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Ghanei-Motlagh R, Fast MD, Groman D, Kumar G, Soliman H, El-Matbouli M, Saleh M. Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:182. [PMID: 37277780 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae, Huffmanelinae), represents a group of nematodes that infect both marine and freshwater fish, and the main gross feature of infection with different species of the genus is the presence of noticeable dark spots or tracks within the parasitized tissues. The purpose of this study was to describe morphologically and morphometrically the eggs of a new marine species of Huffmanela (Huffmanela persica sp. nov.), which was found in the form of black spots in the ovary and the tunica serosa of the stomach of the daggertooth pike conger (Muraenesox cinereus). The new species differs from Huffmanela hamo, another species reported from musculature of this host in Japan, in egg metrics, eggshell features and targeted organ. Molecular identification and pathological examination of the lesions caused by the new species are also reported. METHODS Nematode eggs with varying degrees of development were separated from the infected tissues (ovary and tunica serosa of stomach) and investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Different species-specific markers (small subunit ribosomal DNA, 18S; large subunit ribosomal DNA, 28S; internal transcribed spacer, ITS) were used for molecular identification and phylogenetic study of the new species. Infected tissues were fixed in buffered formalin for pathological investigations. RESULTS The fully developed eggs of H. persica sp. nov. are distinguished from those previously described from this host on the basis of their measurements (size, 54-68 × 31-43 µm; polar plugs, 6.4-9.7 × 8.4-12 µm; shell thickness, 3.5-6.1 µm) and a delicate but ornate uterine layer (UL) covering the entire eggshell including the polar plugs. Histopathological examination revealed a fibro-granulomatous inflammation in the ovary and the serosal layer of the stomach of infected fish. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis recovered a sister relationship between the new species of marine origin and Huffmanela species previously collected from freshwater hosts. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to report the molecular characterization and phylogenetic position of a teleost-associated marine species of the genus Huffmanela. A comprehensive list of nominal and innominate populations of Huffmanela is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghanei-Motlagh
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada.
| | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - David Groman
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatem Soliman
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mona Saleh
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Bond AT, Huffman DG. Nematode eggshells: A new anatomical and terminological framework, with a critical review of relevant literature and suggested guidelines for the interpretation and reporting of eggshell imagery. Parasite 2023; 30:6. [PMID: 36920277 PMCID: PMC10016204 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A literature review for a recent ultrastructural study of a trichinelloid eggshell revealed consistently occurring errors in the literature on nematode eggshell anatomy. Examples included nematodes of medical, veterinary, and agricultural importance in several orders. Previous researchers had warned of some of these errors decades ago, but a comprehensive solution was not offered until 2012 when a clarifying new anatomical and developmental interpretation of nematode eggshells was proposed by members of the Caenorhabditis elegans Research Community. However, their findings were explained using arcane acronyms and technical jargon intended for an audience of experimental molecular geneticists, and so their papers have rarely been cited outside the C. elegans community. Herein we (1) provide a critical review of nematode eggshell literature in which we correct errors and relabel imagery in important historical reports; (2) describe common reporting errors and their causes using language familiar to researchers having a basic understanding of microscopy and nematode eggs; (3) recommend a new hexalaminar anatomical and terminological framework for nematode eggshells based on the 2012 C. elegans framework; and (4) recommend new unambiguous terms appropriate for the embryonated/larvated eggs regularly encountered by practicing nematodologists to replace ambiguous or ontogenetically restricted terms in the 2012 C. elegans framework. We also (5) propose a resolution to conflicting claims made by the C. elegans team versus classical literature regarding Layer #3, (6) extend the C. elegans hexalaminar framework to include the polar plugs of trichinelloids, and (7) report new findings regarding trichinelloid eggshell structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Thomas Bond
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia 180 E. Green St. Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - David George Huffman
- Department of Biology (Wildlife Ecology and Aquatic Resources), Freeman Aquatic Biology Bldg., Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
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Carvalho ELD, Santana RLS, Corrêa GC, Sindeaux Neto JL, Pinheiro RHDS, Giese EG. A new species of Huffmanela (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) parasitizing Colomesus psittacus (Tetraodontiformes) from Marajó Island, Pará State, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e006222. [PMID: 36000680 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The puffer fish Colomesus psittacus, is not commercialized on Marajó Island. They are captured as bycacth and discarded dead in the environment in artisanal fisheries that occur in the estuaries of northern Brazil. In this sense, the objective was to identify the parasites present in the gills and to evaluate the histopathological alterations caused by these nematodes of the genus Huffmanela. Fifty-five fish were analyzed, and thirty-five specimens showed the parasite in the gills. Morphological characteristics suggest that it is a new species of the genus Huffmanela, and the histopathological exams showed an edematous inflammation in the secondary lamella and the presence of eggs of this nematode, which is the first record of this parasite in C. psittacus in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Lopes de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Luis Sousa Santana
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Gilson Campos Corrêa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | | | - Raul Henrique da Silva Pinheiro
- Casa-Escola da Pesca, Fundação Centro de Referência em Educação Ambiental Escola Bosque Professor Eidorfe Moreira - FUNBOSQUE, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Elane Guerreiro Giese
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Al-Sabi MNS, Ibrahim MM, Al-Hizab F, Al-Jabr OA, Al-Shubaythi S, Huffman DG. Huffmanela selachii n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae): a new species infecting the skin of the great hammerhead shark (Sphyrna mokarran) and the blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in the Arabian Gulf, off-shore Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103430. [PMID: 36106014 PMCID: PMC9464950 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
From January 2017 - December 2019, 75 out of 850 (8.8 %) great hammerhead sharks from the Arabian Gulf had skin lesions of black irregular discolorations on the ventral surface of the head. The lesions consisted of pencil-like lineations often advancing forward by about 2 mm in back-and-forth looped scribbles often forming a relatively linear bands of about 5–7 cm wide. Similar lesions were also found in the blacktip reef shark from the same area within the same period, and consisted of straight to irregular black lines, extended indiscriminately across the skin of the sharks. Microscopic examination of the skin revealed the presence of dark-brown eggs exhibiting the spindle or ellipsoidal eggs characteristic of Huffmanela sp. The morphometrics of eggs from both hosts were similar (62.9–89.9 μm long and 29.3–56.1 μm wide). The eggshells were smooth with polar plugs protruding or not, with an abruptly truncated crown-like or shoulder-like collar surrounding the plug. The eggs were only found in the epidermal layer of the skin. Based on the unique morphometrics of the eggs, we report a new species, named: Huffmanela selachii n. sp.. This appears to be the first report of Huffmanela from either the great hammerhead shark or the blacktip reef shark, and the third reported Huffmanela in sharks from the Arabian Gulf. It is also one of few species reported from connecting waters of the greater Indian Ocean. This new finding contributes to our understanding of the diversity and ubiquity of Huffmanela sp. in marine creatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nafi Solaiman Al-Sabi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box: 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box: 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Fahad Al-Hizab
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box: 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A. Al-Jabr
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box: 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem Al-Shubaythi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box: 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - David G. Huffman
- Department of Biology, 212 Freeman Aquatic Biology Bldg, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
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Dill JA, Field CL, Camus AC. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:275-7. [PMID: 27439343 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.3.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Worsham MLD, Huffman DG, Moravec F, Gibson JR. The life cycle of Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987(Nematoda: Trichosomoididae), an endemic marine-relict parasite of Centrarchidae from a Central Texas spring. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2016; 63. [PMID: 27312028 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2016.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The life cycle of the swim bladder nematode Huffmanela huffmani Moravec, 1987 (Trichinelloidea: Trichosomoididae), an endemic parasite of centrarchid fishes in the upper spring run of the San Marcos River in Hays County, Texas, USA, was experimentally completed. The amphipods Hyalella cf. azteca (Saussure), Hyalella sp. and Gammarus sp. were successfully infected with larvated eggs of Huffmanela huffmani. After ingestion of eggs of H. huffmani by experimental amphipods, the first-stage larvae hatch from their eggshells and penetrate through the digestive tract to the hemocoel of the amphipod. Within about 5 days in the hemocoel of the experimental amphipods at 22 °C, the larvae presumably attained the second larval stage and were infective for the experimental centrarchid definitive hosts, Lepomis spp. The minimum incubation period before adult nematodes began laying eggs in the swim bladders of the definitive hosts was found to be about 7.5 months at 22 °C. This is the first experimentally completed life cycle within the Huffmanelinae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David G Huffman
- Freeman Aquatic Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Frantisek Moravec
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - J Randy Gibson
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Aquatic Resources Center, San Marcos, TX, USA
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Ruiz CF, Bullard SA. Huffmanela markgracei sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from buccal cavity of Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae), in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico off Texas. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2013; 60:353-8. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2013.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
This report reviews diseases of 1546 elasmobranchs representing at least 60 species submitted to Northwest ZooPath from 1994 to 2010. Cownose rays ( Rhinoptera bonasus) (78), southern rays ( Dasyatis americana) (75), dusky smooth-hounds ( Mustelus canis) (74), bonnethead sharks ( Sphyrna tiburo) (66), and bamboo sharks (Hemiscylliidae) (56) were the most commonly submitted species. Infectious/inflammatory disease was most common (33.5%) followed by nutritional (11.9%, mostly emaciation), traumatic (11.3%), cardiovascular (5.5%, mostly shock), and toxin-associated disease (3.7%). Bacterial infections (518/1546, 15%) included sepsis (136/518, 26%), dermatitis (7%), branchitis (6%), and enteritis (4%). Fungal infections (10/1546, 0.6%) included dermatitis (30%), hepatitis (30%), and branchitis (20%). Viral or suspected viral infections or disease processes (15/1546, 1%) included papillomatosis (47%), herpesvirus (20%), and adenovirus (7%). Parasitic infections (137/1546, 9%) included nematodiasis (36/137, 26%), ciliate infections (23%), trematodiasis (20%), coccidiosis (6%), myxozoanosis (5%), amoebiasis (4%), cestodiasis (1%), and flagellate infections (1%). Inflammation of unknown cause (401/1546, 26%) included enteritis (55/401, 14%), branchitis (9%), encephalitis (9%), and dermatitis (7%). Traumatic diseases (174/1546, 11.3%) included skin trauma (103/174, 60%), stress/maladaptation (9%), and gut trauma (7%). Toxicoses (57/1546, 4%) included toxic gill disease (16/57, 26%), gas bubble disease (19%), fenbendazole (7%), ammonia (7%), chlorine (5%), and chloramine (3%). Species trends included visceral nematodiasis in black-nosed sharks ( Carcharhinus acronotus) (55%); sepsis in dusky smooth-hounds (41%), blue-spotted stingrays (36%), southern rays (36%), and wobeggong sharks ( Orectolobus spp) (69%); emaciation in bamboo (33%) and bonnethead (32%) sharks and freshwater stingrays ( Potamotrygon motoro) (32%); and trauma in bonnethead sharks (30%).
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Bullard SA, Ruiz CF, McElwain A, Murray MJ, Borucinska JD, Benz GW. Huffmanela cf. carcharhini (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from skin of a sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, in the Pacific Ocean. J Parasitol 2011; 98:333-40. [PMID: 22032442 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2962.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggs of Huffmanela cf. carcharhini from the skin of an aquarium-held, juvenile sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus , from the Pacific Ocean were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Grossly, eggs imparted a scribble-like skin marking approximately 130 × 60 mm on the right side of the shark's snout adjacent to its eye and nostril. Fresh (unfixed) eggs were elliptical, 75-95 µm long (x¯ = 85 µm, SD = ±4.5; n = 75), 48-63 µm wide (53 ± 3.4; 75), 8-10 µm in shell thickness (9 ± 1.3; 27), 45-68 µm in vitelline mass length (52 ± 6.9; 8); had a smooth shell surface and nonprotruding polar plugs 8-13 µm wide (10 ± 1.5; 73); lacked thin filaments, superficial envelope, and shell spines; sank in 35 ppt artificial seawater; and did not spontaneously hatch after 12 hr in 35 ppt artificial seawater. Formalin-fixed eggs measured 193 days postfixation were 75-95 µm long (84 ± 3.9; 150), 45-60 µm wide (50 ± 2.2; 150), 5-10 µm in shell thickness (8 ± 1.2; 87), 45-60 µm in vitelline mass length (51 ± 3.0; 92), and 30-40 µm in vitelline mass width (33 ± 2.0; 84), and had nonprotruding polar plugs that were 10-15 µm long (11 ± 1.4; 93) and 8-10 µm wide (9 ± 1.1; 108). Forcibly hatched first-stage larvae (unfixed) were filiform, 188-273 µm long (212 ± 25.5; 13), 8-13 µm wide (10 ± 1.2; 13), and had fine transverse striations. Eggs infected the epidermis only. Histology revealed intra-epithelial inflammation with eosinophilic granulocytes and hyperplasia, plus dermal lymphofollicular hyperplasia associated with the infection. The eggs of H. cf. carcharhini likely undergo considerable ex utero development before being sloughed (unhatched) from the host, along with epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bullard
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA.
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