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Holthaus TA, Keye SA, Verma S, Cannavale CN, Burd NA, Holscher HD, Khan NA. Dietary patterns and carotenoid intake: Comparisons of MIND, Mediterranean, DASH, and Healthy Eating Index. Nutr Res 2024; 126:58-66. [PMID: 38615632 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) dietary pattern is associated with reduced cognitive decline and dementia risk. However, the nutrient features that distinguish the MIND from other patterns are unknown. We investigated the relationship between accordance to the MIND pattern and carotenoid intake (phytonutrients hypothesized to confer neuroprotection) relative to the Mediterranean, DASH, and Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2020). We hypothesized that MIND diet accordance would be a stronger predictor of carotenoid intake relative to other diet indices. A total of 396 adults (aged 19-82 years) completed the Dietary History Questionnaire to assess carotenoid intake and adherence to each diet index. Stepwise regressions with adjustment for covariates followed by the Meng's Z-test were used to compare correlation strength between each diet pattern and carotenoid. All diet patterns were positively associated with lutein and zeaxanthin, β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin (all βs ≥0.38, Ps <.01). Effect size comparisons revealed that MIND accordance predicted a greater proportion of variance in lutein and zeaxanthin (all Zs ≥ 3.3, Ps < .001) and β-carotene (all Zs ≥ 2.6, Ps < .01) relative to the Mediterranean, DASH, and HEI-2020. MIND accordance explained a greater proportion of variance in α-carotene (Z = 3.8, P < .001) and β-cryptoxanthin (Z = 3.6, P < .001) relative to the HEI-2020. MIND diet accordance was disproportionately related to carotenoid intake, indicating the MIND index places greater emphasis on carotenoid-rich foods, particularly those containing lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene, relative to other diet indices. Future research is needed to define the role of these carotenoids in nutritional interventions for cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori A Holthaus
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Louise Freer Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shelby A Keye
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Louise Freer Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shreya Verma
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Louise Freer Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Corinne N Cannavale
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Louise Freer Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Louise Freer Hall, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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He X, Yin X, Chen X, Chen X. Aging and antioxidants: the impact of dietary carotenoid intakes on soluble klotho levels in aged adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1283722. [PMID: 37955004 PMCID: PMC10637857 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1283722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The association between dietary carotenoid intake and Soluble Klotho (S-Klotho) levels among the elderly population requires further evaluation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the dietary carotenoid intake and the S-Klotho plasma levels in older adults. Methods Eligible participants aged 60 years or above were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) data, collected between 2007 and 2016. The consumption of carotenoids was determined through two 24-hour dietary recall assessments. Moreover, the S-Klotho levels in the serum were measured using an Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Results A total of 5,056 participants were included in the study having a median total carotenoid intake of 9775.25 μg (95% confidence interval (CI): 8971.30-10579.21) and a median S-Klotho concentration of 815.59 pg/mL (95% CI: 802.59-828.60). The multivariable regression analysis showed that a single standard deviation increase in total carotenoid intake was significantly associated with an 8.40 pg/mL increase in S-Klotho levels (95% CI: 0.48-16.31). When the carotenoids were divided into quartiles, participants in the third ((4963.5μg/day,11662.5μg/day]) and fourth quartiles ((11662.5μg/day,377178μg/day]) showed higher S-Klotho levels compared to those in the first quartile. Among carotenoid subtypes, increased intake of α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein with zeaxanthin was associated with elevated S-Klotho levels. These observed associations between carotenoid subtypes and S-Klotho levels remained consistent across male participants, having a normal weight, and a moderate physical activity based on stratified analysis. Conclusion The total carotenoid intake was positively related to plasma levels of S-Klotho in the elderly population, particularly for α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein with zeaxanthin. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms behind this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou, China
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Varghese R, Buragohain T, Banerjee I, Mukherjee R, Penshanwar SN, Agasti S, Ramamoorthy S. The apocarotenoid production in microbial biofactories: An overview. J Biotechnol 2023; 374:5-16. [PMID: 37499877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a vast group of natural pigments that come in a variety of colors ranging from red to orange. Apocarotenoids are derived from these carotenoids, which are hormones, pigments, retinoids, and volatiles employed in the textiles, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Due to the high commercial value and poor natural host abundance, they are significantly undersupplied. Microbes like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli act as heterologous hosts for apocarotenoid production. This article briefly reviews categories of apocarotenoids, their biosynthetic pathway commencing from the MVA and MEP, its significance, the tool enzymes for apocarotenoid biosynthesis like CCDs, their biotechnological production in microbial factories, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ressin Varghese
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tinamoni Buragohain
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ishani Banerjee
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rishyani Mukherjee
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shraddha Naresh Penshanwar
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swapna Agasti
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Varesi A, Campagnoli LIM, Carrara A, Pola I, Floris E, Ricevuti G, Chirumbolo S, Pascale A. Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants against Alzheimer's Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010180. [PMID: 36671042 PMCID: PMC9855271 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Although substantial research has been conducted to elucidate the complex pathophysiology of AD, the therapeutic approach still has limited efficacy in clinical practice. Oxidative stress (OS) has been established as an early driver of several age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration. In AD, increased levels of reactive oxygen species mediate neuronal lipid, protein, and nucleic acid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic damage, and inflammation. Thus, the identification of novel antioxidant molecules capable of detecting, preventing, and counteracting AD onset and progression is of the utmost importance. However, although several studies have been published, comprehensive and up-to-date overviews of the principal anti-AD agents harboring antioxidant properties remain scarce. In this narrative review, we summarize the role of vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, non-flavonoids, mitochondria-targeting molecules, organosulfur compounds, and carotenoids as non-enzymatic antioxidants with AD diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic potential, thereby offering insights into the relationship between OS and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Varesi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Adelaide Carrara
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pola
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Floris
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ricevuti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Dorey CK, Gierhart D, Fitch KA, Crandell I, Craft NE. Low Xanthophylls, Retinol, Lycopene, and Tocopherols in Grey and White Matter of Brains with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1-17. [PMID: 35988225 PMCID: PMC10357197 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress contributes to pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Higher levels of the dietary antioxidants- carotenoids and tocopherols- are associated with better cognitive functions and lower risk for AD, and lower levels of multiple carotenoids are found in serum and plasma of patients with AD. Although brains donated by individuals with mild cognitive impairment had significantly lower levels of lutein and beta-carotene, previous investigators found no significant difference in carotenoid levels of brains with AD and cognitively normal brains. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that micronutrients are significantly lower in donor brains with AD than in healthy elderly brains. METHODS Samples of donor brains with confirmed AD or verified health were dissected into grey and white matter, extracted with organic solvents and analyzed by HPLC. RESULTS AD brains had significantly lower levels of lutein, zeaxanthin, anhydrolutein, retinol, lycopene, and alpha-tocopherol, and significantly increased levels of XMiAD, an unidentified xanthophyll metabolite. No meso-zeaxanthin was detected. The overlapping protective roles of xanthophylls, carotenes, α- and γ-tocopherol are discussed. CONCLUSION Brains with AD had substantially lower concentrations of some, but not all, xanthophylls, carotenes, and tocopherols, and several-fold higher concentrations of an unidentified xanthophyll metabolite increased in AD (XMiAD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karlotta A. Fitch
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian Crandell
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Nolan JM, Power R, Howard AN, Bergin P, Roche W, Prado-Cabrero A, Pope G, Cooke J, Power T, Mulcahy R. Supplementation With Carotenoids, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin E Has a Positive Effect on the Symptoms and Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:233-249. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Preliminary work by our center has reported behavior and functional benefits in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) following targeted micronutritional supplementation. Objective: To build on the existing exploratory research and investigate the impact of these micronutrients on the natural progression of AD in a randomized controlled trial. Methods: Patients with mild-moderate AD consumed daily 1 g fish oil (of which 500 mg DHA, 150 mg EPA), 22 mg carotenoids (10 mg lutein, 10 mg meso-zeaxanthin, 2 mg zeaxanthin), and 15 mg vitamin E or placebo for 12 months in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Carotenoids, ω-3FAs, and vitamin E were quantified in blood. Carotenoids were also measured in skin. AD severity was measured using the mini-mental state examination and dementia severity rating scale tools. Behavior, mood, and memory were measured using an informant-based questionnaire. Results: Following 12 months of supplementation, the active group (n = 50) compared to the placebo group (n = 27), demonstrated statistically significant improvements in skin carotenoid measurements, blood carotenoids, ω-3FAs, and vitamin E concentrations (p < 0.05, for all). The active group also performed better in objective measures of AD severity (i.e., memory and mood), with a statistically significant difference reported in the clinical collateral for memory (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Exponential increases in the prevalence of AD and its relentless progressive nature is driving the need for interventions that help to ameliorate symptoms and improve quality of life in AD patients. Given the positive outcomes demonstrated in this trial, this combined micronutrient dietary supplement should be considered in the overall management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, South East Technological University, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, South East Technological University, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | - Paula Bergin
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, South East Technological University, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Warren Roche
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, South East Technological University, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Alfonso Prado-Cabrero
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, South East Technological University, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - George Pope
- Age-Related Care Unit, Health Service Executive, University Hospital Waterford, Dunmore Road, Waterford, Ireland
| | - John Cooke
- Age-Related Care Unit, Health Service Executive, University Hospital Waterford, Dunmore Road, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Tommy Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, South East Technological University, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Ríona Mulcahy
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, South East Technological University, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
- Age-Related Care Unit, Health Service Executive, University Hospital Waterford, Dunmore Road, Waterford, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Saint Peter’s, Dublin, Ireland
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Miranda-Dominguez O, Ramirez JSB, Mitchell AJ, Perrone A, Earl E, Carpenter S, Feczko E, Graham A, Jeon S, Cohen NJ, Renner L, Neuringer M, Kuchan MJ, Erdman JW, Fair D. Carotenoids improve the development of cerebral cortical networks in formula-fed infant macaques. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15220. [PMID: 36076053 PMCID: PMC9458723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition during the first years of life has a significant impact on brain development. This study characterized differences in brain maturation from birth to 6 months of life in infant macaques fed formulas differing in content of lutein, β-carotene, and other carotenoids using Magnetic Resonance Imaging to measure functional connectivity. We observed differences in functional connectivity based on the interaction of diet, age and brain networks. Post hoc analysis revealed significant diet-specific differences between insular-opercular and somatomotor networks at 2 months of age, dorsal attention and somatomotor at 4 months of age, and within somatomotor and between somatomotor-visual and auditory-dorsal attention networks at 6 months of age. Overall, we found a larger divergence in connectivity from the breastfeeding group in infant macaques fed formula containing no supplemental carotenoids in comparison to those fed formula supplemented with carotenoids. These findings suggest that carotenoid formula supplementation influences functional brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Miranda-Dominguez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
| | - Julian S B Ramirez
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, 10022, USA
| | - A J Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Anders Perrone
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Eric Earl
- Data Science & Sharing Team, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sam Carpenter
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Eric Feczko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Alice Graham
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sookyoung Jeon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition and the Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Laurie Renner
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Martha Neuringer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | | | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Damien Fair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
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Effect of macular pigment carotenoids on cognitive functions: A systematic review. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113891. [PMID: 35752349 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lutein and zeaxanthin-xanthophyll carotenoids with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics-are present in the retina and the brain. High concentrations of these carotenoids have been positively related to cognitive performance. Therefore, this systematic review analyses the relationship between macular pigment density and cognitive functions. Most relevant databases were scoured for studies on healthy people relating cognitive functions to macular pigment optical density (MPOD). There were no age, sex, or race limitations. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021254833. Nineteen studies were included, seven randomized controlled trials (RCT) and eleven observational studies. The general aim of the studies was to examine the association between carotenoids (lutein, meso‑zeaxanthin and zeaxanthin) and cognitive function. Most observational studies correlates MPOD levels with cognitive function or brain activity. Besides, RCTs compared the cognitive function and/or brain activity after increasing lutein and zeaxanthin intake though dietary supplementation or avocado consumption. Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake increased MPOD in six of the seven clinical trials and significantly improved most of the cognitive functions studied. A wide variety of test and methodologies for measuring cognitive functions were observed. Memory, processing speed, attention and reasoning were the cognitive function significantly related to MPOD levels in adults. Brain activity also was related to MPOD, but the results were inconsistent. Only four of the eleven observational studies were based on young people and all studies showed a significant relationship between MPOD and cognitive functions. This systematic review showed a direct relationship among cognitive functions, macular pigment and the intake of lutein and zeaxanthin.
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Yamane Y, Mochiji M, Ichioka S, Takayanagi Y, Ishida A, Obana A, Tanito M. Effects of water chestnut ( Tarpa bispinosa Roxb.) extract/lutein on fingertip-measured advanced glycation endproduct/carotenoid levels. Free Radic Res 2022; 56:282-289. [PMID: 35687659 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2022.2085098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study tested the effects of the supplements containing water chestnut extract and carotenoids on antiglycation and carotenoid levels. Twenty Japanese subjects (mean age, 67 ± 7 years; 13 men) ingested 200 mg of Tarpa bispinosa Roxb. extract (containing >50 mg of polyphenols), 20 mg of lutein, and 3 mg of zeaxanthin daily for 3 months. Advanced glycation end product (AGEs) levels were estimated by fingertip skin autofluorescence using the AGEs Sensor; carotenoid levels were estimated by pressure-mediated reflection spectroscopy of the fingertips using the Veggie Meter. Compared to baseline, the mean AGEs score decreased significantly (0.55 ± 0.04 arbitrary units (AU) vs. 0.52 ± 0.07 AU, p = 0.03); the mean carotenoid score increased significantly (256 ± 68 optical density (OD) vs. 302 ± 109 OD, p = 0.02) at 3 months. Blood pressure, body weight, visual acuity, refractive error, and intraocular pressure were equivalent between baseline and 3 months. Compared to baseline, 13 (65%) patients had decreased AGEs scores, and 14 (70%) had increased carotenoid scores at 3 months; 9 (45%) subjects had both decreased AGEs scores and increased carotenoid scores, and two (10%) subjects had an inverse response. Co-administration of water chestnut extract and lutein for 3 months decreased the AGEs and increased the carotenoids estimated in the fingertip skin of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Yamane
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Mochiji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Sho Ichioka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yuji Takayanagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Akira Obana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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Wang H, Wang G, Billings R, Li D, Haase SR, Wheeler PF, Vance DE, Li W. Can Diet Supplements of Macular Pigment of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Meso-zeaxanthin Affect Cognition? J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1079-1087. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z), and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ) are collectively called macular pigment. MZ can be converted from L in the macula. In the recent decade, many studies have been performed to investigate the effects for taking carotenoids, especially L and Z or L, Z, and MZ, as diet supplements on human health. Objective: We examined if diet supplements of L + Z or L + Z + MZ have effects on cognitive function in adults. Methods: A systemic literature search was performed in March 2021 with the following keywords: lutein, zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin, cognition, cognitive, and macular pigment. The searched databases included Medline EBSCOhost, Scopus, Elsevier, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Findings from eight clinical trials were presented as the strongest evidence on the studied topic. Results: Most studies have found that macular pigments (L + Z) in blood or macula are positively correlated with cognitive performance. As an index of the amount of macular pigments in the brain, macular pigment optical density is related to cognitive performance in adults. In addition, there is an inverse relationship between a higher amount of macular pigment in the blood and lower risk of mild cognitive impairments or Alzheimer’s disease. Based on the findings from the clinical trials, diet supplements of L + Z or L + Z + MZ are associated with improved cognition in adults. Conclusion: The diet supplements of L + Z or L + Z+MZ are associated with better cognitive functioning, which may be via their beneficial effects on the vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Henan Chinese Medicine University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ge Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rebecca Billings
- UAB Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniel Li
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shakaye R. Haase
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pariya F. Wheeler
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David E. Vance
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Bailey RL, Dog TL, Smith-Ryan AE, Das SK, Baker FC, Madak-Erdogan Z, Hammond BR, Sesso HD, Eapen A, Mitmesser SH, Wong A, Nguyen H. Sex Differences Across the Life Course: A Focus On Unique Nutritional and Health Considerations among Women. J Nutr 2022; 152:1597-1610. [PMID: 35294009 PMCID: PMC9258555 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, women, while having a longer life expectancy than men, experience a differential risk for chronic diseases and have unique nutritional needs based on physiological and hormonal changes across the life span. However, much of what is known about health is based on research conducted in men. Additional complexity in assessing nutritional needs within gender include the variations in genetics, body compositions, hormonal milieus, underlying chronic diseases, and medication usage, with this list expanding as we consider these variables across the life course. It is clear women experience nutrient shortfalls during key periods of their lives, which may differentially impact their health. Consequently, as we move into the era of precision nutrition, understanding these sex- and gender-based differences may help optimize recommendations and interventions chosen to support health and weight management. Recently, a scientific conference was convened with content experts to explore these topics from a life-course perspective at biological, physiological, and behavioral levels. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop and provides an overview of important nutrition and related lifestyle considerations across the life course. The landscape of addressing female-specific nutritional needs continues to grow; now more than ever, it is essential to increase our understanding of the physiological differences between men and women, and determine how these physiological considerations may aid in optimizing nutritional strategies to support certain personal goals related to health, quality of life, sleep, and exercise performance among women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Jean-Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Zeynep Madak-Erdogan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Billy R Hammond
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex Eapen
- R&D Scientific & Regulatory Affairs–North America, Cargill, Wayzata, MN, USA
| | | | - Andrea Wong
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Haiuyen Nguyen
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA
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12
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Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Drummond PD. The Effects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Adults With Self-Reported Mild Cognitive Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:843512. [PMID: 35252311 PMCID: PMC8891800 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.843512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lutein and zeaxanthin are fat-soluble, dietary carotenoids with high concentrations in human brain tissue. There have been a number studies confirming an association between lutein and zeaxanthin and cognitive function. Purpose Examine the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation on cognitive function in adults with self-reported cognitive complaints. Study Design Two-arm, parallel-group, 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Methods Ninety volunteers aged 40–75 years received either 10 mg of lutein and 2 mg of zeaxanthin, once daily or a placebo. Outcome measures included computer-based cognitive tasks, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Profile of Mood States, and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-29. Results Compared to the placebo, lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation was associated with greater improvements in visual episodic memory (p = 0.005) and visual learning (p = 0.001). However, there were no other statistically-significant differences in performance on the other assessed cognitive tests or self-report questionnaires. Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation was well-tolerated with no reports of significant adverse effects. Conclusion The results from this trial suggest that 6-months of supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin may improve visual memory and learning in community-dwelling adults with self-reported cognitive complaints. However, it had no other effect on other computer-based measures of cognitive performance or self-report measures of cognition, memory, mood, or physical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L. Lopresti
- Clinical Research Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre and Discipline of Psychology, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Adrian L. Lopresti
| | - Stephen J. Smith
- Clinical Research Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre and Discipline of Psychology, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter D. Drummond
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre and Discipline of Psychology, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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13
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Assessment of dietary carotenoid intake and biologic measurement of exposure in humans. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:255-295. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Power R, Nolan JM, Prado-Cabrero A, Roche W, Coen R, Power T, Mulcahy R. Omega-3 fatty acid, carotenoid and vitamin E supplementation improves working memory in older adults: A randomised clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2021; 41:405-414. [PMID: 34999335 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Accumulating evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3FAs), carotenoids and vitamin E can improve cognitive performance. However, their collective impact on cognition has not yet been investigated in healthy individuals. This study investigated the combined effect of ω-3FA, carotenoid and vitamin E supplementation on the cognitive performance of older adults. METHODS Cognitively healthy individuals aged ≥65 years consumed daily 1 g fish oil (of which 430 mg docosahexaenoic acid, 90 mg eicosapentaenoic acid), 22 mg carotenoids (10 mg lutein, 10 mg meso-zeaxanthin, 2 mg zeaxanthin) and 15 mg vitamin E or placebo for 24 months in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial. RESULTS Following 24-month supplementation, individuals in the active group (n = 30; aged 69.03 ± 4.41 years; 56.7% female) recorded significantly fewer errors in working memory tasks than individuals receiving placebo (n = 30; aged 69.77 ± 3.74 years; 70% female) (point estimate effect sizes ranged 0.090-0.105). Interestingly, as the cognitive load of the working memory tasks increased, the active group outperformed the placebo group. Statistically significant improvements in tissue carotenoid concentrations, serum xanthophyll carotenoid concentrations and plasma ω-3FA concentrations were also observed in the active group versus placebo (point estimate effect sizes ranged 0.078-0.589). Moreover, the magnitude of change of carotenoid concentrations in tissue, and ω-3FA and carotenoid concentrations in blood were related to the magnitude of change in working memory performance. CONCLUSION These results support a biologically plausible rationale whereby these nutrients work synergistically, and in a dose-dependent manner, to improve working memory in cognitively healthy older adults. Increasing nutritional intake of carotenoids and ω-3FAs may prove beneficial in reducing cognitive decline and dementia risk in later life. STUDY ID NUMBER ISRCTN10431469; https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN10431469.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, X91 K236, Ireland.
| | - John M Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, X91 K236, Ireland.
| | - Alfonso Prado-Cabrero
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, X91 K236, Ireland.
| | - Warren Roche
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, X91 K236, Ireland.
| | - Robert Coen
- Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing, St. James's Hospital, 31 St. James's Walk, Rialto, Dublin, E191, Ireland.
| | - Tommy Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, X91 K236, Ireland.
| | - Ríona Mulcahy
- Age-Related Care Unit, Health Service Executive, University Hospital Waterford, Dunmore Road, Waterford, X91 ER8E, Ireland; Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123 Stephen's Green, Saint Peter's, Dublin, D02 YN7, Ireland.
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15
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Manochkumar J, Doss CGP, El-Seedi HR, Efferth T, Ramamoorthy S. The neuroprotective potential of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153676. [PMID: 34339943 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in research on neurodegenerative diseases, the pathogenesis and treatment response of neurodegenerative diseases remain unclear. Recent studies revealed a significant role of carotenoids to treat neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to systematically review the neuroprotective potential of carotenoids in vivo and in vitro and the molecular mechanisms and pathological factors contributing to major neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke). HYPOTHESIS Carotenoids as therapeutic molecules to target neurodegenerative diseases. RESULTS Aggregation of toxic proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, the excitotoxic pathway, and neuroinflammation were the major pathological factors contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies supported the beneficiary role of carotenoids, namely lycopene, β-carotene, crocin, crocetin, lutein, fucoxanthin and astaxanthin in alleviating disease progression. These carotenoids provide neuroprotection by inhibition of neuro-inflammation, microglial activation, excitotoxic pathway, modulation of autophagy, attenuation of oxidative damage and activation of defensive antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, studies conducted on humans also demonstrated that dietary intake of carotenoids lowers the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSION Carotenoids may be used as drugs to prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases. Although, the in vitro and in vivo results are encouraging, further well conducted clinical studies on humans are required to conclude about the full potential of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Manochkumar
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, 32512 Shebin El-Koom, Egypt
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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16
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Dietary Lutein and Cognitive Function in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195794. [PMID: 34641336 PMCID: PMC8510423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging literature suggests that dietary lutein may have important functions in cognitive health, but there is not enough data to substantiate its effects in human cognition. The current study was intended to determine the overall effect of lutein on the main domains of cognition in the adult population based on available placebo randomized-controlled trials. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, AGRICOLA, Scopus, MEDLINE, and EMBASE on 14 November 2020. The effect of lutein on complex attention, executive function and memory domains of cognition were assessed by using an inverse-variance meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) (Hedge’s g method). Dietary lutein was associated with slight improvements in cognitive performance in complex attention (SMD 0.02, 95% CI −0.27 to 0.31), executive function (SMD 0.13, 95% CI −0.26 to 0.51) and memory (SMD 0.03, 95% CI −0.26 to 0.32), but its effect was not significant. Change-from-baseline analysis revealed that lutein consumption could have a role in maintaining cognitive performance in memory and executive function. Although dietary lutein did not significantly improve cognitive performance, the evidence across multiple studies suggests that lutein may nonetheless prevent cognitive decline, especially executive function. More intervention studies are needed to validate the role of lutein in preventing cognitive decline and in promoting brain health.
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Gazzolo D, Picone S, Gaiero A, Bellettato M, Montrone G, Riccobene F, Lista G, Pellegrini G. Early Pediatric Benefit of Lutein for Maturing Eyes and Brain-An Overview. Nutrients 2021; 13:3239. [PMID: 34579116 PMCID: PMC8468336 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a dietary carotenoid preferentially accumulated in the eye and the brain in early life and throughout the life span. Lutein accumulation in areas of high metabolism and oxidative stress such as the eye and the brain suggest a unique role of this ingredient during the development and maturation of these organs of common embryological origin. Lutein is naturally provided to the developing baby via the cord blood, breast milk and then infant diet. The presence of this carotenoid depends on fruit and vegetable intakes and its bioavailability is higher in breastmilk. This paper aims to review the anatomical development of the eye and the brain, explore the presence and selective deposition of lutein in these organs during pregnancy and infancy and, based on its functional characteristics, present the latest available research on the beneficial role of lutein in the pediatric population. The potential effects of lutein in ameliorating conditions associated with increase oxidative stress such as in prematurity will be also addressed. Since consumption of lutein rich foods falls short of government guidelines and in most region of the world infant formulas lack this bioactive, dietary recommendations for pregnant and breastfeeding women and their child can help to bridge the gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gazzolo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University G. d’Annunzio, 65100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Simonetta Picone
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico Casilino, 00169 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alberto Gaiero
- Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, asl2 Ospedale San Paolo Savona, 17100 Savona, Italy;
| | - Massimo Bellettato
- Department of Women and Child’s Health, San Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy;
| | - Gerardo Montrone
- S.S.V.D “NIDO E STEN” Ospedali Riuniti Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | | | - Gianluca Lista
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, ASST-FBF-Sacco, 20154 Milan, Italy;
| | - Guido Pellegrini
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Presidio Ospedaliero “Città di Sesto San Giovanni, Sesto san Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy;
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18
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Polutchko SK, Glime GNE, Demmig-Adams B. Synergistic Action of Membrane-Bound and Water-Soluble Antioxidants in Neuroprotection. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175385. [PMID: 34500818 PMCID: PMC8434335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of neurodegeneration during aging, and support of optimal brain function throughout the lifespan, requires protection of membrane structure and function. We review the synergistic action of different classes of dietary micronutrients, as well as further synergistic contributions from exercise and stress reduction, in supporting membrane structure and function. We address membrane-associated inflammation involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) that produce immune regulators from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of membrane phospholipids. The potential of dietary micronutrients to maintain membrane fluidity and prevent chronic inflammation is examined with a focus on synergistically acting membrane-soluble components (zeaxanthin, lutein, vitamin E, and omega-3 PUFAs) and water-soluble components (vitamin C and various phenolics). These different classes of micronutrients apparently operate in a series of intertwined oxidation-reduction cycles to protect membrane function and prevent chronic inflammation. At this time, it appears that combinations of a balanced diet with regular moderate exercise and stress-reduction practices are particularly beneficial. Effective whole-food-based diets include the Mediterranean and the MIND diet (Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet, where DASH stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension).
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Carotenoid Extract Derived from Euglena gracilis Overcomes Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in Microglia: Role of NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3515-3528. [PMID: 33745115 PMCID: PMC8257518 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Activation of microglia results in the increased production and release of a series of inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators, which play essential roles in structural and functional neuronal damage and in the development and progression of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. The microalga Euglena gracilis (Euglena), rich in vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, has gained increasing attention due to its antimicrobial, anti-viral, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. In particular, anti-inflammatory properties of Euglena could exert neuroprotective functions in different neurodegenerative diseases related to inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of Euglena are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether Euglena could attenuate microglia activation and we also studied the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory activity. Our results showed that non-cytotoxic concentrations of a Euglena acetone extract (EAE) downregulated the mRNA expression levels and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, including NO, IL-1β, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated microglia. EAE also significantly blocked the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit and increased the mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and NF-κB activation were also blocked by EAE in the presence of ML385, a specific Nrf2 inhibitor. Together, these results show that EAE overcomes LPS-induced microglia pro-inflammatory responses through downregulation of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2 signaling pathways, although the two pathways seem to get involved in an independent manner.
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Carotenoids and Cognitive Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Intervention Trials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020223. [PMID: 33540909 PMCID: PMC7913239 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that diet can modify the risk of future cognitive impairment and dementia. A biologically plausible rationale and initial clinical data indicate that the antioxidant activities of dietary carotenoids may assist the preservation of cognitive function. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to examine the relationship between carotenoid supplementation and cognitive performance. A literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases from their inception to July 2020. A total of 435 studies were retrieved. Abstract screening using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria was followed by full-text screening and data extraction of study characteristics and measured outcomes. A meta-analysis of eligible trials was performed using a random-effects model to estimate pooled effect size. We identified 9 studies with a total of 4402 nondemented subjects, whose age ranged from 45 to 78 years. Results of the pooled meta-analysis found a significant effect of carotenoid intervention on cognitive outcomes (Hedge’s g = 0.14; 95% confidence interval: 0.08, 0.20, p < 0.0001). There was no evidence of heterogeneity among the studies (τ2 = 0.00, I2 = 0.00%, H2 = 1.00) or publication bias. Although further studies are needed, our results suggest that carotenoid interventions are associated with better cognitive performance. Thus, these dietary compounds may help to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia.
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21
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Improvement of Executive Function after Short-Term Administration of an Antioxidants Mix Containing Bacopa, Lycopene, Astaxanthin and Vitamin B12: The BLAtwelve Study. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010056. [PMID: 33375429 PMCID: PMC7824614 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last few years increasing interest has been focused on antioxidants as potentially useful agents in the prevention of the onset and progression of cognitive dysfunction. In this randomized, double-blind, controlled, parallel arm study, the effects of daily consumption of an antioxidant mix on cognitive function in healthy older adults were evaluated. After a 1 week run-in period, 80 subjects aged 60 years or more, and with no evidence of cognitive dysfunction, were randomly allocated to a mix of four bioactive compounds (bacopa, lycopene, astaxanthin, and vitamin B12) or matched placebo, taken orally once a day for 8 weeks. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the changes in trial making test (TMT) scores from baseline to 8 weeks of treatment, analyzed in the following hierarchical order: TMT-B, TMT-A, and TMT-B minus TMT-A. TMT-B increased in the control group (+3.46 s) and decreased in the active group (−17.63 s). The treatment difference was −21.01 s in favor of the active group (95% C.I. −26.80 to −15.2, p < 0.0001). The decrease in TMT-A was significantly higher in the active group (−6.86 s) than in the control group (−0.37 s). TMT-B minus TMT-A increased in the control group (+3.84 s) and decreased in the active group (−10.46 s). The increase in letter fluency in the verbal fluency test (VFT) was also significantly higher in the active group and statistically significant (+5.28 vs. +1.07 words; p < 0.001). Our findings provide encouraging evidence that regular dietary supplementation with bacopa, lycopene, astaxanthin, and vitamin B12 may be an effective dietary approach for counteracting cognitive changes associated with brain aging.
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Singh P, Sivanandam TM, Konar A, Thakur MK. Role of nutraceuticals in cognition during aging and related disorders. Neurochem Int 2020; 143:104928. [PMID: 33285273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive abilities are compromised with advancing age posing a great risk for the development of dementia and other related brain disorders. Genetic susceptibility as well as environmental exposures determine the fate of cognitive aging and its transition to pathological states. Emerging epidemiological and observational studies have revealed the importance of lifestyle factors including dietary patterns and nutritional intake in the maintenance of cognitive health and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. In this context, nutraceutical interventions have gained considerable attention in preventing age-related cognitive deficits and counteracting pathological processes. Nutraceuticals include dietary plants and derivatives, food supplements and processed foods with nutritional and pharmaceutical values. The present review highlights the importance of nutraceuticals in attenuating cognitive aging and its progression to dementia, with specific emphasis on chemical constituents, neurocognitive properties and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabh Singh
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Thamil Mani Sivanandam
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Arpita Konar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - M K Thakur
- Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Fakhri S, Pesce M, Patruno A, Moradi SZ, Iranpanah A, Farzaei MH, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Attenuation of Nrf2/Keap1/ARE in Alzheimer's Disease by Plant Secondary Metabolites: A Mechanistic Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214926. [PMID: 33114450 PMCID: PMC7663041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neuronal/cognitional dysfunction, leading to disability and death. Despite advances in revealing the pathophysiological mechanisms behind AD, no effective treatment has yet been provided. It urges the need for finding novel multi-target agents in combating the complex dysregulated mechanisms in AD. Amongst the dysregulated pathophysiological pathways in AD, oxidative stress seems to play a critical role in the pathogenesis progression of AD, with a dominant role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1)/antioxidant responsive elements (ARE) pathway. In the present study, a comprehensive review was conducted using the existing electronic databases, including PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus, as well as related articles in the field. Nrf2/Keap1/ARE has shown to be the upstream orchestrate of oxidative pathways, which also ameliorates various inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. So, developing multi-target agents with higher efficacy and lower side effects could pave the road in the prevention/management of AD. The plant kingdom is now a great source of natural secondary metabolites in targeting Nrf2/Keap1/ARE. Among natural entities, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpene/terpenoids, carotenoids, sulfur-compounds, as well as some other miscellaneous plant-derived compounds have shown promising future accordingly. Prevailing evidence has shown that activating Nrf2/ARE and downstream antioxidant enzymes, as well as inhibiting Keap1 could play hopeful roles in overcoming AD. The current review highlights the neuroprotective effects of plant secondary metabolites through targeting Nrf2/Keap1/ARE and downstream interconnected mediators in combating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; (S.F.); (S.Z.M.)
| | - Mirko Pesce
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio CH-PE, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Antonia Patruno
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University G. d’Annunzio CH-PE, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; (S.F.); (S.Z.M.)
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Amin Iranpanah
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415153, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; (S.F.); (S.Z.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile
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Power R, Nolan JM, Prado-Cabrero A, Coen R, Roche W, Power T, Howard AN, Mulcahy R. Targeted Nutritional Intervention for Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Cognitive impAiRmEnt Study (CARES) Trial 1. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10020043. [PMID: 32466168 PMCID: PMC7354621 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3FAs), carotenoids, and vitamin E are important constituents of a healthy diet. While they are present in brain tissue, studies have shown that these key nutrients are depleted in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in comparison to cognitively healthy individuals. Therefore, it is likely that these individuals will benefit from targeted nutritional intervention, given that poor nutrition is one of the many modifiable risk factors for MCI. Evidence to date suggests that these nutritional compounds can work independently to optimize the neurocognitive environment, primarily due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To date, however, no interventional studies have examined the potential synergistic effects of a combination of ω-3FAs, carotenoids and vitamin E on the cognitive function of patients with MCI. Individuals with clinically confirmed MCI consumed an ω-3FA plus carotenoid plus vitamin E formulation or placebo for 12 months. Cognitive performance was determined from tasks that assessed global cognition and episodic memory. Ω-3FAs, carotenoids, and vitamin E were measured in blood. Carotenoid concentrations were also measured in tissue (skin and retina). Individuals consuming the active intervention (n = 6; median [IQR] age 73.5 [69.5–80.5] years; 50% female) exhibited statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05, for all) in tissue carotenoid concentrations, and carotenoid and ω-3FA concentrations in blood. Trends in improvements in episodic memory and global cognition were also observed in this group. In contrast, the placebo group (n = 7; median [IQR] 72 (69.5–75.5) years; 89% female) remained unchanged or worsened for all measurements (p > 0.05). Despite a small sample size, this exploratory study is the first of its kind to identify trends in improved cognitive performance in individuals with MCI following supplementation with ω-3FAs, carotenoids, and vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (J.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (W.R.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (R.M.); Tel.: +353-01-845-505 (R.P.); +353-51-842-509 (R.M.)
| | - John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (J.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (W.R.); (T.P.)
| | - Alfonso Prado-Cabrero
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (J.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (W.R.); (T.P.)
| | - Robert Coen
- Mercer’s Institute for Research on Ageing, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Warren Roche
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (J.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (W.R.); (T.P.)
| | - Tommy Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology West Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (J.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (W.R.); (T.P.)
| | - Alan N. Howard
- Howard Foundation, 7 Marfleet Close, Great Shelford, Cambridge CB22 5LA, UK;
| | - Ríona Mulcahy
- Age-Related Care Unit, Health Service Executive, University Hospital Waterford, Dunmore Road, X91 ER8E Waterford, Ireland
- Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, 123 Stephen’s Green, Saint Peter’s, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (R.M.); Tel.: +353-01-845-505 (R.P.); +353-51-842-509 (R.M.)
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Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with working memory in an older population. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:1708-1715. [PMID: 32349832 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019005020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to examine the association between dietary lutein and zeaxanthin (L + Z) intake and immediate word recall (IWR) and delayed word recall (DWR), and to identify the major contributors to dietary L + Z intake in a recent and representative sample of the older US population. DESIGN In this cross-sectional analysis, multivariate path analytic models estimated the association between L + Z consumption and cognitive performance while adjusting for covariates. SETTING Observations were drawn from the 2014 Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel study of older US adults, and the 2013 Health Care and Nutrition Study, which assessed dietary intake via FFQ in a subsample of respondents. PARTICIPANTS The analytic sample included 6390 respondents aged ≥50 years. RESULTS L + Z intake was 2·44 ± 2·32 mg/d on average, and L + Z intake differed significantly across quartiles (P < 0·001). For example, average L + Z intake in Q1 was 0·74 ± 0·23 mg/d and in Q4 was 5·46 ± 2·88 mg/d. In covariate adjusted models, older adults in the highest quartiles of L + Z intake had significantly greater IWR and DWR scores than those in the lowest quartile. Leafy vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, dark yellow vegetables, fish and seafood, legumes, eggs and fruit were significant and meaningful predictors of dietary L + Z intake. CONCLUSION A high consumption of vegetables, fish and seafood, legumes, eggs and fruit is associated with a higher intake of L + Z and greater word recall among older adults.
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Grodzicki W, Dziendzikowska K. The Role of Selected Bioactive Compounds in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030229. [PMID: 32168776 PMCID: PMC7139322 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a feature of many debilitating, incurable age-dependent diseases that affect the nervous system and represent a major threat to the health of elderly persons. Because of the ongoing process of aging experienced by modern societies, the increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is becoming a global public health concern. A major cause of age-related dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Currently, there are no effective therapies to slow, stop, or reverse the progression of this disease. However, many studies have suggested that modification of lifestyle factors, such as the introduction of an appropriate diet, can delay or prevent the onset of this disorder. Diet is currently considered to be a crucial factor in controlling health and protecting oneself against oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and thus against chronic degenerative diseases. A large number of bioactive food compounds may influence the pathological mechanisms underlying AD. Among them, phenolic compounds, omega-3 fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, isothiocyanates, and carotenoids seem to be promising. They act not only as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, but also as active modulators of the pathological molecular mechanisms that play a role in AD development, including the formation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles, the main hallmarks of AD pathology. In vivo animal model studies as well as clinical and epidemiological research suggest that nutritional intervention has a positive effect on the health of older people and may prevent age-related cognitive decline, especially when the diet contains more than one bioactive nutrient. The Mediterranean diet and in particular its combination with Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, which is called the MIND diet, are nutritional patterns based on many products rich in bioactive compounds that appear to be the most effective in preventing neurodegeneration. The present review gathers evidence that supports the neuroprotective effect of bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Grodzicki
- Faculty of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-2259-37-033
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Effects of Lutein and Astaxanthin Intake on the Improvement of Cognitive Functions among Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030617. [PMID: 32120794 PMCID: PMC7146131 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fruits and vegetables are generally rich in antioxidants such as carotenoids. Consumption of carotenoids is expected to have benefits on cognitive functions in humans. However, previous randomized controlled trials (RCT) using carotenoids have reported inconsistent results. Therefore, this systematic review (SR) aimed to summarize the effect of carotenoid intake on cognitive functions in humans. Method: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PsychoINFO were searched for research papers on carotenoid intake with the criteria that 1) oral carotenoid intake was evaluated using RCTs, 2) participants were healthy young, middle-aged, or older, and 3) cognitive functions were measured using RCTs. Results: Five studies using lutein and two studies using astaxanthin met the inclusion criteria. Consumption of lutein and its isomer showed consistent results in selective improvement of visual episodic memory in young and middle-aged adults while inhibition was observed in middle-aged and older adults. One of the two included astaxanthin studies reported a significant improvement of verbal episodic memory performance in middle-aged adults. Conclusion: This SR showed that the 10 mg lutein per day for twelve months can lead to improvement of cognitive functions. Due to the small number of studies, it is difficult to conclude whether astaxanthin would have a positive effect on cognitive functions.
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Green-Gomez M, Bernstein PS, Curcio CA, Moran R, Roche W, Nolan JM. Standardizing the Assessment of Macular Pigment Using a Dual-Wavelength Autofluorescence Technique. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:41. [PMID: 31867142 PMCID: PMC6922273 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is essential to have an appropriate measure to assess macular pigment (MP) that can provide an accurate, valid, and reliable representation of the MP within the macula. The aim of this study was to describe and introduce MP optical volume (MPOV) as an optimal value for reporting MP. METHODS Three hundred ninety-three subjects were analyzed using the Heidelberg Spectralis with the investigational MP optical density (MPOD) module to measure MPOV and MPOD at four foveal eccentricities (0.23°, 0.51°, 0.98°, 1.76° [7° as reference point]). Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) dietary intake and serum concentrations were evaluated. RESULTS MPOV mean was 5094 (95%CI, 4877-5310); range: 527 to 10,652. MPOV was inversely correlated with body mass index and positively correlated with education (r = -0.156, P = 0.002 and r = 0.124, P = 0.014, respectively). Serum concentrations of L and Z were positively correlated with MPOV (r = 0.422, P < 0.001 and r = 0.285, P < 0.001, respectively). MPOV was positively correlated to MPOD at all measured eccentricities, with the strongest agreement at 1.76° (r = 0.906, P < 0.001). Serum concentrations of L and Z, BMI, education, and age (P < 0.001) were found to be significant predictors of MPOV. CONCLUSIONS The Spectralis MPOV measurement provided a comprehensive and detailed evaluation of the MP profile. The Spectralis MPOV should be considered a preferred metric for the assessment of MP. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Applying a standardized method for the assessment and report of MP will allow to fully derive meaning from observational studies and to successfully implement this MP measurement technique in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Green-Gomez
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | - Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rachel Moran
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Warren Roche
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
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Stringham NT, Holmes PV, Stringham JM. Effects of macular xanthophyll supplementation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cognitive performance. Physiol Behav 2019; 211:112650. [PMID: 31425700 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative and inflammatory processes play a major role in stress-induced neural atrophy. There is a wide body of literature linking oxidative and inflammatory stress with reductions in neurotrophic factors, stress resilience, and cognitive function. Based on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity, we investigated the effect of the dietary carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, along with the zeaxanthin isomer meso-zeaxanthin (collectively the "macular xanthophylls" [MXans]) on systemic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and anti-oxidant capacity (AOC), and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. To investigate higher-order effects, we assessed cognitive performance. METHODS 59 young (18-25 yrs.), healthy subjects participated in a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effects of MXan supplementation on the aforementioned serum parameters and cognitive performance. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: placebo, 13 mg, or 27 mg/day total MXans; all measures were taken at baseline and 6 months. Blood was obtained via fasting blood draw, and MXan concentration in the retina (termed macular pigment optical density [MPOD]) was measured via customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. Serum BDNF and cytokines were assessed via ELISA. Serum antioxidant capacity (AOC) and serum MXan concentrations were quantified via colorimetric microplate assay, and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Cognitive performance was measured via a computer-based assessment tool (CNS Vital Signs). RESULTS BDNF, MPOD, serum MXans, and AOC all increased significantly versus placebo in both treatment groups over the 6-month study period (p < .05 for all). IL-1β decreased significantly versus placebo in both treatment groups (p = .0036 and p = .006, respectively). For cognitive measures, scores for composite memory, verbal memory, sustained attention, psychomotor speed, and processing speed all improved significantly in treatment groups (p < .05 for all) and remained unchanged in the placebo group. Several measures were found to be significantly associated in terms of relational changes over the course of the study. Notably, change in BDNF was related to change in IL-1β (r = -0.47; p < .001) and MPOD (r = 0.44; p = .0086). Additionally, changes in serum MXans were strongly related to AOC (r = 0.79 & 0.61 for lutein and zeaxanthin isomers respectively; p < .001). For cognitive scores, change in BDNF was correlated to change in composite memory (r = 0.32; p = .014) and verbal memory (r = 0.35; p = .007), whereas change in MPOD was correlated with change in both psychomotor speed (r = 0.38; p = .003), and processing speed (r = 0.35; p = .007). Change in serum lutein was found to be significantly correlated to change in verbal memory (r = 0.41; p < .001), composite memory (r = 0.31; p = .009), and sustained attention (r = 0.28; p = .036). Change in serum zeaxanthin isomers was significantly correlated with change in verbal memory (r = 0.33; p = .017). Lastly, change in AOC was significantly associated with verbal memory (r = 0.34; p = .021), composite memory (r = 0.29; p = .03), and sustained attention (r = 0.35; p = .016). No significant relational changes in any cognitive parameter were found for the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Six months of daily supplementation with at least 13 mg of MXans significantly reduces serum IL-1β, significantly increases serum MXans, BDNF, MPOD, and AOC, and improves several parameters of cognitive performance. Findings suggest that increased systemic antioxidant/anti-inflammatory capacity (and not necessarily deposition of the carotenoids in neural tissues), may explain many of the effects determined in this study. The significant relationship between change in BDNF and IL-1β over the course of the study suggests that regular consumption of MXans interrupts the inflammatory cascade that can lead to reduction of BDNF. Changes in MPOD and BDNF appear to account for enhancement in cognitive parameters that involve speed of processing and complex processing, respectively. ISRCTN Clinical Trial Registration: ISRCTN16156382.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Stringham
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program-Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
| | - Philip V Holmes
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program-Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
| | - James M Stringham
- Visual Performance Laboratory, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC 27705, United States of America.
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Del Ser T, Zea MA, Valentí M, Olazarán J, López-Álvarez J, Rebollo-Vázquez A, Ávila-Villanueva M, Frades B, Medina M, Fernández-Blázquez MA. Effects of commonly prescribed drugs on cognition and mild cognitive impairment in healthy elderly people. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:965-974. [PMID: 31241413 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119857206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic drug intake has been associated with negative and positive cognitive effects in elderly people, although subjacent conditions may be confounding factors. AIM To study the effects on cognitive performance of commonly prescribed medications in a cohort of cognitively normal older adults. METHODS Medication intake was recorded during two years in 1087 individuals 70-85 years old, without neurological or psychiatric conditions. The influence of every drug, drug family and therapeutic group on six cognitive scores and on the conversion to mild cognitive impairment over two years was ascertained by cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses controlling for demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS Small effects of several drugs on information processing were found in cross-sectional analyses but only confirmed for a positive effect of vitamin D in case-control analyses. Longitudinal analyses showed no drug effects on the cognitive slopes. Several hypotensive drugs reduced, whereas bromazepam and glucose lowering drugs increased, the conversion rate to mild cognitive impairment with very small effects (R2=0.3-1%). CONCLUSIONS Cognitively healthy elderly individuals show minimal negative effects on information processing associated with chronic intake of some drugs probably related to the subjacent condition. Some drugs slightly affect the rate of conversion to mild cognitive impairment. Positive effects of vitamin D, chondroitin, atorvastatin and antihypertensive drugs, and negative effects of antidepressants and benzodiazepines, should be further explored in studies with longer follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Del Ser
- 1 Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Ascensión Zea
- 1 Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meritxell Valentí
- 1 Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Olazarán
- 1 Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain.,2 Service of Neurology, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge López-Álvarez
- 1 Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain.,3 Service of Psychiatry, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rebollo-Vázquez
- 1 Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Ávila-Villanueva
- 1 Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Frades
- 1 Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Medina
- 1 Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain.,4 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Degenerativas (CIBERNED), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Fernández-Blázquez
- 1 Alzheimer's Disease Investigation Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Queen Sofia Foundation, Alzheimer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
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Loladze I, Nolan JM, Ziska LH, Knobbe AR. Rising Atmospheric CO2Lowers Concentrations of Plant Carotenoids Essential to Human Health: A Meta‐Analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801047. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irakli Loladze
- Bryan College of Health SciencesBryan Medical Center Lincoln NE 68506 USA
- School of Mathematical and Statistical SciencesArizona State University Temple AZ 85281 USA
| | - John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore HouseWaterford Institute of Technology West Campus Waterford Ireland
| | - Lewis H. Ziska
- USDA‐ARSAdaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory Beltsville MD 20705 USA
- Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia University New York NY 10025 USA
| | - Amy R. Knobbe
- Bryan College of Health SciencesBryan Medical Center Lincoln NE 68506 USA
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Nolan JM, Mulcahy R, Power R, Moran R, Howard AN. Nutritional Intervention to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Benefits of Xanthophyll Carotenoids and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Combined. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:367-378. [PMID: 29945352 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of scientific evidence suggests that enrichment of certain nutritional compounds in the brain may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of supplemental xanthophyll carotenoids plus omega-3 fatty acids on disease progression in patients with AD. METHODS Three trial experiments were performed. In Trials 1 and 2 (performed on patients with AD over an 18-month period), 12 patients (AD status at baseline: 4 mild and 8 moderate) were supplemented with a xanthophyll carotenoid only formulation (Formulation 1; lutein:meso-zeaxanthin:zeaxanthin 10:10:2 mg/day) and 13 patients (AD status at baseline: 2 mild, 10 moderate, and 1 severe) were supplemented with a xanthophyll carotenoid and fish oil combination (Formulation 2; lutein:meso-zeaxanthin:zeaxanthin 10:10:2 mg/day plus 1 g/day of fish oil containing 430 mg docohexaenoic acid [DHA] and 90 mg eicopentaenoic acid [EPA]), respectively. In Trial 3, 15 subjects free of AD (the control group) were supplemented for 6 months with Formulation 1. Blood xanthophyll carotenoid response was measured in all trials by HPLC. Omega-3 fatty acids were profiled by direct infusion mass spectrometry. RESULTS Xanthophyll carotenoid concentration increases were significantly greater for Formulation 2 compared to Formulation 1 (p < 0.05), and progression of AD was less for this group (p = 0.003), with carers reporting functional benefits in memory, sight, and mood. CONCLUSION This preliminary report suggests positive outcomes for patients with AD who consumed a combination of xanthophyll carotenoids plus fish oil, but further study is required to confirm this important observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Riona Mulcahy
- Age-related Care Unit, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Rachel Moran
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
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Tan BL, Norhaizan ME. Carotenoids: How Effective Are They to Prevent Age-Related Diseases? Molecules 2019; 24:E1801. [PMID: 31075966 PMCID: PMC6539799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite an increase in life expectancy that indicates positive human development, a new challenge is arising. Aging is positively associated with biological and cognitive degeneration, for instance cognitive decline, psychological impairment, and physical frailty. The elderly population is prone to oxidative stress due to the inefficiency of their endogenous antioxidant systems. As many studies showed an inverse relationship between carotenoids and age-related diseases (ARD) by reducing oxidative stress through interrupting the propagation of free radicals, carotenoid has been foreseen as a potential intervention for age-associated pathologies. Therefore, the role of carotenoids that counteract oxidative stress and promote healthy aging is worthy of further discussion. In this review, we discussed the underlying mechanisms of carotenoids involved in the prevention of ARD. Collectively, understanding the role of carotenoids in ARD would provide insights into a potential intervention that may affect the aging process, and subsequently promote healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Esa Norhaizan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Research Centre of Excellent, Nutrition and Non-Communicable Diseases (NNCD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Loskutova E, Shah K, Flitcroft ID, Setti A, Butler JS, Nolan Y, Paudel N, Loughman J. Lutein and zeaxanthin: The possible contribution, mechanisms of action and implications of modern dietary intake for cognitive development in children. HRB Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.12903.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Studies suggest that lutein and zeaxanthin may be important for cognitive development in children, but a comprehensive evidence synthesis is lacking. The purpose of this evidence synthesis was to analyse the available data regarding the role of lutein and zeaxanthin for cognition in children and propose a theoretical basis for future studies.Methods:The PubMed, Scopus, the ISRCTN registry and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies that evaluated the relationship between lutein and zeaxanthin and cognitive function in children. Reference list and ancestry searches were performed on relevant articles. A total of 543 articles were identified, of which six cross-sectional studies were included.Results:The literature search revealed that the evidence concerning the effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on cognition in children is sparse. However, there is some preliminary evidence indicating a positive association between lutein and zeaxanthin and cognition in childhood.Conclusions:The cross-sectional nature of the few studies available and the lack of RCT data indicates a need for further investigation before any firm conclusions can be drawn.
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Daga FB, Ogata NG, Medeiros FA, Moran R, Morris J, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, Nolan JM. Macular Pigment and Visual Function in Patients With Glaucoma: The San Diego Macular Pigment Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4471-4476. [PMID: 30193322 PMCID: PMC6133244 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although recent studies have shown that macular pigment (MP) is significantly lower in glaucoma patients, this relationship merits further investigation. Methods This cross-sectional study included 85 glaucoma patients and 22 controls. All subjects had standard automated perimetry (SAP) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements. Intake of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) was estimated using a novel dietary screener. The Heidelberg Spectralis dual-wavelength autofluorescence (AF) technology was employed to study the relationship between MP and glaucoma. The association between MP volume and glaucoma was investigated using linear regression models accounting for potential confounding factors. Results Glaucoma patients had significantly worse SAP mean deviation (MD) and lower RNFL thickness in the study eye compared to control subjects (P < 0.001 for both). MP (volume) was comparable between groups (P = 0.436). In the univariable model, diagnosis of glaucoma was not associated with MP volume (R2 = 1.22%; P = 0.257). Dietary intake of L and Z was positively and significantly related to MP in the univariable (P = 0.022) and multivariable (P = 0.020) models. Conclusions These results challenge previous studies that reported that glaucoma is associated with low MP. Dietary habits were found to be the main predictor of MP in this sample. Further research is merited to better understand the relationship between glaucoma, MP, and visual performance in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio B Daga
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Nara G Ogata
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Felipe A Medeiros
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Rachel Moran
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Carriganore, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Jeffrey Morris
- Morris Eye Group, Encinitas, Vista, California, United States
| | - Linda M Zangwill
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Robert N Weinreb
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - John M Nolan
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Sciences, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Carriganore, Waterford, Ireland
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Power R, Prado-Cabrero A, Mulcahy R, Howard A, Nolan JM. The Role of Nutrition for the Aging Population: Implications for Cognition and Alzheimer's Disease. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:619-639. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Improved life expectancy worldwide has resulted in a significant increase in age-related diseases. Dementia is one of the fastest growing age-related diseases, with 75 million adults globally projected to develop the condition by 2030. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and represents the most significant stage of cognitive decline. With no cure identified to date for AD, focus is being placed on preventative strategies to slow progression, minimize the burden of neurological disease, and promote healthy aging. Accumulating evidence suggests that nutrition (e.g., via fruit, vegetables, fish) is important for optimizing cognition and reducing risk of AD. This review examines the role of nutrition on cognition and AD, with specific emphasis on the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and key nutritional components of the MeDi, namely xanthophyll carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. Given their selective presence in the brain and their ability to attenuate proposed mechanisms involved in AD pathogenesis (namely oxidative damage and inflammation), these nutritional compounds offer potential for optimizing cognition and reducing the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
| | - Alfonso Prado-Cabrero
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
| | - Ríona Mulcahy
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
- Age-Related Care Unit, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland X91 ER8E
| | - Alan Howard
- Howard Foundation, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB22 5LA
| | - John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
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Nootropic and Anti-Alzheimer's Actions of Medicinal Plants: Molecular Insight into Therapeutic Potential to Alleviate Alzheimer's Neuropathology. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4925-4944. [PMID: 30414087 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are the backbone of modern medicine. In recent times, there is a great urge to discover nootropic medicinal plants to reverse cognitive dysfunction owing to their less adverse effects. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the inevitable loss of cognitive function, memory and language impairment, and behavioral disturbances, which turn into gradually more severe. Alzheimer's has no current cure, but symptomatic treatments are available and research continues. The number of patients suffering from AD continues to rise and today, there is a worldwide effort under study to find better ways to alleviate Alzheimer's pathogenesis. In this review, the nootropic and anti-Alzheimer's potentials of 6 medicinal plants (i.e., Centella asiatica, Clitoria ternatea, Crocus sativus, Terminalia chebula, Withania somnifera, and Asparagus racemosus) were explored through literature review. This appraisal focused on available information about neuroprotective and anti-Alzheimer's use of these plants and their respective bioactive compounds/metabolites and associated effects in animal models and consequences of its use in human as well as proposed molecular mechanisms. This review progresses our existing knowledge to reveal the promising linkage of traditional medicine to halt AD pathogenesis. This analysis also avowed a new insight to search the promising anti-Alzheimer's drugs.
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Solfrizzi V, Agosti P, Lozupone M, Custodero C, Schilardi A, Valiani V, Santamato A, Sardone R, Dibello V, Di Lena L, Stallone R, Ranieri M, Bellomo A, Greco A, Daniele A, Seripa D, Sabbà C, Logroscino G, Panza F. Nutritional interventions and cognitive-related outcomes in patients with late-life cognitive disorders: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:480-498. [PMID: 30395922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There have been a large number of observational studies on the impact of nutrition on neuroprotection, however, there was a lack of evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs). In the present systematic review, from the 32 included RCTs published in the last four years (2014-2017) in patients aged 60 years and older with different late-life cognitive disorders, nutritional intervention through medical food/nutraceutical supplementation and multidomain approach improved magnetic resonance imaging findings and other cognitive-related biomarkers, but without clear effect on cognition in mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Antioxidant-rich foods (nuts, grapes, cherries) and fatty acid supplementation, mainly n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), improved specific cognitive domains and cognitive-related outcomes in MCI, mild-to-moderate dementia, and AD. Antioxidant vitamin and trace element supplementations improved only cognitive-related outcomes and biomarkers, high-dose B vitamin supplementation in AD and MCI patients improved cognitive outcomes in the subjects with a high baseline plasma n-3 PUFA, while folic acid supplementation had positive impact on specific cognitive domains in those with high homocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Agosti
- Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Custodero
- Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Schilardi
- Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Valiani
- Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Santamato
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Section, "OORR Hospital", University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy; Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section of Dentistry, University of Bari AldoMoro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Dibello
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luca Di Lena
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy; Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section of Dentistry, University of Bari AldoMoro, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Stallone
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy; Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section of Dentistry, University of Bari AldoMoro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ranieri
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Section, "OORR Hospital", University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy; Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy; Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico", Tricase, Lecce, Italy.
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Jeon S, Li Q, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV, Smith JW, Neuringer M, Kuchan M, Erdman JW. 13C-lutein is differentially distributed in tissues of an adult female rhesus macaque following a single oral administration: a pilot study. Nutr Res 2018; 61:102-108. [PMID: 30522845 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing awareness regarding lutein's putative roles in eyes and brain, its pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in primates have been poorly understood. We hypothesized that 13C-lutein will be differentially distributed into tissues of an adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) 3 days following a single oral dose. After a year of prefeeding a diet supplemented with unlabeled lutein (1 μmol/kg/d), a 19-year-old female was dosed with 1.92 mg of highly enriched 13C-lutein. Tissues of a nondosed, lutein-fed monkey were used as a reference for natural abundance of 13C-lutein. On the third day postdose, plasma and multiple tissues were collected. Lutein was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector, and 13C-lutein tissue enrichment was determined by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In the tissues of a reference monkey, 12C-lutein with natural abundance of 13C-lutein was detectable. In the dosed monkey, highly enriched 13C-lutein was observed in all analyzed tissues except for the macular and peripheral retina, with the highest concentrations in the liver followed by the adrenal gland and plasma. 13C-lutein accumulated differentially across 6 brain regions. In adipose depots, 13C-lutein was observed, with the highest concentrations in the axillary brown adipose tissues. In summary, we evaluated 13C-lutein tissue distribution in a nonhuman primate following a single dose of isotopically labeled lutein. These results show that tissue distribution 3 days following a dose of lutein varied substantially dependent on tissue type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyoung Jeon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Qiyao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL; The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL; The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL; The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Joshua W Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Martha Neuringer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | | | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL.
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40
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The Effect of Lutein on Eye and Extra-Eye Health. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091321. [PMID: 30231532 PMCID: PMC6164534 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a carotenoid with reported anti-inflammatory properties. A large body of evidence shows that lutein has several beneficial effects, especially on eye health. In particular, lutein is known to improve or even prevent age-related macular disease which is the leading cause of blindness and vision impairment. Furthermore, many studies have reported that lutein may also have positive effects in different clinical conditions, thus ameliorating cognitive function, decreasing the risk of cancer, and improving measures of cardiovascular health. At present, the available data have been obtained from both observational studies investigating lutein intake with food, and a few intervention trials assessing the efficacy of lutein supplementation. In general, sustained lutein consumption, either through diet or supplementation, may contribute to reducing the burden of several chronic diseases. However, there are also conflicting data concerning lutein efficacy in inducing favorable effects on human health and there are no univocal data concerning the most appropriate dosage for daily lutein supplementation. Therefore, based on the most recent findings, this review will focus on lutein properties, dietary sources, usual intake, efficacy in human health, and toxicity.
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Zuniga KE, Moran NE. Low Serum Carotenoids Are Associated with Self-Reported Cognitive Dysfunction and Inflammatory Markers in Breast Cancer Survivors. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1111. [PMID: 30126098 PMCID: PMC6116006 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary carotenoids may exert anti-inflammatory activities to reduce inflammation-driven cognitive impairments during cancer and cancer treatment. Our objective was to explore if cognitive function in breast cancer survivors (BCS) differs by serum carotenoid concentrations, and if blood carotenoids concentrations are associated with reduced systemic inflammation. Methods: Objective cognitive function and perceived cognitive impairment of 29 BCS and 38 controls were assessed cross-sectionally with the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery and The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function Questionnaire, respectively. Serum carotenoid and inflammatory marker (sTNF-RII, IL-6, IL-1ra, CRP) concentrations were measured. Results: Low-carotenoid BCS had more cognitive complaints compared to the low-carotenoid controls (Mdiff = -43.0, p < 0.001) and high-carotenoid controls (Mdiff = -44.5, p < 0.001). However, the cognitive complaints of high-carotenoid BCS were intermediate to and not different than the low-carotenoid BCS, or low- or high-carotenoid controls. BCS performed similarly to controls on all objective cognitive measures. Multiple linear regression, controlling for age and body mass index (BMI), demonstrated an inverse association between serum carotenoid concentrations and pro-inflammatory sTNFR-II (β = 0.404, p = 0.005) and IL-6 concentrations (β = -0.35, p = 0.001), but not IL-1ra or CRP. Conclusions: Higher serum carotenoid concentrations may convey cognitive and anti-inflammatory benefits in BCS. Future research should identify dietary components and patterns that support cognitive health in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle E Zuniga
- Nutrition and Foods, Family and Consumer Sciences, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Nancy E Moran
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Mewborn CM, Lindbergh CA, Robinson TL, Gogniat MA, Terry DP, Jean KR, Hammond BR, Renzi-Hammond LM, Miller LS. Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Positively Associated with Visual-Spatial Functioning in Older Adults: An fMRI Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040458. [PMID: 29642425 PMCID: PMC5946243 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) are two xanthophyll carotenoids that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Previous work has demonstrated their importance for eye health and preventing diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. An emerging literature base has also demonstrated the importance of L and Z in cognition, neural structure, and neural efficiency. The present study aimed to better understand the mechanisms by which L and Z relate to cognition, in particular, visual–spatial processing and decision-making in older adults. We hypothesized that markers of higher levels of L and Z would be associated with better neural efficiency during a visual–spatial processing task. L and Z were assessed via standard measurement of blood serum and retinal concentrations. Visual–spatial processing and decision-making were assessed via a judgment of line orientation task (JLO) completed during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. The results demonstrated that individuals with higher concentrations of L and Z showed a decreased blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal during task performance (i.e., “neural efficiency”) in key areas associated with visual–spatial perception, processing, decision-making, and motor coordination, including the lateral occipital cortex, occipital pole, superior and middle temporal gyri, superior parietal lobule, superior and middle frontal gyri, and pre- and post-central gyri. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the relationship of L and Z to visual–spatial processing at a neural level using in vivo methodology. Our findings suggest that L and Z may impact brain health and cognition in older adults by enhancing neurobiological efficiency in a variety of regions that support visual perception and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cutter A Lindbergh
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Talia L Robinson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Marissa A Gogniat
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Douglas P Terry
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Kharine R Jean
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | | | - Lisa M Renzi-Hammond
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Health Promotions and Behavior, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Macular Xanthophylls Are Related to Intellectual Ability among Adults with Overweight and Obesity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040396. [PMID: 29570611 PMCID: PMC5946181 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess adiposity or obesity has been inversely related to cognitive function and macular xanthophyll status. However, whether the neuroprotective effects of macular xanthophylls on cognitive function are independent of excess adiposity is unclear. We investigated the relationship between macular xanthophylls and intellectual ability among adults (N = 114) between 25 and 45 years with overweight and obesity (≥25 kg/m²). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and heterochromatic flicker photometry were used to assess whole body adiposity (%Fat) and macular pigment optical density (MPOD), respectively. Dietary xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) were assessed using 7-day diet records. The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2 (KBIT-2) was used to assess general intelligence (IQ) as well as fluid and crystallized intelligence. Bivariate correlations revealed that MPOD was inversely related to %Fat and positively associated with IQ and fluid intelligence. Although %Fat was inversely correlated to IQ and fluid intelligence, this relationship did not persist following adjustment for sex and MPOD. Further, MPOD was an independent predictor of IQ and fluid intelligence. However, no significant relationships were observed between MPOD and crystalized intelligence. These results suggest that macular xanthophylls are selectively related to fluid intelligence, regardless of degree of adiposity among adults with overweight and obesity.
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Phelan D, Prado-Cabrero A, Nolan JM. Analysis of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and Meso-Zeaxanthin in the Organs of Carotenoid-Supplemented Chickens. Foods 2018; 7:E20. [PMID: 29401639 PMCID: PMC5848124 DOI: 10.3390/foods7020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The macular carotenoids (i.e., lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z) and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ)) exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and optical properties that are believed to support human health and function. Studying the accumulation and distribution of these nutrients in tissues and organs, in addition to the eye, is an important step in understanding how these nutrients might support global human function and health (e.g., heart and brain). Chicken is an appropriate animal model with which to study the accumulation of these carotenoids in organs, as the relevant transport molecules and carotenoid binding proteins for L, Z and MZ are present in both humans and chickens. In this experiment, a sample of 3 chickens that were supplemented with L and MZ diacetate (active group) and a sample of 3 chickens that received a standard diet (control group) were analysed. Both groups were analysed for L, Z and MZ concentrations in the brain, eyes, heart, lung, duodenum/pancreas, jejunum/ileum, kidney and breast tissue. L, Z and MZ were identified in all the organs/tissues analysed from the active group. L and Z were identified in all of the organs/tissues analysed from the control group; while, MZ was identified in the eyes of these animals only. The discovery that MZ is accumulated in the tissues and organs of chickens supplemented with this carotenoid is important, given that it is known that a combination of L, Z and MZ exhibits superior antioxidant capacity when compared to any of these carotenoids in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Phelan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford X91 K236, Ireland.
| | - Alfonso Prado-Cabrero
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford X91 K236, Ireland
| | - John M Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford X91 K236, Ireland.
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