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Karimian J, Shekarchizadeh-Esfahani P. Soy Supplementation Does Not Affect Serum Adiponectin Levels in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Nutr Res 2024; 13:130-138. [PMID: 38784852 PMCID: PMC11109928 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2024.13.2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have indicated that low levels of serum adiponectin are linked with the development of various chronic diseases. While some recent research has suggested that soy has a positive impact on serum adiponectin levels, the results are inconsistent. Therefore, we aim to conduct a thorough systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigate the effects of soy on serum adiponectin levels in adults. The search was conducted until March 2024 on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to identify RCTs that studied the effects of soy supplementation on serum adiponectin levels. A random-effects model was used to pool the weighted mean differences (WMDs). Ten and nine RCTs were selected for the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. After analyzing data from 9 eligible RCTs, it was found that soy supplementation did not significantly impact the concentrations of adiponectin (WMD = -0.24 μg/mL; 95% confidence interval, -1.56 to 1.09; p = 0.72). However, there was significant heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 89.8%, p < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis showed that overall estimates were not affected by the elimination of any study. We did not observe any evidence regarding publication bias. In conclusion, soy supplementation did not have a significant effect on adiponectin levels in adults. However, further RCTs are needed with longer intervention duration, higher doses, and studies conducted in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Karimian
- Department of General Courses, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Parivash Shekarchizadeh-Esfahani
- Department of General Courses, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
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Sayyaf A, Ghaedi E, Haidari F, Rajaei E, Ahmadi-engali K, Helli B. Effects of Soy Bread on Cardiovascular Risk Factor, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Women With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Clin Nutr Res 2024; 13:22-32. [PMID: 38362131 PMCID: PMC10866678 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2024.13.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorder with widespread synovitis. Isoflavones, the main active component of soy, have been reported to have potent anti-inflammatory effects; the previous RA animal models showed the promising effect of soy supplementation. We aimed to evaluate the effect of soy bread on inflammatory markers and lipid profiles in RA patients. The present study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. RA patients were randomly allocated to obtain soy bread (n = 22) or placebo bread (n = 22) for 8 weeks. Fasting serum levels of lipid profile, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and DAS28 were checked. Findings showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in physical activity and dietary intake at the beginning of the study and the end of the study. There were no significant differences between the two groups in measured lipid profile markers, including high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and very low-density lipoprotein, at the end of the trial. In addition, TAC and CRP also were not significant at the end of the trial between the 2 groups (0.66 and 0.12, respectively). However, the serum levels of TNF-α reduced significantly in the soy bread group at the end of the intervention (p < 0.000) and compared with the control group (p < 0.019). Soy bread consumption only decreased circulating TNF-α serum concentration. Other outcome measures were not changed following supplementation. Future long-term, well-designed studies are needed to confirm these findings. Trial Registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: IRCT20181021041396N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Sayyaf
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715753, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Haidari
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715753, Iran
| | - Elham Rajaei
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715753, Iran
- Department of Rheumatology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715753, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi-engali
- Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715753, Iran
| | - Bijan Helli
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715753, Iran
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The Role of Diet in Influencing the Diversity of Gut Microbiome Related to Lupus Disease Activities: A Systematic Review. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:6908677. [PMID: 36624775 PMCID: PMC9825236 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6908677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome dysbiosis can affect the host immune system. The balance and activity of the gut microbiome, which are influenced by daily diet, might be associated with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Therefore, we conducted a systematic review based on the PRISMA guideline to explore the role and types of diet that affects the gut microbiome related to changes in SLE disease activity. All original and full-text English articles in the last ten years were included using predefined keywords according to PEO (population, exposure, and outcome) design in PubMed. The study subjects were carefully analyzed, including lupus-susceptible mice and humans with SLE on various diets. Children and pregnant women populations were excluded. Of 134 studies found, only seven full-text articles had met the inclusion criteria of which only one study conducted in human. This human study showed that dietary polyphenol as dihydrochalcones and flavanones affected the gut microbiome and ameliorated lupus disease activity. On the contrary, dietary flavones increased Blautia (family: Lachnospiraceae), and that often found in active lupus diseases. Furthermore, six studies in lupus-prone mice models showed that resistant starch (RS), retinoic acid (RA) or all-trans retinoic acid (tRA), and acidic water (AW) had influenced the gut microbiome, leading to an improved lupus development. Conversely, the 2018 commercial rodent diet, vitamin A-retinoic acid (VARA), neutral water (NW), and high tryptophan diet had impacted various microbiomes, resulting in increased lupus activity. Interestingly, several diets have the effect of either increasing or decreasing lupus disease activity depending on the microbiome they affect, such as AW associated with Turicibacter spp., which is frequently found in active lupus disease, and tRA in Bacteroidetes associated with renal pathology. To conclude, diet can influence the gut microbiome, which is related to the disease activity process of SLE.
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Hyunganol II Exerts Antiadipogenic Properties via MAPK-Mediated Suppression of PPAR γ Expression in Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4252917. [PMID: 36299776 PMCID: PMC9592193 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4252917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow adiposity has been associated with several metabolic syndromes such as diabetes and osteoporosis. Imbalance in adipogenic and osteoblastogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) was suggested to be the cause of elevated bone marrow adiposity. There are several drugs, of both natural and synthetic origin, to treat bone loss. In this study, as a part of a recent trend to discover natural products with more biocompatibility and fewer side effects to treat bone loss, the effect of hyunganol II (HNG), a coumarin isolated from Corydalis heterocarpa, on hBM-MSC adipogenesis was investigated. Cells treated with HNG showed decreased lipid accumulation indicating a diminished adipocyte phenotype. Treatment with HNG also suppressed the mRNA and protein expressions of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP1c, and three adipogenic marker genes. Further analysis of MAPK signaling pathway exhibited that HNG treatment elevated ERK activation and suppressed the JNK-mediated cFos and cJun phosphorylation, which inhibits PPARγ transcriptional activity. Taken together, HNG treatment was shown to inhibit adipogenesis via suppressed PPARγ expression as a result of altered MAPK signaling. Therefore, it was suggested that HNG might prevent bone marrow adiposity by inhibiting hBM-MSC adipogenesis and can be utilized as a drug or nutraceutical with beneficial effects on bone. Thus, further studies should be conducted to analyze its effect in vivo.
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Kang S, Jo H, Kim MR. Safety Assessment of Endocrine Disruption by Menopausal Health Functional Ingredients. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9101376. [PMID: 34683056 PMCID: PMC8544397 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During menopause, women experience various symptoms including hot flashes, mood changes, insomnia, and sweating. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been used as the main treatment for menopausal symptoms; however, other options are required for women with medical contraindications or without preference for HRT. Functional health foods are easily available options for relieving menopausal symptoms. There are growing concerns regarding menopausal functional health foods because the majority of them include phytoestrogens which have the effect of endocrine disruption. Phytoestrogens may cause not only hormonal imbalance or disruption of the normal biological function of the organ systems, but also uterine cancer or breast cancer if absorbed and accumulated in the body for a long period of time, depending on the estrogen receptor binding capacity. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects and safety of menopausal functional health ingredients and medicines on the human body as endocrine disruptors under review in the literature and the OECD guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Kang
- St. Vincent’s Hospital, Division of Gynecologic Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Hagyeong Jo
- Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Mee-Ran Kim
- Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, Division of Gynecologic Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-6170
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Zhang S, Xu M, Zhang W, Liu C, Chen S. Natural Polyphenols in Metabolic Syndrome: Protective Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116110. [PMID: 34204038 PMCID: PMC8201163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a chronic disease, including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. It should be noted that the occurrence of MetS is closely related to oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, ectopic fat accumulation, and the impairment of the antioxidant system, which in turn further aggravates the intracellular oxidative imbalance and inflammatory response. As enriched anti-inflammatory and antioxidant components in plants, natural polyphenols exhibit beneficial effects, including improving liver fat accumulation and dyslipidemia, reducing blood pressure. Hence, they are expected to be useful in the prevention and management of MetS. At present, epidemiological studies indicate a negative correlation between polyphenol intake and MetS incidence. In this review, we summarized and discussed the most promising natural polyphenols (including flavonoid and non-flavonoid drugs) in the precaution and treatment of MetS, including their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as their regulatory functions involved in glycolipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Siyu Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-25-86185645
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Hachim MY, Hachim IY, Elemam NM, Hamoudi RA. Toxicogenomic analysis of publicly available transcriptomic data can predict food, drugs, and chemical-induced asthma. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2019; 12:181-199. [PMID: 31692590 PMCID: PMC6717055 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s217535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background : With the increasing incidence of asthma, more attention is focused on the diverse and complex nutritional and environmental triggers of asthma exacerbations. Currently, there are no established risk assessment tools to evaluate asthma triggering potentials of most of the nutritional and environmental triggers encountered by asthmatic patients. Purpose The objective of this study is to devise a reliable workflow, capable of estimating the toxicogenomic effect of such factors on key player genes in asthma pathogenesis. Methods Gene expression extracted from publicly available datasets of asthmatic bronchial epithelium were subjected to a comprehensive analysis of differential gene expression to identify significant genes involved in asthma development and progression. The identified genes were subjected to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis using a total of 31,826 gene sets related to chemical, toxins, and drugs to identify common agents that share similar asthma-related targets genes and signaling pathways. Results Our analysis identified 225 differentially expressed genes between severe asthmatic and healthy bronchial epithelium. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of the identified genes showed that they are involved in response to toxic substances and organic cyclic compounds and are targeted by 41 specific diets, plants products, and plants related toxins (eg adenine, arachidonic acid, baicalein, caffeic acid, corilagin, curcumin, ellagic acid, luteolin, microcystin-RR, phytoestrogens, protoporphyrin IX, purpurogallin, rottlerin, and salazinic acid). Moreover, the identified chemicals share interesting inflammation-related pathways like NF-κB. Conclusion Our analysis was able to explain and predict the toxicity in terms of stimulating the differentially expressed genes between severe asthmatic and healthy epithelium. Such an approach can pave the way to generate a cost-effective and reliable source for asthma-specific toxigenic reports thus allowing the asthmatic patients, physicians, and medical researchers to be aware of the potential triggering factors with fatal consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Yaseen Hachim
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ibrahim Yaseen Hachim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noha M Elemam
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat A Hamoudi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Sahin I, Bilir B, Ali S, Sahin K, Kucuk O. Soy Isoflavones in Integrative Oncology: Increased Efficacy and Decreased Toxicity of Cancer Therapy. Integr Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1534735419835310. [PMID: 30897972 PMCID: PMC6431760 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419835310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy consumption in human diet has been linked to decreased incidence of a variety of cancers, suggesting a potential role of soy products in cancer prevention and control. Furthermore, a substantial body of evidence in the literature suggests that soy supplementation may improve the efficacy and prevent the adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Isoflavones constitute the predominant anticancer bioactive compounds in soy. Genistein, which is the most abundant and active isoflavone in soy, has a multitude of effects on cancer cells, including inhibition of NF-κB activation and DNA methylation, enhancement of histone acetylation, inhibition of cell growth and metastasis, and antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects. Isoflavones are orally bioavailable, easily metabolized, and usually considered safe. In this article, we review in vitro and in vivo evidence as well as the results of clinical and epidemiological studies on the effects of soy isoflavones, with a focus on sensitization of cancer cells to chemotherapy and radiation while at the same time protecting normal cells from the harmful effects of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Sahin
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Birdal Bilir
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Omer Kucuk
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Zajac IT, Herreen D, Bastiaans K, Dhillon VS, Fenech M. The Effect of Whey and Soy Protein Isolates on Cognitive Function in Older Australians with Low Vitamin B 12: A Randomised Controlled Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2018; 11:nu11010019. [PMID: 30577611 PMCID: PMC6357102 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey protein isolate (WPI) is high in vitamin B12 and folate. These and other related markers (holotranscobalamin, methylmalonic acid and homocysteine) have been linked with cognitive health. This study explored the efficacy of WPI for improving cognitive function via delivery of vitamin B12. Moderately vitamin B12-deficient participants aged between 45 and 75 years (n = 56) were recruited into this randomised controlled crossover trial. Participants (55% female) consumed 50 g whey (WPI; active) or soy protein isolate (SPI; control) for eight weeks. Following a 16-week washout phase, they consumed the alternative supplement. Consumption of WPI significantly improved active B12 and folate status but did not result in direct improvements in cognitive function. However, there was evidence of improvement in reaction time (p = 0.02) and reasoning speed (p = 0.04) in the SPI condition for females. Additional analyses showed that changes in active B12, HcY and folate measures during WPI treatment correlated with improvements in cognitive function (all p < 0.05). Results indicate that WPI itself did not result in improved cognitive function but some evidence of benefit of SPI for females was found. However, consistent with previous research, we present further evidence of a role for active B12, HcY and folate in supporting cognitive improvement in adults with low B vitamin status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Zajac
- Health & Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5000 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Danielle Herreen
- Health & Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5000 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn Bastiaans
- Health & Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5000 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Varinderpal S Dhillon
- Health & Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5000 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- Health & Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5000 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Zhang JM, Li J, Liu EW, Wang H, Fan GW, Wang YF, Zhu Y, Ma SW, Gao XM. Danshen enhanced the estrogenic effects of Qing E formula in ovariectomized rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:181. [PMID: 27339619 PMCID: PMC4918020 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menopause is characterized by a decrease in life quality due to the appearance of uncomfortable symptoms. Nowadays, Understanding menopause-associated pathophysiology and developing new strategies to improve the treatment of menopausal-associated symptoms is an important issue. Our study was to evaluate the synergistic effects of Danshen (salvia miltiorrhiza bunge) and the phytoestrogenic effects of 3 modified Qing E formulas, to explore a better formula for menopausal disorders. METHODS 100 rats were randomized into 5 groups: Sham (Sham operation group), OVX (model group of ovariectomized rat), BDL (group with low concentration of Qing E Formula), BDH (group with high concentration of Qing E Formula) and BDD (group with high concentration of Qing E Formula Plus Danshen), receiving vehicle and extract of different modified Qing E formula respectively. The food intake, body weight, uterus weight, blood levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and cholesterol fractions were assessed. The mammary glands and uterus were morphologically analyzed. The bone density of tibias were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Additionally, luciferase induction assays were performed in Hela cells with the mixtures derived from Qing E formula plus Danshen (BDD). RESULTS Qing E formula plus Danshen significantly increased the uterus wet weight, enhanced the thickness of uterine wall, endometrial epithelium and glandular epithelium, improved trabecular bone and total density evidently, reduced the levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and TG, possessed notable estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) agonist activity. CONCLUSION Qing E formula plus Danshen exerted more evident estrogen-like effects, thus it has a potential therapeutic use to treat menopausal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Mei Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan xi Road, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Er-Wei Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan xi Road, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan xi Road, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Wei Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan xi Road, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Fei Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan xi Road, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan xi Road, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Wei Ma
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan xi Road, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan xi Road, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China.
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