible isolates belonged to sequence type 152 (ST152). The ESC-R isolates carried bla CTX-M-3 in IncI1-pST57 (n = 5), bla CTX-M-15 in IncFII (F2:A-:B-) (n = 5), bla CTX-M-15 in IncI1-pST16, and bla CTX-M-27, bla CTX-M-55, or bla CTX-M-134 in other IncFII plasmids (n = 1 each). Plasmids having the same bla and Inc group exhibited high degrees of genetic identity to each other but also to plasmids previously reported in other Enterobacterales Core-genome analysis showed that there were 4 main clusters, each of which included strains that differed by <58 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and that consisted of both bla CTX-M-positive and bla CTX-M-negative isolates. Moreover, most isolates belonging to the same cluster shared an identical core-genome sequence type (cgST). For instance, cluster 1 included 4 isolates of cgST113036, of which only 3 harbored the IncI1-pST57 bla CTX-M-3-positive plasmid. The 25 S. sonnei isolates were also subjected to phylogenetic comparison with deposited international strains. As a result, matching isolates (isolates that had the same cgST and that differed by <8 SNVs) have been reported in the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and the Netherlands. Overall, our results suggest that some common S. sonnei clusters can spread between continents and can be imported into other nations after international trips. Such clusters include, in part, isolates that do not possess bla ESBL-harboring plasmids, indicating their tendency to acquire them from other Enterobacterales.
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Shigella sonnei: virulence and antibiotic resistance. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:45-58. [PMID: 32929595 PMCID: PMC7489455 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Shigella sonnei is the emerging pathogen globally, as it is the second common infectious species of shigellosis (bloody diarrhoea) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and the leading one in developed world. The multifactorial processes and novel mechanisms have been identified in S. sonnei, that are collectively playing apart a substantial role in increasing its prevalence, while replacing the S. flexneri and other Gram-negative gut pathogens niche occupancy. Recently, studies suggest that due to improvement in sanitation S. sonnei has reduced cross-immunization from Plesiomonas shigelliodes (having same O-antigen as S. sonnei) and also found to outcompete the two major species of Enterobacteriaceae family (Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli), due to encoding of type VI secretion system (T6SS). This review aimed to highlight S. sonnei as an emerging pathogen in the light of recent research with pondering aspects on its epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenic mechanisms. Additionally, this paper aimed to review S. sonnei disease pattern and related complications, symptoms, and laboratory diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, the available treatment reigns and antibiotic-resistance patterns of S. sonnei are also discussed, as the ciprofloxacin and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. sonnei has already intensified the global spread and burden of antimicrobial resistance. In last, prevention and controlling strategies are briefed to limit and tackle S. sonnei and possible future areas are also explored that needed more research to unravel the hidden mysteries surrounding S. sonnei.
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33
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Ingle DJ, Easton M, Valcanis M, Seemann T, Kwong JC, Stephens N, Carter GP, Gonçalves da Silva A, Adamopoulos J, Baines SL, Holt KE, Chow EPF, Fairley CK, Chen MY, Kirk MD, Howden BP, Williamson DA. Co-circulation of Multidrug-resistant Shigella Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Australia. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:1535-1544. [PMID: 30615105 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In urban Australia, the burden of shigellosis is either in returning travelers from shigellosis-endemic regions or in men who have sex with men (MSM). Here, we combine genomic data with comprehensive epidemiological data on sexual exposure and travel to describe the spread of multidrug-resistant Shigella lineages. METHODS A population-level study of all cultured Shigella isolates in the state of Victoria, Australia, was undertaken from 1 January 2016 through 31 March 2018. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatic analyses of 545 Shigella isolates were performed at the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory. Risk factor data on travel and sexual exposure were collected through enhanced surveillance forms or by interviews. RESULTS Rates of antimicrobial resistance were high, with 17.6% (95/541) and 50.6% (274/541) resistance to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin, respectively. There were strong associations between antimicrobial resistance, phylogeny, and epidemiology. Specifically, 2 major MSM-associated lineages were identified: a Shigellasonnei lineage (n = 159) and a Shigella flexneri 2a lineage (n = 105). Of concern, 147/159 (92.4%) of isolates within the S. sonnei MSM-associated lineage harbored mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to recommended oral antimicrobials: namely, azithromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin. Long-read sequencing demonstrated global dissemination of multidrug-resistant plasmids across Shigella species and lineages, but predominantly associated with MSM isolates. CONCLUSIONS Our contemporary data highlight the ongoing public health threat posed by resistant Shigella, both in Australia and globally. Urgent multidisciplinary public health measures are required to interrupt transmission and prevent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Ingle
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne.,National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra
| | - Marion Easton
- Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne.,Melbourne Bioinformatics Group, Victoria, Australia.,Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jason C Kwong
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nicola Stephens
- Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne
| | - Glen P Carter
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne.,Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anders Gonçalves da Silva
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne
| | | | - Sarah L Baines
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Eric P F Chow
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marcus Y Chen
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martyn D Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne.,Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne.,Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Australia
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Farajzadeh Sheikh A, Moradi Bandbal M, Saki M. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Shigella species harboring extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in pediatric patients with diarrhea from southwest of Iran. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7097-7106. [PMID: 32894435 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the scarce evidence about the multidrug-resistant (MDR) beta-lactamase-producing Shigella isolates in Iran, this study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamases in Shigella species collected in the southwest of Iran. This study was conducted on Shigella species isolated from stool samples of pediatric patients aged less than 15 years suffering from diarrhea. These isolates were identified by bacteriology tests, serotyping, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antibiotic resistance was determined by disc diffusion. The production of ESBLs and AmpC was investigated by phenotypic confirmatory tests and PCR. In total, 79 Shigella isolates, including 46.8% (n = 37) of S. flexneri and 53.2% (n = 42) of S. sonnei, were isolated, respectively. The most effective antibiotic was imipenem with 93.7% of susceptibility followed by ampicillin (29.1%), and cotrimoxazole (30.4%).The resistance rates of ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime were 41.8%, 34.2%, and 41.8%, respectively. Also, a total of 57 (72.2%) isolates showed MDR profiles. The phenotypic tests showed that 43.0% (34/79) of isolates can produce ESBLs, and no one was positive for ApmC. The frequency of blaTEM and blaCTX-M were 30.4% and 32.9%, respectively, while the blaPER, blaSHV, and AmpC genes were not detected. The ESBL-producing isolates had a significant (p-value ˂ 0.05) resistance rate against ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime, erythromycin, and amikacin. The significant prevalence of MDR Shigella isolates harboring ESBL genes highlights the need for effective surveillance measures to prevent the more spread of drug resistance among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Farajzadeh Sheikh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Moradi Bandbal
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Morteza Saki
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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35
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Caruso E, Wright ER, Respress ET, Evener SL, Jacobson K, Bowen A, Kachur R, Garcia-Williams A. Shigellosis Among Gay and Bisexual Men: A Qualitative Assessment to Examine Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices. Sex Transm Dis 2020; 47:596-601. [PMID: 32569257 PMCID: PMC7447123 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigellosis is a highly contagious enteric bacterial disease transmitted through the fecal-oral route. It is primarily transmitted through person-to-person contact and via contaminated food and water. Outbreaks of shigellosis among men who have sex with men (MSM) attributed to sexual person-to-person contact have been reported. These outbreaks are of concern because they are often caused by multidrug-resistant strains of Shigella. Little is known about shigellosis-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices among gay, bisexual, and other MSM. METHODS Six focus groups were conducted among self-identified gay or bisexual men in Atlanta, GA, in Fall 2017. Participants were asked about shigellosis-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Focus groups were audio recorded, and the transcribed audio was analyzed using inductive and deductive thematic coding. RESULTS Among the 24 focus group participants, most perceived that diarrheal illness was caused by contaminated food. Knowledge of shigellosis and Shigella was low, with most never having heard of the disease or bacteria. Participants did not perceive shigellosis to be a serious health concern, especially when compared with HIV; however, they did perceive gay and bisexual men to be at risk of Shigella infection. Participants reported mixed intentions to change sexual behaviors to prevent shigellosis or talk with sexual partners about diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS Health communication and education efforts could be used to increase knowledge about shigellosis and shift perceptions about the severity of shigellosis among gay, bisexual, and other MSM. Additional work is needed to identify effective ways to promote shigellosis-related prevention behaviors among gay, bisexual, and other MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Caruso
- From the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Bowen
- Divisions of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria
| | - Rachel Kachur
- STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amanda Garcia-Williams
- From the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Persistent Transmission of Shigellosis in England Is Associated with a Recently Emerged Multidrug-Resistant Strain of Shigella sonnei. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01692-19. [PMID: 31969425 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01692-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing has enhanced surveillance and facilitated detailed monitoring of the transmission of Shigella species in England. We undertook an epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis of isolates from all cases of shigellosis referred to Public Health England between 2015 and 2018 to explore recent strain characteristics and the transmission dynamics of Shigella species. Of the 4,950 confirmed cases of shigellosis identified during this period, the highest proportion of isolates was Shigella sonnei (54.4%), followed by S. flexneri (39.2%), S. boydii (4.1%), and S. dysenteriae (2.2%). Most cases were adults (82.9%) and male (59.5%), and 34.9% cases reported recent travel outside the United Kingdom. Throughout the study period, diagnoses of S. flexneri and S. sonnei infections were most common in men with no history of recent travel abroad. The species prevalence was not static, with cases of S. flexneri infection in men decreasing between 2015 and 2016 and the number of cases of S. sonnei infection increasing from 2017. Phylogenetic analysis showed this recent increase in S. sonnei infections was attributed to a novel clade that emerged from a Central Asia sublineage exhibiting resistance to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. Despite changes in species prevalence, diagnoses of Shigella infections in England are persistently most common in adult males without a reported travel history, consistent with sexual transmission among men who have sex with men. The trend toward increasing rates of ciprofloxacin resistance in S. sonnei, in addition to plasmid-mediated azithromycin resistance, is of significant public health concern with respect to the transmission of multidrug-resistant gastrointestinal pathogens and the risk of treatment failures.
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37
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McGuire E, Mikhail A, Day M, Serafino-Wani R, Godbole G. Shigellosis in adults: A retrospective study of clinical and epidemiological features in East London. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 30:1373-1381. [PMID: 31739750 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419871851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shigella is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide; however, data on clinical outcomes amongst adults are lacking. All adult cases (>16 years) of Shigella gastroenteritis diagnosed between January 2014 to December 2017 at an East London NHS Trust in the United Kingdom were included. Demographic, clinical, microbiological and whole genome sequencing (WGS) data were retrospectively collected. Shigella spp isolates from 169 cases were identified: S. flexneri 90 (53.3%), S. sonnei 75 (44.9%) and S. boydii 4 (2.0%). The median age was 34 years (IQR 29–45), and 127 (75.1%) were male. S. flexneri cases were more likely to attend accident and emergency (46.7% vs. 25.3%, p = 0.005), be admitted to hospital (26.7% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.01), and receive antibiotics (51.1% vs. 28.0%, p = 0.003) compared to S. sonnei cases. Thirty-two (18.9%) patients were admitted to hospital for a median of five days (IQR 3–8). Where recorded 42/84 (50.0%) reported recent travel. Seventeen (10.1%) patients experienced complications. There were no deaths within one year of diagnosis. Seventy-nine isolates were characterised by WGS. Fifty-seven (72.2%) belonged to known national clusters; 44 (55.7%) involving adult males and 11 (13.9%) travel-associated clusters. We demonstrate the development of severe complications of shigellosis among adults and highlight the changing epidemiology and antibiotic resistance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma McGuire
- Division of Infection, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Amy Mikhail
- Gastrointestinal Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Martin Day
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Gauri Godbole
- Gastrointestinal Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
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38
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Ezernitchi AV, Sirotkin E, Danino D, Agmon V, Valinsky L, Rokney A. Azithromycin non-susceptible Shigella circulating in Israel, 2014-2016. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221458. [PMID: 31626667 PMCID: PMC6799884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella species remains a major diarrhoeagenic agent, affecting mostly children, with global high incidence and high mortality rate specially in developing areas. Although azithromycin is recommended for treatment of shigellosis, there are currently no CLSI susceptibility breakpoints, accordingly no routine antimicrobial susceptibility test is performed in the clinical laboratory. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence, resistance profile and molecular epidemiology of azithromycin non-susceptible Shigella strains in Israel during a three year period. Shigella isolates (n = 1,170) referred to the National Reference Center during 2014-2016, were included in this study. Serotyping was performed by slide agglutination. Resistance genes, mph(A) and erm(B), were identified by PCR and the phenotype profile was determined by broth microdilution (BMD). Genetic relatedness was assessed by wgMLST. Decreased susceptibility to azithromycin (DSA) phenotype and genotype were detected in various Shigella species and serotypes related to diverse genetic backgrounds and antimicrobial profiles: 6% (26/423) of Shigella flexneri and 2% (16/747) of Shigella sonnei displayed DSA (MIC16 mg/L). Correlation of this phenotype with the presence of mph(A) and erm(B) genes was confirmed. All DSA-strains displayed resistance to ≥3 different antimicrobial classes. Among DSA-strains, 14% were resistant to quinolones and 5% displayed resistance to ceftriaxone. Most of these strains (32/42) were isolated from children in the southern and central regions of Israel. Clonality and significant relatedness was confirmed by PFGE and wgMLST. The presence of macrolide resistance genes among the different species and lineages reflects the transmissible nature of these genes. The emergence of DSA-Shigella reinforces the necessity to establish clinical breakpoints that would warrant routine testing, reporting and surveillance for this drug of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dana Danino
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Vered Agmon
- Government Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lea Valinsky
- Government Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Assaf Rokney
- Government Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
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39
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Recent epidemiology of sexually transmissible enteric infections in men who have sex with men. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2019; 31:50-56. [PMID: 29251673 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sexual transmission of enteric pathogens in men who have sex with men (MSM) has been described since the 1970s. Recently, an increasing number of enteric infection outbreaks have been reported in MSM. This article summarizes recent outbreaks and discusses the key issues for prevention and control. RECENT FINDINGS Sexually transmissible enteric infections (STEIs) can spread rapidly and internationally within highly connected MSM populations and are often associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The infections often cluster in high-risk groups of HIV-positive MSM who are more likely to engage in diverse sexual practices and chemsex, and to have multiple other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). SUMMARY The roles of asymptomatic and/or persistent infection and other contextual factors in STEI transmission are not well described. STEI-associated AMR is increasing and has potential to spread rapidly in MSM, warranting further public health attention. A better understanding of the factors associated with sexual transmission will enable the development of more effective control measures. A holistic approach that promotes health and wellbeing as well as infection prevention and management is needed.
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40
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Abstract
The history of Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, is a long and fascinating one. This brief historical account starts with descriptions of the disease and its impact on human health from ancient time to the present. Our story of the bacterium starts just before the identification of the dysentery bacillus by Kiyoshi Shiga in 1898 and follows the scientific discoveries and principal scientists who contributed to the elucidation of Shigella pathogenesis in the first 100 years. Over the past century, Shigella has proved to be an outstanding model of an invasive bacterial pathogen and has served as a paradigm for the study of other bacterial pathogens. In addition to invasion of epithelial cells, some of those shared virulence traits include toxin production, multiple-antibiotic resistance, virulence genes encoded on plasmids and bacteriophages, global regulation of virulence genes, pathogenicity islands, intracellular motility, remodeling of host cytoskeleton, inflammation/polymorphonuclear leukocyte signaling, apoptosis induction/inhibition, and "black holes" and antivirulence genes. While there is still much to learn from studying Shigella pathogenesis, what we have learned so far has also contributed greatly to our broader understanding of bacterial pathogenesis.
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41
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Luzzaro F, Clément M, Principe L, Viaggi V, Bernasconi OJ, Endimiani A. Characterisation of the first extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Shigella sonnei clinical isolate in Italy. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 17:58-59. [PMID: 30877056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Luzzaro
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, A. Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy
| | - Mathieu Clément
- Institute for Infectious Diseases (IFIK), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Principe
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, A. Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy
| | - Valentina Viaggi
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, A. Manzoni Hospital, Lecco, Italy
| | - Odette J Bernasconi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases (IFIK), University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Endimiani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases (IFIK), University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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42
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Mook P, Gardiner D, Kanagarajah S, Kerac M, Hughes G, Field N, McCarthy N, Rawlings C, Simms I, Lane C, Crook PD. Use of gender distribution in routine surveillance data to detect potential transmission of gastrointestinal infections among men who have sex with men in England. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1468-1477. [PMID: 29923475 PMCID: PMC9133680 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818001681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting gastrointestinal (GI) infection transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) in England is complicated by a lack of routine sexual behavioural data. We investigated whether gender distributions might generate signals for increased transmission of GI pathogens among MSM. We examined the percentage male of laboratory-confirmed patient-episodes for patients with no known travel history for 10 GI infections of public health interest in England between 2003 and 2013, stratified by age and region. An adult male excess was observed for Shigella spp. (annual maximum 71% male); most pronounced for those aged 25-49 years and living in London, Brighton and Manchester. An adult male excess was observed every year for Entamoeba histolytica (range 59.8-76.1% male), Giardia (53.1-57.6%) and Campylobacter (52.1-53.5%) and for a minority of years for hepatitis A (max. 69.8%) and typhoidal salmonella (max. 65.7%). This approach generated a signal for excess male episodes for six GI pathogens, including a characterised outbreak of Shigella among MSM. Stratified analyses by geography and age group were consistent with MSM transmission for Shigella. Optimisation and routine application of this technique by public health authorities elsewhere might help identify potential GI infection outbreaks due to sexual transmission among MSM, for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Mook
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, London, UK
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - D. Gardiner
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - S. Kanagarajah
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - M. Kerac
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, London, UK
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Leonard Cheshire Disability & Inclusive Development Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - G. Hughes
- HIV and STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - N. Field
- HIV and STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology and Translational Research, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - N. McCarthy
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, London, UK
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- National Institute Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, London, UK
| | - C. Rawlings
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - I. Simms
- HIV and STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - C. Lane
- Gastrointestinal, Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - P. D. Crook
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, London, UK
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43
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Sadouki Z, Day MR, Doumith M, Chattaway MA, Dallman TJ, Hopkins KL, Elson R, Woodford N, Godbole G, Jenkins C. Comparison of phenotypic and WGS-derived antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella sonnei isolated from cases of diarrhoeal disease in England and Wales, 2015. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2496-2502. [PMID: 28591819 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Phenotypic and genotypic methods for the detection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Shigella sonnei in England and Wales were compared and evaluated. Methods WGS data from 341 isolates of S. sonnei isolated between June 2015 and January 2016 were mapped to genes known to be associated with phenotypic AMR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all viable isolates (n = 335). Results Fifteen of 335 isolates had a discrepancy between phenotypic and genotypic testing for 1 of the 10 antimicrobial classes tested, equating to 15 (0.45%) discordant results out of a possible 3350 isolate/antimicrobial combinations. All 15 mismatched results were genotypically resistant but phenotypically susceptible. Eleven of the 15 discrepancies were observed in streptomycin resistance profiles. The most common resistance profile was trimethoprim, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and streptomycin, occurring in 97 (28.4%) isolates. Resistances to ciprofloxacin and the third-generation cephalosporins, not detected in England and Wales prior to 2002, were identified in 18.2% and 12% of isolates, respectively. Three hundred and four (89.1%) isolates were MDR. There was no significant association between any of the AMR determinants tested and recent foreign travel in male or female cases. The number of isolates of S. sonnei harbouring blaTEM-1 and ermB/mphA was significantly higher in men who reported no recent travel outside the UK. Conclusions The use of WGS for routine public health surveillance is a reliable method for rapid detection of emerging AMR in isolates of S. sonnei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sadouki
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK.,Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Martin R Day
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9?5EQ, UK
| | - Michel Doumith
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9?5EQ, UK
| | - Marie A Chattaway
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9?5EQ, UK
| | - Timothy J Dallman
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9?5EQ, UK
| | - Katie L Hopkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9?5EQ, UK
| | - Richard Elson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9?5EQ, UK
| | - Neil Woodford
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9?5EQ, UK
| | - Gauri Godbole
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9?5EQ, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9?5EQ, UK
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44
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Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, Pavlinac P, Zaidi AKM. Shigellosis. Lancet 2018; 391:801-812. [PMID: 29254859 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Shigellosis is a clinical syndrome caused by invasion of the epithelium lining the terminal ileum, colon, and rectum by Shigella species. Although infections occur globally, and in people of all ages, endemic infections among children aged 1-4 years living in low-income and middle-income settings constitute most of the disease burden. The versatile manifestations of these highly contagious organisms range from acute watery diarrhoea to fulminant dysentery characterised by frequent scant bloody stools with fever, prostration, and abdominal cramps. A broad array of uncommon, but often severe, intestinal and extraintestinal complications can occur. Despite marked reductions in mortality during the past three decades, there are roughly 164 000 annual deaths attributable to shigellosis. Intercontinental dissemination of multiresistant shigella strains, facilitated by travellers and men who have sex with men, has prompted new recommendations for antibiotic therapy. Awareness of disease burden and the emerging threats posed by shigella have accelerated interest in development of shigella vaccines, many of which are being tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Kotloff
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mark S Riddle
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Patricia Pavlinac
- Department of Global Health, Global Center for Integrated Health of Women, Adolescents and Children (Global WACh), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anita K M Zaidi
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases Programme, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
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45
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Schuster HJ, Gompelman M, Ang W, Kooter AJ. An adult case with shigellosis-associated encephalopathy. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-222372. [PMID: 29351935 PMCID: PMC5775773 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A 45-year-old man was presented at the emergency department with altered neurological status and a 1-day history of diarrhoea and fever. The patient’s sexual history revealed multiple male partners. As bacterial meningitis or viral encephalitis was suspected, treatment was started accordingly. Cerebrospinal fluid investigations only showed a slight increase of leucocytes, and microbiological studies remained negative. Stool culture revealed Shigella flexneri, after which Shigella-associated encephalopathy was suspected. The patient recovered quickly with antibiotic treatment. The incidence of Shigella infections in the Western world is rising due to sexual transmission among men who have sex with men. Shigella-induced encephalopathy is a notorious complication among children with a severe form known as the Ekiri syndrome, though rarely seen in adults. This is the second report of encephalopathy in an adult with S. flexneri enteric infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wim Ang
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Bernstein K, Bowen VB, Kim CR, Counotte MJ, Kirkcaldy RD, Kara E, Bolan G, Low N, Broutet N. Re-emerging and newly recognized sexually transmitted infections: Can prior experiences shed light on future identification and control? PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002474. [PMID: 29281630 PMCID: PMC5744912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How do we spot the next sexually transmitted infection? Kyle Bernstein and colleagues look for lessons from past discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Bernstein
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Virginia B. Bowen
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Caron R. Kim
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michel J. Counotte
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert D. Kirkcaldy
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Edna Kara
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gail Bolan
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Broutet
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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47
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Chattaway MA, Greig DR, Gentle A, Hartman HB, Dallman TJ, Jenkins C. Whole-Genome Sequencing for National Surveillance of Shigella flexneri. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1700. [PMID: 28974944 PMCID: PMC5610704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
National surveillance of Shigella flexneri ensures the rapid detection of outbreaks to facilitate public health investigation and intervention strategies. In this study, we used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to type S. flexneri in order to detect linked cases and support epidemiological investigations. We prospectively analyzed 330 isolates of S. flexneri received at the Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit at Public Health England between August 2015 and January 2016. Traditional phenotypic and WGS sub-typing methods were compared. PCR was carried out on isolates exhibiting phenotypic/genotypic discrepancies with respect to serotype. Phylogenetic relationships between isolates were analyzed by WGS using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing to facilitate cluster detection. For 306/330 (93%) isolates there was concordance between serotype derived from the genome and phenotypic serology. Discrepant results between the phenotypic and genotypic tests were attributed to novel O-antigen synthesis/modification gene combinations or indels identified in O-antigen synthesis/modification genes rendering them dysfunctional. SNP typing identified 36 clusters of two isolates or more. WGS provided microbiological evidence of epidemiologically linked clusters and detected novel O-antigen synthesis/modification gene combinations associated with two outbreaks. WGS provided reliable and robust data for monitoring trends in the incidence of different serotypes over time. SNP typing can be used to facilitate outbreak investigations in real-time thereby informing surveillance strategies and providing the opportunities for implementing timely public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health EnglandLondon, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greig
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health EnglandLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Gentle
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health EnglandLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan B Hartman
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health EnglandLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Dallman
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health EnglandLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health EnglandLondon, United Kingdom
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48
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Hughes G, Silalang P, Were J, Patel H, Childs T, Alexander S, Duffell S, Saxon C, Ison C, Mitchell H, Field N, Jenkins C. Prevalence and characteristics of gastrointestinal infections in men who have sex with men diagnosed with rectal chlamydia infection in the UK: an 'unlinked anonymous' cross-sectional study. Sex Transm Infect 2017; 94:518-521. [PMID: 28360379 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-053057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal infections (GII) can cause serious ill health and morbidity. Although primarily transmitted through faecal contamination of food or water, transmission through sexual activity is well described, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS We investigated the prevalence of GIIs among a convenience sample of MSM who were consecutively diagnosed with rectal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) at 12 UK genitourinary medicine clinics during 10 weeks in 2012. Residual rectal swabs were coded, anonymised and tested for Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) using a real-time PCR. Results were linked to respective coded and anonymised clinical and demographic data. Associations were investigated using Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Of 444 specimens tested, overall GII prevalence was 8.6% (95% CI 6.3% to 11.6%): 1.8% (0.9% to 3.6%) tested positive for Shigella, 1.8% (0.9% to 3.6%) for Campylobacter and 5.2% (3.5% to 7.7%) for EAEC. No specimens tested positive for Salmonella or other diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotypes. Among those with any GII, 14/30 were asymptomatic (2/7 with Shigella, 3/6 with Campylobacter and 9/17 with EAEC). Shigella prevalence was higher in MSM who were HIV-positive (4.7% (2.1% to 10.2%) vs 0.5%(0.1% to 3.2%) in HIV-negative MSM; p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this small feasibility study, MSM with rectal CT appeared to be at appreciable risk of GII. Asymptomatic carriage may play a role in sexual transmission of GII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenda Hughes
- Department of HIV and STI, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Panida Silalang
- Gastrointestinal Infection Reference Service, Microbiology Services Centre, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - John Were
- Department of HIV and STI, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Hemanti Patel
- Sexually Transmitted Infection Reference Service, Microbiology Services Centre, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Tristan Childs
- Gastrointestinal Infection Reference Service, Microbiology Services Centre, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Sarah Alexander
- Sexually Transmitted Infection Reference Service, Microbiology Services Centre, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Stephen Duffell
- Department of HIV and STI, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Cara Saxon
- Department of Sexual Medicine and HIV, University Hospitals of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Cathy Ison
- Sexually Transmitted Infection Reference Service, Microbiology Services Centre, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Holly Mitchell
- Department of HIV and STI, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nigel Field
- Department of HIV and STI, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Infection Reference Service, Microbiology Services Centre, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
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