1
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da Silva EMG, Fischer JSG, Souza IDLS, Andrade ACC, Souza LDCE, Andrade MKD, Carvalho PC, Souza RLR, Vital MABF, Passetti F. Proteomic Analysis of a Rat Streptozotocin Model Shows Dysregulated Biological Pathways Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2772. [PMID: 38474019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment, affecting 35 million individuals worldwide. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of low to moderate doses of streptozotocin (STZ) in adult male Wistar rats can reproduce classical physiopathological hallmarks of AD. This biological model is known as ICV-STZ. Most studies are focused on the description of behavioral and morphological aspects of the ICV-STZ model. However, knowledge regarding the molecular aspects of the ICV-STZ model is still incipient. Therefore, this work is a first attempt to provide a wide proteome description of the ICV-STZ model based on mass spectrometry (MS). To achieve that, samples from the pre-frontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) of the ICV-STZ model and control (wild-type) were used. Differential protein abundance, pathway, and network analysis were performed based on the protein identification and quantification of the samples. Our analysis revealed dysregulated biological pathways implicated in the early stages of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), based on differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). Some of these DAPs had their mRNA expression further investigated through qRT-PCR. Our results shed light on the AD onset and demonstrate the ICV-STZ as a valid model for LOAD proteome description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esdras Matheus Gomes da Silva
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabio Passetti
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba 81310-020, PR, Brazil
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2
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Żyła A, Martel A, Jurczak P, Moliński A, Szymańska A, Kozak M. Human cystatin C induces the disaggregation process of selected amyloid beta peptides: a structural and kinetic view. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20833. [PMID: 38012338 PMCID: PMC10682421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and various types of amyloidosis, are incurable; therefore, understanding the mechanisms of amyloid decomposition is crucial to develop an effective drug against them for future therapies. It has been reported that one out of three people over the age of 85 are suffering from dementia as a comorbidity to AD. Amyloid beta (Aβ), the hallmark of AD, transforms structurally from monomers into β-stranded aggregates (fibrils) via multiple oligomeric states. Astrocytes in the central nervous system secrete the human cystatin C protein (HCC) in response to various proteases and cytokines. The codeposition of Aβ and HCC in the brains of patients with AD led to the hypothesis that cystatin C is implicated in the disease process. In this study, we investigate the intermolecular interactions between different atomic structures of fibrils formed by Aβ peptides and HCC to understand the pathological aggregation of these polypeptides into neurotoxic oligomers and then amyloid plaques. To characterize the interactions between Aβ and HCC, we used a complementary approach based on the combination of small-angle neutron scattering analysis, atomic force microscopy and computational modelling, allowing the exploration of the structures of multicomponent protein complexes. We report here an optimized protocol to study that interaction. The results show a dependency of the sequence length of the Aβ peptide on the ability of the associated HCC to disaggregate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Żyła
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anne Martel
- Large Scale Structures, ILL Neutrons for Society, Institute Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | - Przemysław Jurczak
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Augustyn Moliński
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aneta Szymańska
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
- SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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3
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Stańczykiewicz B, Łuc M, Banach M, Zabłocka A. Cystatins: unravelling the biological implications for neuroprotection. Arch Med Sci 2023; 20:157-166. [PMID: 38414464 PMCID: PMC10895963 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/171706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystatins, a family of proteins known for their inhibitory role against cysteine proteases, have garnered significant attention in the field of neurodegeneration. Numerous genetic, experimental, and clinical studies concerning cystatin C suggest it plays an important role in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Its beneficial effects are associated with cysteine protease inhibition, impact on β-amyloid aggregation, as well as regulation of cell proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis. Cystatin isolated from chicken egg white, called ovocystatin, has been widely used in medical and pharmaceutical research due to its structural and biological similarities to human cystatin C. This article focuses on the potential use of cystatins, with special emphasis on easily obtained ovocystatin, in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia. The current evidence on cystatin use has shed light on its mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications for neuroprotection and maintenance of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Stańczykiewicz
- Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Łuc
- Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zabłocka
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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4
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Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Jin Y, Jin H, Huang K, Tong J, Gan H, Rui C, Lv J, Wang X, Wang Q, Tao F. Identification and prediction model of placenta-brain axis genes associated with neurodevelopmental delay in moderate and late preterm children. BMC Med 2023; 21:326. [PMID: 37633927 PMCID: PMC10464496 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate and late preterm (MLPT) birth accounts for the vast majority of preterm births, which is a global public health problem. The association between MLPT and neurobehavioral developmental delays in children and the underlying biological mechanisms need to be further revealed. The "placenta-brain axis" (PBA) provides a new perspective for gene regulation and risk prediction of neurodevelopmental delays in MLPT children. METHODS The authors performed multivariate logistic regression models between MLPT and children's neurodevelopmental outcomes, using data from 129 MLPT infants and 3136 full-term controls from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort (MABC). Furthermore, the authors identified the abnormally regulated PBA-related genes in MLPT placenta by bioinformatics analysis of RNA-seq data and RT-qPCR verification on independent samples. Finally, the authors established the prediction model of neurodevelopmental delay in children with MLPT using multiple machine learning models. RESULTS The authors found an increased risk of neurodevelopmental delay in children with MLPT at 6 months, 18 months, and 48 months, especially in boys. Further verification showed that APOE and CST3 genes were significantly correlated with the developmental levels of gross-motor domain, fine-motor domain, and personal social domain in 6-month-old male MLPT children. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that there was a sex-specific association between MLPT and neurodevelopmental delays. Moreover, APOE and CST3 were identified as placental biomarkers. The results provided guidance for the etiology investigation, risk prediction, and early intervention of neurodevelopmental delays in children with MLPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhu
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Maternal & Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Department of Maternal & Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunfan Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Heyue Jin
- Department of Maternal & Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Maternal & Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juan Tong
- Department of Maternal & Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Gan
- Department of Maternal & Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chen Rui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianyan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qu'nan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal & Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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5
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Barranco N, Plá V, Alcolea D, Sánchez-Domínguez I, Fischer-Colbrie R, Ferrer I, Lleó A, Aguado F. Dense core vesicle markers in CSF and cortical tissues of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:37. [PMID: 34565482 PMCID: PMC8466657 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) that reveal synaptic and neural network dysfunctions are needed for clinical practice and therapeutic trial design. Dense core vesicle (DCV) cargos are promising cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicators of synaptic failure in AD patients. However, their value as biomarkers has not yet been determined. Methods Immunoassays were performed to analyze the secretory proteins prohormone convertases PC1/3 and PC2, carboxypeptidase E (CPE), secretogranins SgIII and SgII, and Cystatin C in the cerebral cortex (n = 45, provided by Bellvitge University Hospital) and CSF samples (n = 66, provided by The Sant Pau Initiative on Neurodegeneration cohort) from AD patients (n = 56) and age-matched controls (n = 55).
Results In AD tissues, most DCV proteins were aberrantly accumulated in dystrophic neurites and activated astrocytes, whereas PC1/3, PC2 and CPE were also specifically accumulated in hippocampal granulovacuolar degeneration bodies. AD individuals displayed an overall decline of secretory proteins in the CSF. Interestingly, in AD patients, the CSF levels of prohormone convertases strongly correlated inversely with those of neurodegeneration markers and directly with cognitive impairment status. Conclusions These results demonstrate marked alterations of neuronal-specific prohormone convertases in CSF and cortical tissues of AD patients. The neuronal DCV cargos are biomarker candidates for synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-021-00263-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Barranco
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Plá
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute. Sant Pau Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08041, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Sánchez-Domínguez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, and Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute. Sant Pau Hospital, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08041, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Aguado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Jahić Mujkić A, Tušek Žnidarič M, Berbić S, Žerovnik E. Synergy of the Inhibitory Action of Polyphenols Plus Vitamin C on Amyloid Fibril Formation: Case Study of Human Stefin B. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1471. [PMID: 34573102 PMCID: PMC8464686 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study how polyphenols and vitamin C (vitC) together affect protein aggregation to amyloid fibrils, we performed similar in vitro studies as before using stefin B as a model and a potentially amyloid-forming protein (it aggregates upon overexpression, under stressful conditions and some progressive myoclonus epilepsy of tape 1-EPM1-missense mutations). In addition to the chosen polyphenol, this time, we added a proven antioxidant concentration of 0.5 mM vitC into the fibrillation mixture and varied concentrations of resveratrol, quercetin, and curcumin. Synergy with vitC was observed with curcumin and quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Jahić Mujkić
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Univerzitetska 1, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.J.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Magda Tušek Žnidarič
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Selma Berbić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tuzla, Univerzitetska 1, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (A.J.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Eva Žerovnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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7
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Ciccone L, Shi C, di Lorenzo D, Van Baelen AC, Tonali N. The Positive Side of the Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid Cross-Interactions: The Case of the Aβ 1-42 Peptide with Tau, TTR, CysC, and ApoA1. Molecules 2020; 25:E2439. [PMID: 32456156 PMCID: PMC7288020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a progressive amyloidogenic disorder whose advancement is widely recognized to be connected to amyloid-β peptides and Tau aggregation. However, several other processes likely contribute to the development of AD and some of them might be related to protein-protein interactions. Amyloid aggregates usually contain not only single type of amyloid protein, but also other type of proteins and this phenomenon can be rationally explained by the process of protein cross-seeding and co-assembly. Amyloid cross-interaction is ubiquitous in amyloid fibril formation and so a better knowledge of the amyloid interactome could help to further understand the mechanisms of amyloid related diseases. In this review, we discuss about the cross-interactions of amyloid-β peptides, and in particular Aβ1-42, with other amyloids, which have been presented either as integrated part of Aβ neurotoxicity process (such as Tau) or conversely with a preventive role in AD pathogenesis by directly binding to Aβ (such as transthyretin, cystatin C and apolipoprotein A1). Particularly, we will focus on all the possible therapeutic strategies aiming to rescue the Aβ toxicity by taking inspiration from these protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ciccone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chenghui Shi
- CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 5, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (C.S.); (D.d.L.)
| | - Davide di Lorenzo
- CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 5, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (C.S.); (D.d.L.)
| | - Anne-Cécile Van Baelen
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Nicolo Tonali
- CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément 5, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (C.S.); (D.d.L.)
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8
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Szymańska A, Marciniak A, Krzyżak E, Brasuń J. First studies on the interactions of the C-terminal cystatin C fragment 85–94 with Cu(II) ions. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1605065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Szymańska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Edward Krzyżak
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Justyna Brasuń
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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9
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Paré B, Gros-Louis F. Potential skin involvement in ALS: revisiting Charcot's observation - a review of skin abnormalities in ALS. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:551-572. [PMID: 28343168 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord, leading to progressive paralysis and death. Interestingly, many skin changes have been reported in ALS patients, but never as yet fully explained. These observations could be due to the common embryonic origin of the skin and neural tissue known as the ectodermal germ layer. Following the first observation in ALS patients' skin by Dr Charcot in the 19th century, in the absence of bedsores unlike other bedridden patients, other morphological and molecular changes have been observed. Thus, the skin could be of interest in the study of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes skin changes reported in the literature over the years and discusses about a novel in vitro ALS tissue-engineered skin model, derived from patients, for the study of ALS.
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10
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Perlenfein TJ, Murphy RM. A mechanistic model to predict effects of cathepsin B and cystatin C on β-amyloid aggregation and degradation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21071-21082. [PMID: 29046353 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.811448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) aggregation is thought to initiate a cascade of neurodegenerative events in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Much effort is underway to develop strategies to reduce Aβ concentration or inhibit aggregation. Cathepsin B (CatB) proteolytically degrades Aβ into non-aggregating fragments but is potently inhibited by cystatin C (CysC). It has been suggested that decreasing CysC would facilitate Aβ clearance by relieving CatB inhibition. However, CysC binds Aβ and inhibits Aβ aggregation, suggesting that an intervention that increases CysC would prevent Aβ aggregation. Both approaches have been tested in animal models, yielding contradictory results, possibly because of the opposing influences of CysC on Aβ degradation versus aggregation. Here, we sought to develop a model that quantitatively predicts the effects of CysC and CatB on Aβ aggregation. Aβ aggregation kinetics in the absence of CatB or CysC was measured. The rate constant for Aβ degradation by CatB and the equilibrium constant for binding of CysC to Aβ were determined. We derived a mathematical model that combines material balances and kinetic rate equations. The model accurately predicted Aβ aggregation kinetics at various CatB and CysC concentrations. We derived approximate expressions for the half-times of degradation and aggregation and show that their ratio can be used to estimate, at any given Aβ, CatB, or CysC concentration, whether Aβ aggregation or degradation will result. Our results may be useful for designing experiments and interpreting results from investigations of manipulation of CysC concentration as an AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Perlenfein
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Regina M Murphy
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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11
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Perlenfein TJ, Mehlhoff JD, Murphy RM. Insights into the mechanism of cystatin C oligomer and amyloid formation and its interaction with β-amyloid. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11485-11498. [PMID: 28487367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.786558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C (CysC) is a versatile and ubiquitously-expressed member of the cysteine protease inhibitor family that is present at notably high concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. Under mildly denaturing conditions, CysC forms inactive domain-swapped dimers. A destabilizing mutation, L68Q, increases the rate of domain-swapping and causes a fatal amyloid disease, hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy. Wild-type (wt) CysC will also aggregate into amyloid fibrils under some conditions. Propagated domain-swapping has been proposed as the mechanism by which CysC fibrils grow. We present evidence that a CysC mutant, V57N, stabilized against domain-swapping, readily forms fibrils, contradicting the propagated domain-swapping hypothesis. Furthermore, in physiological buffer, wt CysC can form oligomers without undergoing domain-swapping. These non-swapped oligomers are identical in secondary structure to CysC monomers and completely retain protease inhibitory activity. However, unlike monomers or dimers, the oligomers bind fluorescent dyes that indicate they have characteristics of pre-amyloid aggregates. Although these oligomers appear to be a pre-amyloid assembly, they are slower than CysC monomers to form fibrils. Fibrillation of CysC therefore likely initiates from the monomer and does not require domain-swapping. The non-swapped oligomers likely represent a dead-end offshoot of the amyloid pathway and must dissociate to monomers prior to rearranging to amyloid fibrils. These prefibrillar CysC oligomers were potent inhibitors of aggregation of the Alzheimer's-related peptide, β-amyloid. This result illustrates an example where heterotypic interactions between pre-amyloid oligomers prevent the homotypic interactions that would lead to mature amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Perlenfein
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jacob D Mehlhoff
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Regina M Murphy
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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12
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Co-chaperoning by amyloid-forming proteins: cystatins vs. crystallins. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2017; 46:789-793. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-017-1214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Mathews PM, Levy E. Cystatin C in aging and in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:38-50. [PMID: 27333827 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, the function of catalytically active proteases is regulated, in part, by their endogenous inhibitors, and any change in the synthesis and/or function of a protease or its endogenous inhibitors may result in inappropriate protease activity. Altered proteolysis as a result of an imbalance between active proteases and their endogenous inhibitors can occur during normal aging, and such changes have also been associated with multiple neuronal diseases, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), rare heritable neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia, some forms of epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). One of the most extensively studied endogenous inhibitor is the cysteine-protease inhibitor cystatin C (CysC). Changes in the expression and secretion of CysC in the brain have been described in various neurological disorders and in animal models of neurodegeneration, underscoring a role for CysC in these conditions. In the brain, multiple in vitro and in vivo findings have demonstrated that CysC plays protective roles via pathways that depend upon the inhibition of endosomal-lysosomal pathway cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B (Cat B), via the induction of cellular autophagy, via the induction of cell proliferation, or via the inhibition of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation. We review the data demonstrating the protective roles of CysC under conditions of neuronal challenge and the protective pathways induced by CysC under various conditions. Beyond highlighting the essential role that balanced proteolytic activity plays in supporting normal brain aging, these findings suggest that CysC is a therapeutic candidate that can potentially prevent brain damage and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Mathews
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Spodzieja M, Kalejta K, Kołodziejczyk AS, Maszota-Zieleniak M, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Żmudzińska W, Czaplewska P. Characteristics of C-terminal, β-amyloid peptide binding fragment of neuroprotective protease inhibitor, cystatin C. J Mol Recognit 2016; 30. [PMID: 27714883 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin C originally identified as a cysteine proteases inhibitor has a broad spectrum of biological roles ranging from inhibition of extracellular cysteine protease activities, bone resorption, and modulation of inflammatory responses to stimulation of fibroblasts proliferation. There is an increasing number of evidence to suggest that human cystatin C (hCC) might play a protective role in the pathophysiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. In vivo and in vitro results well documented the association of hCC with Aβ and the hCC-induced inhibition of Aβ fibril formation. In our earlier work, using a combination of selective proteolytic methods and MS spectroscopy, C-terminal fragment hCC(101-117) was identified as the Aβ-binding region. The fragment of Aβ peptide responsible for the complex formation with hCC was found in the middle, highly hydrophobic part, Aβ(17-24). Structures and affinities of both Aβ and hCC binding sites were characterized by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-like assay, by surface plasmon resonance, and by nano-ESI-FTICR MS of the hCC-Aβ-binding peptide complexes. In the in vitro inhibition studies, the binding cystatin sequence, hCC(101-117), revealed the highest relative inhibitory effect toward Aβ-fibril formation. Herein, we present further studies on molecular details of the hCC-Aβ complex. With Ala substitution, affinity experiments, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-like assays for the Aβ-binding fragment, hCC(101-117), and its variants, the importance of individual amino acid residues for the protein interaction was evaluated. The results were analyzed using hCC(101-117) nuclear magnetic resonance structural data with molecular dynamics calculations and molecular modeling of the complexes. The results point to conformational requirements and special importance of some amino acid residues for the protein interaction. The obtained results might be helpful for the design of low molecular compounds modulating the biological role of both proteins. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spodzieja
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kalejta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Wioletta Żmudzińska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paulina Czaplewska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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15
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Žerovnik E. Putative alternative functions of human stefin B (cystatin B): binding to amyloid-beta, membranes, and copper. J Mol Recognit 2016; 30. [PMID: 27577977 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe studies performed thus far on stefin B from the family of cystatins as a model protein for folding and amyloid fibril formation studies. We also briefly mention our studies on aggregation of some of the missense EPM1 mutants of stefin B in cells, which mimic additional pathological traits (gain in toxic function) in selected patients with EPM1 disease. We collected data on the reported interactors of stefin B and discuss several hypotheses of possible cytosolic alternative functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Žerovnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,CipKeBip-Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Luo J, Wärmländer SKTS, Gräslund A, Abrahams JP. Cross-interactions between the Alzheimer Disease Amyloid-β Peptide and Other Amyloid Proteins: A Further Aspect of the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16485-93. [PMID: 27325705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.714576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many protein folding diseases are intimately associated with accumulation of amyloid aggregates. The amyloid materials formed by different proteins/peptides share many structural similarities, despite sometimes large amino acid sequence differences. Some amyloid diseases constitute risk factors for others, and the progression of one amyloid disease may affect the progression of another. These connections are arguably related to amyloid aggregates of one protein being able to directly nucleate amyloid formation of another, different protein: the amyloid cross-interaction. Here, we discuss such cross-interactions between the Alzheimer disease amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and other amyloid proteins in the context of what is known from in vitro and in vivo experiments, and of what might be learned from clinical studies. The aim is to clarify potential molecular associations between different amyloid diseases. We argue that the amyloid cascade hypothesis in Alzheimer disease should be expanded to include cross-interactions between Aβ and other amyloid proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Luo
- From the Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom,
| | | | - Astrid Gräslund
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Pieter Abrahams
- the Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland, and the Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Perlenfein TJ, Murphy RM. Expression, purification, and characterization of human cystatin C monomers and oligomers. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 117:35-43. [PMID: 26409164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cystatin C (cysC) is a soluble basic protein belonging to the cysteine protease inhibitor family. CysC is a potent inhibitor of cathepsins--proteolytic enzymes that degrade intracellular and endocytosed proteins, remodel extracellular matrix, and trigger apoptosis. Inhibition is via tight reversible binding involving the N-terminus as well as two β-hairpin loops of cysC. As a significant component of cerebrospinal fluid, cysC has numerous other functions, including support of neural stem cell growth and differentiation. Several studies suggest that cysC may bind to the Alzheimer-related protein beta-amyloid (Aβ), and inhibit its aggregation and toxicity. Because of an increasing recognition of its important biological roles, there is considerable interest in methods to produce full-length recombinant human cysC. Several researchers have reported success, but with processes that require multiple purification steps. Here we report successful production of human cysC using an intein-based expression system and a simple one-column purification scheme. The recombinant protein so obtained was natively folded and active as an enzyme inhibitor. Unexpectedly, even mild concentration by ultrafiltration caused significant oligomerization. The oligomers are noncovalent and retain the native secondary structure and inhibitory activity of the monomer. The oligomers, but not the monomers, were highly effective at inhibiting aggregation of Aβ. These results demonstrate the critical importance of careful physicochemical characterization of recombinant cysC protein prior to evaluation of its biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Perlenfein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Regina M Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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Gabelle A, Schraen S, Gutierrez LA, Pays C, Rouaud O, Buée L, Touchon J, Helmer C, Lambert JC, Berr C. Plasma β-amyloid 40 levels are positively associated with mortality risks in the elderly. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 11:672-80. [PMID: 25022539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated if plasma β-amyloid (Aβ) levels were associated with mortality risks in a subsample of the French Three-City (3C) prospective cohort study. METHODS Analyses were based on 1254 participants randomly selected from the initial 3C cohort stratified by center, sex, and age in the context of a nested case-cohort study to investigate biological variables. Associations between plasma Aβ and mortality were assessed with the Cox regression model with delayed entry including various potential confounding factors and testing possible mediators. RESULTS A relationship between high plasma Aβ1-40 concentrations and risk of mortality (hazards ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.31, P = .03) was unveiled independently of age, educational level, vascular risk factors, diet, physical activity, cognitive impairment, or frailty status. It was only modified when we included cystatin C levels. CONCLUSIONS Further investigations are needed to determine precisely the pathophysiological roles of plasma Aβ1-40 and cystatin C and before envisioning any future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Gabelle
- Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire Ressources Recherche Languedoc-Roussillon, CHRU Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France; University Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Susanna Schraen
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France; CHRU de Lille, Lille, France; INSERM UMR837, Lille, France
| | - Laure-Anne Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire Ressources Recherche Languedoc-Roussillon, CHRU Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Hôpital La Colombière, Montpellier, France
| | - Cecile Pays
- Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire Ressources Recherche Languedoc-Roussillon, CHRU Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Hôpital La Colombière, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Rouaud
- Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire Ressources Recherche, CHRU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Université Droit et Santé de Lille, Lille, France; CHRU de Lille, Lille, France; INSERM UMR837, Lille, France
| | - Jacques Touchon
- Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire Ressources Recherche Languedoc-Roussillon, CHRU Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Hôpital La Colombière, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- CHRU de Lille, Lille, France; INSERM U744, Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France; Université de Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Claudine Berr
- Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire Ressources Recherche Languedoc-Roussillon, CHRU Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1061, Hôpital La Colombière, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1, Hôpital La Colombière, Montpellier, France.
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Xu Y, Lindemann P, Vega-Ramos J, Zhang JG, Villadangos JA. Developmental regulation of synthesis and dimerization of the amyloidogenic protease inhibitor cystatin C in the hematopoietic system. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9730-40. [PMID: 24570004 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin C is thought to be secreted by most cells and eliminated in the kidneys, so its concentration in plasma is diagnostic of kidney function. Low extracellular cystatin C is linked to pathologic protease activity in cancer, arthritis, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurism, and emphysema. Cystatin C forms non-inhibitory dimers and aggregates by a mechanism known as domain swapping, a property that reportedly protects against Alzheimer disease but can also cause amyloid angiopathy. Despite these clinical associations, little is known about the regulation of cystatin C production, dimerization, and secretion. We show that hematopoietic cells are major contributors to extracellular cystatin C levels in healthy mice. Among these cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are the predominant producers of cystatin C. Both cell types synthesize monomeric and dimeric cystatin C in vivo, but only secrete monomer. Dimerization occurs co-translationally in the endoplasmic reticulum and is regulated by the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from mitochondria. Drugs or stimuli that reduce the intracellular concentration of ROS inhibit cystatin C dimerization. The extracellular concentration of inhibitory cystatin C is thus partly dependent on the abundance of macrophages and DC, and the ROS levels. These results have implications for the diagnostic use of serum cystatin C as a marker of kidney function during inflammatory processes that induce changes in DC or macrophage abundance. They also suggest an important role for macrophages, DC, and ROS in diseases associated with the protease inhibitory activity or amyloidogenic properties of cystatin C.
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Abstract
Changes in expression and secretion levels of cystatin C (CysC) in the brain in various neurological disorders and in animal models of neurodegeneration underscore a role for CysC in these conditions. A polymorphism in the CysC gene (CST3) is linked to increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD pathology is characterized by deposition of oligomeric and fibrillar forms of amyloid β (Aβ) in the neuropil and cerebral vessel walls, neurofibrillary tangles composed mainly of hyperphosphorylated tau, and neurodegeneration. The implication of CysC in AD was initially suggested by its co-localization with Aβ in amyloid-laden vascular walls, and in senile plaque cores of amyloid in the brains of patients with AD, Down's syndrome, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, Dutch type (HCHWA-D), and cerebral infarction. CysC also co-localizes with Aβ amyloid deposits in the brains of non-demented aged individuals. Multiple lines of research show that CysC plays protective roles in AD. In vitro studies have shown that CysC binds Aβ and inhibits Aβ oligomerization and fibril formation. In vivo results from the brains and plasma of Aβ-depositing transgenic mice confirmed the association of CysC with the soluble, non-pathological form of Aβ and the inhibition of Aβ plaques formation. The association of CysC with Aβ was also found in brain and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients and non-demented control individuals. Moreover, in vitro results showed that CysC protects neuronal cells from a variety of insults that may cause cell death, including cell death induced by oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ. These data suggest that the reduced levels of CysC manifested in AD contribute to increased neuronal vulnerability and impaired neuronal ability to prevent neurodegeneration. This review elaborates on the neuroprotective roles of CysC in AD and the clinical relevance of this protein as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjinder Kaur
- Departments of Psychiatry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, New York University School of Medicine, Orangeburg NY, USA
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Morales-Corraliza J, Schmidt SD, Mazzella MJ, Berger JD, Wilson DA, Wesson DW, Jucker M, Levy E, Nixon RA, Mathews PM. Immunization targeting a minor plaque constituent clears β-amyloid and rescues behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:137-45. [PMID: 22608241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although anti-human β-amyloid (Aβ) immunotherapy clears brain β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), targeting additional brain plaque constituents to promote clearance has not been attempted. Endogenous murine Aβ is a minor Aβ plaque component in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic AD models, which we show is ∼3%-8% of the total accumulated Aβ in various human APP transgenic mice. Murine Aβ codeposits and colocalizes with human Aβ in amyloid plaques, and the two Aβ species coimmunoprecipitate together from brain extracts. In the human APP transgenic mouse model Tg2576, passive immunization for 8 weeks with a murine-Aβ-specific antibody reduced β-amyloid plaque pathology, robustly decreasing both murine and human Aβ levels. The immunized mice additionally showed improvements in two behavioral assays, odor habituation and nesting behavior. We conclude that passive anti-murine Aβ immunization clears Aβ plaque pathology--including the major human Aβ component--and decreases behavioral deficits, arguing that targeting minor endogenous brain plaque constituents can be beneficial, broadening the range of plaque-associated targets for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Morales-Corraliza
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Abstract
The FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family of immunophilins consists of proteins with a variety of protein-protein interaction domains and versatile cellular functions. Analysis of the functions of immunophilins has been the focus of studies in recent years and has led to the identification of various molecular pathways in which FKBPs play an active role. All FKBPs contain a domain with prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) activity. Binding of the immunosuppressant molecule FK506 to this domain inhibits their PPIase activity while mediating immune suppression through inhibition of calcineurin. The larger members, FKBP51 and FKBP52, interact with Hsp90 and exhibit chaperone activity that is shown to regulate steroid hormone signalling. From these studies it is clear that FKBP proteins are expressed ubiquitously but show relatively high levels of expression in the nervous system. Consistent with this expression, FKBPs have been implicated with both neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. This review will focus on recent studies involving FKBP immunophilins in Alzheimer's-disease-related pathways.
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Obulesu M, Somashekhar R, Venu R. Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease: An Insight Into Presenilins and Apolipoprotein E Instigated Neurodegeneration. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:229-36. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2010.551432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gauthier S, Kaur G, Mi W, Tizon B, Levy E. Protective mechanisms by cystatin C in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2011; 3:541-54. [PMID: 21196395 DOI: 10.2741/s170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration occurs in acute pathological conditions such as stroke, ischemia, and head trauma and in chronic disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. While the cause of neuronal death is different and not always known in these varied conditions, hindrance of cell death would be beneficial in the prevention of, slowing of, or halting disease progression. Enhanced cystatin C (CysC) expression in these conditions caused a debate as to whether CysC up-regulation facilitates neurodegeneration or it is an endogenous neuroprotective attempt to prevent the progression of the pathology. However, recent in vitro and in vivo data have demonstrated that CysC plays protective roles via pathways that are dependent on inhibition of cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B, or by induction of autophagy, induction of proliferation, and inhibition of amyloid-beta aggregation. Here we review the data demonstrating the protective roles of CysC under conditions of neuronal challenge and the protective pathways induced under various conditions. These data suggest that CysC is a therapeutic candidate that can potentially prevent brain damage and neurodegeneration.
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Taler-Verčič A, Zerovnik E. Binding of amyloid peptides to domain-swapped dimers of other amyloid-forming proteins may prevent their neurotoxicity. Bioessays 2010; 32:1020-4. [PMID: 21086533 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajda Taler-Verčič
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Tizon B, Ribe EM, Mi W, Troy CM, Levy E. Cystatin C protects neuronal cells from amyloid-beta-induced toxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 19:885-94. [PMID: 20157244 PMCID: PMC2889175 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies suggest that cystatin C (CysC) has a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a decrease in CysC secretion is linked to the disease in patients with a polymorphism in the CysC gene. CysC binds amyloid-beta (Abeta) and inhibits formation of Abeta fibrils and oligomers both in vitro and in mouse models of amyloid deposition. Here we studied the effect of CysC on cultured primary hippocampal neurons and a neuronal cell line exposed to either oligomeric or fibrillar cytotoxic forms of Abeta. The extracellular addition of the secreted human CysC together with preformed either oligomeric or fibrillar Abeta increased cell survival. While CysC inhibits Abeta aggregation, it does not dissolve preformed Abeta fibrils or oligomers. Thus, CysC has multiple protective effects in AD, by preventing the formation of the toxic forms of Abeta and by direct protection of neuronal cells from Abeta toxicity. Therapeutic manipulation of CysC levels, resulting in slightly higher concentrations than physiological could protect neuronal cells from cell death in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Tizon
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Elena M. Ribe
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology and Neurology, Taub Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Weiqian Mi
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Carol M. Troy
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology and Neurology, Taub Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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