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Ghasemieshkaftaki M, Vasquez I, Eshraghi A, Gamperl AK, Santander J. Comparative Genomic Analysis of a Novel Vibrio sp. Isolated from an Ulcer Disease Event in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Microorganisms 2023; 11:1736. [PMID: 37512908 PMCID: PMC10385127 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcer diseases are a recalcitrant issue at Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture cage-sites across the North Atlantic region. Classical ulcerative outbreaks (also called winter ulcer disease) refer to a skin infection caused by Moritella viscosa. However, several bacterial species are frequently isolated from ulcer disease events, and it is unclear if other undescribed pathogens are implicated in ulcer disease in Atlantic salmon. Although different polyvalent vaccines are used against M. viscosa, ulcerative outbreaks are continuously reported in Atlantic salmon in Canada. This study analyzed the phenotypical and genomic characteristics of Vibrio sp. J383 isolated from internal organs of vaccinated farmed Atlantic salmon displaying clinical signs of ulcer disease. Infection assays conducted on vaccinated farmed Atlantic salmon and revealed that Vibrio sp. J383 causes a low level of mortalities when administered intracelomic at doses ranging from 107-108 CFU/dose. Vibrio sp. J383 persisted in the blood of infected fish for at least 8 weeks at 10 and 12 °C. Clinical signs of this disease were greatest 12 °C, but no mortality and bacteremia were observed at 16 °C. The Vibrio sp. J383 genome (5,902,734 bp) has two chromosomes of 3,633,265 bp and 2,068,312 bp, respectively, and one large plasmid of 201,166 bp. Phylogenetic and comparative analyses indicated that Vibrio sp. J383 is related to V. splendidus, with 93% identity. Furthermore, the phenotypic analysis showed that there were significant differences between Vibrio sp. J383 and other Vibrio spp, suggesting J383 is a novel Vibrio species adapted to cold temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghasemieshkaftaki
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Aria Eshraghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Anthony Kurt Gamperl
- Fish Physiology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Araya-León H, Irgang R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Development of a PCR assay for the specific identification of the fish pathogen Tenacibaculum piscium. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:517-526. [PMID: 36727560 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis is an emerging disease that severely affects salmonid farming in Chile, producing high mortalities and causing great economic losses. This work describes a novel PCR assay for the specific detection of Tenacibaculum piscium, a species recently described and identified in tenacibaculosis outbreaks in Norway and Chile. The designed primers amplified a 678-bp fragment of the peptidase gene (peptidase M23 family) from T. piscium. This method is specific for T. piscium; no other chromosomal DNA amplification products were obtained for other Tenacibaculum species. In pure cultures, the PCR assay detected up to 500 pg of DNA, or the equivalent of 2.44 ± 0.06 × 104 CFU/ml. For seeded fish samples (i.e., gills, liver, kidney, and mucus), the sensitivity limit was 4.88 ± 0.11 × 106 CFU/g, sufficient to detect T. piscium in acute infections in fish. Notably, this sensitivity level was 100-fold lower for DNA extracted from mucus samples. As compared to other existing methodologies (e.g., gene sequencing), the PCR approach described in this work allowed for the easiest detection of T. piscium in mucus samples obtained from challenged fish, an important outcome considering that the identification of this bacterium is difficult. Our results indicate that the designed specific primers and PCR method provide a rapid and specific diagnosis of T. piscium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Henry Araya-León
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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3
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Albaladejo-Riad N, Espinosa-Ruiz C, Esteban MÁ, Lazado CC. Skin mucus metabolomics provides insights into the interplay between diet and wound in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108590. [PMID: 36746227 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular processes underlying skin wound healing in several fish species have been elucidated in the last years, however, metabolomic insights are scarce. Here we report the skin mucus metabolome of wounded and non-wounded gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed with silk fibroin microparticles, a functional additive considered to accelerate the wound healing process. The three experimental diets (commercial diet enriched with 0 mg (control), 50 mg or 100 mg of silk fibroin microparticles Kg-1) were administered for 30 days and thereafter, a skin wound was inflicted. Skin mucus was collected on day 30 of feeding and 7 days post-wounding and subjected to metabolomic analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a high-resolution quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry. The most enriched metabolite class was amino acids and derivatives, followed by nucleotides, nucleosides and analogues and carbohydrates and their derivatives. Metabolomic profiles revealed that the diet had a more profound effect than wounding in skin mucus. Metabolic pathway analysis of significantly affected metabolites revealed perturbations in the aminoacyl t-RNA biosynthesis in the skin. In particular, skin wound resulted in a decreased methionine level in mucus. Further, silk fibroin supplementation increased methionine level in skin mucus, which correlated with several wound morphometric parameters that characterized the epithelial healing capacity in seabream. The results provided new insight into the physiological consequences of skin wounds and how these processes could be influenced by dietary manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Albaladejo-Riad
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa-Ruiz
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlo C Lazado
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433, Ås, Norway
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4
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Mabrok M, Algammal AM, Sivaramasamy E, Hetta HF, Atwah B, Alghamdi S, Fawzy A, Avendaño-Herrera R, Rodkhum C. Tenacibaculosis caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: Updated knowledge of this marine bacterial fish pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1068000. [PMID: 36683696 PMCID: PMC9853564 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis occurs due to the marine bacterial pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum. This ulcerative disease causes high mortalities for various marine fish species worldwide. Several external clinical signs can arise, including mouth erosion, epidermal ulcers, fin necrosis, and tail rot. Research in the last 15 years has advanced knowledge on the traits and pathogenesis mechanisms of T. maritimum. Consequently, significant progress has been made in defining the complex host-pathogen relationship. Nevertheless, tenacibaculosis pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. Continued research is urgently needed, as demonstrated by recent reports on the re-emerging nature of tenacibaculosis in salmon farms globally. Current sanitary conditions compromise the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics, in addition to hindering potential preventive measures against tenacibaculosis. The present review compiles knowledge of T. maritimum reported after the 2006 review by Avendaño-Herrera and colleagues. Essential aspects are emphasized, including antigenic and genomic characterizations and molecular diagnostic procedures. Further summarized are the epidemiological foundations of the T. maritimum population structure and elucidations as to the virulence mechanisms of pathogenic isolates, as found using biological, microbiological, and genomic techniques. This comprehensive source of reference will undoubtable serve in tenacibaculosis prevention and control within the marine fish farming industry. Lastly, knowledge gaps and valuable research areas are indicated as potential guidance for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mabrok
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abdelazeem M. Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Elayaraja Sivaramasamy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Banan Atwah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aml Fawzy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Directorate of Veterinary Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile,*Correspondence: Channarong Rodkhum, ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Channarong Rodkhum, ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
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5
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Hudson J, Egan S. Opportunistic diseases in marine eukaryotes: Could Bacteroidota be the next threat to ocean life? Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4505-4518. [PMID: 35706128 PMCID: PMC9804302 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria within the phylum Bacteroidota (Bacteroidetes) are known to cause devastating and widespread disease outbreaks in marine eukaryotic hosts. However, with few pathogens described in detail, their prevalence and virulence strategies remain largely unknown. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the current understanding of Bacteroidota that cause disease in marine hosts. Isolates affiliated with the genera Tenacibaculum and Aquimarina (Flavobacteriaceae) were the most widely reported and characterized pathogens. Although cultured isolates were predominantly Flavobacteriia, culture-independent studies also found classes Bacteroidia, Cytophagia and Sphingobacteriia associated with disease. We found that pathogenic marine Bacteroidota largely conformed to an opportunistic lifestyle but could also act as secondary pathogens or were involved in polymicrobial diseases. Many diseases were also associated with an environmental stressor, especially those affecting coral, macroalgae and fish. Key virulence traits included the production of adhesins and host tissue-degrading enzymes. Overall, the nature of disease involving Bacteroidota pathogens appears to be an outcome of complex host-pathogen-environment interactions; however, our understanding of virulence remains limited by the lack of functional characterization studies. This is concerning as Bacteroidota have the potential to emerge as a serious threat to marine ecosystems and aquaculture industries, driven by global changes in ocean conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hudson
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
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Avendaño‐Herrera R, Olsen AB, Saldarriaga‐Cordoba M, Colquhoun DJ, Reyes V, Rivera‐Bohle J, Duchaud E, Irgang R. Isolation, identification, virulence potential, and genomic features of
Tenacibaculum piscium
isolates recovered from Chilean salmonids. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3305-e3315. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Avendaño‐Herrera
- Universidad Andrés Bello Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Viña del Mar Chile
- Centro FONDAP INCAR Universidad Andrés Bello Viña del Mar Chile
| | - Anne Berit Olsen
- Section of Aquatic Biosecurity Research Norwegian Veterinary Institute Bergen Norway
| | - Mónica Saldarriaga‐Cordoba
- Centro FONDAP INCAR Universidad Andrés Bello Viña del Mar Chile
- CIRENYS Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins Santiago Chile
| | | | - Víctor Reyes
- Farmacología en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A Puerto Varas Chile
| | | | - Eric Duchaud
- UMR 0892‐Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Université Paris‐Saclay UVSQ INRAE Jouy‐en‐Josas France
| | - Rute Irgang
- Centro FONDAP INCAR Universidad Andrés Bello Viña del Mar Chile
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7
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Spilsberg B, Nilsen HK, Tavornpanich S, Gulla S, Jansen MD, Lagesen K, Colquhoun DJ, Olsen A. Tenacibaculosis in Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cage-farmed in cold sea water is primarily associated with Tenacibaculum finnmarkense genomovar finnmarkense. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:523-534. [PMID: 35001372 PMCID: PMC9303539 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Skin conditions associated with Tenacibaculum spp. constitute a significant threat to the health and welfare of sea-farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway. Fifteen presumptive tenacibaculosis outbreaks distributed along the Norwegian coast during the late winter and spring of 2018 were investigated. Bacteriological culture confirmed the presence of Tenacibaculum spp. Seventy-six isolates cultured from individual fish were selected and subjected to whole-genome sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Average nucleotide identity and MALDI-TOF analyses confirmed the presence of T. finnmarkense and T. dicentrarchi, with further division of T. finnmarkense into genomovars (gv.) finnmarkense and ulcerans. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses identified the presence of a genetically conserved cluster of gv. finnmarkense isolates against a background of relatively genetically diverse gv. finnmarkense and gv. ulcerans isolates in 13 of the 15 studied cases. This clustering strongly suggests a link between T. finnmarkense gv. finnmarkense and development of clinical tenacibaculosis in sea-farmed Norwegian salmon in the late winter and spring. Analysis of 25 Tenacibaculum isolates collected during the spring of 2019 from similar cases identified a similar distribution of genotypes. Low water temperatures were common to all cases, and most incidences involved relatively small fish shortly after sea transfer, suggesting that these fish are particularly predisposed to Tenacibaculum infection.
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Phylogenetic analyses of Norwegian Tenacibaculum strains confirm high bacterial diversity and suggest circulation of ubiquitous virulent strains. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259215. [PMID: 34710187 PMCID: PMC8553039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis is a bacterial ulcerative disease affecting marine fish and represents a major threat to aquaculture worldwide. Its aetiological agents, bacteria belonging to the genus Tenacibaculum, have been present in Norway since at least the late 1980’s and lead to regular ulcerative outbreaks and high mortalities in production of farmed salmonids. Studies have shown the presence of several Tenacibaculum species in Norway and a lack of clonality in outbreak-related strains, thus preventing the development of an effective vaccine. Hence, a thorough examination of the bacterial diversity in farmed fish presenting ulcers and the geographical distribution of the pathogens should provide important insights needed to strengthen preventive actions. In this study, we investigated the diversity of Tenacibaculum strains isolated in 28 outbreaks that occurred in Norwegian fish farms in the period 2017–2020. We found that 95% of the 66 strains isolated and characterized, using an existing MultiLocus Sequence Typing system, have not previously been identified, confirming the high diversity of this genus of bacteria in Norway. Several of these Tenacibaculum species seem to be present within restricted areas (e.g., Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi in western Norway), but phylogenetic analysis reveals that several of the strains responsible of ulcerative outbreaks were isolated from different localities (e.g., ST- 172 isolated from northern to southern parts of Norway) and/or from different hosts. Understanding their reservoirs and transmission pathways could help to address major challenges in connection with prophylactic measures and development of vaccines.
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Sandlund N, Rønneseth A, Ellul RM, Nylund S, Sandlund L. Pasteurella spp. Infections in Atlantic salmon and lumpsucker. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1201-1214. [PMID: 33960425 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of cleaner fish as a delousing method in Norwegian salmonid aquaculture has increased tremendously over the last few years. This has led to the emergence of a new large industry of farming lumpsuckers (Cyclopterus lumpus L.). The use of lumpsuckers as cleaner fish has, however, not been problem-free. Bacterial diseases cause high mortalities with pasteurellosis as one of the major emerging diseases. During the past few years, outbreaks of pasteurellosis in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) have become more frequent. This has led to an increasing concern that this disease will become common in salmon farming as well. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of Atlantic salmon to Pasteurella spp. infection and the possibility of lumpsuckers transmitting pasteurellosis to Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon were experimentally challenged, either by bath or by cohabitation with challenged lumpsuckers, using two different strains of Pasteurella spp. (originating from lumpsucker and Atlantic salmon, respectively). No clinical signs of pasteurellosis were observed on any of the Atlantic salmon. The lumpsuckers were, however, equally susceptible to both isolates. In addition, clear differences in histopathological changes were observed between individuals challenged with the two isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Rønneseth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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10
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Olsen AB, Spilsberg B, Nilsen HK, Lagesen K, Gulla S, Avendaño-Herrera R, Irgang R, Duchaud E, Colquhoun DJ. Tenacibaculum piscium sp. nov., isolated from skin ulcers of sea-farmed fish, and description of Tenacibaculum finnmarkense sp. nov. with subdivision into genomovars finnmarkense and ulcerans. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 70:6079-6090. [PMID: 33079030 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Results of previous multilocus sequence and whole-genome-based analyses have suggested that a homogeneous group of isolates belonging to the genus Tenacibaculum, represented by strain TNO020T and associated with skin ulcer development in sea-farmed fish, represents an as-yet-undescribed species. Comparative whole-genome analysis performed in the present study clustered five isolates, including TNO020T, in a distinct lineage within the genus Tenacibaculum. Phenotypic differences, high intra-cluster average nucleotide identity (ANI) values and low ANI values with other Tenacibaculum species support the proposal of a novel species, for which we propose the name Tenacibaculum piscium sp. nov. with strain TNO020T (=CCUG 73833T=NCIMB 15240T) as the type strain. Further, large-scale genome analyses confirmed the existence of two different phylogenetic lineages within 'T. finnmarkense', a species effectively but not validly published previously. ANI values just above the species delineation threshold of 95-96 % confirmed that both lineages belong to the same species. This result was also supported by DNA-DNA hybridization values. Phenotypically, the two conspecific lineages are distinguishable by differences in growth temperature range and ability to degrade l-proline. For the group of isolates already commonly known as 'T. finnmarkense', we propose the name Tenacibaculum finnmarkense sp. nov., with strain TNO006T (=CCUG 73831T=NCIMB 15238T) as the type strain. We further propose the subdivision of T. finnmarkense sp. nov. into two genomovars, T. finnmarkense genomovar finnmarkense with strain TNO006T (=CCUG 73831T=NCIMB 15238T) as the type strain and T. finnmarkense genomovar ulcerans with strain TNO010T (=CCUG 73832T=NCIMB 15239T) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berit Olsen
- Section of research and aquatic biosecurity, Norwegian Veterinary Institute Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Spilsberg
- Section of molecular biology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne K Nilsen
- Section of research and aquatic biosecurity, Norwegian Veterinary Institute Bergen, Norway
| | - Karin Lagesen
- Section of epidemiology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute Oslo, Norway
| | - Snorre Gulla
- Fish health research group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute Oslo, Norway
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello and Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello and Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Eric Duchaud
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
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11
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Nowlan JP, Lumsden JS, Russell S. Advancements in Characterizing Tenacibaculum Infections in Canada. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121029. [PMID: 33302445 PMCID: PMC7763822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum is a genus of gram negative, marine, filamentous bacteria, associated with the presence of disease (tenacibaculosis) at aquaculture sites worldwide; however, infections induced by this genus are poorly characterized. Documents regarding the genus Tenacibaculum and close relatives were compiled for a literature review, concentrating on ecology, identification, and impacts of potentially pathogenic species, with a focus on Atlantic salmon in Canada. Tenacibaculum species likely have a cosmopolitan distribution, but local distributions around aquaculture sites are unknown. Eight species of Tenacibaculum are currently believed to be related to numerous mortality events of fishes and few mortality events in bivalves. The clinical signs in fishes often include epidermal ulcers, atypical behaviors, and mortality. Clinical signs in bivalves often include gross ulcers and discoloration of tissues. The observed disease may differ based on the host, isolate, transmission route, and local environmental conditions. Species-specific identification techniques are limited; high sequence similarities using conventional genes (16S rDNA) indicate that new genes should be investigated. Annotating full genomes, next-generation sequencing, multilocus sequence analysis/typing (MLSA/MLST), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), and fatty acid methylesters (FAME) profiles could be further explored for identification purposes. However, each aforementioned technique has disadvantages. Since tenacibaculosis has been observed world-wide in fishes and other eukaryotes, and the disease has substantial economic impacts, continued research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Nowlan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, OT N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, OT N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Spencer Russell
- Center for Innovation in Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada;
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12
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Klakegg Ø, Salonius K, Nilsen A, Fülberth M, Sørum H. Enhanced growth and decreased mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after probiotic bath. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:146-160. [PMID: 32227437 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Disease in farmed Atlantic salmon occurs in all its life stages. Salmon are particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases at transition from the freshwater stage to the saltwater stage. Our aim in these studies reported was to investigate the possibility that waterborne delivery of a probiotic comprised of naturally occurring marine bacterial species would reduce the mortality and improve the health and growth of farmed Atlantic salmon. METHODS AND RESULTS In three trials at two aquaculture production sites in Norway, isolates of Aliivibrio bacteria were added to the rearing water of Atlantic salmon. The fish were followed in 4-6 months after one single bath with observations and samplings. Growth, ulcers and survival were recorded. At the end of the studies growth was up to 31% larger in the probiotic enhanced groups and in trial 1 both mortality and prevalence of ulcer were significantly lower in the probiotic enhanced group compared to the control. Feed conversion rates were recorded in trial 1 and 2 and were from 9 to 28 % better for the probiotic enhanced groups compared to the control groups. CONCLUSION Bathing of Atlantic salmon with probiotic Aliivibrio strains increased growth, reduced mortality and improved FCR in the postsmolt period. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study demonstrates the potential to enhance growth, prevent ulcers and decrease mortality in Atlantic salmon after adding probiotic strains of Aliivibrio spp. into the rearing water. The study can have impact on animal welfare, economy and sustainability in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ø Klakegg
- Previwo AS, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - A Nilsen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Fülberth
- Njord Salmon AS, Bioparken, Kjørsvikbugen, Norway
| | - H Sørum
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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13
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Flores-Kossack C, Montero R, Köllner B, Maisey K. Chilean aquaculture and the new challenges: Pathogens, immune response, vaccination and fish diversification. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:52-67. [PMID: 31899356 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In Chile, the salmon and trout farmed fishing industries have rapidly grown during the last years, becoming one of the most important economic sources for the country. However, infectious diseases caused by bacteria, virus, mycoses and parasites, result in losses of up to 700 million dollars per year for the Chilean aquaculture production with the consequent increase of antibiotic and antiparasitic usage. After 30 years of its first appearance, the main salmon health problem is still the salmonid rickettsial septicaemia (SRS), which together with other disease outbreaks, reveal that vaccines do not provide acceptable levels of long-lasting immune protection in the field. On the other hand, due to the large dependence of the industry on salmonids production, the Chilean government promoted the Aquaculture diversification program by 2009, which includes new species such as Merluccius australis, Cilus gilberti and Genypterus chilensis, however, specific research regarding the immune system and vaccine development are issues that still need to be addressed and must be considered as important as the farm production technologies for new fish species. Based on the experience acquired from the salmonid fish farming, should be mandatory an effort to study the immune system of the new species to develop knowledge for vaccination approaches, aiming to protect these aquaculture species before diseases outbreaks may occur. This review focuses on the current status of the Chilean aquaculture industry, the challenges related to emerging and re-emerging microbial pathogens on salmonid fish farming, and the resulting needs in the development of immune protection by rational designed vaccines. We also discussed about what we have learn from 25 years of salmonid researches and what can be applied to the new Chilean farmed species on immunology and vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Flores-Kossack
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Montero
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - B Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - K Maisey
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Jia B, Delphino MKVC, Awosile B, Hewison T, Whittaker P, Morrison D, Kamaitis M, Siah A, Milligan B, Johnson SC, Gardner IA. Review of infectious agent occurrence in wild salmonids in British Columbia, Canada. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:153-175. [PMID: 31742733 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wild Pacific salmonids (WPS) are economically and culturally important to the Pacific North region. Most recently, some populations of WPS have been in decline. Of hypothesized factors contributing to the decline, infectious agents have been postulated to increase the risk of mortality in Pacific salmon. We present a literature review of both published journal and unpublished data to describe the distribution of infectious agents reported in wild Pacific salmonid populations in British Columbia (BC), Canada. We targeted 10 infectious agents, considered to potentially cause severe economic losses in Atlantic salmon or be of conservation concern for wild salmon in BC. The findings indicated a low frequency of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, piscine orthoreovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmoninarum, Piscirickettsia salmonis and other Rickettsia-like organisms, Yersinia ruckeri, Tenacibaculum maritimum and Moritella viscosa. No positive results were reported for infestations with Paramoeba perurans in peer-reviewed papers and the DFO Fish Pathology Program database. This review synthesizes existing information, as well as gaps therein, that can support the design and implementation of a long-term surveillance programme of infectious agents in wild salmonids in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jia
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Marina K V C Delphino
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Babafela Awosile
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Tim Hewison
- Grieg Seafood BC Ltd., Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed Siah
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | | | - Stewart C Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Ian A Gardner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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15
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Klemetsen T, Willassen NP, Karlsen CR. Full-length 16S rRNA gene classification of Atlantic salmon bacteria and effects of using different 16S variable regions on community structure analysis. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e898. [PMID: 31271529 PMCID: PMC6813439 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding fish-microbial relationships may be of great value for fish producers as fish growth, development and welfare are influenced by the microbial community associated with the rearing systems and fish surfaces. Accurate methods to generate and analyze these microbial communities would be an important tool to help improve understanding of microbial effects in the industry. In this study, we performed taxonomic classification and determination of operational taxonomic units on Atlantic salmon microbiota by taking advantage of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences. Skin mucus was dominated by the genera Flavobacterium and Psychrobacter. Intestinal samples were dominated by the genera Carnobacterium, Aeromonas, Mycoplasma and by sequences assigned to the order Clostridiales. Applying Sanger sequencing on the full-length bacterial 16S rRNA gene from the pool of 46 isolates obtained in this study showed a clear assignment of the PacBio full-length bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences down to the genus level. One of the bottlenecks in comparing microbial profiles is that different studies use different 16S rRNA gene regions. Comparisons of sequence assignments between full-length and in silico derived variable 16S rRNA gene regions showed different microbial profiles with variable effects between phylogenetic groups and taxonomic ranks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Klemetsen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioinformatics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nils Peder Willassen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioinformatics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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16
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Klakegg Ø, Abayneh T, Fauske AK, Fülberth M, Sørum H. An outbreak of acute disease and mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts in Norway caused by Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:789-807. [PMID: 30893484 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of disease characterized by skin ulcers, fin rot and mortality was observed a few days after the transfer of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from a freshwater smolt production facility to a land-based seawater post-smolt site. Dead and moribund fish had severe skin and muscle ulcers, often 2-6 cm wide, particularly caudal to the pectoral fins. Microscopic examination of smears from ulcers and head kidney identified long, slender Gram-negative rods. Histopathological analysis revealed abundance of long, slender Tenacibaculum-like bacteria in ulcers and affected fins. Genetic characterization using multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of seven housekeeping genes, including atpA, dnaK, glyA, gyrB, infB, rlmN and tgt, revealed that the isolates obtained during the outbreak were all clustered with the Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi-type strain (USC39/09T ) from Spain. Two bath challenge experiments with Atlantic salmon and an isolate of T. dicentrarchi from the outbreak were performed. No disease or mortality was observed in the first trial. In the second trial with a higher challenge dose of T. dicentrarchi and longer challenge time, we got 100% mortality within 48 hr. This is the first reported outbreak of disease caused by T. dicentrarchi in Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Klakegg
- Previwo AS, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Takele Abayneh
- National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu/Debre-zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Aud Kari Fauske
- Previwo AS, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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17
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MacKinnon B, Groman D, Fast MD, Manning AJ, Jones P, St-Hilaire S. Atlantic salmon challenged with extracellular products from Moritella viscosa. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 133:119-125. [PMID: 31019136 DOI: 10.3354/dao03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Skin ulcers in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the Canadian east coast salmon aquaculture industry lead to high mortality rates. This condition is clinically similar to winter ulcer disease in Norway with the exception that it occurs at temperatures above 10°C. Moritella viscosa is thought to be the causative agent for winter ulcer disease in Norway, and it is occasionally also isolated from skin ulcer cases in Atlantic Canada. This bacterium is known to produce cytotoxins. The objective of this study was to determine if extracellular products (ECP) from an Atlantic Canadian strain of M. viscosa could induce a tissue response similar to what is observed with M. viscosa infections in Atlantic salmon in eastern Canada. We injected fish subcutaneously with ECP and monitored the development of skin lesions. We sampled fish with early skin lesions and ulcers to describe the pathology associated with the condition. Samples were taken for histopathology, bacterial culture, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). All experimental fish expressed early skin lesions, with 5 fish (8.3%) developing deep skin ulcers after 12 d post-exposure. Our results suggest the ECP of M. viscosa from the east coast of Canada induces a similar tissue response to what is described in ulcer disease in Atlantic salmon. These extracelluar products may partially explain the pathology associated with M. viscosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett MacKinnon
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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18
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Einarsdottir T, Sigurdardottir H, Bjornsdottir TS, Einarsdottir E. Moritella viscosa in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1751-1758. [PMID: 30132897 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Winter ulcer disease, caused by Moritella viscosa, is a significant problem in cold water salmonid farming, although the bacterium can infect and cause disease in a number of other fish species, such as lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Lumpfish are used as cleaner fish, to eat sea lice from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in sea pens. It remains to be established whether M. viscosa can be transmitted between the fish species. In this study, we examined whether a salmon isolate of M. viscosa could infect and cause disease in lumpfish. We further examined whether a lumpfish isolate of M. viscosa could infect and cause disease in salmon. Finally, we examined whether vaccination of salmon with a salmon isolate of M. viscosa conferred protection against a lumpfish isolate. The data indicate that while lumpfish appeared to be resistant to a salmon isolate of M. viscosa, the salmon could be infected with a lumpfish isolate of M. viscosa. Vaccination protected the salmon against the salmon isolate of M. viscosa but did not confer sufficient protection to prevent infection with the lumpfish isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorbjorg Einarsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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19
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Bridel S, Olsen AB, Nilsen H, Bernardet JF, Achaz G, Avendaño-Herrera R, Duchaud E. Comparative Genomics of Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi and "Tenacibaculum finnmarkense" Highlights Intricate Evolution of Fish-Pathogenic Species. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:452-457. [PMID: 29360975 PMCID: PMC5793721 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Tenacibaculum encompasses several species pathogenic for marine fish. Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi and "Tenacibaculum finnmarkense" (Quotation marks denote species that have not been validly named.) were retrieved from skin lesions of farmed fish such as European sea bass or Atlantic salmon. They cause a condition referred to as tenacibaculosis and severe outbreaks and important fish losses have been reported in Spanish, Norwegian, and Chilean marine farms. We report here the draft genomes of the T. dicentrarchi and "T. finnmarkense" type strains. These genomes were compared with draft genomes from field isolates retrieved from Chile and Norway and with previously published Tenacibaculum genomes. We used Average Nucleotide Identity and core genome-based phylogeny as a proxy index for species boundary delineation. This work highlights evolution of closely related fish-pathogenic species and suggests that homologous recombination likely contributes to genome evolution. It also corrects the species affiliation of strain AYD7486TD claimed by Grothusen et al. (2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bridel
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Labofarm, Finalab, Loudéac, France.,Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | | | | | | | - Guillaume Achaz
- Atelier de Bioinformatique, UMR 7205 ISyEB, MNHN-UPMC-CNRS-EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - Eric Duchaud
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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20
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Småge SB, Brevik ØJ, Frisch K, Watanabe K, Duesund H, Nylund A. Concurrent jellyfish blooms and tenacibaculosis outbreaks in Northern Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187476. [PMID: 29095885 PMCID: PMC5667831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis is an increasing problem in the Norwegian Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry causing significant economic losses. In September 2015, two separate outbreaks of suspected tenacibaculosis occurred at two Atlantic salmon farms in Finnmark County in Northern Norway. The events resulted in major losses of smolts newly transferred into seawater. Prior to, and during the outbreaks, large numbers of small jellyfish, identified as Dipleurosoma typicum (Boeck) were observed in the vicinity of the farms and inside the net-pens. This study investigates the possible link between the jellyfish, Tenacibaculum spp. and the tenacibaculosis outbreaks. Bacteriology, histology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and real-time RT-PCR screening were performed on both fish and jellyfish samples. Based on the findings, Tenacibaculum finnmarkense was found to be the dominant bacteria associated with the tenacibaculosis outbreaks at both sites and that D. typicum is unlikely to be a vector for this fish pathogenic bacterium. However, results do show that the jellyfish caused direct damage to the fish's skin and may have exacerbated the bacterial infection by allowing an entry point for bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverre Bang Småge
- Cermaq Group AS, Dronning Eufemiasgate 16, Oslo, Norway
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Øyvind Jakobsen Brevik
- Cermaq Group AS, Dronning Eufemiasgate 16, Oslo, Norway
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kathleen Frisch
- Cermaq Group AS, Dronning Eufemiasgate 16, Oslo, Norway
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kuninori Watanabe
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Are Nylund
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, Norway
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21
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Karlsen C, Ottem KF, Brevik ØJ, Davey M, Sørum H, Winther-Larsen HC. The environmental and host-associated bacterial microbiota of Arctic seawater-farmed Atlantic salmon with ulcerative disorders. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1645-1663. [PMID: 28449237 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Norwegian aquaculture of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is hampered by ulcerative disorders associated with bacterial infections. Chronic ulceration may provide microenvironments that disturb the normal microbial biodiversity of external surfaces. Studying the composition of microbial communities in skin ulcers will enhance our understanding of ulcer aetiology. To achieve this, we tested marine farmed Atlantic salmon and sampled the base and edge of ulcers at the end of winter (April) and end of summer (September), in addition to skin mucus of healthy individuals. In order to assess microbiota associated with the host and obtain insight into the environmental ecology, we also sampled sea water, the sediment layer underneath the farm facility and the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon. The skin microbiota of Atlantic salmon was different from that of the surrounding water. Residential Tenacibaculum and Arcobacter species persistently dominated the cutaneous skin and ulcer mucus surfaces of Atlantic salmon during both winter and summer periods. The intestinal microbiota was dominated by Mycoplasma with an increase in Aliivibrio and Alcaligenes abundance in the intestine of fish with ulcerative disorder at the end of winter. These findings suggest the presence of resilient microbes in the mucus surfaces of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Karlsen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
- Laboratory for Microbial Dynamics (LaMDa), Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Center of Integrative Microbial Evolution (CIME), School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - M Davey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Sørum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - H C Winther-Larsen
- Laboratory for Microbial Dynamics (LaMDa), Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Center of Integrative Microbial Evolution (CIME), School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Apablaza P, Frisch K, Brevik ØJ, Småge SB, Vallestad C, Duesund H, Mendoza J, Nylund A. Primary Isolation and Characterization of Tenacibaculum maritimum from Chilean Atlantic Salmon Mortalities Associated with a Pseudochattonella spp. Algal Bloom. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2017; 29:143-149. [PMID: 28613984 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2017.1339643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the first isolation of Tenacibaculum maritimum from farmed Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar in Chile. The isolate, designated T. maritimum Ch-2402, was isolated from gills of Atlantic Salmon at a farm located in region X, Los Lagos, Chile, during the harmful algal bloom caused by Pseudochattonella spp. in February 2016. The algal bloom is reported to have caused 40,000 metric tons of mortality in this salmon farming area. The bacterium T. maritimum, which causes tenacibaculosis, is recognized as an important pathogen of marine fish worldwide. Genetic, phylogenetic, and phenotypic characterizations were used to describe the T. maritimum Ch-2402 isolate. The isolate was similar to the type strain of T. maritimum but was genetically unique. Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi isolates were also recovered during sampling from the same farm. Based on the fact that T. maritimum has been shown to cause disease in Atlantic Salmon in other regions, the presence of this bacterium poses a potential risk of disease to fish in the Chilean aquaculture industry. Received November 6, 2016; accepted May 29, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Apablaza
- a Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology , University of Bergen , Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen N-5020 , Norway
- b Cermaq Group AS , Dronning Eufemias Gate 16, Post Office Box 144, Sentrum , Oslo N-0102 , Norway
| | - Kathleen Frisch
- a Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology , University of Bergen , Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen N-5020 , Norway
- b Cermaq Group AS , Dronning Eufemias Gate 16, Post Office Box 144, Sentrum , Oslo N-0102 , Norway
| | - Øyvind Jakobsen Brevik
- b Cermaq Group AS , Dronning Eufemias Gate 16, Post Office Box 144, Sentrum , Oslo N-0102 , Norway
| | - Sverre Bang Småge
- a Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology , University of Bergen , Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen N-5020 , Norway
- b Cermaq Group AS , Dronning Eufemias Gate 16, Post Office Box 144, Sentrum , Oslo N-0102 , Norway
| | - Camilla Vallestad
- a Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology , University of Bergen , Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen N-5020 , Norway
| | - Henrik Duesund
- b Cermaq Group AS , Dronning Eufemias Gate 16, Post Office Box 144, Sentrum , Oslo N-0102 , Norway
| | - Julio Mendoza
- c Cermaq Chile , Diego Portales 2000, Piso 10, Puerto Montt , Chile
| | - Are Nylund
- a Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology , University of Bergen , Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen N-5020 , Norway
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23
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Olsen AB, Gulla S, Steinum T, Colquhoun DJ, Nilsen HK, Duchaud E. Multilocus sequence analysis reveals extensive genetic variety within Tenacibaculum spp. associated with ulcers in sea-farmed fish in Norway. Vet Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Reid KM, Patel S, Robinson AJ, Bu L, Jarungsriapisit J, Moore LJ, Salinas I. Salmonid alphavirus infection causes skin dysbiosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172856. [PMID: 28264056 PMCID: PMC5338768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions among host, microbiota and viral pathogens are complex and poorly understood. The goal of the present study is to assess the changes in the skin microbial community of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in response to experimental infection with salmonid alphavirus (SAV). The salmon skin microbial community was determined using 16S rDNA pyrosequencing in five different experimental groups: control, 7 days after infection with low-dose SAV, 14 days after infection with low-dose SAV, 7 days after infection with high-dose SAV, and 14 days after infection with high-dose SAV. Both infection treatment and time after infection were strong predictors of the skin microbial community composition. Skin samples from SAV3 infected fish showed an unbalanced microbiota characterized by a decreased abundance of Proteobacteria such as Oleispira sp. and increased abundances of opportunistic taxa including Flavobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae and Tenacibaculum sp. These results demonstrate that viral infections can result in skin dysbiosis likely rendering the host more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Reid
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sonal Patel
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aaron J. Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Lijing Bu
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | | | | | - Irene Salinas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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First Complete Genome Sequence of Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi, an Emerging Bacterial Pathogen of Salmonids. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/1/e01756-15. [PMID: 26893432 PMCID: PMC4759079 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01756-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tenacibaculum-like bacilli have recently been isolated from diseased sea-reared Atlantic salmon in outbreaks that took place in the XI region (Región de Aysén) of Chile. Molecular typing identified the bacterium as Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the AY7486TD isolate recovered during those outbreaks.
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Småge SB, Brevik ØJ, Duesund H, Ottem KF, Watanabe K, Nylund A. Tenacibaculum finnmarkense sp. nov., a fish pathogenic bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from Atlantic salmon. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 109:273-85. [PMID: 26662517 PMCID: PMC4751178 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A novel Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, rod-shaped gliding bacterial strain, designated HFJ(T), was isolated from a skin lesion of a diseased Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Finnmark, Norway. Colonies were observed to be yellow pigmented with entire and/or undulating margins and did not adhere to the agar. The 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain belongs to the genus Tenacibaculum (family Flavobacteriaceae, phylum 'Bacteroidetes'). Strain HFJ(T) exhibits high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values to Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi NCIMB 14598(T) (97.2 %). The strain was found to grow at 2-20 °C and only in the presence of sea salts. The respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone 6 and the major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH), iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 and iso-C15:0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 34.1 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization and comparative phenotypic and genetic tests were performed with the phylogenetically closely related type strains, T. dicentrarchi NCIMB 14598(T) and Tenacibaculum ovolyticum NCIMB 13127(T). These data, as well as phylogenetic analyses, suggest that strain HFJ(T) should be classified as a representative of a novel species in the genus Tenacibaculum, for which the name Tenacibaculum finnmarkense sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is HFJ (T) = (DSM 28541(T) = NCIMB 42386(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverre Bang Småge
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt 55, Bergen, 5020, Norway.
- Cermaq Group AS, Dronning Eufemias Gate 16, Oslo, 0191, Norway.
| | | | - Henrik Duesund
- Cermaq Group AS, Dronning Eufemias Gate 16, Oslo, 0191, Norway
| | | | - Kuninori Watanabe
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt 55, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Are Nylund
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt 55, Bergen, 5020, Norway
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Hjerde E, Karlsen C, Sørum H, Parkhill J, Willassen NP, Thomson NR. Co-cultivation and transcriptome sequencing of two co-existing fish pathogens Moritella viscosa and Aliivibrio wodanis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:447. [PMID: 26059548 PMCID: PMC4462113 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aliivibrio wodanis and Moritella viscosa have often been isolated concurrently from fish with winter-ulcer disease. Little is known about the interaction between the two bacterial species and how the presence of one bacterial species affects the behaviour of the other. Results The impact on bacterial growth in co-culture was investigated in vitro, and the presence of A. wodanis has an inhibitorial effect on M. viscosa. Further, we have sequenced the complete genomes of these two marine Gram-negative species, and have performed transcriptome analysis of the bacterial gene expression levels from in vivo samples. Using bacterial implants in the fish abdomen, we demonstrate that the presence of A. wodanis is altering the gene expression levels of M. viscosa compared to when the bacteria are implanted separately. Conclusions From expression profiling of the transcriptomes, it is evident that the presence of A. wodanis is altering the global gene expression of M. viscosa. Co-cultivation studies showed that A. wodanis is impeding the growth of M. viscosa, and that the inhibitorial effect is not contact-dependent. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1669-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hjerde
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Christian Karlsen
- Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Henning Sørum
- Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Julian Parkhill
- The Pathogen Sequencing Unit, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Nils Peder Willassen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway. .,The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, University of Tromsø, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- The Pathogen Sequencing Unit, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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Multilocus sequence analysis of the marine bacterial genus Tenacibaculum suggests parallel evolution of fish pathogenicity and endemic colonization of aquaculture systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:5503-14. [PMID: 24973065 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01177-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Tenacibaculum, a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, is an abundant component of marine bacterial ecosystems that also hosts several fish pathogens, some of which are of serious concern for marine aquaculture. Here, we applied multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) to 114 representatives of most known species in the genus and of the worldwide diversity of the major fish pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum. Recombination hampers precise phylogenetic reconstruction, but the data indicate intertwined environmental and pathogenic lineages, which suggests that pathogenicity evolved independently in several species. At lower phylogenetic levels recombination is also important, and the species T. maritimum constitutes a cohesive group of isolates. Importantly, the data reveal no trace of long-distance dissemination that could be linked to international fish movements. Instead, the high number of distinct genotypes suggests an endemic distribution of strains. The MLSA scheme and the data described in this study will help in monitoring Tenacibaculum infections in marine aquaculture; we show, for instance, that isolates from tenacibaculosis outbreaks in Norwegian salmon farms are related to T. dicentrarchi, a recently described species.
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Karlsen C, Vanberg C, Mikkelsen H, Sørum H. Co-infection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), by Moritella viscosa and Aliivibrio wodanis, development of disease and host colonization. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:112-21. [PMID: 24745624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two species of bacteria are repeatedly isolated from farmed fish with winter-ulcer disease. Moritella viscosa is the aetiological agent of the disease; the significance of Aliivibrio wodanis is uncertain but has not been related to the primary pathogenesis. A cell culture infection model showed that A. wodanis adhered to, but did not invade the fish cells. Exposure to culture supernatant of A. wodanis caused the fish cells to vacoulate, retract, round up and detach from the surface, and rearrange the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton. These observations suggest that the bacterium secretes toxins into the extracellular environment. Any pathologic effect of A. wodanis and the effect of co-culturing with M. viscosa was studied in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) bath challenged with; only M. viscosa or only A. wodanis or both bacteria together. Both M. viscosa and A. wodanis were re-isolated from external surfaces and internal organs from live and deceased co-infected fish. It is further hypothesized that A. wodanis colonization might influence the progression of a M. viscosa infection. This is to our knowledge the first study that reproduces field observations where both bacteria infect Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Karlsen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christin Vanberg
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
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Tenacibaculum maritimum infection: Pathology and immunohistochemistry in experimentally challenged turbot (Psetta maxima L.). Microb Pathog 2013; 65:82-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Rodger HD, Murphy K, Mitchell SO, Henry L. Gill disease in marine farmed Atlantic salmon at four farms in Ireland. Vet Rec 2011; 168:668. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. D. Rodger
- Vet-Aqua International, Unit 7b; Oranmore Business Park Oranmore County Galway Ireland
| | - K. Murphy
- Clerhaun, West Road Westport County Mayo Ireland
| | - S. O. Mitchell
- Vet-Aqua International, Unit 7b; Oranmore Business Park Oranmore County Galway Ireland
| | - L. Henry
- Vet-Aqua International, Unit 7b; Oranmore Business Park Oranmore County Galway Ireland
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