1
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Chu GJ, Bailey CG, Nagarajah R, Liang O, Metierre C, Sagnella SM, Castelletti L, Yeo D, Adelstein S, Rasko JEJ. Mesothelin antigen density influences anti-mesothelin chimeric antigen receptor T cell cytotoxicity. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:325-333. [PMID: 38349311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Several anti-mesothelin (MSLN) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are in phase 1/2 clinical trials to treat solid-organ malignancies. The effect of MSLN antigen density on MSLN CAR cytotoxicity against tumor cells has not been examined previously, nor are there data regarding the effect of agents that increase MSLN antigen density on anti-MSLN CAR T cell efficacy. METHODS MSLN antigen density was measured on a panel of pancreatic cancer and mesothelioma cell lines by flow cytometry. In parallel, the cytotoxicity and specificity of two anti-MSLN CAR T cells (m912 and SS1) were compared against these cell lines using a real-time impedance-based assay. The effect of two MSLN 'sheddase' inhibitors (lanabecestat and TMI-1) that increase MSLN surface expression was also tested in combination with CAR T cells. RESULTS SS1 CAR T cells were more cytotoxic compared with m912 CAR T cells against cell lines that expressed fewer than ∼170 000 MSLN molecules/cell. A comparison of the m912 and amatuximab (humanized SS1) antibodies identified that amatuximab could detect and bind to lower levels of MSLN on pancreatic cancer and mesothelioma cell lines, suggesting that superior antibody/scFv affinity was the reason for the SS1 CAR's superior cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity of m912 CAR T cells was improved in the presence of sheddase inhibitors, which increased MSLN antigen density. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the value of assessing CAR constructs against a panel of cells expressing varying degrees of target tumor antigen as occurs in human tumors. Furthermore, the problem of low antigen density may be overcome by concomitant administration of drugs that inhibit enzymatic shedding of MSLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Chu
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cancer and Gene Regulation Laboratory Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rajini Nagarajah
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Oliver Liang
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Cynthia Metierre
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sharon M Sagnella
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Laura Castelletti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Dannel Yeo
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Stephen Adelstein
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Kaur B, Kaur R, Vivesh, Rani S, Bhatti R, Singh P. Small Peptides Targeting BACE-1, AChE, and A-β Reversing Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment: A Multitarget Approach against Alzheimer's Disease. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12896-12913. [PMID: 38524457 PMCID: PMC10955571 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Based on the biochemical understanding of Alzheimer's disease, here, we report the design, synthesis, and biological screening of a series of compounds against this neuro-disorder. Adopting the multitarget approach, the catalytic processes of BACE-1 and AChE were targeted, and thereby, compounds 15, 22, 25, 26, 27, and 30 were identified with IC50 in the submicromolar range against these two enzymes. Further, compounds 15 and 25 displayed more than 50% inhibition of β-amyloid aggregation. Implying their physiological use, the compounds exhibited appreciable biological membrane permeability as observed through the parallel artificial membrane permeability experiment. Supporting these results, treatment of the mice with the test compounds reversed their scopolamine-affected memory impairment, where the highest healing effect was seen in the case of compound 25. Overall, the combination of molecular modeling and experimental studies provided highly effective molecules against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljit Kaur
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Rajbir Kaur
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Vivesh
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Sudesh Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Rajbir Bhatti
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev
University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Palwinder Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
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3
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Sofińska K, Batys P, Cernescu A, Ghosh D, Skirlińska-Nosek K, Barbasz J, Seweryn S, Wilkosz N, Riek R, Szymoński M, Lipiec E. Nanoscale insights into the local structural rearrangements of amyloid-β induced by bexarotene. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14606-14614. [PMID: 37614107 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01608k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the abnormal protein aggregation and the effect of anti-aggregation agents on the fibrillation pathways and the secondary structure of aggregates can determine strategies for the early treatment of dementia. Herein, we present a combination of experimental and theoretical studies providing new insights into the influence of the anti-aggregation drug bexarotene on the secondary structure of individual amyloid-β aggregates and its primary aggregation. The molecular rearrangements and the spatial distribution of β-sheets within individual aggregates were monitored at the nanoscale with infrared nanospectroscopy. We observed that bexarotene limits the parallel β-sheets formation, known to be highly abundant in fibrils at later phases of the amyloid-β aggregation composed of in-register cross-β structure. Moreover, we applied molecular dynamics to provide molecular-level insights into the investigated system. Both theoretical and experimental results revealed that bexarotene slows down the protein aggregation process via steric effects, largely prohibiting the antiparallel to parallel β-sheet rearrangement. We also found that bexarotene interacts not only via the single hydrogen bond formation with the peptide backbone but also with the amino acid side residue via a hydrophobic effect. The studied model of the drug-amyloid-β interaction contributes to a better understanding of the inhibition mechanism of the amyloid-β aggregation by the small molecule drugs. However, our nanoscale findings need to meet in vivo research requiring different analytical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Sofińska
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Dhiman Ghosh
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Skirlińska-Nosek
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
- Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Barbasz
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Sara Seweryn
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
- Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Wilkosz
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Roland Riek
- ETH Zürich, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marek Szymoński
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Lipiec
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
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4
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Yao AY, Halloran PJ, Ge Y, Singh N, Zhou J, Galske J, He W, Yan R, Hu X. Bace1 Deletion in the Adult Reverses Epileptiform Activity and Sleep-wake Disturbances in AD Mice. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6197-6211. [PMID: 37536983 PMCID: PMC10476643 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2124-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) increases the risk for seizures and sleep disorders. We show here that germline deletion of β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) in neurons, but not in astrocytes, increased epileptiform activity. However, Bace1 deletion at adult ages did not alter the normal EEG waveform, indicating less concern for BACE1 inhibition in patients. Moreover, we showed that deletion of Bace1 in the adult was able to reverse epileptiform activity in 5xFAD mice. Intriguingly, treating 5xFAD and APPNL-G-F/NL-G-F (APP KI) mice of either sex with one BACE1 inhibitor Lanabecestat (AZD3293) dramatically increased epileptiform spiking, likely resulting from an off-target effect. We also monitored sleep-wake pathologies in these mice and showed increased wakefulness, decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep in both 5xFAD and APP KI mice; BACE1 inhibition in the adult 5xFAD mice reversed plaque load and sleep disturbances, but this was not seen in APP KI mice. Further studies with and without BACE1 inhibitor treatment showed different levels of plaque-associated microgliosis and activated microglial proteins in 5xFAD mice compared with APP KI mice. Together, BACE1 inhibition should be developed to avoid off-target effect for achieving benefits in reducing epileptic activity and sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's patients.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT BACE1 is widely recognized as a therapeutic target for treating Alzheimer's disease patients. However, BACE1 inhibitors failed in clinical trials because of inability to show cognitive improvement in patients. Here we show that BACE1 inhibition actually reduces sleep disturbances and epileptic seizures; both are seen in AD patients. We further showed that one of clinically tested BACE1 inhibitors does have off-target effects, and development of safer BACE1 inhibitors will be beneficial to AD patients. Results from this study will provide useful guidance for additional drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Y Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Patrick J Halloran
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Yingying Ge
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Neeraj Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - John Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - James Galske
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Wanxia He
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Xiangyou Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
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5
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Kashyap K, Panigrahi L, Ahmed S, Siddiqi MI. Artificial neural network models driven novel virtual screening workflow for the identification and biological evaluation of BACE1 inhibitors. Mol Inform 2023; 42:e2200113. [PMID: 36460626 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Beta-site amyloid-β precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a transmembrane aspartic protease and has shown potential as a possible therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. This aggravating disease involves the aberrant production of β amyloid plaques by BACE1 which catalyzes the rate-limiting step by cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP), generating the neurotoxic amyloid β protein that aggregates to form plaques leading to neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is indispensable to inhibit BACE1, thus modulating the APP processing. In this study, we present a workflow that utilizes a multi-stage virtual screening protocol for identifying potential BACE1 inhibitors by employing multiple artificial neural network-based models. Collectively, all the hyperparameter tuned models were assigned a task to virtually screen Maybridge library, thus yielding a consensus of 41 hits. The majority of these hits exhibited optimal pharmacokinetic properties confirmed by high central nervous system multiparameter optimization (CNS-MPO) scores. Further shortlisting of 8 compounds by molecular docking into the active site of BACE1 and their subsequent in-vitro evaluation identified 4 compounds as potent BACE1 inhibitors with IC50 values falling in the range 0.028-0.052 μM and can be further optimized with medicinal chemistry efforts to improve their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushagra Kashyap
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Lalita Panigrahi
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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6
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Rajah Kumaran K, Yunusa S, Perimal E, Wahab H, Müller CP, Hassan Z. Insights into the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease and Potential Therapeutic Targets: A Current Perspective. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:507-530. [PMID: 36502321 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aging population increases steadily because of a healthy lifestyle and medical advancements in healthcare. However, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is becoming more common and problematic among older adults. AD-related cases show an increasing trend annually, and the younger age population may also be at risk of developing this disorder. AD constitutes a primary form of dementia, an irreversible and progressive brain disorder that steadily damages cognitive functions and the ability to perform daily tasks. Later in life, AD leads to death as a result of the degeneration of specific brain areas. Currently, the cause of AD is poorly understood, and there is no safe and effective therapeutic agent to cure or slow down its progression. The condition is entirely preventable, and no study has yet demonstrated encouraging findings in terms of treatment. Identifying this disease's pathophysiology can help researchers develop safe and efficient therapeutic strategies to treat this ailment. This review outlines and discusses the pathophysiology that resulted in the development of AD including amyloid-β plaques, tau neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction, glutamate excitotoxicity, and changes in neurotrophins level may sound better based on the literature search from Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Potential therapeutic strategies are discussed to provide more insights into AD mechanisms by developing some possible pharmacological agents for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesevan Rajah Kumaran
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Halaman Bukit Gambir, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Suleiman Yunusa
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacology, Bauchi State University Gadau, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| | - Enoch Perimal
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Habibah Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Christian P Müller
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Rajput S, Malviya R, Bahadur S, Puri D. Recent Updates on the Development of Therapeutics for the Targeted Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2802-2813. [PMID: 38018199 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128274618231105173031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complicated, multifaceted, irreversible, and incurable neurotoxic old age illness. Although NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate)-receptor antagonists, cholinesterase repressors, and their pairings have been approved for the treatment, they are useful for short symptomatic relief. Researchers throughout the globe have been constantly working to uncover the therapy of Alzheimer's disease as new candidates must be determined, and newer treatment medicines must be developed. The aim of this review is to address recent advances in medication research along with new Alzheimer's disease therapy for diverse targets. Information was gathered utilizing a variety of internet resources as well as websites, such as ALZFORUM (alzforum.org) and clinicaltrials.gov. In contrast to other domains, the proposed medicines target amyloids (secretases, A42 generation, neuroinflammation, amyloid precipitation, and immunization), tau proteins (tau phosphorylation/aggregation and immunotherapy), and amyloid deposition. Despite tremendous advancement in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) only approved aducanumab for diagnosis and treatment in 2003. Hence, novel treatment tactics are needed to find and develop therapeutic medicines to combat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shiv Bahadur
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Dinesh Puri
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
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8
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Bazzari FH, Bazzari AH. BACE1 Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: The Past, Present and Any Future? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248823. [PMID: 36557955 PMCID: PMC9785888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. The complexity of AD has hindered the development of either a cure or a disease-modifying therapy to halt the disease progression. Numerous hypotheses were presented in order to explain the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AD. Introduced in 1992, the "Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis" had a huge impact on the field and inspired the rise of various drug candidates, especially amyloid-beta (Aβ)-directed drugs; including beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors. Adopted by a number of pharmaceutical companies, the development of BACE1 inhibitors has gained momentum in the past decade with promising results from experimental and early clinical-phase studies. Nevertheless, nearly all BACE1 inhibitors failed in later phases of clinical trials, due to safety and/or efficacy issues, and others were discontinued early in favor of second-generation small-molecule candidates. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of all BACE1 inhibitors to ever reach clinical trials, and we discuss the challenges and different perspectives on whether BACE1 inhibitors are to be reconsidered or revitalized in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas H. Bazzari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jerash University, Al-Urdon St., Jerash 26150, Jordan
- Correspondence:
| | - Amjad H. Bazzari
- Department of Basic Scientific Sciences, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
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9
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Yao W, Yang H, Yang J. Small-molecule drugs development for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1019412. [PMID: 36389082 PMCID: PMC9664938 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1019412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder with no effective therapeutic drugs currently. The complicated pathophysiology of AD is not well understood, although beta-amyloid (Aβ) cascade and hyperphosphorylated tau protein were regarded as the two main causes of AD. Other mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, deficiency of central cholinergic neurotransmitters, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation, were also proposed and studied as targets in AD. This review aims to summarize the small-molecule drugs that were developed based on the pathogenesis and gives a deeper understanding of the AD. We hope that it could help scientists find new and better treatments to gradually conquer the problems related to AD in future.
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10
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Role of Natural Compounds and Target Enzymes in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134175. [PMID: 35807418 PMCID: PMC9268689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological condition. The rising prevalence of AD necessitates the rapid development of efficient therapy options. Despite substantial study, only a few medications are capable of delaying the disease. Several substances with pharmacological activity, derived from plants, have been shown to have positive benefits for the treatment of AD by targeting various enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), β-secretase, γ-secretase, and monoamine oxidases (MAOs), which are discussed as potential targets. Medicinal plants have already contributed a number of lead molecules to medicine development, with many of them currently undergoing clinical trials. A variety of medicinal plants have been shown to diminish the degenerative symptoms associated with AD, either in their raw form or as isolated compounds. The aim of this review was to provide a brief summary of AD and its current therapies, followed by a discussion of the natural compounds examined as therapeutic agents and the processes underlying the positive effects, particularly the management of AD.
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11
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Singh N, Benoit MR, Zhou J, Das B, Davila-Velderrain J, Kellis M, Tsai LH, Hu X, Yan R. BACE-1 inhibition facilitates the transition from homeostatic microglia to DAM-1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo1286. [PMID: 35714196 PMCID: PMC9205595 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACE-1 is required for generating β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we report that microglial BACE-1 regulates the transition of homeostatic to stage 1 disease-associated microglia (DAM-1) signature. BACE-1 deficiency elevated levels of transcription factors including Jun, Jund, Btg2, Erg1, Junb, Fos, and Fosb in the transition signature, which transition from more homeostatic to highly phagocytic DAM-1. Consistently, similar transition-state microglia in human AD brains correlated with lowered levels of BACE-1 expression. Targeted deletion of Bace-1 in adult 5xFAD mice microglia elevated these phagocytic microglia, correlated with significant reduction in amyloid plaques without synaptic toxicity. Silencing or pharmacologically inhibiting BACE-1 in cultured microglia-derived cells shows higher phagocytic function in microglia. Mechanistic exploration suggests that abolished cleavage of IL-1R2 and Toll-like receptors via BACE-1 inhibition contributes to the enhanced signaling via the PI3K and p38 MAPK kinase pathway. Together, targeted inhibition of BACE-1 in microglia may offer AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
| | - Marc R. Benoit
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
| | - John Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
| | - Brati Das
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
| | - Jose Davila-Velderrain
- Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi-Montalcini 1, 20157, Milan, Italy
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Xiangyou Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3401, USA
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12
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Nadh AG, Revikumar A, Sudhakaran P, Nair AS. Identification of potential lead compounds against BACE1 through in-silico screening of phytochemicals of Medhya rasayana plants for Alzheimer's disease management. Comput Biol Med 2022; 145:105422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Tsering J, Chen Q, Li H, Han Y, Wu J, Yin H, Hu J, Su S, Shi X, Hu X, Che B. Effects of the Tibetan medicine Byur dMar Nyer lNga Ril Bu on Alzheimer's disease in mice models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114724. [PMID: 34627984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Byur dMar Nyer lNga Ril Bu (BdNlRB) is a classic Tibetan medicine prescription for treating " white vein disease". Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system, characterized by distinct "white vein disease". In the absence of effective drugs for AD, BdNlRB may be a possible treatment for AD. AIM OF THE STUDY To verify the therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of the proved Tibetan medicine BdNlRB on Alzheimer's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS 60 APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice (Mt) and 60 Aß1-40 protein-induced AD mice (Mi) were divided into 3 groups according to the dose of BdNlRB: BdNlRB-100, BdNlRB-200 and BdNlRB-400, with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg*weight, respectively. The mice were administrated by gavage for 8 weeks. The cognitive ability of mice was detected by Morris Water Maze, the expression of Aß protein, p-tau and microglia was detected by immunofluorescent staining, the protein expression in the hippocampus was detected by proteomics, and the abundance of fecal intestinal flora was detected by 16S RNA. RESULTS The learning ability and memory ability of Mi mice were significantly improved after BdNlRB administration. The learning ability of Mt mice was significantly improved, while the memory ability was not improved after BdNlRB administration. After the treatment with low and medium doses of BdNlRB, the expression of p-tau decreased significantly (the rate of decrease in BdNlRB-100 and BdNlRB-200 groups was 8.05% and 12.7%, respectively), and the number of microglia increased (39.3% and 31.6%, respectively). BdNlRB significantly affected the protein expression in the hippocampus of Mt mice. 382 proteins in different expression in all three groups mainly involved in amino acid synthesis, fatty acid degradation, glutamine metabolism, synaptic vesicular cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, PPAR signaling pathway and Fc gamma-mediated phagocytosis were activated. Meanwhile, the administration of BdNlRB can regulate the intestinal flora of Mt mice, which reduces the abundance of Muribaculum and uncultured bacteroidales bacterium, and improves the abundance of Ruminococcus-1 and Ruminiclostridium-9. CONCLUSION The oral administration of BdNlRB significantly improved the cognitive ability of AD mice, and neuroinflammation and intestinal flora regulation were the possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jokyab Tsering
- China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing Hospital of Tibetan Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Honghong Li
- China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing Hospital of Tibetan Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yanan Han
- China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing Hospital of Tibetan Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jinpeng Wu
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Huijuan Yin
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Jiashen Hu
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Siying Su
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Xiafei Shi
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Xianda Hu
- China Tibetology Research Center, Beijing Hospital of Tibetan Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Bochen Che
- Laser Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China.
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14
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Rombouts FJR, Hsiao CC, Bache S, De Cleyn M, Heckmann P, Leenaerts J, Martinéz-Lamenca C, Van Brandt S, Peschiulli A, Vos A, Gijsen HJM. Modulating physicochemical properties of tetrahydropyridine-2-amine BACE1 inhibitors with electron-withdrawing groups: A systematic study. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114028. [PMID: 34920170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A common challenge for medicinal chemists is to reduce the pKa of strongly basic groups' conjugate acids into a range that preserves the desired effects, usually potency and/or solubility, but avoids undesired effects like high volume of distribution (Vd), limited membrane permeation, and off-target binding to, notably, the hERG channel and monoamine receptors. We faced this challenge with a 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-2-amine scaffold harboring an amidine, a key structural component of potential inhibitors of BACE1, the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of Aβ species that make up amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. In our endeavor to balance potency with desirable properties to achieve brain penetration, we introduced a diverse set of groups in beta position of the amidine that modulate logD, PSA and pKa. Given the synthetic challenge to prepare these highly functionalized warheads, we first developed a design flow including predicted physicochemical parameters which allowed us to select only the most promising candidates for synthesis. For this we evaluated a set of commercial packages to predict physicochemical properties, which can guide medicinal chemists in their endeavors to modulate pKa values of amidine and amine bases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chien-Chi Hsiao
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Solène Bache
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel De Cleyn
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pauline Heckmann
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jos Leenaerts
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Sven Van Brandt
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Aldo Peschiulli
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ann Vos
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
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15
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Xue C, Yu W, Song H, Huang X, Ren J. A study of protein–drug interaction based on solvent-induced protein aggregation by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Analyst 2022; 147:1357-1366. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00031h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the inhibition of protein aggregation by drugs in organic solvent systems, we developed an effective method to study protein–drug interaction by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caining Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Haohan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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16
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Otani T, Hattori Y, Akaji K, Kobayashi K. Macrocyclic BACE1 inhibitors with hydrophobic cross-linked structures: Optimization of ring size and ring structure. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 52:116517. [PMID: 34800875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on the X-ray crystallography of recombinant BACE1 and a hydroxyethylamine-type peptidic inhibitor, we introduced a cross-linked structure between the P1 and P3 side chains of the inhibitor to enhance its inhibitory activity. The P1 and P3 fragments bearing terminal alkenes were synthesized, and a ring-closing metathesis of these alkenes was used to construct the cross-linked structure. Evaluation of ring size using P1 and P3 fragments with various side chain lengths revealed that 13-membered rings were optimal, although their activity was reduced compared to that of the parent compound. Furthermore, the optimal ring structure was found to be a macrocycle with a dimethyl branched substituent at the P3 β-position, which was approximately 100-fold more active than the non-substituted macrocycle. In addition, the introduction of a 4-carboxymethylphenyl group at the P1' position further improved the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Otani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Yasunao Hattori
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Kenichi Akaji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan.
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17
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Kobayashi K, Otani T, Ijiri S, Kawasaki Y, Matsubara H, Miyagi T, Kitajima T, Iseki R, Ishizawa K, Shindo N, Okawa K, Ueda K, Ando S, Kawakita M, Hattori Y, Akaji K. Structure-activity relationship study of hydroxyethylamine isostere and P1' site structure of peptide mimetic BACE1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 50:116459. [PMID: 34700240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An aromatic substituent has been introduced into a known hydroxyethylamine (HEA)-type BACE1 inhibitor containing the superior substrate sequence to enhance inhibitory activity. The HEA-type isosteres bearing different hydroxyl group and methyl group configurations were prepared through a branched synthesis approach using intra- and inter-molecular epoxide opening reactions. The effect of their configuration was evaluated, showing that an R-configuration improved the inhibitory activity, while introduction of a methyl group on the isostere decreased the activity. Based on the non-substituted isostere with an R-configuration, 21 derivatives containing various substituents at the P1' site were synthesized. Our evaluation of the derivatives showed that the structure of the P1' site had a clear effect on activity, and highly potent inhibitor 40g, which showed sub-micromolar activity against recombinant BACE1 (rBACE1), was identified. The docking simulation of 40g with rBACE1 suggested that a carboxymethyl group at the para-position of the P1' benzene ring interacted with Lys285 in the S1' pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan.
| | - Takuya Otani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Saki Ijiri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawasaki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsubara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyagi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Taishi Kitajima
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Risa Iseki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Katsuyasu Ishizawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Naoka Shindo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Kouta Okawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Kouta Ueda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Syun Ando
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Momoka Kawakita
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Yasunao Hattori
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Kenichi Akaji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
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18
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The case for low-level BACE1 inhibition for the prevention of Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:703-714. [PMID: 34548654 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in older individuals (>65 years) and has a long presymptomatic phase. Preventive therapies for AD are not yet available, and potential disease-modifying therapies targeting amyloid-β plaques in symptomatic stages of AD have only just been approved in the United States. Small-molecule inhibitors of β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1; also known as β-secretase 1) reduce the production of amyloid-β peptide and are among the most advanced drug candidates for AD. However, to date all phase II and phase III clinical trials of BACE inhibitors were either concluded without benefit or discontinued owing to futility or the occurrence of adverse effects. Adverse effects included early, mild cognitive impairment that was associated with all but one inhibitor; preliminary results suggest that the cognitive effects are non-progressive and reversible. These discontinuations have raised questions regarding the suitability of BACE1 as a drug target for AD. In this Perspective, we discuss the status of BACE inhibitors and suggest ways in which the results of the discontinued trials can inform the development of future clinical trials of BACE inhibitors and related secretase modulators as preventative therapies. We also propose a series of experiments that should be performed to inform 'go-no-go' decisions in future trials with BACE inhibitors and consider the possibility that low levels of BACE1 inhibition could avoid adverse effects while achieving efficacy for AD prevention.
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19
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Das B, Singh N, Yao AY, Zhou J, He W, Hu X, Yan R. BACE1 controls synaptic function through modulating release of synaptic vesicles. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6394-6410. [PMID: 34158621 PMCID: PMC8760050 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACE1 initiates production of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), which is associated with cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to abnormal oligomerization and aggregation. While BACE1 inhibitors show strong reduction in Aβ deposition, they fail to improve cognitive function in patients, largely due to its role in synaptic function. We show that BACE1 is required for optimal release of synaptic vesicles. BACE1 deficiency or inhibition decreases synaptic vesicle docking in the synaptic active zones. Consistently, BACE1-null mice or mice treated with clinically tested BACE1 inhibitors Verubecestat and Lanabecestat exhibit severe reduction in hippocampal LTP and learning behaviors. To counterbalance this synaptic deficit, we discovered that BACE1-null mice treated with positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1), whose levels were reduced in BACE1-null mice and significantly improved long-term potentiation and cognitive behaviors. Similarly, mice treated with mGluR1 PAM showed significantly mitigated synaptic deficits caused by BACE1 inhibitors. Together, our data suggest that a therapy combining BACE1 inhibitors for reducing amyloid deposition and an mGluR1 PAM for counteracting BACE1-mediated synaptic deficits appears to be an effective approach for treating AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brati Das
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Neeraj Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Annie Y Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Wanxia He
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Xiangyou Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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20
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Ueno T, Matsuoka E, Asada N, Yamamoto S, Kanegawa N, Ito M, Ito H, Moechars D, Rombouts FJR, Gijsen HJM, Kusakabe KI. Discovery of Extremely Selective Fused Pyridine-Derived β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-Cleaving Enzyme (BACE1) Inhibitors with High In Vivo Efficacy through 10s Loop Interactions. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14165-14174. [PMID: 34553947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
β-Site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is considered to be a promising target for treating Alzheimer's disease. However, all clinical BACE1 inhibitors have failed due to lack of efficacy, and some have even led to cognitive worsening. Recent evidence points to the importance of avoiding BACE2 inhibition along with careful dose titration. In this study, we focused on the fact that the 10s loop lining the S3 pocket in BACE1 can form both "open (up)" and "closed (down)" conformations, whereas in BACE2, it prefers to adopt a "closed" form; thus, more space is available in BACE1. By leveraging the difference, we designed fused pyridine analogues that could reach the 10s loop, leading to 6 with high selectivity and significant Aβ reduction. The cocrystal structures confirmed that 6 significantly increased B-factors of the 10s loop in BACE2 relative to those in BACE1. Thus, the destabilization of BACE2 seems to offer structural insights into the reduced BACE2 potency of 6, explaining the significant improvement in BACE1 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Ueno
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Eriko Matsuoka
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoya Asada
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shiho Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanegawa
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Development, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Mana Ito
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hisanori Ito
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Disease Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Diederik Moechars
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik J R Rombouts
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ken-Ichi Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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21
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Boopathi S, Poma AB, Garduño-Juárez R. An Overview of Several Inhibitors for Alzheimer's Disease: Characterization and Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10798. [PMID: 34639140 PMCID: PMC8509255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers are the most neurotoxic aggregates causing neuronal death and cognitive damage. A detailed elucidation of the aggregation pathways from oligomers to fibril formation is crucial to develop therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although experimental techniques rely on the measure of time- and space-average properties, they face severe difficulties in the investigation of Aβ peptide aggregation due to their intrinsically disorder character. Computer simulation is a tool that allows tracing the molecular motion of molecules; hence it complements Aβ experiments, as it allows to explore the binding mechanism between metal ions and Aβ oligomers close to the cellular membrane at the atomic resolution. In this context, integrated studies of experiments and computer simulations can assist in mapping the complete pathways of aggregation and toxicity of Aβ peptides. Aβ oligomers are disordered proteins, and due to a rapid exploration of their intrinsic conformational space in real-time, they are challenging therapeutic targets. Therefore, no good drug candidate could have been identified for clinical use. Our previous investigations identified two small molecules, M30 (2-Octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylethanamine) and Gabapentin, capable of Aβ binding and inhibiting molecular aggregation, synaptotoxicity, intracellular calcium signaling, cellular toxicity and memory losses induced by Aβ. Thus, we recommend these molecules as novel candidates to assist anti-AD drug discovery in the near future. This review discusses the most recent research investigations about the Aβ dynamics in water, close contact with cell membranes, and several therapeutic strategies to remove plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Boopathi
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico;
| | - Adolfo B. Poma
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Science, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- International Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)—International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ramón Garduño-Juárez
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico;
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22
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Miranda A, Montiel E, Ulrich H, Paz C. Selective Secretase Targeting for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:1-17. [PMID: 33749645 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with marked atrophy of the cerebral cortex and accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid plaques are formed by oligomers of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain, with a length of 42 and 40 amino acids. α-secretase cleaves amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) producing the membrane-bound fragment CTFα and the soluble fragment sAβPPα with neuroprotective activity; β-secretase produces membrane-bound fragment CTFβ and a soluble fragment sAβPPβ. After α-secretase cleavage of AβPP, γ-secretase cleaves CTFα to produce the cytoplasmic fragment AICD and P3 in the non-amyloidogenic pathway. CTFβ is cleaved by γ-secretase producing AICD as well as Aβ in amyloidogenic pathways. In the last years, the study of natural products and synthetic compounds, such as α-secretase activity enhancers, β-secretase inhibitors (BACE-1), and γ-secretase activity modulators, have been the focus of pharmaceuticals and researchers. Drugs were improved regarding solubility, blood-brain barrier penetration, selectivity, and potency decreasing Aβ42. In this regard, BACE-1 inhibitors, such as Atabecestat, NB-360, Umibecestat, PF-06751979 Verubecestat, LY2886721, Lanabecestat, LY2811376 and Elenbecestat, were submitted to phase I-III clinical trials. However, inhibition of Aβ production did not recover cognitive functions or reverse disease progress. Novel strategies are being developed, aiming at a partial reduction of Aβ production, such as the development of γ-secretase modulators or α-secretase activity enhancers. Such therapeutic tools shall focus on slowing down or minimizing the progression of neuronal damage. Here, we summarize structures and activities of the latest compounds designed for AD treatment, with remarkable in vitro, in vivo, and clinical phase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Miranda
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Enrique Montiel
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristian Paz
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Koriyama Y, Hori A, Ito H, Yonezawa S, Baba Y, Tanimoto N, Ueno T, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto T, Asada N, Morimoto K, Einaru S, Sakai K, Kanazu T, Matsuda A, Yamaguchi Y, Oguma T, Timmers M, Tritsmans L, Kusakabe KI, Kato A, Sakaguchi G. Discovery of Atabecestat (JNJ-54861911): A Thiazine-Based β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 Inhibitor Advanced to the Phase 2b/3 EARLY Clinical Trial. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1873-1888. [PMID: 33588527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid β peptides (Aβ) is thought to be one of the causal factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aspartyl protease β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting protease for Aβ production, and therefore, BACE1 inhibition is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD. Starting with a dihydro-1,3-thiazine-based lead, Compound J, we discovered atabecestat 1 (JNJ-54861911) as a centrally efficacious BACE1 inhibitor that was advanced into the EARLY Phase 2b/3 clinical trial for the treatment of preclinical AD patients. Compound 1 demonstrated robust and dose-dependent Aβ reduction and showed sufficient safety margins in preclinical models. The potential of reactive metabolite formation was evaluated in a covalent binding study to assess its irreversible binding to human hepatocytes. Unfortunately, the EARLY trial was discontinued due to significant elevation of liver enzymes, and subsequent analysis of the clinical outcomes showed dose-related cognitive worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Luc Tritsmans
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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24
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Zimmer JA, Shcherbinin S, Devous MD, Bragg SM, Selzler KJ, Wessels AM, Shering C, Mullen J, Landry J, Andersen SW, Downing AM, Fleisher AS, Svaldi DO, Sims JR. Lanabecestat: Neuroimaging results in early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12123. [PMID: 33614894 PMCID: PMC7882543 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lanabecestat, a beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitor, was investigated as a potential Alzheimer's disease (AD)-modifying treatment. As previously reported, amyloid beta (Aβ) neuritic plaque burden reduction did not result in clinical benefit. Lanabecestat's effects on neuroimaging biomarkers and correlations between neuroimaging biomarkers and efficacy measures are reported. METHODS AMARANTH and DAYBREAK-ALZ were 104- and 78-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of lanabecestat in early symptomatic AD (AMARANTH) and mild AD dementia (DAYBREAK-ALZ). Patients randomly (1:1:1) received placebo, lanabecestat 20 mg, or lanabecestat 50 mg daily (AMARANTH, n = 2218; DAYBREAK-ALZ, n = 1722). Florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET), fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET, flortaucipir PET, and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to measure Aβ neuritic plaque burden, cerebral metabolism, aggregated tau neurofibrillary tangles, and brain volume, respectively. Additionally, florbetapir perfusion scans were performed in DAYBREAK-ALZ. Efficacy measures included 13-item Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale, Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living Inventory, Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes, Functional Activities Questionnaire, and Mini-Mental State Examination. These studies stopped early due to futility. RESULTS Despite previously observed annualized reduction in Aβ neuritic plaque burden, there were no treatment differences in annualized change of aggregated tau neurofibrillary tangle burden (AMARANTH, n = 284; DAYBREAK-ALZ, n = 70), cerebral metabolism (AMARANTH, n = 260; DAYBREAK-ALZ, n = 38) and perfusion (DAYBREAK-ALZ, n = 213). Greater brain volume reduction (AMARANTH, n = 1697 [whole brain]; DAYBREAK-ALZ, n = 650 [whole brain]) occurred on lanabecestat compared to placebo. Higher baseline aggregated tau neurofibrillary tangle burden, lower cerebral metabolism, and lower brain volumes correlated with poorer baseline efficacy scores and greater clinical worsening. Lower baseline cerebral perfusion correlated with poorer baseline efficacy scores. Reduction in cerebral metabolism or whole brain volume correlated with clinical worsening, regardless of treatment assignment. DISCUSSION Tau pathology and cerebral metabolism assessments showed no evidence of lanabecestat slowing pathophysiologic progression of AD. Lanabecestat exposure was associated with brain volume reductions. Correlations between imaging measures and cognitive assessments may aid future study design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Craig Shering
- AstraZeneca, NeuroscienceBiopharmaceuticals R&DBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jamie Mullen
- AstraZeneca, NeuroscienceBiopharmaceuticals R&DBostonMassachusettsUSA
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25
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Henry V, Moszer I, Dameron O, Vila Xicota L, Dubois B, Potier MC, Hofmann-Apitius M, Colliot O. Converting disease maps into heavyweight ontologies: general methodology and application to Alzheimer's disease. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2021; 2021:6137817. [PMID: 33590873 DOI: 10.1093/database/baab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Omics technologies offer great promises for improving our understanding of diseases. The integration and interpretation of such data pose major challenges, calling for adequate knowledge models. Disease maps provide curated knowledge about disorders' pathophysiology at the molecular level adapted to omics measurements. However, the expressiveness of disease maps could be increased to help in avoiding ambiguities and misinterpretations and to reinforce their interoperability with other knowledge resources. Ontology is an adequate framework to overcome this limitation, through their axiomatic definitions and logical reasoning properties. We introduce the Disease Map Ontology (DMO), an ontological upper model based on systems biology terms. We then propose to apply DMO to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, we use it to drive the conversion of AlzPathway, a disease map devoted to AD, into a formal ontology: Alzheimer DMO. We demonstrate that it allows one to deal with issues related to redundancy, naming, consistency, process classification and pathway relationships. Furthermore, we show that it can store and manage multi-omics data. Finally, we expand the model using elements from other resources, such as clinical features contained in the AD Ontology, resulting in an enriched model called ADMO-plus. The current versions of DMO, ADMO and ADMO-plus are freely available at http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/ADMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Henry
- Inria Paris, Aramis Project-Team, Paris 75013, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris 75013, France.,Inserm, U 1127, Paris 75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75013, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France.,ICONICS Core Facility, Paris Brain Institute, Paris 75013, France
| | - Ivan Moszer
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris 75013, France.,Inserm, U 1127, Paris 75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75013, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France.,ICONICS Core Facility, Paris Brain Institute, Paris 75013, France
| | - Olivier Dameron
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA-UMR 6074, Rennes 35000, France
| | - Laura Vila Xicota
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris 75013, France.,Inserm, U 1127, Paris 75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75013, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France.,Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Paris Brain Institute, Paris 75013, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris 75013, France.,Inserm, U 1127, Paris 75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75013, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Paris 75013, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris 75013, France.,Inserm, U 1127, Paris 75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75013, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France.,Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Paris Brain Institute, Paris 75013, France
| | | | - Olivier Colliot
- Inria Paris, Aramis Project-Team, Paris 75013, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris 75013, France.,Inserm, U 1127, Paris 75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75013, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
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26
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Recent advances on drug development and emerging therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5629-5645. [PMID: 34181171 PMCID: PMC8236749 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative old age disease that is complex, multifactorial, unalterable, and progressive in nature. The currently approved therapy includes cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA-receptor antagonists and their combination therapy provides only temporary symptomatic relief. Sincere efforts have been made by the researchers globally to identify new targets, discover, and develop novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD. This brief review article is intended to cover the recent advances in drug development and emerging therapeutic agents for AD acting at different targets. The article is compiled using various scientific online databases and by referring to clinicaltrials.gov and ALZFORUM (alzforum.org) websites. The upcoming therapies act on one or more targets including amyloids (secretases, Aβ42 production, amyloid deposition, and immunotherapy), tau proteins (tau phosphorylation/aggregation and immunotherapy) and neuroinflammation in addition to other miscellaneous targets. Despite the tremendous improvement in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of AD, only aducanumab was approved by FDA for the treatment of AD in 18 years i.e., since 2003. Hence, it is concluded that novel therapeutic strategies are required to discover and develop therapeutic agents to fight against the century old AD.
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27
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Hrabinova M, Pejchal J, Kucera T, Jun D, Schmidt M, Soukup O. Is It the Twilight of BACE1 Inhibitors? Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:61-77. [PMID: 32359337 PMCID: PMC7903497 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200503023323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-secretase (BACE1) has been regarded as a prime target for the development of amyloid beta (Aβ) lowering drugs in the therapy of Alzheimer´s disease (AD). Although the enzyme was discovered in 1991 and helped to formulate the Aβ hypothesis as one of the very important features of AD etiopathogenesis, progress in AD treatment utilizing BACE1 inhibitors has remained limited. Moreover, in the last years, major pharmaceutical companies have discontinued clinical trials of five BACE1 inhibitors that had been strongly perceived as prospective. In our review, the Aβ hypothesis, the enzyme, its functions, and selected substrates are described. BACE1 inhibitors are classified into four generations. Those that underwent clinical trials displayed adverse effects, including weight loss, skin rashes, worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms, etc. Some inhibitors could not establish a statistically significant risk-benefit ratio, or even scored worse than placebo. We still believe that drugs targeting BACE1 may still hide some potential, but a different approach to BACE1 inhibition or a shift of focus to modulation of its trafficking and/or post-translational modification should now be followed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;E-mail:
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28
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Richardson J, Lindsay-Scott PJ, Larichev V, Pocock E. Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Amino-1,3-Oxazines from Thioureas. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Richardson
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Peter J. Lindsay-Scott
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Vladimir Larichev
- AMRI UK Ltd., Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
| | - Emily Pocock
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K
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29
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Culibrk RA, Hahn MS. The Role of Chronic Inflammatory Bone and Joint Disorders in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:583884. [PMID: 33364931 PMCID: PMC7750365 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.583884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that causes significant cognitive debilitation in tens of millions of patients worldwide. Throughout disease progression, abnormal secretase activity results in the aberrant cleavage and subsequent aggregation of neurotoxic Aβ plaques in the cerebral extracellular space and hyperphosphorylation and destabilization of structural tau proteins surrounding neuronal microtubules. Both pathologies ultimately incite the propagation of a disease-associated subset of microglia-the principle immune cells of the brain-characterized by preferentially pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and inhibited AD substrate uptake capacity, which further contribute to neuronal degeneration. For decades, chronic neuroinflammation has been identified as one of the cardinal pathophysiological driving features of AD; however, despite a number of works postulating the underlying mechanisms of inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration, its pathogenesis and relation to the inception of cognitive impairment remain obscure. Moreover, the limited clinical success of treatments targeting specific pathological features in the central nervous system (CNS) illustrates the need to investigate alternative, more holistic approaches for ameliorating AD outcomes. Accumulating evidence suggests significant interplay between peripheral immune activity and blood-brain barrier permeability, microglial activation and proliferation, and AD-related cognitive decline. In this work, we review a narrow but significant subset of chronic peripheral inflammatory conditions, describe how these pathologies are associated with the preponderance of neuroinflammation, and posit that we may exploit peripheral immune processes to design interventional, preventative therapies for LOAD. We then provide a comprehensive overview of notable treatment paradigms that have demonstrated considerable merit toward treating these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariah S. Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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30
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Wessels AM, Tariot PN, Zimmer JA, Selzler KJ, Bragg SM, Andersen SW, Landry J, Krull JH, Downing AM, Willis BA, Shcherbinin S, Mullen J, Barker P, Schumi J, Shering C, Matthews BR, Stern RA, Vellas B, Cohen S, MacSweeney E, Boada M, Sims JR. Efficacy and Safety of Lanabecestat for Treatment of Early and Mild Alzheimer Disease: The AMARANTH and DAYBREAK-ALZ Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Neurol 2020; 77:199-209. [PMID: 31764959 PMCID: PMC6902191 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.3988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Importance Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive deterioration and impaired activities of daily living. Current treatments provide only minor symptomatic improvements with limited benefit duration. Lanabecestat, a brain-permeable inhibitor of human beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1/β-secretase), was developed to modify the clinical course of AD by slowing disease progression. Objective To assess whether lanabecestat slows the progression of AD compared with placebo in patients with early AD (mild cognitive impairment) and mild AD dementia. Design, Setting, and Participants AMARANTH (first patient visit on September 30, 2014; last patient visit on October 4, 2018) and DAYBREAK-ALZ (first patient visit on July 1, 2016; last patient visit on September 28, 2018) were randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2/3 and phase 3 clinical trials lasting 104 weeks and 78 weeks, respectively. AMARANTH and DAYBREAK-ALZ were multicenter, global, double-blind studies conducted at 257 and 251 centers, respectively, located in 15 and 18 countries or territories, respectively. A population-based sample of men and women aged 55 to 85 years who met National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association criteria for early AD or mild AD dementia was screened using cognitive assessments, and the presence of amyloid was confirmed. Patients were excluded for unstable medical conditions or medication use, significant cerebrovascular pathologic findings, or a history of vitiligo and/or current evidence of postinflammatory hypopigmentation. AMARANTH screened 6871 patients; 2218 (32.3%) were randomized, and 539 patients completed the study. DAYBREAK-ALZ screened 5706 patients; 1722 (30.2%) were randomized, and 76 patients completed the study. Interventions Patients were randomized (1:1:1) to once-daily oral doses of lanabecestat (20 mg), lanabecestat (50 mg), or placebo. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure was change from baseline on the 13-item Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale. Secondary outcomes included Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Inventory, Clinical Dementia Rating, Functional Activities Questionnaire, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Efficacy analyses were conducted on the intent-to-treat population. Results Among 2218 AMARANTH patients, the mean (SD) age was 71.3 (7.1) years, and 1177 of 2218 (53.1%) were women. Among 1722 DAYBREAK-ALZ patients, the mean (SD) age was 72.3 (7.0) years, and 1023 of 1722 (59.4%) were women. Both studies were terminated early after futility analysis. There were no consistent, reproducible dose-related findings on primary or secondary efficacy measures. Psychiatric adverse events, weight loss, and hair color changes were reported in a higher percentage of patients receiving lanabecestat than placebo. Conclusions and Relevance Treatment with lanabecestat was well tolerated and did not slow cognitive or functional decline. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02245737 and NCT02783573.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre N Tariot
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix
| | | | | | | | | | - John Landry
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | | | | | - Jamie Mullen
- AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts, and Gaithersburg, Maryland.,Now retired
| | - Peter Barker
- AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts, and Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Schumi
- AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts, and Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Craig Shering
- AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts, and Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Robert A Stern
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopôle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Unités Mixtes de Recherche Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1027, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sharon Cohen
- Toronto Memory Program, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació Alzheimer Centre Educacional, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona-Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - John R Sims
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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31
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Qiu R, Ahn JE, Alexander R, Brodney MA, He P, Leurent C, Mancuso J, Margolin RA, Tankisheva E, Chen D. Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamic Effects of PF-06751979, a Potent and Selective Oral BACE1 Inhibitor: Results from Phase I Studies in Healthy Adults and Healthy Older Subjects. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:581-595. [PMID: 31424395 PMCID: PMC6839502 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PF-06751979 is a selective inhibitor of the beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1, which is a key aspartyl protease in the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, thought to be critical for the cerebral degeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease. Two Phase I studies (NCT02509117, NCT02793232) investigated the safety/tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of PF-06751979. Single-ascending doses up to 540 mg and multiple-ascending doses up to 275 mg once daily (QD) in healthy adults, and multiple doses of 50 mg or 125 mg QD in healthy older subjects were assessed. PF-06751979 was well tolerated at all doses given, and all treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate. PK parameters remained consistent across the PF-06751979 QD dosing regimens, and no notable food effects were observed. PD analysis showed that PF-06751979 reduced the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma levels of Aβ peptides in a dose-dependent manner, with the greatest reductions observed in subjects treated with 275 mg QD (approximately 92% and 93% reduction in CSF Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 observed at 24 h after Day 14 dose, respectively). A drug interaction study (NCT03126721) using midazolam indicated that there was no clinically meaningful effect of multiple doses of PF-06751979 100 mg QD on the PK of single-dose midazolam in healthy adults. Overall, these data suggest that PF-06751979 with daily dosing is favorable for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ping He
- Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
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32
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Haghighijoo Z, Akrami S, Saeedi M, Zonouzi A, Iraji A, Larijani B, Fakherzadeh H, Sharifi F, Arzaghi SM, Mahdavi M, Edraki N. N-Cyclohexylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives as multi-target-directed ligands for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Pinheiro L, Faustino C. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Amyloid-β in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:418-452. [PMID: 30907320 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190321163438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder linked to protein misfolding and aggregation. AD is pathologically characterized by senile plaques formed by extracellular Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and Intracellular Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFT) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Extensive synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration are responsible for memory impairment, cognitive decline and behavioral dysfunctions typical of AD. Amyloidosis has been implicated in the depression of acetylcholine synthesis and release, overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and increased intracellular calcium levels that result in excitotoxic neuronal degeneration. Current drugs used in AD treatment are either cholinesterase inhibitors or NMDA receptor antagonists; however, they provide only symptomatic relief and do not alter the progression of the disease. Aβ is the product of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing after successive cleavage by β- and γ-secretases while APP proteolysis by α-secretase results in non-amyloidogenic products. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, Aβ dyshomeostasis results in the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ into soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrils. The former are synaptotoxic and can induce tau hyperphosphorylation while the latter deposit in senile plaques and elicit proinflammatory responses, contributing to oxidative stress, neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation. Aβ-protein-targeted therapeutic strategies are thus a promising disease-modifying approach for the treatment and prevention of AD. This review summarizes recent findings on Aβ-protein targeted AD drugs, including β-secretase inhibitors, γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators, α-secretase activators, direct inhibitors of Aβ aggregation and immunotherapy targeting Aβ, focusing mainly on those currently under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Pinheiro
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia Faustino
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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34
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Rahman MS, Behl T, Jeandet P, Ashraf GM, Najda A, Bin-Jumah MN, El-Seedi HR, Abdel-Daim MM. Revisiting the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis: From Anti-Aβ Therapeutics to Auspicious New Ways for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165858. [PMID: 32824102 PMCID: PMC7461598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder related to age, characterized by the cerebral deposition of fibrils, which are made from the amyloid-β (Aβ), a peptide of 40–42 amino acids. The conversion of Aβ into neurotoxic oligomeric, fibrillar, and protofibrillar assemblies is supposed to be the main pathological event in AD. After Aβ accumulation, the clinical symptoms fall out predominantly due to the deficient brain clearance of the peptide. For several years, researchers have attempted to decline the Aβ monomer, oligomer, and aggregate levels, as well as plaques, employing agents that facilitate the reduction of Aβ and antagonize Aβ aggregation, or raise Aβ clearance from brain. Unluckily, broad clinical trials with mild to moderate AD participants have shown that these approaches were unsuccessful. Several clinical trials are running involving patients whose disease is at an early stage, but the preliminary outcomes are not clinically impressive. Many studies have been conducted against oligomers of Aβ which are the utmost neurotoxic molecular species. Trials with monoclonal antibodies directed against Aβ oligomers have exhibited exciting findings. Nevertheless, Aβ oligomers maintain equivalent states in both monomeric and aggregation forms; so, previously administered drugs that precisely decrease Aβ monomer or Aβ plaques ought to have displayed valuable clinical benefits. In this article, Aβ-based therapeutic strategies are discussed and several promising new ways to fight against AD are appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +880-171-022-0110
| | - Md. Tanvir Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Sohanur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims CEDEX 2, France;
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Laboratory of Quality of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koom 32512, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Zhao J, Liu X, Xia W, Zhang Y, Wang C. Targeting Amyloidogenic Processing of APP in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:137. [PMID: 32848600 PMCID: PMC7418514 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of senile dementia, characterized by neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid plaque in brain pathology. Major efforts in AD drug were devoted to the interference with the production and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Aβ is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP), by consecutive cleavage by β-secretase and γ-secretase. Therefore, β-secretase and γ-secretase inhibition have been the focus for AD drug discovery efforts for amyloid reduction. Here, we review β-secretase inhibitors and γ-secretase inhibitors/modulators, and their efficacies in clinical trials. In addition, we discussed the novel concept of specifically targeting the γ-secretase substrate APP. Targeting amyloidogenic processing of APP is still a fundamentally sound strategy to develop disease-modifying AD therapies and recent advance in γ-secretase/APP complex structure provides new opportunities in designing selective inhibitors/modulators for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Weiming Xia
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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Sosibo S, Amoako DG, Somboro AM, Sun DD, Ngila JC, Kumalo H. Understanding the Binding Mechanism of Antagonist (AZD3293) Against BACE-1: Molecular Insights into Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666191029142640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE 1) is the ratelimiting
enzyme in the formation of neurotoxic β-amyloid (Aβ) residues (Aβ1-40 or Aβ1-42)
considered as key players in the onset of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Consequently, BACE 1 is one
of the principal targets of anti-AD therapy with many small molecule BACE 1 inhibitors (BACE
1Is) in clinical trials. AZD3293 (Lanabecestat) is a BACE 1I that concluded in phase 2/3 clinical
trials. Due to the limited knowledge about the interaction of this drug with the BACE 1 enzyme, in
the present study, we performed comprehensive Molecular Dynamics (MD) analysis to understand
the binding mechanism of AZD3293 to BACE 1.
Methods:
A production run of 120 ns is carried out and results are analysed using Root Mean
Square Deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and radius of gyration (Rg) to
explain the stability of enzyme ligand complex. Further, the distance (d1) between the flap tip
(Thr72) and the hinge residue of the flexible loop (Thr328), in relation to θ1 (Thr72–Asp228-
Thr328), and to the dihedral angle δ (Thr72-Asp35-Asp228-Thr328) were measured.
Results:
The presence of the ligand within the active site restricted conformational changes as
shown by decreased values of RMSF and average RMSD of atomic positions when compared to the
values of the apoenzyme. Further analysis via the flap dynamics approach revealed that the
AZD3293 decreases the flexibility of binding residues and made them rigid by altering the
conformational changes.
Conclusion:
The prospective binding modes of AZD3293 from this study may extend the
knowledge of the BACE 1-drug interaction and pave the way to design analogues with similar
inhibitory properties needed to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphelele Sosibo
- School of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- Drug Research and Innovation Research Unit, School of Medical Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Anou Moise Somboro
- Drug Research and Innovation Research Unit, School of Medical Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Darren Delai Sun
- School of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Jane Catherine Ngila
- School of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel Kumalo
- Drug Research and Innovation Research Unit, School of Medical Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Computational screening of promising beta-secretase 1 inhibitors through multi-step molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations - Pharmacoinformatics approach. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Husna Ibrahim N, Yahaya MF, Mohamed W, Teoh SL, Hui CK, Kumar J. Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease: Seeking Clarity in a Time of Uncertainty. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32265696 PMCID: PMC7105678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is recognized as a major health hazard that mostly affects people older than 60 years. AD is one of the biggest medical, economic, and social concerns to patients and their caregivers. AD was ranked as the 5th leading cause of global deaths in 2016 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Many drugs targeting the production, aggregation, and clearance of Aβ plaques failed to give any conclusive clinical outcomes. This mainly stems from the fact that AD is not a disease attributed to a single-gene mutation. Two hallmarks of AD, Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), can simultaneously induce other AD etiologies where every pathway is a loop of consequential events. Therefore, the focus of recent AD research has shifted to exploring other etiologies, such as neuroinflammation and central hyperexcitability. Neuroinflammation results from the hyperactivation of microglia and astrocytes that release pro-inflammatory cytokines due to the neurological insults caused by Aβ plaques and NFTs, eventually leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. This review will report the failures and side effects of many anti-Aβ drugs. In addition, emerging treatments targeting neuroinflammation in AD, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), that restore calcium dyshomeostasis and microglia physiological function in clearing Aβ plaques, respectively, will be deliberately discussed. Other novel pharmacotherapy strategies in treating AD, including disease-modifying agents (DMTs), repurposing of medications used to treat non-AD illnesses, and multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) are also reviewed. These approaches open new doors to the development of AD therapy, especially combination therapy that can cater for several targets simultaneously, hence effectively slowing or stopping AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Husna Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Basic Medical Science Department, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chua Kien Hui
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Glycofood Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Iraji A, Khoshneviszadeh M, Firuzi O, Khoshneviszadeh M, Edraki N. Novel small molecule therapeutic agents for Alzheimer disease: Focusing on BACE1 and multi-target directed ligands. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103649. [PMID: 32101780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that effects 50 million people worldwide. In this review, AD pathology and the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting AD were fully discussed. In particular, common approaches to prevent Aβ production and/or accumulation in the brain including α-secretase activators, specific γ-secretase modulators and small molecules BACE1 inhibitors were reviewed. Additionally, natural-origin bioactive compounds that provide AD therapeutic advances have been introduced. Considering AD is a multifactorial disease, the therapeutic potential of diverse multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) that combine the efficacy of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors, MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, BACE1 inhibitors, phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) inhibitors, for the treatment of AD are also reviewed. This article also highlights descriptions on the regulator of serotonin receptor (5-HT), metal chelators, anti-aggregants, antioxidants and neuroprotective agents targeting AD. Finally, current computational methods for evaluating the structure-activity relationships (SAR) and virtual screening (VS) of AD drugs are discussed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Xie J, Liang R, Wang Y, Huang J, Cao X, Niu B. Progress in Target Drug Molecules for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:4-36. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191203113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that 4 widespread in the elderly.
The etiology of AD is complicated, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Although there are many
researches on anti-AD drugs, they are limited to reverse relief symptoms and cannot treat diseases.
Therefore, the development of high-efficiency anti-AD drugs with no side effects has become an urgent
need. Based on the published literature, this paper summarizes the main targets of AD and their drugs,
and focuses on the research and development progress of these drugs in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yajiang Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junyi Huang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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Akel H, Ismail R, Csóka I. Progress and perspectives of brain-targeting lipid-based nanosystems via the nasal route in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 148:38-53. [PMID: 31926222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since health care systems dedicate substantial resources to Alzheimer's disease (AD), it poses an increasing challenge to scientists and health care providers worldwide, especially that many decades of research in the medical field revealed no optimal effective treatment for this disease. The intranasal administration route seems to be a preferable route of anti-AD drug delivery over the oral one as it demonstrates an ability to overcome the related obstacles reflected in low bioavailability, limited brain exposure and undesired pharmacokinetics or side effects. This delivery route can bypass the systemic circulation through the intraneuronal and extraneuronal pathways, providing truly needleless and direct brain drug delivery of the therapeutics due to its large surface area, porous endothelial membrane, the avoidance of the first-pass metabolism, and ready accessibility. Among the different nano-carrier systems developed, lipid-based nanosystems have become increasingly popular and have proven to be effective in managing the common symptoms of AD when administered via the nose-to-brain delivery route, which provides an answer to circumventing the BBB. The design of such lipid-based nanocarriers could be challenging since many factors can contribute to the quality of the final product. Hence, according to the authors, it is recommended to follow the quality by design methodology from the early stage of development to ensure high product quality while saving efforts and costs. This review article aims to draw attention to the up-to-date findings in the field of lipid-based nanosystems and the potential role of developing such forms in the management of AD by means of the nose-to-brain delivery route, in addition to highlighting the significant role of applying QbD methodology in this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Akel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ruba Ismail
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Pham PH, Thien Nguyen PT, Bui TT, Tra HN, Nguyen TT, Son Phan NT. Homo-condensation of acetophenones toward imidazothiones. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40225-40228. [PMID: 35520859 PMCID: PMC9057481 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03047c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct synthesis of imidazothiones from simple, commercial substrates is not known. We report a method for the condensation of acetophenones, elemental sulfur, and ammonium acetate as a nitrogen source to obtain the hitherto challenging five-membered heterocycles. Functionalities such as halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, methylthio, and heteroaryl groups were well tolerated. Synthesis of imidazothiones from acetophenones is reported for the first time. The use of a wide range of functionalities and heterocycles was well tolerated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc Hoang Pham
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City
| | - Phuc Thai Thien Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City
| | - Thuy Thu Bui
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City
| | - Hien Nhat Tra
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City
| | - Tung Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City
| | - Nam Thanh Son Phan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT)
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City
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43
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Synthesis of a carbon-11 radiolabeled BACE1 inhibitor. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Anan K, Iso Y, Oguma T, Nakahara K, Suzuki S, Yamamoto T, Matsuoka E, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Ando S, Morimoto K, Kanegawa N, Kido Y, Kawachi T, Fukushima T, Teisman A, Urmaliya V, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Austin N, Van Den Bergh A, Verboven P, Bischoff F, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Kusakabe KI. Trifluoromethyl Dihydrothiazine‐Based β‐Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors with Robust Central β‐Amyloid Reduction and Minimal Covalent Binding Burden. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1894-1910. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Anan
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Iso
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Takuya Oguma
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Kenji Nakahara
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Shinji Suzuki
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Takahiko Yamamoto
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
- Current address: API Process Development Department (Biotechnology)Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 5–1, Ukima 5-chome, Kita-ku Tokyo 115-8543 Japan
| | - Eriko Matsuoka
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Hisanori Ito
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Gaku Sakaguchi
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Shigeru Ando
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Kenji Morimoto
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Naoki Kanegawa
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Yasuto Kido
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawachi
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Tamio Fukushima
- Research Laboratory for DevelopmentShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Ard Teisman
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Vijay Urmaliya
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Deborah Dhuyvetter
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Non-Clinical SafetyJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Nigel Austin
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
- Current address: Sosei HeptaresSteinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington Cambridge CB21 6DG UK
| | - An Van Den Bergh
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Peter Verboven
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Francois Bischoff
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Harrie J. M. Gijsen
- Discovery SciencesJanssen Research & Development Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Yoshinori Yamano
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kusakabe
- Discovery Research Laboratory for Core Therapeutic AreasShionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center 1-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka Osaka 561-0825 Japan
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Doens D, Valdés-Tresanco ME, Vasquez V, Carreira MB, De La Guardia Y, Stephens DE, Nguyen VD, Nguyen VT, Gu J, Hegde ML, Larionov OV, Valiente PA, Lleonart R, Fernández PL. Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3- b]indole Compounds as Potential Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4250-4263. [PMID: 31545596 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly and has become a leading public health concern worldwide. It represents a huge economic and psychological burden to caregivers and families. The presence of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques is one of the hallmarks of this neurodegenerative disorder. Amyloid plaques are comprised of aggregates of Aβ peptides, mainly Aβ42, originated by the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Aβ is a crucial target for the treatment of AD, but to date, no effective treatment for the clearance of Aβ has been found. We have identified four new hexahydropyrroloindoles (HPI) synthetic compounds that are able to inhibit the aggregation of Aβ42 and/or disaggregate the fibril. Docking experiments suggest that the nonpolar component of the interaction of compounds with Aβ42 contributes favorably to the binding free energy of each complex. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested fibril disaggregating activity of compounds 1 via interaction with hydrophobic moieties of the fibril. Consistently, compounds 1 and 2 were able to mitigate Aβ42 fibrils induced death in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC 12). One of the compounds reduces the formation of Aβ aggregates in vivo and the paralysis associated with Aβ toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our study thus augments efforts for the identification and characterization of new agents that may help stop or delay the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Doens
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge Edif #208, Panama 0843-01103, Panama
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522510, India
| | - Mario E. Valdés-Tresanco
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 No. 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Velmarini Vasquez
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522510, India
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Maria Beatriz Carreira
- Centro de Neurociencias, INDICASAT-AIP, City of Knowledge Edif #208, Panama, 0843-01103, Panama
| | - Yila De La Guardia
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge Edif #208, Panama 0843-01103, Panama
| | - David E. Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Viet D. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Vu T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Jianhua Gu
- AFM SEM Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Oleg V. Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Pedro A. Valiente
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 25 No. 455, Vedado, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ricardo Lleonart
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge Edif #208, Panama 0843-01103, Panama
| | - Patricia L. Fernández
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge Edif #208, Panama 0843-01103, Panama
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Tadano G, Komano K, Yoshida S, Suzuki S, Nakahara K, Fuchino K, Fujimoto K, Matsuoka E, Yamamoto T, Asada N, Ito H, Sakaguchi G, Kanegawa N, Kido Y, Ando S, Fukushima T, Teisman A, Urmaliya V, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Van Den Bergh A, Austin N, Gijsen HJM, Yamano Y, Iso Y, Kusakabe KI. Discovery of an Extremely Potent Thiazine-Based β-Secretase Inhibitor with Reduced Cardiovascular and Liver Toxicity at a Low Projected Human Dose. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9331-9337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Liang ZM, Peng YH, Chen Y, Long LL, Luo HJ, Chen YJ, Liang YL, Tian YH, Li SJ, Shi YS, Zhang XM. The BACE1-Specific DNA Aptamer A1 Rescues Amyloid-β Pathology and Behavioral Deficits in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Nucleic Acid Ther 2019; 29:359-366. [PMID: 31513457 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2019.0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposits in the brain are considered to be one of the main pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The sequential proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the aspartyl proteases β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase produces Aβ. Therefore, BACE1 inhibition is a very attractive target for the treatment of AD. Our previous work identified a DNA aptamer named A1 that can bind to BACE1 with high affinity and specificity and exhibits a distinct inhibitory effect on BACE1 activity in an AD cell model. The purpose of this research was to test the effect of aptamer A1 in Tg6799 mice. Four-month-old Tg6799 mice were randomly divided into two groups and treated with aptamer A1 and ineffective aptamer A1scr, respectively, by intracerebroventricular injection. Subsequent behavioral experiments showed that treatment with the aptamer A1 improved the cognitive abilities of the AD mice. Western blot indicated that BACE1 and soluble amyloid precursor protein β (sAPPβ) expression significantly decreased in the A1-treated mice. Moreover, aptamer A1 reduced the content of Aβ42 and the number and density of senile plaques in AD mice. Therefore, our results indicate that aptamer A1 is a novel specific and potent BACE1 inhibitor and is a promising potential target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Man Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Long
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Jie Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Hong Tian
- Experiment Teaching & Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Ji Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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48
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Ahmad SS, Kamal MA. Current Updates on the Regulation of Beta-Secretase Movement as a Potential Restorative Focus for Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:579-587. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190405125334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The most recent decade was described by a developing awareness about the
seriousness of dementia in the field of age-related people. Among the dementias, Alzheimer's
assumes a plentiful role as a result of its amazingly high rate and casualty. A few
pharmacological procedures have been attempted yet at the same time now, Alzheimer continues
being an untreatable malady. The collection of Aβ in the brain is an early poisonous occasion in
the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, which is the most widely recognized type of dementia
correlated with plaques and tangles within the brain. However, the mechanism of the
intraneuronal direction of BACE1 is poorly understood. AD is caused by mutations in one of the
genes that encoding APP, presenilins 1 and 2. Most of the mutations in these genes increase
Aβ42 production. Numerous receptors are associated with initiating Aβ transport and clearance.
Among them, RAGE is an influx transport receptor that binds soluble Aβ and mediates
pathophysiological cellular responses. RAGE additionally intervenes the vehicle of plasma Aβ
over the blood-brain barrier. LRP-1 functions as a clearance receptor for Aβ at the blood-brain
barrier. The regulation of beta-secretase movement is being explored as a potential restorative
focus for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Liu L, Lauro BM, Ding L, Rovere M, Wolfe MS, Selkoe DJ. Multiple BACE1 inhibitors abnormally increase the BACE1 protein level in neurons by prolonging its half-life. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:1183-1194. [PMID: 31416794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is keen interest in elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying recent failures of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease trials. METHODS We developed a highly sensitive and specific immunoassay for BACE1 in cell lines and iPSC-derived human neurons to systematically analyze the effects of eight clinically relevant BACE1 inhibitors. RESULTS Seven of 8 inhibitors elevated BACE1 protein levels. Among protease inhibitors tested, the elevation was specific to BACE1 inhibitors. The inhibitors did not increase BACE1 transcription but extended the protein's half-life. BACE1 became elevated at concentrations below the IC50 for amyloid β (Aβ). DISCUSSION Elevation of BACE1 by 7 of 8 BACE1 inhibitors raises new concerns about advancing such β-secretase inhibitors for AD. Chronic elevation could lead to intermittently uninhibited BACE1 when orally dosed inhibitors reach trough levels, abnormally increasing substrate processing. Compounds such as roburic acid that lower Aβ by dissociating β/γ secretase complexes are better candidates because they neither inhibit β- and γ-secretase nor increase BACE1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bianca M Lauro
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matteo Rovere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Wolfe
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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50
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Arya R, Gupta SP, Paliwal S, Kesar S, Mishra A, Prabhakar YS. QSAR and Molecular Modeling Studies on a Series of Pyrrolidine Analogs Acting as BACE-1 Inhibitors. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180627124422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
β-Site amyloidal precursor protein (APP) cleavage enzyme (BACE-1) is
reported as prime cause for progession of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is a form of dementia characterized
by degeneration of neurones in brain. Therefore, attempts have been made to find potent
inhibitors of this enzyme.
Methods:
The paper presents an division-based 2D quantitative structure-activity relationship
(QSAR) study on a series of BACE-1 inhibitors to analyse the structural features that may be important
to increase the potency of the compounds.
Results:
The study led to predict some potential leads for the development of potent inhibitors of
BACE-1. One of the molecule with pyrrolidine and pyrrolidinone substitutions exhibited drugreceptor
interactions comparable with reference drug.
Conclusion:
The hydrogen-bond interactions between the molecules and the receptor basically
control the BACE-1 inhibition activity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Arya
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Rajasthan, India
| | - Seema Kesar
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Rajasthan, India
| | - Achal Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapeeth, Rajasthan, India
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