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Aljarousha M, Badarudin NE, Che Azemin MZ, Aljeesh Y, Amer A, Abdul Rahim MAS. The validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire in a sample of the Gazan population: a study from Palestine. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 43:1303-1316. [PMID: 36156181 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an Arabic version of OSDI for the Gazan population. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a convenience sample technique. The translation procedure included five stages: forward translation, revision of translation, backward translation, refinement of translation, and a final test of the pre-final version. The final sets of questionnaires were constructed using an online JotForm platform. The online platform was chosen to automatically calculate the questionnaire's final overall score. Overall, 260 participants were instructed to fill out the English and the Arab-OSDI version twice to conduct the reliability of the translated version and repeatability evaluation. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 33.45 ± 11.74 years old. Cronbach's alpha for all items was greater than 0.80, except for the "blurred vision" and "deteriorating vision" items (0.77 and 0.74, respectively). The mean overall score difference between the English-OSDI and Arab-OSDI was 0.86 based on the Bland-Altman chart. For repeatability, no significant difference in the overall scores between the two repeats of the Arab-OSDI (p = 0.632). The Arab-OSDI overall score (sessions 1 and 2) has a clinical difference (bias) of 0.21. Using the varimax rotation method, only three factors (ocular symptoms, vision-related function, and environmental triggers) had eigenvalues greater than one in the structure of the Arab-OSDI. CONCLUSION The Arab-OSDI is an appropriate, reliable, and repeatable tool for the determination of dry eye symptoms, ocular discomfort, and quality of life in the Gazan population. This version could remove the language barrier in answering OSDI items more easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aljarousha
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Health Science, Islamic University-Gaza, Gaza, Palestine
- Department of Optometry, European Gaza Hospital, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Noor Ezailina Badarudin
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zulfaezal Che Azemin
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Yousef Aljeesh
- College of Nursing, Islamic University-Gaza, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Abuimara Amer
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Health Science, Islamic University-Gaza, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Muhammad Afzam Shah Abdul Rahim
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Orlowski S, Mourad JJ, Gallo A, Bruckert E. Coronaviruses, cholesterol and statins: Involvement and application for Covid-19. Biochimie 2021; 189:51-64. [PMID: 34153377 PMCID: PMC8213520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The infectious power of coronaviruses is dependent on cholesterol present in the membranes of their target cells. Indeed, the virus enters the infected cell either by fusion or by endocytosis, in both cases involving cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains. These membrane domains can be disorganized in-vitro by various cholesterol-altering agents, including statins that inhibit cell cholesterol biosynthesis. As a consequence, numerous cell physiology processes, such as signaling cascades, can be compromised. Also, some examples of anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects of statins have been observed for infectious agents known to be cholesterol dependent. In-vivo, besides their widely-reported hypocholesterolemic effect, statins display various pleiotropic effects mediated, at least partially, by perturbation of membrane microdomains as a consequence of the alteration of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. It should thus be worth considering a high, but clinically well-tolerated, dose of statin to treat Covid-19 patients, in the early phase of infection, to inhibit virus entry into the target cells, in order to control the viral charge and hence avoid severe clinical complications. Based on its efficacy and favorable biodisposition, an option would be considering Atorvastatin, but randomized controlled clinical trials are required to test this hypothesis. This new therapeutic proposal takes benefit from being a drug repurposing, applied to a widely-used drug presenting a high efficiency-to-toxicity ratio. Additionally, this therapeutic strategy avoids any risk of drug resistance by viral mutation since it is host-targeted. Noteworthy, the same pharmacological approach could also be proposed to address different animal coronavirus endemic infections that are responsible for heavy economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Orlowski
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS UMR 9198, and CEA / DRF / Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric-Joliot / SB2SM, and Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Mourad
- Department of Internal Medicine and ESH Excellence Centre, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France.
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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Pravastatin Promotes Endothelial Colony-Forming Cell Function, Angiogenic Signaling and Protein Expression In Vitro. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10020183. [PMID: 33419165 PMCID: PMC7825508 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a primary feature of several cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) represent a highly proliferative subtype of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are involved in neovascularization and vascular repair. Statins are known to improve the outcome of cardiovascular diseases via pleiotropic effects. We hypothesized that treatment with the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl–coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor pravastatin increases ECFCs’ functional capacities and regulates the expression of proteins which modulate endothelial health in a favourable manner. Umbilical cord blood derived ECFCs were incubated with different concentrations of pravastatin with or without mevalonate, a key intermediate in cholesterol synthesis. Functional capacities such as migration, proliferation and tube formation were addressed in corresponding in vitro assays. mRNA and protein levels or phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and endoglin (Eng) were analyzed by real time PCR or immunoblot, respectively. Proliferation, migration and tube formation of ECFCs were enhanced after pravastatin treatment, and AKT- and eNOS-phosphorylation were augmented. Further, expression levels of HO-1, VEGF-A and PlGF were increased, whereas expression levels of sFlt-1 and Eng were decreased. Pravastatin induced effects were reversible by the addition of mevalonate. Pravastatin induces beneficial effects on ECFC function, angiogenic signaling and protein expression. These effects may contribute to understand the pleiotropic function of statins as well as to provide a promising option to improve ECFCs’ condition in cell therapy in order to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction.
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Sivasinprasasn S, Wikan N, Tocharus J, Pantan R, Chaichompoo W, Suksamrarn A, Tocharus C. Synergistic effects of the capsaicinoid nonivamide and rosuvastatin on obesity‐related endothelial dysfunction in rat fed a high‐fat diet. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1815-1826. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Naruemon Wikan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Rungusa Pantan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Waraluck Chaichompoo
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceRamkhamhaeng University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceRamkhamhaeng University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineChiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
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Akershoek JJ, Brouwer KM, Vlig M, Boekema BKHL, Beelen RHJ, Middelkoop E, Ulrich MMW. Differential effects of Losartan and Atorvastatin in partial and full thickness burn wounds. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179350. [PMID: 28614412 PMCID: PMC5470692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Healing of burn wounds is often associated with scar formation due to excessive inflammation and delayed wound closure. To date, no effective treatment is available to prevent the fibrotic process. The Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) was shown to be involved in fibrosis in various organs. Statins (e.g. Atorvastatin), Angiotensin receptor antagonists (e.g. Losartan) and the combination of these drugs are able to reduce the local RAS activation, and reduced fibrosis in other organs. We investigated whether inhibition of the RAS could improve healing of burn wounds by treatment with Atorvastatin, Losartan or the combination of both drugs. Therefore, full and partial thickness burn wounds were inflicted on both flanks of Yorkshire pigs. Oral administration of Atorvastatin, Losartan or the combination was started at post-burn day 1 and continued for 28 days. Full thickness wounds were excised and transplanted with an autologous meshed split-thickness skin graft at post-burn day 14. Partial thickness wounds received conservative treatment. Atorvastatin treatment resulted in enhanced graft take and wound closure of the full thickness wounds, faster resolution of neutrophils compared to all treatments and reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin positive cells compared to control treatment. Treatment with Losartan and to a lesser extent the combination therapy resulted in diminished graft take, increased wound contraction and poorer scar outcome. In contrast, Losartan treatment in partial thickness wounds decreased the alpha-smooth muscle actin+ fibroblasts and contraction. In conclusion, we showed differential effects of Losartan and Atorvastatin in full and partial thickness wounds. The extensive graft loss seen in Losartan treated wounds is most likely responsible for the poor clinical outcome of these full thickness burn wounds. Therefore, Losartan treatment should not be started before transplantation in order to prevent graft loss. Atorvastatin seems to accelerate the healing process in full thickness wounds possibly by dampening the pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanneke J. Akershoek
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien M. Brouwer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vlig
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob H. J. Beelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Middelkoop
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Magda M. W. Ulrich
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Potey C, Ouk T, Petrault O, Petrault M, Berezowski V, Salleron J, Bordet R, Gautier S. Early treatment with atorvastatin exerts parenchymal and vascular protective effects in experimental cerebral ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5188-98. [PMID: 26289767 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE From the clinical and experimental data available, statins appear to be interesting drug candidates for preventive neuroprotection in ischaemic stroke. However, their acute protective effect is, as yet, unconfirmed. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male C57Bl6/JRj mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated acutely with atorvastatin (10-20 mg·kg(-1) day(-1) ; 24 or 72 h). Functional recovery (neuroscore, forelimb gripping strength and adhesive removal test) was assessed during follow-up and lesion volume measured at the end. Vasoreactivity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), type IV collagen and FITC-dextran distribution were evaluated to assess macrovascular and microvascular protection. Activated microglia, leucocyte adhesion and infiltration were chosen as markers of inflammation. KEY RESULTS Acute treatment with atorvastatin provided parenchymal and cerebral protection only at the higher dose of 20 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) . In this treatment group, functional recovery was ameliorated, and lesion volumes were reduced as early as 24 h after experimental stroke. This was associated with vascular protection as endothelial function of the MCA and the density and patency of the microvascular network were preserved. Acute atorvastatin administration also induced an anti-inflammatory effect in association with parenchymal and vascular mechanisms; it reduced microglial activation, and decreased leucocyte adhesion and infiltration. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Acute atorvastatin provides global cerebral protection, but only at the higher dose of 20 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ; this was associated with a reduction in inflammation in both vascular and parenchymal compartments. Our results suggest that atorvastatin could also be beneficial when administered early after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Potey
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - T Ouk
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - O Petrault
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - M Petrault
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - V Berezowski
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - J Salleron
- EA2694 - Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - R Bordet
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - S Gautier
- U1171 - Medical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille 2 - Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
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Burma O, Onat E, Uysal A, Ilhan N, Erol D, Ozcan M, Sahna E. Effects of rosuvastatin on ADMA, rhokinase, NADPH oxidase, caveolin-1, hsp 90 and NFkB levels in a rat model of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion. Cardiovasc J Afr 2015; 25:212-6. [PMID: 25629537 PMCID: PMC4241597 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2014-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are among the most important mechanisms of ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. Besides their cholesterol-lowering effects, statins are known to provide protection against myocardial dysfunction and vascular endothelial injury via nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rosuvastatin on certain intermediates involved in the generation of nitric oxide (asymmetrical dimethyl arginin, ADMA, caveolin-1 and hsp 90), oxidative stress (rhokinase, NADPH oxidase) and inflammation (NFkB), using an in vivo model of myocardial infarction in the rat. Methods Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups (control, I/R and I/R after 15 days of rosuvastatin administration). Reperfusion was applied for 120 min following left anterior descending coronary artery ischaemia for 30 min. Caveolin-1, hsp 90 and NFkB levels were evaluated with the quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and ADMA, rhokinase and NADPH oxidase levels were evaluated with ELISA. Results While NFkB and hsp 90 levels were higher in the I/R group, their levels were significantly lower in the rosuvastatin group. While ADMA and NADPH oxidase levels significantly increased with I/R, they were lower in the rosuvastatin-treated group, but not statistically significant. Rhokinase levels were significantly lower in the rosuvastatin group. Caveolin-1 levels were not different between the groups. Conclusion Our results suggest that ADMA, rhokinase, NADPH oxidase, hsp 90 and NFkB could facilitate I/R injury, and rosuvastatin significantly reduced levels of these parameters. These results indicate that rosuvastatin may have a protective role in I/R injury via mechanisms targeting inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Burma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Elif Onat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Uysal
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Necip Ilhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Deniz Erol
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mete Ozcan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Engin Sahna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
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Matsushima A, Furuuchi R, Shirai M, Nagai S, Yokoyama T, Nishida H, Hirayama M. Effects of acute and chronic boysenberry intake on blood pressure and endothelial function in spontaneous hypertensive rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2014; 60:43-51. [PMID: 24759259 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acute or chronic intake of boysenberry juice or artificial vinegar on blood pressure (BP) and endothelial function were investigated in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR). A single administration of boysenberry juice (BJ, equivalent to 0.5 mL/kg body weight) or artificial boysenberry juice vinegar (BJV, equivalent to 0.5 mL BJ and 0.10 g acetic acid/kg body weight) decreased both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) significantly. Reductions in SBP of the control group compared with the BJ and BJV groups reached maxima of -16.8±4.3 and -28.4±7.3 mmHg 8 h after administration, respectively. Chronic SBP- and DBP-lowering effects were also observed upon daily feedings of both BJ and BJV at 4 wk. No significant differences were found in SBP or DBP between respective acute and chronic intake of BJ and BJV, except for the decrease in DBP after 4 wk of BJV intake. This suggests that the polyphenol constituents in BJ and BJV likely play a major role in lowering SBP and DBP under these conditions and that acetic acid added to BJ exerts a DBP-lowering effect after 4 wk of BJV intake. The polyphenolic constituents of these beverages might elevate plasma NO concentration via aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation, but the effects of chronic intake on blood pressure might also be at least partly mediated by the renin-angiotensin system. These results may help explain the beneficial effects of boysenberry intake on cardiovascular health, such as reduced blood pressure and improved endothelial function.
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Werner B, Dittmann S, Funke C, Überla K, Piper C, Niehaus K, Horstkotte D, Farr M. Effect of lovastatin on coxsackievirus B3 infection in human endothelial cells. Inflamm Res 2013; 63:267-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Caliman IF, Lamas AZ, Dalpiaz PLM, Medeiros ARS, Abreu GR, Gomes Figueiredo S, Nascimento Gusmão L, Uggere Andrade T, Souza Bissoli N. Endothelial relaxation mechanisms and oxidative stress are restored by atorvastatin therapy in ovariectomized rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80892. [PMID: 24278341 PMCID: PMC3836761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The studies on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in females with estrogen deficiency are not conclusive. Thus, non-estrogen therapies, such as atorvastatin (ATO), could be new strategies to substitute or complement HRT. This study evaluated the effects of ATO on mesenteric vascular bed (MVB) function from ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Female rats were divided into control SHAM, OVX, and OVX treated with 17β-estradiol (EST) or ATO groups. The MVB reactivity was determined in organ chambers, vascular oxidative stress by dihydroethidine staining, and the expression of target proteins by western blot. The reduction in acetylcholine-induced relaxation in OVX rats was restored by ATO or EST treatment. The endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO) component was reduced in OVX rats, whereas the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) component or prostanoids were not altered in the MVBs. Endothelial dysfunction in OVX rats was associated with oxidative stress, an up-regulation of iNOS and NADPH oxidase expression and a down-regulation of eNOS expression. Treatment with ATO or EST improved the NO component of the relaxation and normalized oxidative stress and the expression of those signaling pathways enzymes. Thus, the protective effect of ATO on endothelial dysfunction caused by estrogen deficiency highlights a significant therapeutic benefit for statins independent of its effects on cholesterol, thus providing evidence that non-estrogen therapy could be used for cardiovascular benefit in an estrogen-deficient state, such as menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Facco Caliman
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Aline Zandonadi Lamas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Glaucia Rodrigues Abreu
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Suely Gomes Figueiredo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Lara Nascimento Gusmão
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Uggere Andrade
- Department of Pharmacy, University Center of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Nazaré Souza Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Abdel-Zaher AO, Elkoussi AEA, Abudahab LH, Elbakry MH, Elsayed EAE. Effect of simvastatin on the antihypertensive activity of losartan in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic animals and patients: Role of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 28:237-48. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O. Abdel-Zaher
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Assiut University; Assiut Egypt
| | | | - Lotfy H. Abudahab
- Department of Internal Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Sohag University; Sohag Egypt
| | - Mohammed H. Elbakry
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Al-Azhar University; Assiut Egypt
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12
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Kathuria S, Mahadevan N, Balakumar P. Possible involvement of PPARγ-associated eNOS signaling activation in rosuvastatin-mediated prevention of nicotine-induced experimental vascular endothelial abnormalities. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 374:61-72. [PMID: 23149826 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine exposure via cigarette smoking and tobacco chewing is associated with vascular complications. The present study investigated the effect of rosuvastatin in nicotine (2 mg/kg/day, i.p., 4 weeks)-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) in rats. The development of VED was assessed by employing isolated aortic ring preparation and estimating aortic and serum nitrite/nitrate concentration. Further, scanning electron microscopy and hematoxylin-eosin staining of thoracic aorta were performed to assess the vascular endothelial integrity. Moreover, oxidative stress was assessed by estimating aortic superoxide anion generation and serum thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. The nicotine administration produced VED by markedly reducing acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation, impairing the integrity of vascular endothelium, decreasing aortic and serum nitrite/nitrate concentration, increasing oxidative stress, and inducing lipid alteration. However, treatment with rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg/day, i.p., 4 weeks) markedly attenuated nicotine-induced vascular endothelial abnormalities, oxidative stress, and lipid alteration. Interestingly, the co-administration of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) antagonist, GW9662 (1 mg/kg/day, i.p., 2 weeks) submaximally, significantly prevented rosuvastatin-induced improvement in vascular endothelial integrity, endothelium-dependent relaxation, and nitrite/nitrate concentration in rats administered nicotine. However, GW9662 co-administration did not affect rosuvastatin-associated vascular anti-oxidant and lipid-lowering effects. The incubation of aortic ring, isolated from rosuvastatin-treated nicotine-administered rats, with L-NAME (100 μM), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), significantly attenuated rosuvastatin-induced improvement in acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation. Rosuvastatin prevents nicotine-induced vascular endothelial abnormalities by activating PPARγ and endothelial NOS signaling pathways. Moreover, the PPARγ-independent anti-oxidant and lipid-lowering effects of rosuvastatin might additionally play a role in the improvement of vascular endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Kathuria
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa, 125 055, India
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Effects of the radiocontrast agent iodixanol on endothelial cell morphology and function. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 58:39-47. [PMID: 22985912 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iodinated radiocontrast media (RCM) are usually well tolerated, but their large and increasing use renders their toxicity a relevant problem, especially in high risk patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible toxic or activating effects of iodixanol on endothelial cells (EC) and the putative in vitro protective action of N-acetylcysteine and rosuvastatin. Morphology, oxidative status, redistribution of heat-shock protein 60 and secretion of proinflammatory products were studied in cultured human EC through confocal microscopy, immunofluorescence and immuno-enzymatic methods. EC reacted to iodixanol with shrinking and bulging, increase in intracellular oxidation and translocation of Heat Shock Protein 60 to the cell membrane. The secretion of proinflammatory products was strongly stimulated by sequential incubation of EC with iodixanol and TNFα (p<0.00001 for all tested molecules, namely TNFα, IL-8, sVCAM-1, MCP-1, and IL-6). N-acetylcysteine prevented morphologic and oxidative derangements, and significantly reduced proinflammatory product secretion (P range<0.0001 to<0.00001 for TNFα, VCAM-1, MCP-1, and IL-6); rosuvastatin inhibited morphology and oxidative modifications only. Our data help clarifying the mechanisms of early and late toxicity of RCM and support the use of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents for optimization of radiological procedures in high risk patients.
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Low-dose atorvastatin, losartan, and particularly their combination, provide cardiovascular protection in isolated rat heart and aorta. Heart Vessels 2012; 28:246-54. [PMID: 22610592 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-012-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Statins and angiotensin receptor blockers at therapeutic doses have beneficial cardiovascular effects, which can be applied for cardiovascular protection. We explored whether low doses of atorvastatin, losartan, and particularly their combination, possess important pleiotropic vasodilatory effects. Wistar rats were treated daily with low-dose atorvastatin (2 mg/kg, n = 15), low-dose losartan (5 mg/kg, n = 15), their combination (n = 15), or saline (n = 15). After 4, 6, or 8 weeks the animals were anesthetized, blood samples taken, and their hearts and thoracic aortas isolated. Two kinds of experiments were performed: the measurement of coronary flow rate after ischemia/reperfusion myocardial injury and endothelium-dependent relaxation of thoracic aorta. In both models, maximal vasodilation activity was obtained in rats treated for 6 weeks. In the ischemia/reperfusion myocardial injury model, coronary flow increased (atorvastatin or losartan 1.9-fold, P < 0.01; combination 2.4-fold, P < 0.001) compared with controls. In the thoracic aorta model, endothelium-dependent relaxation significantly increased only in the combination group compared with the control group (up to 1.4-fold; P < 0.01). Simultaneously, we detected increased anti-inflammatory activity and increased nitric oxide concentration, but no changes in lipids and blood pressure. In a rat model we showed important vasodilatory activity of low-dose atorvastatin, losartan, and particularly their combination. The effects of the low-dose combination were accompanied by, and probably at least partly achieved by, anti-inflammatory and nitric oxide pathways. Overall, these results could be valuable for the development of new vascular protective strategies focusing on a low-dose regimen of statins and sartans, and particularly their combination.
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Balakumar P, Kathuria S, Taneja G, Kalra S, Mahadevan N. Is targeting eNOS a key mechanistic insight of cardiovascular defensive potentials of statins? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Baek SD, Jang SJ, Park SE, Ok TJ, Leem J, Lee HS, Park SJ, Kim TH. Fatal rhabdomyolysis in a patient with liver cirrhosis after switching from simvastatin to fluvastatin. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:1634-7. [PMID: 22148003 PMCID: PMC3230026 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.12.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Among the adverse effects associated with these drugs are statin-associated myopathies, ranging from asymptomatic elevation of serum creatine kinase to fatal rhabdomyolysis. Fluvastatin-induced fatal rhabdomyolysis has not been previously reported. We describe here a patient with liver cirrhosis who experienced fluvastatin-induced fatal rhabdomyolysis. This patient had been treated with simvastatin (20 mg/day) for coronary artery disease and was switched to fluvastatin (20 mg/day) 10 days before admission. He was also taking aspirin, betaxolol, candesartan, lactulose, and entecavir. Rhabdomyolysis was complicated and continued to progress. He was treated with massive hydration, urine alkalization, intravenous furosemide, and continuous renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure, but eventually died due to rhabdomyolysis complicated by hepatic failure. In conclusion, fluvastatin should be used with caution in patients with liver cirrhosis, especially with other medications metabolized with CYP2C9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Don Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Joo Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Eun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Ok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Su Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Jung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Abdel-Zaher AO, Elkoussi AEA, Abudahab LH, Elbakry MH, Elsayed EAE. Simvastatin enhances the antihypertensive effect of ramipril in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic animals and patients. Possible role of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 26:701-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Neto-Ferreira R, Novaes Rocha V, da Silva Torres T, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, de Carvalho JJ. Beneficial effects of rosuvastatin on aortic adverse remodeling in nitric oxide-deficient rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:473-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rosuvastatin beneficially alters the glomerular structure of kidneys from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). J Mol Histol 2011; 42:323-31. [PMID: 21670990 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of chronic renal diseases is increasing worldwide, and there is a great need to identify therapies capable of arresting or reducing disease progression. The current treatment of chronic nephropathies is limited to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, but increasing clinical and experimental evidence suggests that statins could play a therapeutic role. Ultrastructural studies have shown the presence of gap junctions within all the cells of the glomerulus and podocytes have been found to contain primarily connexin-43. The present study aims to observe the beneficial effects of rosuvastatin on structural and ultrastructural renal morphology and on glomerular connexin-43 expression in normotensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Rats were randomly allocated into four groups: WKY-C: normotensive animals no receiving rosuvastatin; WKY-ROS: normotensive animals receiving rosuvastatin; SHR-C: hypertensive animals no receiving rosuvastatin; SHR-ROS: hypertensive animals receiving rosuvastatin. Our results show no differences in blood urea, creatinine, uric acid and creatine phosphokinase levels between the groups, however, there was an decreasing of 24-h protein excretion in SHR-ROS. Capsular area in SHR-ROS was decreased, however, there was no alteration in urinary space. By transmission electron microscopy the slit diaphragm and podocyte foot processes were more preserved in SHR-ROS. By scanning electron microscopy the podocyte foot processes were more preserved in SHR-ROS. Increased connexin-43 immunofluorescence was observed in glomeruli of WKY-ROS and SHR-ROS. In conclusion, we hypothesize that renal pleiotropic effect of rosuvastatin can be a therapeutic tool for improving kidney ultrastructure and, consequently, renal function in hypertensive individuals.
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Zhang Y, Janssens SP, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW, Moens AL. Modulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase: a new cardiovascular therapeutic strategy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H634-46. [PMID: 21622818 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01315.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases is associated with reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and/or increased endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-dependent superoxide formation. These findings support that restoring and conserving adequate NO signaling in the heart and blood vessels is a promising therapeutic intervention. In particular, modulating eNOS, e.g., through increasing the bioavailability of its substrate and cofactors, enhancing its transcription, and interfering with other modulators of eNOS pathway, such as netrin-1, has a high potential for effective treatments of cardiovascular diseases. This review provides an overview of the possibilities for modulating eNOS and how this may be translated to the clinic in addition to describing the genetic models used to study eNOS modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Girardi JM, Farias RE, Ferreira AP, Raposo NRB. Rosuvastatin prevents proteinuria and renal inflammation in nitric oxide-deficient rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1457-62. [PMID: 21915500 PMCID: PMC3161228 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000800025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of rosuvastatin on renal injury and inflammation in a model of nitric oxide deficiency. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10/group) and treated for 28 days with saline (CTRL); 30 mg/kg/day L-NAME (L-name); L-NAME and 20 mg/kg/day rosuvastatin (L-name+ROS-20); or L-NAME and 2 mg/kg/day rosuvastatin (L-name+ROS-2). Systolic blood pressure was measured by plethysmography in the central artery of the tail. The serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were analyzed. Urine samples were taken to measure the albumin: urinary creatinine ratio. Kidneys were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin/eosin and Masson's trichrome. Immunohistochemical analysis of the renal tissue was performed to detect macrophage infiltration of the glomeruli. RESULTS The systolic blood pressure was elevated in the L-name but not the L-name+rosuvastatin-20 and L-name+rosuvastatin-2 groups. The L-name group had a significantly reduced nitric oxide level and an increased interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha level, albumin: urinary creatinine ratio and number of macrophages in the renal glomeruli. Rosuvastatin increased the nitric oxide level in the L-name+rosuvastatin-2 group and reduced the interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels, glomerular macrophage number and albumin:urinary creatinine ratio in the L-name+rosuvastatin-20 and L-name+rosuvastatin-2 groups. CONCLUSION Rosuvastatin treatment reduced glomerular damage due to improvement in the inflammatory pattern independent of the systolic blood pressure and serum lipid level. These effects may lead to improvements in the treatment of kidney disease.
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a structurally simple, highly versatile molecule that was originally discovered over 30 years ago as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor. In addition to its vasorelaxing effects, NO is now recognized as a key determinant of vascular health, exerting antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory properties within the vasculature. This short-lived molecule exerts its inhibitory effect on vascular smooth muscle cells and platelets largely through cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent mechanisms, resulting in a multitude of molecular effects by which platelet activation and aggregation are prevented. The biosynthesis of NO occurs via the catalytic activity of NO synthase, an oxidoreductase found in many cell types. NO insufficiency can be attributed to limited substrate/cofactor availability as well as interactions with reactive oxygen species. Impaired NO bioavailability represents the central feature of endothelial dysfunction, a common abnormality found in many vascular diseases. In this review, we present an overview of NO synthesis and biochemistry, discuss the mechanisms of action of NO in regulating platelet and endothelial function, and review the effects of vascular disease states on NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Jin
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Gómez-Garre D, González-Rubio ML, Muñoz-Pacheco P, Caro-Vadillo A, Aragoncillo P, Fernández-Cruz A. Rosuvastatin added to standard heart failure therapy improves cardiac remodelling in heart failure rats with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2010; 12:903-12. [PMID: 20601374 DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Although statins may provide potential therapeutic pathways for patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), no studies have evaluated statins in combination with standard HF therapy, which would reflect clinical practice more closely. To address this question, we evaluated whether rosuvastatin added to a standard HF therapy provides additional improvement in cardiac structure and function in rats with hypertensive heart failure (SHHF). METHODS AND RESULTS Two-month-old SHHF rats were randomly assigned to four groups: (i) non-treated SHHF rats; (ii) rosuvastatin-treated SHHF rats; (iii) SHHF rats treated with quinapril plus torasemide plus carvedilol (considered as standard HF therapy); and (iv) SHHF rats treated with the combination of standard HF therapy and rosuvastatin. The administration of a standard anti-hypertensive HF therapy to SHHF rats for 17 months attenuated left ventricular (LV) chamber dilatation, cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation compared with non-treated SHHF rats. Rosuvastatin alone prevented LV dilatation and cardiac inflammation similar to standard HF therapy-treated SHHF, despite being unable to normalize blood pressure (BP) or influence cardiac hypertrophy. However, and importantly, the addition of rosuvastatin to the standard HF therapy further prevented LV dilatation, preserved cardiac function, and normalized inflammation. CONCLUSION These data show that the use of rosuvastatin plus a standard HF therapy results in a significant additional improvement in HF and cardiac remodelling in a rat model of HFpEF. These beneficial effects were independent of BP and plasma lipid changes, and seem to be due, at least in part, to decreased myocardial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulcenombre Gómez-Garre
- Vascular Biology Research Laboratory, Internal Medicine III, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, C/Martín Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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