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Zolfaghari Baghbadorani P, Rayati Damavandi A, Moradi S, Ahmadi M, Bemani P, Aria H, Mottedayyen H, Rayati Damavandi A, Eskandari N, Fathi F. Current advances in stem cell therapy in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:613-633. [PMID: 36496351 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease related to the central nervous system (CNS) with a significant global burden. In this illness, the immune system plays an essential role in its pathophysiology and progression. The currently available treatments are not recognized as curable options and, at best, might slow the progression of MS injuries to the CNS. However, stem cell treatment has provided a new avenue for treating MS. Stem cells may enhance CNS healing and regulate immunological responses. Likewise, stem cells can come from various sources, including adipose, neuronal, bone marrow, and embryonic tissues. Choosing the optimal cell source for stem cell therapy is still a difficult verdict. A type of stem cell known as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is obtainable from different sources and has a strong immunomodulatory impact on the immune system. According to mounting data, the umbilical cord and adipose tissue may serve as appropriate sources for the isolation of MSCs. Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs), as novel stem cell sources with immune-regulatory effects, regenerative properties, and decreased antigenicity, can also be thought of as a new upcoming contender for MS treatment. Overall, the administration of stem cells in different sets of animal and clinical trials has shown immunomodulatory and neuroprotective results. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the different types of stem cells by focusing on MSCs and their mechanisms, which can be used to treat and improve the outcomes of MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amirmasoud Rayati Damavandi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Exceptional Talents Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Blvrd, Vesal Shirazi St., Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Samira Moradi
- School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Chamran Blvrd., Hormozgan 7919693116, Bandar Abbass, Iran
| | - Meysam Ahmadi
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Zand St., Shiraz 7134814336, Iran
| | - Peyman Bemani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib St., Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Hamid Aria
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib St., Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Ibn Sina Sq., Fasa 7461686688, Iran
| | - Hossein Mottedayyen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Ravandi Blvrd, Isfahan, Kashan 8715988141, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Rayati Damavandi
- Student's Research Committee, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yakhchal St., Tehran 193951498, Iran
| | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib St., Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Farshid Fathi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib St., Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
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Berg LJ, Brüstle O. Stem cell programming - prospects for perinatal medicine. J Perinat Med 2023:jpm-2022-0575. [PMID: 36809086 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Recreating human cell and organ systems in vitro has tremendous potential for disease modeling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine. The aim of this short overview is to recapitulate the impressive progress that has been made in the fast-developing field of cell programming during the past years, to illuminate the advantages and limitations of the various cell programming technologies for addressing nervous system disorders and to gauge their impact for perinatal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea J Berg
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Var SR, Shetty AV, Grande AW, Low WC, Cheeran MC. Microglia and Macrophages in Neuroprotection, Neurogenesis, and Emerging Therapies for Stroke. Cells 2021; 10:3555. [PMID: 34944064 PMCID: PMC8700390 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains the number one cause of morbidity in the United States. Within weeks to months after an ischemic event, there is a resolution of inflammation and evidence of neurogenesis; however, years following a stroke, there is evidence of chronic inflammation in the central nervous system, possibly by the persistence of an autoimmune response to brain antigens as a result of ischemia. The mechanisms underlying the involvement of macrophage and microglial activation after stroke are widely acknowledged as having a role in ischemic stroke pathology; thus, modulating inflammation and neurological recovery is a hopeful strategy for treating the long-term outcomes after ischemic injury. Current treatments fail to provide neuroprotective or neurorestorative benefits after stroke; therefore, to ameliorate brain injury-induced deficits, therapies must alter both the initial response to injury and the subsequent inflammatory process. This review will address differences in macrophage and microglia nomenclature and summarize recent work in elucidating the mechanisms of macrophage and microglial participation in antigen presentation, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptic remodeling, and immune modulating strategies for treating the long-term outcomes after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna R. Var
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.R.V.); (A.W.G.)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Anala V. Shetty
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA
| | - Andrew W. Grande
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.R.V.); (A.W.G.)
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Walter C. Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.R.V.); (A.W.G.)
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Maxim C. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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The Need for New Biomarkers to Assist with Stroke Prevention and Prediction of Post-Stroke Therapy Based on Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091226. [PMID: 34572411 PMCID: PMC8466486 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of having a stroke event doubles each decade after the age of 55. Therefore, it is of great interest to develop neurorestorative therapies of stroke which occurs mostly in elderly people. However, to date, patients at risk for these sequels of stroke are not duly diagnosed and treated due to the lack of reliable biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles that are shed by the brain cells and are able to cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the blood stream; thus, they may be used to interrogate molecular and cellular events in the brain damaged area. In this review, we summarize the major molecular and cellular responses of astroglia and neurons to cerebral ischemia and assess their impact on post-stroke recovery and rehabilitation. In particular, we ask if EVs secreted by brain cells are responses to cerebral ischemia, and they may shed new light on the interplay between exosomes-mediated interactions between brain cells and the question of how to exploit it in order to predict the individual course of the disease and to introduce specific preventive or therapeutic strategies. Given these findings, we are left with two options: either to (i) transplant neuronal precursors into the damaged cortical area or (ii) to covert abundantly present proliferating astrocytes in the perilesional area into neurons by using recently developed genetic technologies. However, given the complexity of molecular and cellular responses to cerebral ischemia and our limited capabilities to restore brain structure and function, we are left with only one realistic aim: to invest more in prevention.
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Berlet R, Anthony S, Brooks B, Wang ZJ, Sadanandan N, Shear A, Cozene B, Gonzales-Portillo B, Parsons B, Salazar FE, Lezama Toledo AR, Monroy GR, Gonzales-Portillo JV, Borlongan CV. Combination of Stem Cells and Rehabilitation Therapies for Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1316. [PMID: 34572529 PMCID: PMC8468342 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation with rehabilitation therapy presents an effective stroke treatment. Here, we discuss current breakthroughs in stem cell research along with rehabilitation strategies that may have a synergistic outcome when combined together after stroke. Indeed, stem cell transplantation offers a promising new approach and may add to current rehabilitation therapies. By reviewing the pathophysiology of stroke and the mechanisms by which stem cells and rehabilitation attenuate this inflammatory process, we hypothesize that a combined therapy will provide better functional outcomes for patients. Using current preclinical data, we explore the prominent types of stem cells, the existing theories for stem cell repair, rehabilitation treatments inside the brain, rehabilitation modalities outside the brain, and evidence pertaining to the benefits of combined therapy. In this review article, we assess the advantages and disadvantages of using stem cell transplantation with rehabilitation to mitigate the devastating effects of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed Berlet
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA;
| | - Stefan Anthony
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Boulevard, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA;
| | - Beverly Brooks
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.B.); (Z.-J.W.)
| | - Zhen-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.B.); (Z.-J.W.)
| | | | - Alex Shear
- University of Florida, 205 Fletcher Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Blaise Cozene
- Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;
| | | | - Blake Parsons
- Washington and Lee University, 204 W Washington St, Lexington, VA 24450, USA;
| | - Felipe Esparza Salazar
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (F.E.S.); (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Alma R. Lezama Toledo
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (F.E.S.); (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Germán Rivera Monroy
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (F.E.S.); (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.)
| | | | - Cesario V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.B.); (Z.-J.W.)
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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6
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Duan R, Gao Y, He R, Jing L, Li Y, Gong Z, Yao Y, Luan T, Zhang C, Li L, Jia Y. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Ischemic Stroke Treatment. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:628663. [PMID: 34135724 PMCID: PMC8202685 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.628663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the main central nervous system diseases and is associated with high disability and mortality rates. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and mechanical thrombectomy are the optimal therapies available currently to restore blood flow in patients with stroke; however, their limitations are well recognized. Therefore, new treatments are urgently required to overcome these shortcomings. Recently, stem cell transplantation technology, involving the transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), has drawn the interest of neuroscientists and is considered to be a promising alternative for ischemic stroke treatment. iPSCs are a class of cells produced by introducing specific transcription factors into somatic cells, and are similar to embryonic stem cells in biological function. Here, we have reviewed the current applications of stem cells with a focus on iPSC therapy in ischemic stroke, including the neuroprotective mechanisms, development constraints, major challenges to overcome, and clinical prospects. Based on the current state of research, we believe that stem cells, especially iPSCs, will pave the way for future stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruya He
- The International Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lijun Jing
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhe Gong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaobing Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Luan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaopeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Jia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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7
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Spellicy SE, Hess DC. The Immunomodulatory Capacity of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Post-stroke Environment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:647415. [PMID: 33796535 PMCID: PMC8007866 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.647415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has proven to be a key contributing factor to the pathogenesis of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This sequential and progressive response, marked by proliferation of resident immune cells and recruitment of peripheral immune populations, results in increased oxidative stress, and neuronal cell death. Therapeutics aimed at quelling various stages of this post-stroke inflammatory response have shown promise recently, one of which being differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). While direct repopulation of damaged tissues and enhanced neurogenesis are hypothesized to encompass some of the therapeutic potential of iPSCs, recent evidence has demonstrated a substantial paracrine effect on neuroinflammation. Specifically, investigation of iPSCs, iPSC-neural progenitor cells (iPSC-NPCs), and iPSC-neuroepithelial like stem cells (iPSC-lt-NESC) has demonstrated significant immunomodulation of proinflammatory signaling and endogenous inflammatory cell populations, such as microglia. This review aims to examine the mechanisms by which iPSCs mediate neuroinflammation in the post-stroke environment, as well as delineate avenues for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Spellicy
- MD-Ph.D. Program, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - David C Hess
- Dean's Office, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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8
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Li WY, Zhu QB, Jin LY, Yang Y, Xu XY, Hu XY. Exosomes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells protect neuronal function under ischemic conditions. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2064-2070. [PMID: 33642395 PMCID: PMC8343330 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.308665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with other stem cells, human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neural progenitor cells (iPSC-NPCs) are more similar to cortical neurons in morphology and immunohistochemistry. Thus, they have greater potential for promoting the survival and growth of neurons and alleviating the proliferation of astrocytes. Transplantation of stem cell exosomes and stem cells themselves have both been shown to effectively repair nerve injury. However, there is no study on the protective effects of exosomes derived from iPSC-NPCs on oxygen and glucose deprived neurons. In this study, we established an oxygen-glucose deprivation model in embryonic cortical neurons of the rat by culturing the neurons in an atmosphere of 95% N2 and 5% CO2 for 1 hour and then treated them with iPSC-NPC-derived exosomes for 30 minutes. Our results showed that iPSC-NPC-derived exosomes increased the survival of oxygen- and glucose-deprived neurons and the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the culture medium. Additionally, it attenuated oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced changes in the expression of the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway as well as synaptic plasticity-related proteins in the neurons. Further, it increased the length of the longest neurite in the oxygen- and glucose-deprived neurons. These findings validate the hypothesis that exosomes from iPSC-NPCs exhibit a neuroprotective effect on oxygen- and glucose-deprived neurons by regulating the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway and neurite outgrowth. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (approval No. SRRSH20191010) on October 10, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Li
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiong-Bin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lu-Ya Jin
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xing-Yue Hu
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine; Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Cheng Z, Li FW, Stone CR, Elkin K, Peng CY, Bardhi R, Geng XK, Ding YC. Normobaric oxygen therapy attenuates hyperglycolysis in ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1017-1023. [PMID: 33269745 PMCID: PMC8224134 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Normobaric oxygen therapy has gained attention as a simple and convenient means of achieving neuroprotection against the pathogenic cascade initiated by acute ischemic stroke. The mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective efficacy of normobaric oxygen therapy, however, have not been fully elucidated. It is hypothesized that cerebral hyperglycolysis is involved in the neuroprotection of normobaric oxygen therapy against ischemic stroke. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 3- or 24-hour reperfusion or to a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion event. At 2 hours after the onset of ischemia, all rats received either 95% oxygen normobaric oxygen therapy for 3 hours or room air. Compared with room air, normobaric oxygen therapy significantly reduced the infarct volume, neurological deficits, and reactive oxygen species and increased the production of adenosine triphosphate in ischemic rats. These changes were associated with reduced transcriptional and translational levels of the hyperglycolytic enzymes glucose transporter 1 and 3, phosphofructokinase 1, and lactate dehydrogenase. In addition, normobaric oxygen therapy significantly reduced adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase mRNA expression and phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase protein expression. These findings suggest that normobaric oxygen therapy can reduce hyperglycolysis through modulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and alleviating oxidative injury, thereby exhibiting neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke. This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Investigation Committee of Capital Medical University (approval No. AEEI-2018-033) on August 13, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Wu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher R Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth Elkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chang-Ya Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Redina Bardhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiao-Kun Geng
- Department of Neurology; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yu-Chuan Ding
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Ułamek-Kozioł M, Czuczwar SJ, Kocki J, Januszewski S, Bogucki J, Bogucka-Kocka A, Pluta R. Dysregulation of Autophagy, Mitophagy, and Apoptosis Genes in the CA3 Region of the Hippocampus in the Ischemic Model of Alzheimer's Disease in the Rat. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:1279-1286. [PMID: 31707369 PMCID: PMC6971835 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is currently no knowledge about the expression profile of the autophagy (BECN1), mitophagy (BNIP3), and apoptosis (CASP3) genes in the CA3 region of the hippocampus after cerebral ischemia. In addition, it is unknown whether genes for BECN1, BNIP3, and CASP3 have any effect on the neuronal death in the CA3 area of the hippocampus due to ischemia. In this study, for the first time, we present, by means of a quantitative PCR protocol with reverse transcriptase, the expression of BECN1 and CASP3 genes in the neuronal CA3 region of the hippocampus with the co-expression of the mitochondrial BNIP3 gene, which genes are associated with Alzheimer’s disease, in the ischemic model of Alzheimer’s disease in the rat. The present study showed that after ischemia, the CASP3 gene was significantly expressed within 7–30 days, the BECN1 gene was significantly overexpressed on the thirtieth day, and the BINP3 gene was lowered below control values during post-ischemic follow-up period. The caspase-dependent neuronal death in the CA3 region of the hippocampus after ischemia is not accompanied by overexpression of the BNIP3 gene. Our data may therefore suggest a new insight into the BNIP3 gene in the regulation of neuronal mitophagy in neurodegeneration in the CA3 region of the hippocampus after ischemia. This indicates no involvement of the BNIP3 gene along with the CASP3 gene in the CA3 region of the hippocampus in delayed neuronal death after brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,First Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Bogucki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Suda S, Nito C, Yokobori S, Sakamoto Y, Nakajima M, Sowa K, Obinata H, Sasaki K, Savitz SI, Kimura K. Recent Advances in Cell-Based Therapies for Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186718. [PMID: 32937754 PMCID: PMC7555943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease worldwide, and is still one of the leading causes of death and disability. Stem cell-based therapy is actively being investigated as a new potential treatment for certain neurological disorders, including stroke. Various types of cells, including bone marrow mononuclear cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, neural stem cells, inducible pluripotent stem cells, and genetically modified stem cells have been found to improve neurological outcomes in animal models of stroke, and there are some ongoing clinical trials assessing their efficacy in humans. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent advances in cell-based therapies to treat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Suda
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3822-2131; Fax: +81-3-3822-4865
| | - Chikako Nito
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Shoji Yokobori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (S.Y.); (H.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Masataka Nakajima
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kota Sowa
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Hirofumi Obinata
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (S.Y.); (H.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazuma Sasaki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (S.Y.); (H.O.); (K.S.)
| | - Sean I. Savitz
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Kazumi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; (C.N.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (K.S.); (K.K.)
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12
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Neural stem cell therapy of foetal onset hydrocephalus using the HTx rat as experimental model. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:141-161. [PMID: 32065263 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Foetal onset hydrocephalus is a disease starting early in embryonic life; in many cases it results from a cell junction pathology of neural stem (NSC) and neural progenitor (NPC) cells forming the ventricular zone (VZ) and sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the developing brain. This pathology results in disassembling of VZ and loss of NSC/NPC, a phenomenon known as VZ disruption. At the cerebral aqueduct, VZ disruption triggers hydrocephalus while in the telencephalon, it results in abnormal neurogenesis. This may explain why derivative surgery does not cure hydrocephalus. NSC grafting appears as a therapeutic opportunity. The present investigation was designed to find out whether this is a likely possibility. HTx rats develop hereditary hydrocephalus; 30-40% of newborns are hydrocephalic (hyHTx) while their littermates are not (nHTx). NSC/NPC from the VZ/SVZ of nHTx rats were cultured into neurospheres that were then grafted into a lateral ventricle of 1-, 2- or 7-day-old hyHTx. Once in the cerebrospinal fluid, neurospheres disassembled and the freed NSC homed at the areas of VZ disruption. A population of homed cells generated new multiciliated ependyma at the sites where the ependyma was missing due to the inherited pathology. Another population of NSC homed at the disrupted VZ differentiated into βIII-tubulin+ spherical cells likely corresponding to neuroblasts that progressed into the parenchyma. The final fate of these cells could not be established due to the protocol used to label the grafted cells. The functional outcomes of NSC grafting in hydrocephalus remain open. The present study establishes an experimental paradigm of NSC/NPC therapy of foetal onset hydrocephalus, at the etiologic level that needs to be further explored with more analytical methodologies.
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13
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Henriques D, Moreira R, Schwamborn J, Pereira de Almeida L, Mendonça LS. Successes and Hurdles in Stem Cells Application and Production for Brain Transplantation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1194. [PMID: 31802998 PMCID: PMC6877657 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain regenerative strategies through the transplantation of stem cells hold the potential to promote functional rescue of brain lesions caused either by trauma or neurodegenerative diseases. Most of the positive modulations fostered by stem cells are fueled by bystander effects, namely increase of neurotrophic factors levels and reduction of neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, the ultimate goal of cell therapies is to promote cell replacement. Therefore, the ability of stem cells to migrate and differentiate into neurons that later become integrated into the host neuronal network replacing the lost neurons has also been largely explored. However, as most of the preclinical studies demonstrate, there is a small functional integration of graft-derived neurons into host neuronal circuits. Thus, it is mandatory to better study the whole brain cell therapy approach in order to understand what should be better comprehended concerning graft-derived neuronal and glial cells migration and integration before we can expect these therapies to be ready as a viable solution for brain disorder treatment. Therefore, this review discusses the positive mechanisms triggered by cell transplantation into the brain, the limitations of adult brain plasticity that might interfere with the neuroregeneration process, as well as some strategies tested to overcome some of these limitations. It also considers the efforts that have been made by the regulatory authorities to lead to better standardization of preclinical and clinical studies in this field in order to reduce the heterogeneity of the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Henriques
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jens Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana S Mendonça
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Jirak D, Ziolkowska N, Turnovcova K, Karova K, Sykova E, Jendelova P, Romanyuk N. Metabolic Changes in Focal Brain Ischemia in Rats Treated With Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursors Confirm the Beneficial Effect of Transplanted Cells. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1074. [PMID: 31695666 PMCID: PMC6818685 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no treatment for restoring lost neurological function after stroke. A growing number of studies have highlighted the potential of stem cells. However, the mechanisms underlying their beneficial effect have yet to be explored in sufficient detail. In this study, we transplanted human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursors (iPSC-NPs) in rat temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) we monitored the effect of cells and assessed lesion volume and metabolite changes in the brain. We monitored concentration changes of myo-inositol (Ins), Taurine (Tau), Glycerophosphocholine+Phosphocholine (GPC+PCh), N-acetyl-aspartate+N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAA+NAAG), Creatine+Phosphocreatine (Cr+PCr), and Glutamate+Glutamine (Glu+Gln) in the brains of control and iPSC-NP-transplanted rats. Based on initial lesion size, animals were divided into small lesion and big lesion groups. In the small lesion control group (SCL), lesion size after 4 months was three times smaller than initial measurements. In the small lesion iPSC-NP-treated group, lesion volume decreased after 1 month and then increased after 4 months. Although animals with small lesions significantly improved their motor skills after iPSC-NP transplantation, animals with big lesions showed no improvement. However, our MRI data demonstrate that in the big lesion iPSC-NP-treated (BTL) group, lesion size increased only up until 1 month after MCAO induction and then decreased. In contrast, in the big lesion control group, lesion size increased throughout the whole experiment. Significantly higher concentrations of Ins, Tau, GPC+PCh, NAA+NAAG, Cr+PCr, and Glu+Gln were found in in contralateral hemisphere in BTL animals 4 months after cell injection. Lesion volume decreased at this time point. Spectroscopic results of metabolite concentrations in lesion correlated with volumetric measurements of lesion, with the highest negative correlation observed for NAA+NAAG. Altogether, our results suggest that iPSC-NP transplantation decreases lesion volume and regulates metabolite concentrations within the normal range expected in healthy tissue. Further research into the ability of iPSC-NPs to differentiate into tissue-specific neurons and its effect on the long-term restoration of lesioned tissue is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jirak
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia.,First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Faculty of Health Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czechia
| | - Natalia Ziolkowska
- MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia.,First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karolina Turnovcova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kristyna Karova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Sykova
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nataliya Romanyuk
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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15
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Alia C, Terrigno M, Busti I, Cremisi F, Caleo M. Pluripotent Stem Cells for Brain Repair: Protocols and Preclinical Applications in Cortical and Hippocampal Pathologies. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:684. [PMID: 31447623 PMCID: PMC6691396 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries causing chronic sensory or motor deficit, such as stroke, are among the leading causes of disability worldwide, according to the World Health Organization; furthermore, they carry heavy social and economic burdens due to decreased quality of life and need of assistance. Given the limited effectiveness of rehabilitation, novel therapeutic strategies are required to enhance functional recovery. Since cell-based approaches have emerged as an intriguing and promising strategy to promote brain repair, many efforts have been made to study the functional integration of neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), or fetal neurons, after grafting into the damaged host tissue. PSCs hold great promises for their clinical applications, such as cellular replacement of damaged neural tissues with autologous neurons. They also offer the possibility to create in vitro models to assess the efficacy of drugs and therapies. Notwithstanding these potential applications, PSC-derived transplanted neurons have to match the precise sub-type, positional and functional identity of the lesioned neural tissue. Thus, the requirement of highly specific and efficient differentiation protocols of PSCs in neurons with appropriate neural identity constitutes the main challenge limiting the clinical use of stem cells in the near future. In this Review, we discuss the recent advances in the derivation of telencephalic (cortical and hippocampal) neurons from PSCs, assessing specificity and efficiency of the differentiation protocols, with particular emphasis on the genetic and molecular characterization of PSC-derived neurons. Second, we address the remaining challenges for cellular replacement therapies in cortical brain injuries, focusing on electrophysiological properties, functional integration and therapeutic effects of the transplanted neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Terrigno
- Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Busti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health Area, School of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Cremisi
- Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Biophysics Institute (IBF), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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16
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Tuazon JP, Castelli V, Borlongan CV. Drug-like delivery methods of stem cells as biologics for stroke. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:823-833. [PMID: 31311344 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1645116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Stem cell therapy is an experimental treatment for brain disorders. Although a cellular product, stem cells can be classified as biologics based on the cells' secretion of therapeutic substances. Treatment with stem cell biologics may appeal to stroke because of the secondary cell death mechanisms, especially neuroinflammation, that are rampant from the onset and remain elevated during the progressive phase of the disease requiring multi-pronged biological targets to effectively abrogate the neurodegenerative pathology. However, the optimal delivery methods, among other logistical approaches (i.e. cell doses and timing of intervention), for stem cell therapy will need to be refined before stem cell biologics can be successfully utilized for stroke in large scale clinical trials. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss how the innate qualities of stem cells characterize them as biologics, how stem cell transplantation may be an ideal treatment for stroke, and the various routes of stem cell administration that have been employed in various preclinical and clinical investigations. Expert opinion: There is a need to optimize the delivery of stem cell biologics for stroke in order to guide the safe and effective translation of this therapy from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian P Tuazon
- a Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- a Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- a Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
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17
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Popa-Wagner A, Hermann D, Gresita A. Genetic conversion of proliferative astroglia into neurons after cerebral ischemia: a new therapeutic tool for the aged brain? GeroScience 2019; 41:363-368. [PMID: 31300928 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke represents the 2nd leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause for long-term disabilities, for which no cure exists. After stroke, neurons are frequently lost in the infarct core. On the other hand, other cells such as astrocytes become reactive and proliferative, disrupting the neurovascular unit in the lesioned area, especially in the aged brain. Therefore, restoring the balance between neurons and nonneuronal cells within the perilesional area is crucial for post stroke recovery. In addition, the aged post stroke brain mounts a fulminant proliferative astroglial response leading to the buildup of gliotic scars that prevent neural regeneration. Therefore, "melting" glial scars has been attempted for decades, albeit with little success. Alternative strategies include transforming inhibitory gliotic tissue into an environment conducive to neuronal regeneration and axonal growth by genetic conversion of astrocytes into neurons. The latter idea has gained momentum following the discovery that in vivo direct lineage reprogramming in the adult mammalian brain is a feasible strategy for reprogramming nonneuronal cells into neurons. This exciting new technology emerged as a new approach to circumvent cell transplantation for stroke therapy. However, the potential of this new methodology has not been yet tested to improve restoration of structure and function in the hostile environment caused by the fulminant inflammatory reaction in the brains of aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania. .,Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dirk Hermann
- Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Ageing Research, Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrei Gresita
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
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18
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Review of the Current Knowledge on the Role of Stem Cell Transplantation in Neurorehabilitation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3290894. [PMID: 30931325 PMCID: PMC6413404 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3290894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The management involving stem cell (SC) therapy along with physiotherapy offers tremendous chance for patients after spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, etc. However, there are still only a limited number of reports assessing the impact of stem cells (SCs) on the rehabilitation process and/or the results of the simultaneous use of SC and rehabilitation. Additionally, since there is still not enough convincing evidence about the effect of SCT on humans, e.g., in stroke, there have been no studies conducted concerning rehabilitation program formation and expected outcomes. It has been shown that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) transplantation in rats combined with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) can promote the functional recovery of hind limbs after SCI. An anti-inflammatory effect has been shown. One case study showed that, after the simultaneous use of SCT and rehabilitation, an SCI patient progressed from ASIA Grade A to ASIA Grade C. Such promising data in the case of complete tetraplegia could be a breakthrough in the treatment of neurologic disorders in humans. Although SCT appears as a promising method for the treatment of neurological conditions, e.g., complete tetraplegia, much work should be done towards the development of rehabilitation protocols.
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19
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Bruggeman KF, Moriarty N, Dowd E, Nisbet DR, Parish CL. Harnessing stem cells and biomaterials to promote neural repair. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:355-368. [PMID: 30444942 PMCID: PMC6329623 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the limited capacity for self-repair in the adult CNS, efforts to stimulate quiescent stem cell populations within discrete brain regions, as well as harness the potential of stem cell transplants, offer significant hope for neural repair. These new cells are capable of providing trophic cues to support residual host populations and/or replace those cells lost to the primary insult. However, issues with low-level adult neurogenesis, cell survival, directed differentiation and inadequate reinnervation of host tissue have impeded the full potential of these therapeutic approaches and their clinical advancement. Biomaterials offer novel approaches to stimulate endogenous neurogenesis, as well as for the delivery and support of neural progenitor transplants, providing a tissue-appropriate physical and trophic milieu for the newly integrating cells. In this review, we will discuss the various approaches by which bioengineered scaffolds may improve stem cell-based therapies for repair of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Bruggeman
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of EngineeringThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - N Moriarty
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - E Dowd
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - D R Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of EngineeringThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - C L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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20
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Akhoundzadeh K, Vakili A, Sameni HR. Bone Marrow Stromal Cells With Exercise and Thyroid Hormone Effect on Post-Stroke Injuries in Middle-aged Mice. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019; 10:73-84. [PMID: 31031895 PMCID: PMC6484183 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Based on our previous findings, the treatment of stem cells alone or in combination with thyroid hormone (T3) and mild exercise could effectively reduce the risk of stroke damage in young mice. However, it is unclear whether this treatment is effective in aged or middle-aged mice. Therefore, this study designed to assess whether combination of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (BMSCs) with T3 and mild treadmill exercise can decrease stroke complications in middle-aged mice. Methods: Under laser Doppler flowmetry monitoring, transient focal cerebral ischemia was produced by right Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for 45 min followed by 7 days of reperfusion in middle-aged mice. BMSCs (1×105) were injected into the right cerebral ventricle 24 h after MCAO, followed by daily injection of triiodothyronine (T3) (20 μg/100 g/d SC) and 6 days of running on a treadmill. Infarct size, neurological function, apoptotic cells and expression levels of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) were evaluated 1 week after stroke. Results: Post-ischemic treatment with BMSCs or with T3 and or mild treadmill exercise alone or in combination did not significantly change neurological function, infarct size, and apoptotic cells 7 days after ischemia in middle-aged mice (P>0.05). However, the expression of GFAP significantly reduced after treatment with BMSCs and or T3 (P<0.01). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that post-stroke treatment BMSCs with exercise and thyroid hormone cannot reverse neuronal damage 7 days after ischemia in middle-aged mice. These findings further support that age is an important variable in stroke treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Akhoundzadeh
- Physiology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Abedin Vakili
- Physiology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sameni
- Nervous System Stems Cells Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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21
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Raza SS, Wagner AP, Hussain YS, Khan MA. Mechanisms underlying dental-derived stem cell-mediated neurorestoration in neurodegenerative disorders. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:245. [PMID: 30257724 PMCID: PMC6158826 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative disorders have a complex pathology and are characterized by a progressive loss of neuronal architecture in the brain or spinal cord. Neuroprotective agents have demonstrated promising results at the preclinical stage, but this has not been confirmed at the clinical stage. Thus far, no neuroprotective drug that can prevent neuronal degeneration in patients with neurodegenerative disorders is available. MAIN BODY Recent studies have focused on neurorestorative measures, such as cell-based therapy, rather than neuroprotective treatment. The utility of cell-based approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders has been explored extensively, and the results have been somewhat promising with regard to reversing the outcome. Because of their neural crest origin, ease of harvest, accessibility, ethical suitability, and potential to differentiate into the neurogenic lineage, dental-derived stem cells (DSCs) have become an attractive source for cell-based neurorestoration therapies. In the present review, we summarize the possible use of DSC-based neurorestoration therapy as an alternative treatment for neurodegenerative disorders, with a particular emphasis on the mechanism underlying recovery in neurodegenerative disorders. CONCLUSION Transplantation research in neurodegenerative diseases should aim to understand the mechanism providing benefits both at the molecular and functional level. Due to their ease of accessibility, plasticity, and ethical suitability, DSCs hold promise to overcome the existing challenges in the field of neurodegeneration through multiple mechanisms, such as cell replacement, bystander effect, vasculogenesis, synaptogenesis, immunomodulation, and by inhibiting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India. .,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, 226003, India.
| | - Aurel Popa Wagner
- Departmentof Dental Materials, RUHS College of Dental Sciences, Subhash Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302002, India.,Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Yawer S Hussain
- Department of Neurology, Chair of Vascular Neurology and Dementia, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Mohsin Ali Khan
- Era Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
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22
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Shao M, Shen Y, Sun H, Meng D, Huo W, Qi X. Protectiveness of Artesunate Given Prior Ischemic Cerebral Infarction Is Mediated by Increased Autophagy. Front Neurol 2018; 9:634. [PMID: 30174640 PMCID: PMC6107698 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ischemic cerebral infarction is a severe clinical condition that can cause serious mortality. Artesunate, an anti-malarial drug that is widely used in cancer treatment, is known to facilitate accelerated cell apoptosis. The aim of this study is to explore the possible neuroprotective effects of artesunate on hypoxic-ischemic cells in rats. Methods: Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats were treated with artesunate in different doses to observe their survival rate. Primary hippocampal neurons were deprived of oxygen-glucose to induce ischemia symptoms. Western blot was performed to determine the protein expressions of p-mTOR, Beclin-1, and Mcl-1. A five-point scale was used to detect neurological deficit. Cell apoptosis was measured using a TUNEL assay. Results: Artesunate supplementation protected MCAO rats from death and ameliorated brain injury among them. Artesunate administration decreased the expression of p-mTOR, increased the expressions of Beclin-1 and Mcl-1, and decreased the activity of caspase-3 in both the rats' ischemia cerebral cortices and their primary ischemia hippocampal neurons when compared with artesunate-absent ischemic brains and cells. The neuroprotective effects of artesunate were abolished by either leucine (LEU) or 3-MA, while the effects of rapamycin were reversed by 3-MA. In vivo experiments verified the protective effects of artesunate on brain-infarct rats. Conclusion: The results indicate the protectiveness of artesunate against ischemic cerebral infarction, whereas the protectiveness might increase autophagy through regulating the activity of mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjing Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Delong Meng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Huo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Qi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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23
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Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), are important causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. MicroRNA (miRNA), small non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression, can serve as diagnostic biomarkers and are emerging as novel therapeutic targets for CNS injuries. MiRNA-based therapeutics include miRNA mimics and inhibitors (antagomiRs) to respectively decrease and increase the expression of target genes. In this review, we summarize current miRNA-based therapeutic applications in stroke, TBI and SCI. Administration methods, time windows and dosage for effective delivery of miRNA-based drugs into CNS are discussed. The underlying mechanisms of miRNA-based therapeutics are reviewed including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, blood-brain barrier protection, angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Pharmacological agents that protect against CNS injuries by targeting specific miRNAs are presented along with the challenges and therapeutic potential of miRNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Da Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology and the M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Ke-Jie Yin, Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, BST S514, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Da Zhi Liu, Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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24
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Suzuki N, Arimitsu N, Shimizu J, Takai K, Hirotsu C, Ueda Y, Wakisaka S, Fujiwara N, Suzuki T. Neuronal Cell Sheets of Cortical Motor Neuron Phenotype Derived from Human iPSCs. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1355-1364. [PMID: 28901192 PMCID: PMC5680971 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717720280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of stem cells that differentiate into more mature neural cells brings about functional improvement in preclinical studies of stroke. Previous transplant approaches in the diseased brain utilized injection of the cells in a cell suspension. In addition, neural stem cells were preferentially used for grafting. However, these cells had no specific relationship to the damaged tissue of stroke and brain injury patients. The injection of cells in a suspension destroyed the cell–cell interactions that are suggested to be important for promoting functional integrity of cortical motor neurons. In order to obtain suitable cell types for grafting in patients with stroke and brain damage, a protocol was modified for differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells from cells phenotypically related to cortical motor neurons. Moreover, cell sheet technology was applied to neural cell transplantation, as maintaining the cell–cell communications is regarded important for the repair of host brain architecture. Accordingly, neuronal cell sheets that were positive Forebrain Embryonic Zinc Finger (Fez) family zinc finger 2 (FEZF2), COUP-TF-interacting protein 2, insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 4 (IGFBP4), cysteine-rich motor neuron 1 protein precursor (CRIM1), and forkhead box p2 (FOXP2) were developed. These markers are associated with cortical motoneurons that are appropriate for the transplant location in the lesions. The sheets allowed preservation of cell–cell interactions shown by synapsin1 staining after transplantation to damaged mouse brains. The sheet transplantation brought about partial structural restoration and the improvement of motor functions in hemiplegic mice. Collectively, the novel neuronal cell sheets were transplanted into damaged motor cortices; the cell sheets maintained cell–cell interactions and improved the motor functions in the hemiplegic model mice. The motoneuron cell sheets are possibly applicable for stroke patients and patients with brain damage by using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Suzuki
- 1 Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Nagisa Arimitsu
- 1 Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- 1 Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Takai
- 1 Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Chieko Hirotsu
- 2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Ueda
- 2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Sueshige Wakisaka
- 2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naruyoshi Fujiwara
- 1 Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Suzuki
- 2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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25
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Lau VW, Platt SR, Grace HE, Baker EW, West FD. Human iNPC therapy leads to improvement in functional neurologic outcomes in a pig ischemic stroke model. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00972. [PMID: 29761021 PMCID: PMC5943801 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is the leading cause of disability in the United States but current therapies are limited with no regenerative potential. Previous translational failures have highlighted the need for large animal models of ischemic stroke and for improved assessments of functional outcomes. The aims of this study were first, to create a post-stroke functional outcome assessment scale in a porcine model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and second, to use this scale to determine the effect of human-induced-pluripotent-cell-derived neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) on functional outcome in this large animal stroke model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight 6-month-old Landrace mix pigs underwent permanent MCAO. Five days following MCAO, pigs received intraparenchymal injections of either iNPCs or PBS. A post-stroke assessment scale was developed to measure functional outcome. Evaluations were performed at least 1-3 days prior to MCAO and repeated 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days post-stroke as well as 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 9 weeks, and 12 weeks post-injection. Comparisons of scores between animals receiving iNPCs or PBS only were compared using a two-way ANOVA and a Tukey's post-hoc t test. RESULTS The developed scale was able to consistently determine differences between healthy and stroked pigs at all time points. iNPC-treated pigs showed a significantly faster recovery in their overall scores relative to PBS-only treated pigs with the parameters of appetite and body posture exhibiting the most improvement in the iNPC-treated group. CONCLUSIONS We developed a robust and repeatable functional assessment tool that can reliably detect stroke and recovery, while also showing for the first time that iNPC therapy leads to functional recovery in a translational pig ischemic stroke model. These promising results suggest that iNPCs may 1 day serve as a first in class cell therapeutic for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Lau
- Regenerative Bioscience Center University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Harrison E Grace
- Regenerative Bioscience Center University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Emily W Baker
- Regenerative Bioscience Center University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Franklin D West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center University of Georgia Athens GA USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia Athens GA USA
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26
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Kokaia Z, Llorente IL, Carmichael ST. Customized Brain Cells for Stroke Patients Using Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stroke 2018; 49:1091-1098. [PMID: 29669871 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.018291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaal Kokaia
- From the Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Sweden (Z.K.)
| | - Irene L Llorente
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (I.L.L., S.T.C.)
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (I.L.L., S.T.C.).
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27
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Sandu RE, Dumbrava D, Surugiu R, Glavan DG, Gresita A, Petcu EB. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Non-Pharmaceutical Ischemic Stroke Therapy in Aged Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010099. [PMID: 29286319 PMCID: PMC5796049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of ischemic stroke in humans increases exponentially above 70 years both in men and women. Comorbidities like diabetes, arterial hypertension or co-morbidity factors such as hypercholesterolemia, obesity and body fat distribution as well as fat-rich diet and physical inactivity are common in elderly persons and are associated with higher risk of stroke, increased mortality and disability. Obesity could represent a state of chronic inflammation that can be prevented to some extent by non-pharmaceutical interventions such as calorie restriction and hypothermia. Indeed, recent results suggest that H₂S-induced hypothermia in aged, overweight rats could have a higher probability of success in treating stroke as compared to other monotherapies, by reducing post-stroke brain inflammation. Likewise, it was recently reported that weight reduction prior to stroke, in aged, overweight rats induced by caloric restriction, led to an early re-gain of weight and a significant improvement in recovery of complex sensorimotor skills, cutaneous sensitivity, or spatial memory. CONCLUSION animal models of stroke done in young animals ignore age-associated comorbidities and may explain, at least in part, the unsuccessful bench-to-bedside translation of neuroprotective strategies for ischemic stroke in aged subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Elena Sandu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Danut Dumbrava
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Daniela-Gabriela Glavan
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Andrei Gresita
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania.
| | - Eugen Bogdan Petcu
- Gold Coast Campus, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport 4222, Australia.
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28
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Smith HK, Omura S, Vital SA, Becker F, Senchenkova EY, Kaur G, Tsunoda I, Peirce SM, Gavins FNE. Metallothionein I as a direct link between therapeutic hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and cerebral protection in stroke. FASEB J 2017; 32:2381-2394. [PMID: 29269399 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700746r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stroke continues to be a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, yet effective treatments are lacking. Previous studies have indicated that stem-cell transplantation could be an effective treatment. However, little is known about the direct impact of transplanted cells on injured brain tissue. We wanted to help fill this knowledge gap and investigated effects of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) on the cerebral microcirculation after ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI). Treatment of HSPCs in I/RI for up to 2 wk after cerebral I/RI led to decreased mortality rate, decreased infarct volume, improved functional outcome, reduced microglial activation, and reduced cerebral leukocyte adhesion. Confocal microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses showed transplanted HSPCs emigrate preferentially into ischemic cortex brain parenchyma. We isolated migrated HSPCs from the brain; using RNA sequencing to investigate the transcriptome, we found metallothionein (MT, particularly MT-I) transcripts were dramatically up-regulated. Finally, to confirm the significance of MT, we exogenously administered MT-I after cerebral I/RI and found that it produced neuroprotection in a manner similar to HSPC treatment. These findings provide novel evidence that the mechanism through which HSPCs promote repair after stroke maybe via direct action of HSPC-derived MT-I and could therefore be exploited as a useful therapeutic strategy for stroke.-Smith, H. K., Omura, S., Vital, S. A., Becker, F., Senchenkova, E. Y., Kaur, G., Tsunoda, I., Peirce, S. M., Gavins, F. N. E. Metallothionein I as a direct link between therapeutic hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and cerebral protection in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shantel A Vital
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Felix Becker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Department for General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Elena Y Senchenkova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gaganpreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Felicity N E Gavins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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29
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Ottoboni L, Merlini A, Martino G. Neural Stem Cell Plasticity: Advantages in Therapy for the Injured Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:52. [PMID: 28553634 PMCID: PMC5427132 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological and pathological properties of the neural germinal stem cell niche have been well-studied in the past 30 years, mainly in animals and within given limits in humans, and knowledge is available for the cyto-architectonic structure, the cellular components, the timing of development and the energetic maintenance of the niche, as well as for the therapeutic potential and the cross talk between neural and immune cells. In recent years we have gained detailed understanding of the potentiality of neural stem cells (NSCs), although we are only beginning to understand their molecular, metabolic, and epigenetic profile in physiopathology and, further, more can be invested to measure quantitatively the activity of those cells, to model in vitro their therapeutic responses or to predict interactions in silico. Information in this direction has been put forward for other organs but is still limited in the complex and very less accessible context of the brain. A comprehensive understanding of the behavior of endogenous NSCs will help to tune or model them toward a desired response in order to treat complex neurodegenerative diseases. NSCs have the ability to modulate multiple cellular functions and exploiting their plasticity might make them into potent and versatile cellular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ottoboni
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Arianna Merlini
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
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30
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Rodríguez-Frutos B, Otero-Ortega L, Gutiérrez-Fernández M, Fuentes B, Ramos-Cejudo J, Díez-Tejedor E. Stem Cell Therapy and Administration Routes After Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:378-87. [PMID: 27384771 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy has demonstrated safety and efficacy in experimental animal models of stroke, as well as safety in stroke patients. However, various questions remain regarding the therapeutic window, dosage, route of administration, and the most appropriate cell type and source, as well as mechanisms of action and immune-modulation to optimize treatment based on stem cell therapy. Various delivery routes have been used in experimental stroke models, including intracerebral, intraventricular, subarachnoid, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and intranasal routes. From a clinical point of view, it is necessary to demonstrate which is the most feasible, safest, and most effective for use with stroke patients. Therefore, further experimental studies concerning the safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of action involved in these therapeutic effects are required to determine their optimal clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Rodríguez-Frutos
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autonomous University of Madrid, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Otero-Ortega
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autonomous University of Madrid, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autonomous University of Madrid, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Blanca Fuentes
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autonomous University of Madrid, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Ramos-Cejudo
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autonomous University of Madrid, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez-Tejedor
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), Autonomous University of Madrid, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Efficient Generation of Corticofugal Projection Neurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28572. [PMID: 27346302 PMCID: PMC4921908 DOI: 10.1038/srep28572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to study development and function of corticofugal projection neurons (CfuPNs) in the human cerebral cortex for health and disease have been limited by the unavailability of highly enriched CfuPNs. Here, we develop a robust, two-step process for generating CfuPNs from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs): directed induction of neuroepithelial stem cells (NESCs) from hESCs and efficient differentiation of NESCs to about 80% of CfuPNs. NESCs or a NESC faithfully maintain unlimitedly self-renewal and self-organized abilities to develop into miniature neural tube-like structures. NESCs retain a stable propensity toward neuronal differentiation over culture as fate-restricted progenitors of CfuPNs and interneurons. When grafted into mouse brains, NESCs successfully integrate into the host brains, differentiate into CfuPNs and effectively reestablish specific patterns of subcortical projections and synapse structures. Efficient generation of CfuPNs in vitro and in vivo will facilitate human cortex development and offer sufficient CfuPNs for cell therapy.
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32
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Sandu RE, Uzoni A, Ciobanu O, Moldovan M, Anghel A, Radu E, Coogan AN, Popa-Wagner A. Post-stroke gaseous hypothermia increases vascular density but not neurogenesis in the ischemic penumbra of aged rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34:401-14. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Uzoni
- Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ovidiu Ciobanu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medicine of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Mihai Moldovan
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Panum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrei Anghel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Eugen Radu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrew N. Coogan
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
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33
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Huang WC, Ke MW, Cheng CC, Chiou SH, Wann SR, Shu CW, Chiou KR, Tseng CJ, Pan HW, Mar GY, Liu CP. Therapeutic Benefits of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0142476. [PMID: 26840075 PMCID: PMC4740504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by progressive increases in vascular resistance and the remodeling of pulmonary arteries. The accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lung and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines in the bloodstream suggest that inflammation may play a role in PAH. In this study, the benefits of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-conditioned medium (iPSC CM) were explored in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats. We demonstrated that both iPSCs and iPSC CM significantly reduced the right ventricular systolic pressure and ameliorated the hypertrophy of the right ventricle in MCT-induced PAH rats in models of both disease prevention and disease reversal. In the prevention of MCT-induced PAH, iPSC-based therapy led to the decreased accumulation of inflammatory cells and down-regulated the expression of the IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12α, IL-12β, IL-23 and IFNγ genes in lung specimens, which implied that iPSC-based therapy may be involved in the regulation of inflammation. NF-κB signaling is essential to the inflammatory cascade, which is activated via the phosphorylation of the NF-κB molecule. Using the chemical inhibitor specifically blocked the phosphorylation of NF-κB, and in vitro assays of cultured human M1 macrophages implied that the anti-inflammation effect of iPSC-based therapy may contribute to the disturbance of NF-κB activation. Here, we showed that iPSC-based therapy could restore the hemodynamic function of right ventricle with benefits for preventing the ongoing inflammation in the lungs of MCT-induced PAH rats by regulating NF-κB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Huang
- Cardiovascular Medical Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Wei Ke
- Cardiovascular Medical Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chang Cheng
- Cardiovascular Medical Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shue-Ren Wann
- Department of Emergency, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SRW); (CPL)
| | - Chih-Wen Shu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Rau Chiou
- Cardiovascular Medical Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jiunn Tseng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Pan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yuan Mar
- Cardiovascular Medical Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Peng Liu
- Cardiovascular Medical Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SRW); (CPL)
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34
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Abstract
During aging, many neurodegenerative disorders are associated with reduced neurogenesis and a decline in the proliferation of stem/progenitor cells. The development of the stem cell (SC), the regenerative therapy field, gained tremendous expectations in the diseases that suffer from the lack of treatment options. Stem cell based therapy is a promising approach to promote neuroregeneration after brain injury and can be potentiated when combined with supportive pharmacological drug treatment, especially in the aged. However, the mechanism of action for a particular grafted cell type, the optimal delivery route, doses, or time window of administration after lesion is still under debate. Today, it is proved that these protections are most likely due to modulatory mechanisms rather than the expected cell replacement. Our group proved that important differences appear in the aged brain compared with young one, that is, the accelerated progression of ischemic area, or the delayed initiation of neurological recovery. In this light, these age-related aspects should be carefully evaluated in the clinical translation of neurorestorative therapies. This review is focused on the current perspectives and suitable sources of stem cells (SCs), mechanisms of action, and the most efficient delivery routes in neurorestoration therapies in the poststroke aged environment.
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35
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Boltze J, Arnold A, Walczak P, Jolkkonen J, Cui L, Wagner DC. The Dark Side of the Force - Constraints and Complications of Cell Therapies for Stroke. Front Neurol 2015; 6:155. [PMID: 26257702 PMCID: PMC4507146 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies are increasingly recognized as a promising option to augment the limited therapeutic arsenal available to fight ischemic stroke. During the last two decades, cumulating preclinical evidence has indicated a substantial efficacy for most cell treatment paradigms and first clinical trials are currently underway to assess safety and feasibility in patients. However, the strong and still unmet demand for novel stroke treatment options and exciting findings reported from experimental studies may have drawn our attention away from potential side effects related to cell therapies and the ways by which they are commonly applied. This review summarizes common and less frequent adverse events that have been discovered in preclinical and clinical investigations assessing cell therapies for stroke. Such adverse events range from immunological and neoplastic complications over seizures to cell clotting and cell-induced embolism. It also describes potential complications of clinically applicable administration procedures, detrimental interactions between therapeutic cells, and the pathophysiological environment that they are placed into, as well as problems related to cell manufacturing. Virtually each therapeutic intervention comes at a certain risk for complications. Side effects do therefore not generally compromise the value of cell treatments for stroke, but underestimating such complications might severely limit therapeutic safety and efficacy of cell treatment protocols currently under development. On the other hand, a better understanding will provide opportunities to further improve existing therapeutic strategies and might help to define those circumstances, under which an optimal effect can be realized. Hence, the review eventually discusses strategies and recommendations allowing us to prevent or at least balance potential complications in order to ensure the maximum therapeutic benefit at minimum risk for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Boltze
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology , Leipzig , Germany ; Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Antje Arnold
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Daniel-Christoph Wagner
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology , Leipzig , Germany
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Janowski M, Wagner DC, Boltze J. Stem Cell-Based Tissue Replacement After Stroke: Factual Necessity or Notorious Fiction? Stroke 2015; 46:2354-63. [PMID: 26106118 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Janowski
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research (M.J.) and Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering (M.J.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; NeuroRepair Department (M.J.) and Department of Neurosurgery (M.J.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (D.-C.W., J.B.); and Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Neuroscience Center at Massachussets General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Charlestown, MA (J.B.)
| | - Daniel-Christoph Wagner
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research (M.J.) and Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering (M.J.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; NeuroRepair Department (M.J.) and Department of Neurosurgery (M.J.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (D.-C.W., J.B.); and Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Neuroscience Center at Massachussets General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Charlestown, MA (J.B.)
| | - Johannes Boltze
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research (M.J.) and Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering (M.J.), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; NeuroRepair Department (M.J.) and Department of Neurosurgery (M.J.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany (D.-C.W., J.B.); and Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Neuroscience Center at Massachussets General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Charlestown, MA (J.B.).
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Wanamaker CP, Fakhran S, Alhilali LM. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of MR imaging findings in patients with middle cerebral artery stroke implanted with mesenchymal stem cells. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36:1063-8. [PMID: 25655873 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mesenchymal stem cells have potential as a regenerative therapy in ischemic stroke. We sought to determine MR imaging findings after mesenchymal stem cell implantation in chronic middle cerebral artery infarcts and to compare brain volume changes in patients with mesenchymal stem cells with those in age-matched healthy controls and controls with chronic stable MCA infarcts. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified 5 patients receiving surgical mesenchymal stem cell implantation to an MCA infarct from January 1, 2005, to July 1, 2013, with MR imaging immediately and 1 year postimplantation. Images at both time points were evaluated for any postimplantation complications. Structural image evaluation using normalization of atrophy software was used to determine volume changes between time points and compare them with those in healthy and age- and sex-matched controls with chronic, stable MCA infarcts by using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS Susceptibility signal loss and enhancement at the implantation site were seen. No teratoma, tumor, or heterotopia was identified. Volumetric analysis showed a trend toward less overall volume loss after mesenchymal stem cell implantation (0.736; 95% CI, -4.15-5.62) compared with that in age- and sex-matched controls with chronic, stable MCA infarcts (-3.59; 95% CI, -12.3 to -5.21; P = .09), with a significantly greater growth-to-loss ratio in infarcted regions (1.30 and 0.78, respectively, P = .02). A trend toward correlation of growth-to-loss ratio with improvement in physical examination findings was seen (r = 0.856, P = .06). CONCLUSIONS Postoperative changes consistent with stereotactic implantation were seen, but no teratoma, tumor, or heterotopia was identified. Initial findings suggest a trend toward less volume loss after mesenchymal stem cell implantation compared with that in age- and sex-matched controls with chronic, stable MCA infarcts, with a significantly greater growth-to-loss ratio in the infarcted tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Wanamaker
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - S Fakhran
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - L M Alhilali
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Machado VM, Morte MI, Carreira BP, Azevedo MM, Takano J, Iwata N, Saido TC, Asmussen H, Horwitz AR, Carvalho CM, Araújo IM. Involvement of calpains in adult neurogenesis: implications for stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:22. [PMID: 25698931 PMCID: PMC4316774 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are ubiquitous proteases involved in cell proliferation, adhesion and motility. In the brain, calpains have been associated with neuronal damage in both acute and neurodegenerative disorders, but their physiological function in the nervous system remains elusive. During brain ischemia, there is a large increase in the levels of intracellular calcium, leading to the activation of calpains. Inhibition of these proteases has been shown to reduce neuronal death in a variety of stroke models. On the other hand, after stroke, neural stem cells (NSC) increase their proliferation and newly formed neuroblasts migrate towards the site of injury. However, the process of forming new neurons after injury is not efficient and finding ways to improve it may help with recovery after lesion. Understanding the role of calpains in the process of neurogenesis may therefore open a new window for the treatment of stroke. We investigated the involvement of calpains in NSC proliferation and neuroblast migration in two highly neurogenic regions in the mouse brain, the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). We used mice that lack calpastatin, the endogenous calpain inhibitor, and calpains were also modulated directly, using calpeptin, a pharmacological calpain inhibitor. Calpastatin deletion impaired both NSC proliferation and neuroblast migration. Calpain inhibition increased NSC proliferation, migration speed and migration distance in cells from the SVZ. Overall, our work suggests that calpains are important for neurogenesis and encourages further research on their neurogenic role. Prospective therapies targeting calpain activity may improve the formation of new neurons following stroke, in addition to affording neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Machado
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Biomedical Research, CBMR, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria I Morte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno P Carreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria M Azevedo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jiro Takano
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Iwata
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hannelore Asmussen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alan R Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Caetana M Carvalho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês M Araújo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Biomedical Research, CBMR, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
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Popa-Wagner A, Buga AM, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM. Stem cell therapies in preclinical models of stroke associated with aging. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:347. [PMID: 25404892 PMCID: PMC4217499 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke has limited treatment options, demanding a vigorous search for new therapeutic strategies. Initial enthusiasm to stimulate restorative processes in the ischemic brain by means of cell-based therapies has meanwhile converted into a more balanced view recognizing impediments related to unfavorable environments that are in part related to aging processes. Since stroke afflicts mostly the elderly, it is highly desirable and clinically important to test the efficacy of cell therapies in aged brain microenvironments. Although widely believed to be refractory to regeneration, recent studies using both neural precursor cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for stroke therapy suggest that the aged rat brain is not refractory to cell-based therapy, and that it also supports plasticity and remodeling. Yet, important differences exist in the aged compared with young brain, i.e., the accelerated progression of ischemic injury to brain infarction, the reduced rate of endogenous neurogenesis and the delayed initiation of neurological recovery. Pitfalls in the development of cell-based therapies may also be related to age-associated comorbidities, e.g., diabetes or hyperlipidemia, which may result in maladaptive or compromised brain remodeling, respectively. These age-related aspects should be carefully considered in the clinical translation of restorative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Medicine Rostock Rostock, Germany ; Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova Craiova, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Buga
- Department of Psychiatry, Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Medicine Rostock Rostock, Germany ; Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen Essen, Germany
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